DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Introduction to regular
expressions

Katharine Jarmul
Founder, kjamistan
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

What is Natural Language Processing?

Field of study focused on making sense of language
Using statistics and computers
You will learn the basics of NLP
Topic identification
Text classification
NLP applications include:
Chatbots
Translation
Sentiment analysis
... and many more!
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

What exactly are regular expressions?

Strings with a special syntax
Allow us to match patterns in other strings
Applications of regular expressions:
Find all web links in a document
Parse email addresses, remove/replace unwanted characters

In [1]: import re

In [2]: re.match('abc', 'abcdef')

Out[2]: <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='abc'>

In [3]: word_regex = '\w+'

In [4]: re.match(word_regex, 'hi there!')

Out[4]: <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 2), match='hi'>
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common Regex Patterns

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common Regex patterns (2)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common regex patterns (3)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9

\s space ''
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common regex patterns (4)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9

\s space ''

.* wildcard 'username74'
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common regex patterns (5)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9

\s space ''

.* wildcard 'username74'

+ or * greedy match 'aaaaaa'

 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common regex patterns (6)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9

\s space ''

.* wildcard 'username74'

+ or * greedy match 'aaaaaa'

\S not space 'no_spaces'

 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Common regex patterns (7)

pattern matches example

\w+ word 'Magic'

\d digit 9

\s space ''

.* wildcard 'username74'

+ or * greedy match 'aaaaaa'

\S not space 'no_spaces'

[a-z] lowercase group 'abcdefg'

 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Python's re Module
re module

split: split a string on regex

findall: find all patterns in a string

search: search for a pattern

match: match an entire string or substring based on a pattern

Pattern first, and the string second

May return an iterator, string, or match object
In [5]: re.split('\s+', 'Split on spaces.')
Out[5]: ['Split', 'on', 'spaces.']
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Let's practice!
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Introduction to
tokenization

Katharine Jarmul
Founder, kjamistan
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

What is tokenization?
Turning a string or document into tokens (smaller chunks)
One step in preparing a text for NLP
Many different theories and rules
You can create your own rules using regular expressions
Some examples:
Breaking out words or sentences
Separating punctuation
Separating all hashtags in a tweet
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

nltk library
nltk: natural language toolkit
In [1]: from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

In [2]: word_tokenize("Hi there!")

Out[2]: ['Hi', 'there', '!']
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Why tokenize?
Easier to map part of speech
Matching common words
Removing unwanted tokens
"I don't like Sam's shoes."
"I", "do", "n't", "like", "Sam", "'s", "shoes", "."
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Other nltk tokenizers

sent_tokenize: tokenize a document into sentences

regexp_tokenize: tokenize a string or document based on a regular

expression pattern

TweetTokenizer: special class just for tweet tokenization, allowing you to

separate hashtags, mentions and lots of exclamation points!!!
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

More regex practice

Difference between re.search() and re.match()
In [1]: import re

In [2]: re.match('abc', 'abcde')

Out[2]: <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='abc'>

In [3]: re.search('abc', 'abcde')

Out[3]: <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='abc'>

In [4]: re.match('cd', 'abcde')

In [5]: re.search('cd', 'abcde')

Out[5]: <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 4), match='cd'>
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Let's practice!
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Advanced tokenization
with regex

Katharine Jarmul
Founder, kjamistan
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Regex groups using or "|"

OR is represented using |

You can define a group using ()

You can define explicit character ranges using []

In [1]: import re

In [2]: match_digits_and_words = ('(\d+|\w+)')

In [3]: re.findall(match_digits_and_words, 'He has 11 cats.')

Out[3]: ['He', 'has', '11', 'cats']
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Regex ranges and groups

pattern matches example

[A-Za-z]+ upper and lowercase English alphabet 'ABCDEFghijk'

[0-9] numbers from 0 to 9 9

[A-Za-z\- upper and lowercase English alphabet, - 'My-

\.]+ and . Website.com'

(a-z) a, - and z 'a-z'

(\s+l,) spaces or a comma ', '

 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Character range with re.match()

In [1]: import re

In [2]: my_str = 'match lowercase spaces nums like 12, but no commas'

In [3]: re.match('[a-z0-9 ]+', my_str)

Out[3]: <_sre.SRE_Match object;
span=(0, 42), match='match lowercase spaces nums like 12'>
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Let's practice!
DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Charting word length

with nltk

Katharine Jarmul
Founder, kjamistan
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Getting started with matplotlib

Charting library used by many open source Python projects
Straightforward functionality with lots of options
Histograms
Bar charts
Line charts
Scatter plots
... and also advanced functionality like 3D graphs and animations!
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Plotting a histogram with matplotlib

In [1]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

In [2]: plt.hist([1, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9])

Out[2]: (array([ 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 2., 0., 3., 0., 1.]),
array([ 1. , 1.8, 2.6, 3.4, 4.2, 5. , 5.8, 6.6,
7.4, 8.2, 9. ]),
<a list of 10 Patch objects>)

In [3]: plt.show()
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Generated Histogram
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Combining NLP data extraction with plotting

In [1]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

In [2]: from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

In [3]: words = word_tokenize("This is a pretty cool tool!")

In [4]: word_lengths = [len(w) for w in words]

In [5]: plt.hist(word_lengths)
Out[5]: (array([ 2., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 3., 0., 0., 1.]),
array([ 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5, 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. , 5.5,
6. ]),
<a list of 10 Patch objects>)

In [6]: plt.show()
 DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

Word length histogram

DataCamp Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python

INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN PYTHON

Let's practice!