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Tricks

1) Multiplying two-digit numbers by 11 involves placing the digits of the multiplier in the beginning and end of the answer, with the sum of the digits in the middle. 2) To square a two-digit number ending in 5, multiply the first digit by the next higher digit and add 25 to the end. 3) Adding multi-digit numbers involves adding the hundreds, tens, and ones places separately, carrying numbers to the next place value as needed. Subtracting can sometimes be easier by rewriting the problem as addition.

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Abhijeet Dora
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132 views1 page

Tricks

1) Multiplying two-digit numbers by 11 involves placing the digits of the multiplier in the beginning and end of the answer, with the sum of the digits in the middle. 2) To square a two-digit number ending in 5, multiply the first digit by the next higher digit and add 25 to the end. 3) Adding multi-digit numbers involves adding the hundreds, tens, and ones places separately, carrying numbers to the next place value as needed. Subtracting can sometimes be easier by rewriting the problem as addition.

Uploaded by

Abhijeet Dora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The product of 11 and any 2-digit number begins and ends with the

two digits of the multiplier; the number in the middle is the sum of
the original two digits. Example: 23 � 11 ?? 2 + 3 = 5; answer: 253.
For a multiplier whose digits sum to a number greater than 9, you
have to carry. Example: 85 � 11 ?? 8 + 5 = 13; carry the 1 from 13
to the 8; answer: 935.

To square a 2-digit number that ends in 5, multiply the ?? rst


digit in the number by the next higher digit, then attach 25 at
the end. Example: 35^2 ?? 3 � 4 = 12; answer: 1225. For 3-digit
numbers, multiply the ?? rst two numbers together by the next
higher number, then attach 25. Example: 305^2 ?? 30 � 31 = 930;
answer: 93,025

To add 3-digit numbers, ?? rst add the 100s, then the 10s, then the 1s. For 314
+ 159, ?? rst add 314 + 100 = 414. The problem is now simpler, 414 + 59;
keep the 400 in mind and focus on 14 + 59. Add 14 + 50 = 64, then add 9 to
get 73. The answer to the original problem is 473.

We could do 766 + 489 by adding the 100s, 10s, and 1s digits, but each
step would involve a carry. Another way to do the problem is to notice that
489 = 500 � 11; we can add 766 + 500, then subtract 11 (answer: 1255).
Addition problems that involve carrying can often be turned into easy
subtraction problems.

This method is also known as casting out


nines, because when you reduce a number
by summing its digits, the number you
end up with is its remainder when divided
by 9. For example, if we add the digits of
67, we get 13, and the digits of 13 add up
to 4. If we take 67 � 9, we get 7 with a remainder of 4. Casting out nines also
works for addition and subtraction problems, even those with decimals, and
it may be useful for eliminating answers on standardized tests that do not
allow calculators.

The number 9, because of its simple multiplication table, its divisibility test,
and the casting-out-nines process, seems almost magical. In fact, there�s even
a magical way to divide numbers by 9, using a process called Vedic division.
This process is similar to the technique we learned for multiplying by 11 in
Lecture 1, because dividing by 9 is the same as multiplying by 0.111111.

The close-together method can be used to multiply any two numbers that
are near each other. Consider the problem 107 � 111. First, we note how far
each number is from 100: 7 and 11. We then add either 107 + 11 or 111 +
7, both of which sum to 118. Next, we multiply 7 � 11, which is 77. Write
the numbers down, and that�s the answer: 11,877. The algebraic formula for
this technique is (z + a)(z + b) = (z + a + b)z + ab, where typically, z is an

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