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Chapter 2 Per-Unit System

The document discusses the per-unit system used for analyzing electrical power systems. It explains that in power systems, quantities like voltage, current, power and impedance are often expressed in per-unit of a specified base value. The normalization process involves dividing the actual quantity by the base value of that quantity. This allows quantities from different parts of a system to be easily compared and combined in calculations. The document provides procedures for converting values to per-unit for both single-phase and three-phase systems using appropriate voltage and power bases. It includes examples of using per-unit analysis to solve circuit problems.

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Mohamed Ange NAPO
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860 views

Chapter 2 Per-Unit System

The document discusses the per-unit system used for analyzing electrical power systems. It explains that in power systems, quantities like voltage, current, power and impedance are often expressed in per-unit of a specified base value. The normalization process involves dividing the actual quantity by the base value of that quantity. This allows quantities from different parts of a system to be easily compared and combined in calculations. The document provides procedures for converting values to per-unit for both single-phase and three-phase systems using appropriate voltage and power bases. It includes examples of using per-unit analysis to solve circuit problems.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Ange NAPO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLT304 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2:
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF
POWER SYSTEM
(PER UNIT SYSTEM)
LECTURER: PUAN KHAIRUL NADIAH BINTI KHALID
OFFICE NO: PR ROOM, ARAS 1, BLOK S2, UNICITI ALAM
[email protected]
Review on Electrical
Energy System
The Per-Unit System
• In power system, quantities such as voltage, current, power and impedance
are often expresses in per-unit or percent of specified based values.
• For example:

Vbase=20kV
V=18kV
Then, (18/20)kV=0.9 per unit or 90%

• Transformer equivalent can be simplified. The quantities expressed in per-


unit do not change when they are referred from one side to the other. Large
number of transformer could be a problem.
• Avoid the possibility of making serious calculation errors.
• It allows system operators to overlook abnormalities in the system
easily
The Per-Unit System…(cont)
• The normalization is called per unit analysis:

actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity
• Actual quantity : value of quantity in actual units
• Base value : always real number with the same unit as actual
quantity.

S V I Z
S pu  Vpu  I pu  Z pu 
SB VB IB ZB
Per Unit Conversion
Procedure, 1
1. Pick a 1 VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level,
VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns
ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit

Note: per unit conversion on affects magnitudes, not


the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
Per Unit Conversion
Procedure, 1

1. Convert to per unit (p.u.)


(many problems are already in
per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as
necessary
Per-Unit Method

• Conversions From One Base To Another


– It is usual to give data in per unit to its own rating.
– As different components can have different ratings, it
is necessary to convert all quantities to a common
base to do arithmetic operations.
– Additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions
will give meaningful results only if they are to the
same base. This can be done for three phase systems
as follows.

7
Per-Unit Method

• Conversions From One Base To Another


– The conversion from one base to another can be done for
three phase systems as follows
S 3  B (1 )
P pu ( 2 )  S pu (1) ( )
S 3 B ( 2 )
V LLB (1)
V pu ( 2 )  V pu (1) ( )
V LLB ( 2 )
S 3 B ( 2 ) V LLB (1)
Z pu ( 2 )  Z pu (1) ( )( )2
S 3  B (1 ) V LLB ( 2 )
8
Example 2.6
A single phase two winding transformer is rated
20kVA, 480/120 volts, 60Hz. The equivalent
leakage impedance of the transformer referred
to the 120 volts winding, denoted winding 2, is
= 0.0525 < 78.13 Ω. Using the
transformer ratings as base values, determine
the per unit leakage impedance referred to
winding 2 and referred to winding 1.
Exercises
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the
circuit shown below using per unit analysis with an SB of 100
MVA, and voltage bases of 8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.
Exercises…answer

VLActual  0.859  30.816 kV  13.7  30.8 kV


SLActual  0.1890100 MVA  18.90 MVA
SGActual  0.2230.8100 MVA  22.030.8 MVA
100 MVA
I Middle
B   1250 Amps
80 kV
I Actual
Middle  0.22  30.8 Amps  275  30.8
Example 2.7
Three zones of a single-phase circuit are shown below. Use
base value of 30 kVA and 240 V in zone 1, draw per unit
equivalent circuit and find per unit value of source voltage
and all impedances. Then calculate the load current both in
per unit and amperes.
Three Phase Per Unit
Procedure is very similar to 1 except we use a 3
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3 VA base for the entire system,
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base

VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN ) 2 VB2, LN
ZB   
S B3 3S 1B S 1B
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!
Three Phase Per Unit…(cont)
4. Calculate the current base, IB
S B3 3 S 1B S 1B
I3B     I1B
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit


Exercises…(cont)
• A 200 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has a reactance of 0.85 pu
and is generating 1.15 pu voltage.
• Determine:-
(a) the actual values of the line voltage, phase voltage
and reactance, and
(b) the corresponding quantities to a new base of 500
MVA, 13.5 kV.
Solution
• (a)
Line voltage = pu voltage x Base line voltage
= 1.15 x 13.8 kV
= 15.87 kV
Phase voltage = pu voltage x Base phase voltage
=1.15 x(13.8 kV/√3)
= 9.16 kV
Reactance = pu reactance x( Base line voltage2/ MVA)
=0.85 x ( 13.8 kV2/200 MVA )
= 0.809 Ω
• (b)
Line voltage pu (2) = VpuLL(1) x (VBLL(1) / VBLL(2))
= 1.15 x (13.8 kV /13.5 kV)
= 1.176 pu
Phase voltage pu (2) = VpuLL(1) x (VBφ(1) / VBφ(2))
=1.15 x (13.8 kV /√3) / (13.5 kV/√3)
= 1.176 pu
Reactance pu (2) = Xpu(1) x (VLLB(1)/VLLB(2))2x(SB(2)/SB(1))
=0.85 x (13.8 kV/13.5 kV)2(500 MVA/200 MVA)
= 2.22 pu
Exercise: Q1
A balanced Y-connected voltage source with = 480 <
0 is applied to a balanced ∆-load with ∆ = 30 <
40 Ω. The line impedance between the source and load is
= 1 < 85 Ω for each phase. Calculate the per-unit and
actual current in phase a of the line using ∅ = 10
and = 480 .
Exercise: Q2
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the previous circuit, assuming a 3f power base of
300 MVA, and line to line voltage bases of 13.8 kV,
138 kV and 27.6 kV (square root of 3 larger than the
1f example voltages). Also assume the generator is
Y-connected so its line to line voltage is 13.8 kV.
Exercise: Q3
A three phase, 13 kV transmission line
delivers 8 MVA of load. The per phase
impedance of the line is (0.01+j0.05) pu,
referred to a 13 kV, 8 MVA base. What is the
voltage drop across the line.
Exercise: Q4
Draw an impedance diagram for the system shown
in figure below, expressing all values as percent
values
Tutorial #1
END OF CHAPTER 2

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