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Optimal Allocation of Electric Power Distributed Generation on Distributed

Network Using Elephant Herding Optimization Technique

Article · December 2018

DOI: 10.32377/cvrjst1513

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Optimal Allocation of Electric Power Distributed

Generation on Distributed Network Using Elephant
Herding Optimization Technique
R. Vijay
Assoc. Professor, CVR College of Engineering/ EEE Department, Hyderabad, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper deals with optimal allocation of are the objectives for the DG placement [6] by using
distributed generation in the electrical distribution system. Due analytical methods. The conventional analytical methods [7]
to rapidly increasing energy demand on the distribution are not appropriate for solving complex problems. A
network, the system is experiencing disturbances like boundary-based algorithm is used to obtain distributed
equipment overloading, voltage sags and swell. In this paper,
the thermal and power loss constraints are considered for
generation regulates the individual best by snubbing the
optimal operation. Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) consequence of other objectives [8]. The allocation of
technique is applied for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in electrical distributed network
distributed generation on electric distribution network. The problem becomes a multi objective optimization [9] problem
conventional optimization technique fails due to its complexity in which two or more objectives are optimized. The
while solving the nonlinear problems. The EHO technique is objective is inconsistent, so multiple objectives are
tested on 5 bus radial distribution system. The intelligent and converted into a single-objective problem by assigning
precise allocation of distributed generation in electric weights.
distribution network by using EHO reduces the overloading of
Meta-heuristic and heuristic methods suggest the new
the equipment, voltage swell & sag, active power, reactive
power and production cost of electricity. Furthermore, the
practicable and streamlined elucidation. The Heuristic
suggested optimization technique is expanded to 24 bus radial optimization algorithm is introduced to solve the optimal
distribution and practical Indian system. allocation of electrical distributed generation on distributed
networks. Genetic algorithm [10] is used to abide
Index Terms: distributed generation, optimal allocation, generation, so that loss expenses and network disruption are
renewable energy sources, market liberalization, elephant minimized. Meanwhile the rating of the generator becomes
herding optimization exploited. The various optimization techniques such as Tabu
Search (TS) [11], Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) [12],
I. INTRODUCTION Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) [13], Bat Motivated
Recently the initiatives on smart grid and sustainable Optimization (BMO) [14], Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
energy Distributed Generations (DG) are playing an [15], Bacterial Swarm Optimization (BSO) [16,17],
important role in electric power systems. In order to Enriched Biogeography Based Optimization (EBBO)
overcome energy demand, the advantages of DG [1] are Algorithm [18] are introduced to elucidate the optimal
used to their potential. The future active network will allocation in distribution network successfully. The hybrid
effectively and efficiently link small and medium scale optimization algorithm is comprised of Improved Multi-
electric power sources with consumer demands. Due to Objective Harmony Search (IMOHS) [19] and is applied to
rapidly increasing energy demand on the distribution assess the sway of DG placement for an optimal
network, the system is experiencing disturbances like arrangement of a distribution system.
overloading the equipment’s, voltage sags & swell, thermal The above revealed heuristic approach is used to
constraints and power loss. determine the optimal location and sizing of DG from an
The current development in small-sized and modulated investment point of view. In these literatures, the Short
power generation technologies have led to large-scale Circuit Bound (SCB) restrictions are not deliberated. The
deployment of distributed generation in electrical emphasis of the objective function is to optimize cost
distribution network [2]. The optimal allocation of preferably than increasing renewable energy resources. In
distributed generation may provide enormous techno this paper this SCB and capital investment in new renewable
economic and social benefits such as minimized distributed generation units are considered for optimal
power/energy loss. The optimal location of distributed operation.
generation [3] in the electric distribution network is a A new simple nature inspired optimization technique
nonlinear optimization problem, generally comprised of called the Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) [20]
number, location and sizes. algorithm stimulated by the elephant herding behavior is
The optimal placement, size and location in the used. The EHO method is inspired by the herding behavior
distributed generation have been developed and effectively of male and matriarch (female) elephant. The food and
employed using conventional methods [4, 5]. These methods shelter searching technique is the foremost inspirations in
have experienced slow convergence rate in concerned search this algorithm. This EHO method is smeared to solve the
space. Both real as well as reactive power loss minimization optimal placement of distributed generation on electrical

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distributed network. In this paper, 5 bus radial distribution Short Circuit Bound:
networks are deliberated and unraveled for optimal site in The short circuit ratings are calculated and mentioned in
the distribution network. the distribution code. The SCB calculation is derived to
The fragmentations of this paper are alienated into five fortify that this constraint has not transcended the installed
sections, Section 2 explains about the optimal placement of capacity. The restriction is specified by
distributed generation problem formulation. Section 3
presents the overview of the proposed EHO algorithm.
SCBTX  SCBRated (4)
Section 4 discusses the application of EHO for optimal
placement of distributed generation. Section 5 deals with
detailed results and discussion followed by conclusion in SCBrated is the maximum current that breaks the
Section 6. switchgear securely in the abnormal condition. The
endowment of power generation at each bus to SCB is
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION resolved by short circuit analysis. The SCB endowment of
power generation at each bus are consolidated into an
Embedded Generation is the small capacity generation algebraic equation as follows
and is not associated to the transmission system. Recently N
more amount of generation is being coupled at distribution
level. This leads to change the features of the power system
¦]
m 1
mTx PDGm  VTx d SCBrated (5)

network. To increase the amount of power generation, Where ] mTx is the dependence of the SCB at the
change in the planning and design of the electrical transmission substation to power inoculation at bus m and
distribution network is prerequisite.
VTx is the inceptive SCB of the transmission bus.
Most of embedded generation is from renewable energy
sources. The optimal usage of the prevailing power system Short Circuit Proportion (SCP):
network leads to cost operative method. Electric power The SCP is defined as a proportion of the power
generation capability should be apportioned across the
generated PDG (MW) at every individual bus to the Short
buses, allowing for all the practical restrictions. The electric
power generation capacity should be maximized [3]. Hence Circuit Level at every individual bus. The voltage dip near
the proposed impartial function is taken as the generator due to outage of feeder is indicated. When
N induction motors are placed in the circuit it leads to voltage
J ¦P
n 1
DGn (1) instability.
PDGn
100 d 10% ,nN (6)
SCBn.cos φ
Where PDGn is the DG power generation capability at the
th
n bus and without loss, presumed that there is a generator
Where SCBn refers to the SCB at the n th bus and
fulfilling every bus. The impartial function J (MW) is
maximized subject to the restrictions. cos(I ) is the power factor of the generator. The base value

A.Thermal Constraint: for the SCB at n th bus is calculated with no power

generation. The SCB at the n th bus is
The rated I of the transmission lines need not to be N
surpassed
I n  I nrated ,nN (2)
SCBn V n  ¦]
m 1
mn PDGm,i z j,nN (7)

Where I is the current circulated from the generator to bus N

and I rated is the maximum line current. PDGn  0.1cos φ ¦]

m 1
mn PDGm d 0.1cos φ G i (8)

B.Equipment Ratings: Voltage Rise Outcome (VRO):

The following ratings considered here are transformer The voltage at the generator is specified by below
capacity, short circuit bound, short circuit proportion and mentioned eqn.
voltage rise outcome, the detailed explanations as follows RP  XQL XP  RQl
VG VL  L j L (9)
VL VL
Transformer Capacity:
PL and QL are active and reactive power at the bus, VG is
The amount of power generation associated minus
the voltage at the generator and VL is the voltage at the
varying peak seasonal (summer) load didn’t surpass the
higher voltage evaluation of the transformer. respective bus. Thus, it is comprehended that the generator
PTr d PTrCap (3) voltage is the bus or load voltage and the rate associated
with line impedance and power flow through the
Where PTr indicates the power flow through substation transmission line.
transformer and PTrCap directs the rating of transformer The active power flow through the electric distribution
taken. system has a large influence on voltage for the reason that
the distributed network is high resistance compared to other

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transmission lines. This steers to approximately higher X/R Cn on ecn,m and the assessment of O lies between [0,1].
value compared to transmission networks. The system
ebest,cn represents the female elephant Cn which is the fittest
voltage of each bus must lie within standard limits.
distinct elephant in clan Cn , r UHSUHVHQWV WKH VWRFKDVWLF
Vnmin d Vn d Vnmax (10)
DQG XQLIRUP GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH DVVRUWPHQW [0,1]. The
Where Vnmin and Vnmax indicates the minimum and fittest elephant in each clan is updated by eqn.(12),
maximum voltage boundaries at the n th bus. The attributes i.e. ecn,m ebest,cn . If the global optimal solution is not
of voltage and power inoculations at every bus is resolute. satisfied then again compute eqn. (13)
N The fittest elephant is again rationalized by the below
μn PDGn  βn  ¦μ
m 1
mn PDGn d Vnmax nN (11) equation

Here P i is the dominion of the voltage level at bus n enew,cn,m N ˜ ecenter,cn (13)
taking place on power inoculations at bus n. That is the
slope of the generated voltage vs power inoculation Where N governs the effect of the ecenter,cn on
attributes of the nth bus. E n mentions the inceptive voltage ecenter,cn,m . The new position enew,cn,m shown in eqn. (13) is
th
level at the n bus with no generation and Pnm refers to the determined from the information of the elephants in
reliance of the voltage level at bus on power injections at clan C n . ecenter,cn is the center of elephant group Cn and for
bus. the x th dimension it is premeditated by
This dissection is accomplished under minimum load N

¦
1
conditions as it is the worst condition for voltage rise. ecenter,cn,x ecn,m,x (14)
n m1
III. ELEPHANT HERDING OPTIMIZATION
Where 1 d x d X indicates the x th dimension and X is its
The EHO [21] search method is based on the steering total dimension. N is the number of elephant population in
elephant clans. In existing biosphere, the elephants group Cn . ecn, m, x is the x th dimension of the individual
associated with dissimilar clans stay organized under the
directorship of female elephant; while the males when they elephant. The Centre of clan Cn , ecenter,cn is calculated by
grow leaves their elephant family groups. eqn.(14).
The elephant behavior in search of food and shelter is
modeled in two ways. These include clan apprising Clan Separating Operator:
machinist and unraveling machinist. The current position of
every group is updated by the matriarch, this process is In the elephant’s clan male elephants move away from
known as clan apprising machinist. The enactment of the their family group and live solitary. This process is modeled
clan unraveling machinist enhances the elephant population as clan separating & updating operator, which is used for
miscellany in the whole search space. cracking optimizing hitches. The poorest fitness elephant is
Elephant herding optimization is implemented by the eliminated from the clan at each iteration, so that the search
following procedure ability of EHO method is improved. This worst fitness
x The elephant population is tranquil in some clans and elephant group is calculated by
every fraternity has fixed numbers.
eworst,cn emin  emax  emin  1 r (15)
x The male elephants move away from their clan and
live distant from their clan at every iteration.
x The elephants in every group stay organized beneath Where emax and emin are maximum bound and minimum
the directorship of matriarch. bound of each individual location. eworst,cn is the poorest

Clan updating operator: individual location in the clan C n . r  >0,1@ is the stochastic
and uniform distribution in the range [0,1] .
The elephant location in clan Cn is effected by matriarch
Cn in all iterations. The elephant m in clan C n , is
Pseudo Code - Clan Updating Machinist:
restructured by the following equation
For
enew,cn,m ecn,m  O ˜ (ebest,cn  ecn,m ) ˜ r (12) {
Cn = 1 to N clan (all groups in elephant population) do
From the above equation enew,cn,m is recently rationalized
location of elephant m in clan Cn and ecn,m is the old location For
of elephant m in group Cn respectively. O is the {
surmounting factor that regulates the impact of matriarch m = 1 to N cn (for entire elephant in group Ci ) do

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Acquaint ecn,m and generate enew,cn,m by eqn. (12) IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF EHO FOR OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ON
If DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
{ Usually elephants form some groups and move in search
for food and shelter. In this context, the elephant movement
ecn ebest,cn then from one location to another location is considered as power
flow from one bus to another bus. They update their position
Apprise ecn,m and produce enew,cn,m by and location status. Correspondingly, the optimal allocation
problem is related to the bus location and bus data.
eqn.(13) Elephants communicate with each other by low frequency
} vibrations. When they find the worst case of disturbances in
the search space, in a particular place, they communicate
End if with each other’s in the clan (groups). Meanwhile, low
} voltage and high voltage fluctuations are the main cause of
disturbance and losses in the distribution network. In a
End for j distribution network due to unexpected change in load, the
} bus voltage starts fluctuating. Depending on the voltage
fluctuations, the weaker buses are identified.
End for Cn The best position treasure by the elephant is the best bus
(voltage profile) location. The position of the elephant
location with more disturbances is the best position for
Pseudo Code - Separating Machinist:
placement of distributed generation.
The following steps explain the implementation of EHO for
For
optimal DG allocation in distributed networks
{ Step 1: Set max number of elephants, no of elephants, no of
buses, bus data node voltages, short circuit bound, O and N .
Cn = 1 to Nclan (all clans in elephant population)
Step 2: Update the best and worst position of the elephant,
do i.e., best and worst bus voltage.
Step 3: Update the worst position of elephant i.e., worst bus
Replace the worst elephant in clan Cn by eqn.(15) voltage.
Step 4: Elephants will communicate with others to update
End for Cn the current worst position (Local Solution) among the
} iteration.
Step 5: Now the elephants will keep on herding to find the
global best position (Worst Location). By discovering the
Pseudo Code - EHO Algorithm: worst position, the voltage profile is enriched by employing
distributed generations in the weak bus.
Initialize the population; Fix generation counter t 1 ;
Maximum Generation MaxGen
While
{
t, Max Gen do
Sort all the elephants according to their fitness.
Implement clan updating operator
Implement separating operator as shown
Evaluate population by the newly updated positions
T=t+1
}
End while

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Start

Set design & control bounds, SCB data,

max no of elephants, max no of buses &
bus voltages

Initialize the Elephant population

Calculate the SCB for all equipment

Compute the values of entire objectives Figure 2. 38 KV 5 Bus Radial Distribution Network Diagram
for every iteration by load flow method
By injecting power at various buses, the solitary voltage
sensitive attributes are formed and presented in Fig.3.
Select best and worst voltages in all buses

Bus D Bus B Bus A

Set iteration number k=1

Bus E

Assign Population members i = 1

Fix clan count c = 1

Apprise elephant, except best and worst

Bus C

No
if c = N

Yes
No

n=N Figure 3. Generated Power Injections at respective Buses and its Voltage
Compassions
Yes

By using the solitary voltage sensitive attributes, it is

Update best and worst elephant found that bus A is slight profound to power instillations at
different buses. The bus A is slightly profound due to the
location which is very near to 38/110 kV station. The bus B
End & C have analogous characteristics because those buses
connected separately as of the distribution network.
Figure 1. Flowchart of Implementing EHO to optimal placement of
distributed generation TABLE I.
VOLTAGE INTERDEPENDENCIES OF 5 BUS SYSTEM

P
Ath Bus Bth Bus Cth Bus Dth Bus Eth Bus
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (kV/MW)
The elephant herding optimization technique is tested on Ath Bus 0.053 0.008 0.007 0.021 0.016
5 bus radial distribution systems [3]. The tail fed 38/110 kV
Bth Bus 0.012 0.218 0.18 0.009 0.007
station with 5 buses is shown in Fig. 2. The EHO is verified
to test on practical heftier networks. This segment discusses Cth Bus 0.012 0.191 0.238 0.009 0.007
the result illustrations and demonstrates the potential for th
D Bus 0.026 0.008 0.007 0.162 0.11
network sterilization.
th
E Bus 0.026 0.008 0.007 0.135 0.234

The values of μn kV/MW  are determined from Fig.3.

Where μn is the reliance of voltage in the bus n on the
power inoculation at bus n. The gradient voltage vs power

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inoculation attributes of n th bus, the values of μn are Case 2: Without preallocated generation
presented diagonally in Table I. In this case no generation is prior apportioned. The EHO
is smeared and the whole allocation after 20 epochs is
The values of μnm are presented in Table I as off resolute as 20.65MW.
diagonal elements. Where μnm is the voltage reliance at bus
TABLE III.
n on the power inoculation at bus m. OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF DG IN DIFFERENT CASES CONSIDERED

The individual sensitivity of SCB at 38/110kV substation Linear Programming

EHO (Proposed)
to power injection at distinct bus is premeditated and Algorithm [3]
Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 Case 2
presented in Fig.4. Bus No Actual
Power Power Power
Power in
Injected Injected Injected
bus
Bus A (MW) (MW) (MW)
(MW)
Ath Bus 0 4.06 0 3.95
Bus D th
B Bus 0 4.30 0 3.82
Cth Bus 3.60 5.95 3.60 5.27

Bus B, C, E
Dth Bus 0 5.31 0 4.86
th
E Bus* 7.60 3.12 7.00 2.85
Total Power
11.20 22.74 10.60 20.65
Injected
*7.6 & 7.00 MW are the power injected by consumer at Bus E

The EHO technique works on the radially functioned

distribution system. The intensity of system
decontamination diverges mutually between the buses. The
distributed system structure is demonstrated in this literature
with high level of dependency. In standby feeding
Figure 4. SCB at 38/110 kV substation vs. Power Injections at Individual circumstances entire five buses are associated to the
Buses transmission bus through the single bus. In a loftier power
network, many numbers of transmission lines are connecting
The effect of bus on the SCB at 38/110kV substation is buses to the transmission bus with typical open points
reliant on the remoteness from the substation. The influence unscrambling sectors. This lessens the whole
of SCB is very high to bus A as the position of bus A is interdependence in the voltage levels, nevertheless none of
close to 110kV substation. SCB. Therefore, the possibility for power system
TABLE II. decontamination is concentrated.
SCBTx DEPENDENCIES OF 5 BUS SYSTEMS From Table III, it is clear that the proposed EHO
Dependency Factor/ Bus Bus A Bus B Bus C Bus D Bus E technique outperforms the Linear Programming Algorithm
by the means of the power injection considered in case 2. By
] Tx (kA/MW) 0.18 0.11 0.10 0.14 0.11 using the EHO technique the power injected in the bus E
and with respect to all other buses is also diminished
comparatively, which shows the superiority of the proposed
The values of ] nTX (kA/MW) are revealed in Table II. optimization technique. By using this EHO technique 9.19%
Where ] nTX is SCB reliance at the substation to power power injected is reduced, which is distinct from the Table
III. Meanwhile, the charge incurred in the particular DG will
inoculation at bus m. The slope of SCB vs. power be saved.
inoculation attributes of the mth bus is revealed in Fig.4. The EHO determines the optimal allocation from the
capital asset and helps the distribution companies to identify
Case 1: Consumer power generation on Eth bus the possibility of faults. The projected technique also
reduces the dependency of the individual bus. Moreover, the
In this case, 7MW of consumer power generation is
DG allocation at the particular bus is optimized and
apportioned to bus E. Using EHO algorithm, sensitivity
improves the stability of the system.
values of the maximum apportionment are indomitable, after
20 epochs the power generation inclines to 10.6 MW and is
VI. CONCLUSIONS
exposed in Table III.
This paper proposes the elephant herding optimization
technique for optimal allocation and sizing of distributed
generation on electrical distribution networks. DG is the
impeccable elucidation of recent and time ahead challenges

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