Power Quality

The Eaton UPS and Power Management

Fundamentals Handbook
May 2010
2 eaton corporation Power Quality
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 4
UPS design considerations 5
Other UPS design considerations 7
Questions to consider when shopping for a UPS 8
UPS form factors 9
The basics of voltage, amps and frequency 10
What is three-phase power? 11
Input plugs and output receptacles 12
Increase server energy efficiencies by using high-voltage power supplies and 208V UPSs 14
Worldwide voltage map and power requirements 16
Nine power problem overview 18
UPS topologies 19
UPS battery overview 20
Factors affecting battery life 22
UPS software overview 23
Service overview 24
Frequently asked questions 26
Electric transmission distribution system 28
Eaton's Blackout Tracker 30
Overview of 2009 national power outage data 32
Eaton product overview 36
A case study example 38
Commonly-used acronyms 40
Glossary of power terms 42

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 3
 Introduction
Welcome to the Eaton UPS and
Power Management Handbook.
This comprehensive guide includes every-
thing you need to understand and purchase
industry-leading power protection solutions
from Eaton®.
From plug and receptacles charts and facts
about power problems to an overview of
various UPS topologies and factors affecting
battery life, you’ll find a wealth of pertinent
resources designed to help you select the
optimum solution. We have also included
valuable, real-world case studies that
showcase exactly how Eaton can help
you to develop the best power protection
solution.
Whether you’re supplying power protection
for small, medium or large data centers,
health care facilities, or other environments
in which ensuring uptime and safeguarding
data are critical, the Eaton UPS and Power
Management Handbook is your one-stop
source for essential information.

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10 UPS design
considerations

The following 10 factors outline the key design considerations to take into account
when analyzing your needs to select the proper solution. By assessing 10 factors,
you can make important trade-off decisions during the selection and purchase Generally, the amount of runtime required purchasing additional modules that can be
process. To see how to use these design considerations, please see the sample case can significantly affect the cost of a solution. added in an expandable chassis or rack as
However, many Eaton solutions are actually their power load increases.
study on page 38.
more cost effective in extended runtime While modular solutions—including multiple,
applications. Be sure to find out how much paralleled systems—are often a more
1. Power environment: single and 3. Power load runtime you need and why. Evaluate
three phase affordable option initially, they can be a
The VA or watt rating of your power load multiple solutions to find the most beneficial more expensive solution over the long term
Understanding your existing power is one of the most important factors in to your organization. due to added hardware and installation
infrastructure is a crucial step in the identifying the right UPS for your overall costs. Depending on your specific needs, a
purchase process. While many resellers solution. 5. Scalability larger, centralized, non-modular system with
typically focus on larger, three-phase power After identifying the power environment (if It’s always important to consider your future inherent scalability might ultimately be the
systems, the majority of IT managers are the UPS needs to be single-phase or three- expansion needs when evaluating a solution. most cost-effective solution.
dealing primarily with single-phase phase), the size of the UPS further narrows Eaton’s scalable UPS solutions provide a
equipment, often at the rack level. down the selection. Although many competitive advantage by offering 6. Power distribution
Many existing computer rooms and small to customers have this information readily customers a cost-effective way to increase It is imperative to understand your power
mid-sized data centers have single-phase available, you might find it helpful if your capacity. Virtually all Eaton UPSs with a 6 distribution scheme. Keep in mind that
loads at the rack level. While ground-up reseller assists in sizing the power kVA or greater power rating offer some form Eaton’s larger three-phase PDUs and single-
designs are increasingly moving three-phase requirements of your equipment. Be sure to of scalability, either through a simple phase PDU products, including ePDUs and
power to the point of utilization in order to take into account your growing power load. firmware upgrade, the addition of modular rack power modules, can be used with any
gain efficiencies and reduce costs, creating In single-phase deployments especially, it hardware components or the paralleling of UPS product.
great opportunity for three-phase solutions often makes sense to select a UPS that multiple UPSs.
in new construction. exceeds your current power requirements In some instances, data center managers
For the cost-conscious or budget- want to more effectively monitor
but offers greater runtimes and allows for constrained customer, a UPS with inherent
2. Installation environment future growth. departmental usage of resources to better
scalability often proves to be the best value allocate overhead for the organization. In
It is imperative to understand how a UPS in the long run, allowing you to increase deploying metering to the rack level, one
4. Availability capacity without having to purchase
will be deployed. Since most environments Eaton customer was able to track each
support several different solutions, you may This is where you need to determine true additional hardware. A simple kVA upgrade department’s demand and allocate expenses
need to evaluate these options. Be prepared runtime requirements. While runtime may is all that’s needed to enable a UPS with based on meter readings. In addition, the
to review value propositions, feature seem like a simple thing to quantify, inherent scalability to operate at full ability to analyze peak hours of usage for
comparisons and pricing for multiple understanding the facts behind the numbers capacity. computing process and the most efficient
solutions. can help contribution to the development of Customers who have an internal IT or servers available enables an IT manager to
an end-to-end solution. facilities staff and service their own further increase efficiency.
equipment may prefer to add capacity by

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 5
7. Manageability 8. Operation and maintenance 9. Budget 10. Expanding the opportunity
Eaton’s manageability software and While many customers value the ability to Most customers indicate that redundancy, Our broad portfolio of products and
accessories bring together the UPS solution service their own equipment, the vast scalability, modularity and serviceability are capabilities—including single- and three-
for customers. Eaton’s manageability tools majority of IT and facility management all critical components in deciding which phase UPSs, power distribution products,
complete the overall solution and help lower professionals prefer the peace of mind that UPS to purchase. connectivity and manageability tools, and
total cost of ownership. comes with full factory support through Since you will likely be focused on world-class service and support—enables
Consider a customer who expressed a need on-site service. numerous features, it is important for you to Eaton to fulfill all our customer’s power
for 15 minutes of runtime in order to reach a Understanding your organizations availability evaluate each item and consider its quality needs.
remote facility he managed approximately requirements and technical proficiency— importance relative to its impact on the As a global provider of power quality
10 minutes away. Based on a salesperson’s along with your tolerance for risk—can budget. Looking at multiple options and infrastructure products and services that
ability to ascertain the customer's real need, ensure you select the right solution for your ranking the importance of each feature will provide an industry-leading balance of
a network interface card for the rack-based environment. In addition, considering the help you determine the optimal solution reliability, energy efficiency and value, Eaton
UPS was recommended, along with remote product’s up-front costs in combination with from a value perspective. is uniquely positioned to help customers
management software enabling the UPS to customer service level agreements is an around the globe manage all elements of
gracefully shut down applications in the integral component of any purchase their power systems.
event of an extended outage. ePDUs were process.
also employed to deliver multiple levels of While some IT professionals place a value
monitoring and control. on being able to independently swap
The customer was so pleased with the modules or replace batteries within their
ability to remotely monitor his UPSs and products, others prefer a hands-off approach
reboot his servers—which eliminated his to power in their data center. In addition, the
need to drive to the facility in the event of type of installation (decentralized or
a power disturbance. By understanding his centralized large UPS) may also influence
communication and control needs, Eaton your service preference.
was able to provide a complete solution. For those who want some level of service
autonomy, small single-phase or rack-based
equipment with user-serviceable batteries
and modules may be the ideal solution.
Customers with smaller budgets and higher
kVA ratings may prefer a low-cost,
centralized, end-of-row solution supported
by on-site factory support.

6 eaton corporation Power Quality

Other UPS design considerations

3. Ensure that the UPS can be placed in 7. Hardwired connections. 9. Using a UPS and a generator together.
its final position.
Hardwired outputs are generally useful if A UPS provides backup power and actively
Will the UPS components fit through doors? you want the UPS output to be distributed conditions and regulates voltage. Similar to a
Are there any stairs? Please consult Eaton’s via electrical panels. Using an electrical UPS, a generator provides backup power.
Web site for detailed UPS dimensions and distribution panel allow for flexibility with However, auxiliary generators typically take
specifications: www.eaton.com/power- receptacles types. If there is no other UPS 10-15 seconds to start up, depending upon
quality. that fits your receptacle and power require- generator type. For long term backup
ments, you may need to hardwire the UPS. servers and IT equipment, this is not an
4. Verify that the floor is strong enough Hardwired UPS models typically require the optimal situation, so during this time the
to support the UPS and battery cabinets. use of a certified electrician to wire the UPS UPS kicks in. Basically, the UPS bridges the
to the electrical distribution panel and this power gap between loss of power and
The UPS and its battery cabinets can be could be a more costly option for some when the generator comes on-line.
heavy so make sure the site has the proper customers.
floor loading capacity. When designing your UPS solution, it is
important to keep power ratings in mind;
8. Installing small UPS models behind you cannot size a generator in a 1:1 match
5. Confirm that the UPS will have larger UPS models.
adequate ventilation. to the UPS and expect successful results.
If you are installing a smaller UPS behind a There are two reasons for this: first, UPSs
Eaton UPS models use internal fans to cool larger UPS, you must consider the total aren’t 100% efficient and second, genera-
the UPS. You should not install the UPS in a potential power of the smaller UPS as well tors need to account for step loads. In
sealed container or small, sealed room. as other loads that will be powered by the addition to accounting for step load, very
larger UPS. For example, if you are plugging small generators don’t often provide enough
The following design guidelines should be 6. Always be sure which wall receptacle a 1500 VA UPS into a 10,000 VA UPS, you kinetic energy to provide a smooth transi-
reviewed and followed prior to ordering the is required to plug in the UPS. must consider the 1500 VA load of the tion. As a rule of thumb, for 20kVA and
appropriate UPS solution. smaller UPS rather than just the load that is above, auxiliary generators should be sized
Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500 1.5 times the size of the output rating of the
VA plug into a standard 15 amp wall outlet. plugged into it. In addition, the larger UPS
1. Check to see if there is an adequate must be at least five times larger than the UPS in kW, while 20kVA and below should
All others require a larger receptacle, which be two times. Also, it is important to note
electrical supply near the UPS. must be installed by an electrician. Things smaller UPS. This design guideline must be
followed due to charging capacity that may that gas powered generators should be
Compare UPS fuse ratings (amps) and go more smoothly if your customers are not sized a bit larger.
waiting for this to be done after all of their be required by the smaller UPS, any anoma-
breaker types and whether any electrical lies associated with the building power, and
work may be needed (i.e. cabling to the UPS equipment has arrived. Most small
to avoid overheating or potential over 10. Verify that the final UPS solution
terminal block input). The site may have its computers and rackmounted computers run
loading of the larger UPS which may result meets local building codes.
own electrical contractors. on normal 120 volt, 15 amp electrical
service. Some computers have a power in failure of the all UPS models in the string. The facility manager is often the best
2. Find out the dimensions of the UPS cord that requires a higher voltage of 208V contact to understand local building codes.
and include any battery cabinets. or 240V. In such cases, you will need a 3000
VA or larger UPS.
Make sure that the installation site has
enough space available.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 7
 Questions to
By asking yourself the following questions, Accessories
you will be fully knowledgeable of your
1. How is power getting from the UPS to
needs and expectations, further enabling
equipment?
you to define the right solution for your
2. Do you have a need for enclosures,

consider when
business.
communications, seismic mounting,
UPS floor stands or rail kits?
1. What size UPS do you need? (kVA or 3. Is a maintenance bypass switch needed?
amperage)

shopping for
Software
2. What voltage is currently available at
the site? 1. Is there a need to have orderly scheduled
shutdown?
3. What voltage do you need?
2. Do you want to remotely monitor the

a UPS.
4. What runtime do you want?
UPS?
5. Are there any clearances or size
3. Would you like to remotely notify others
constraints?
of UPS events?
6. What are the bypass requirements?
7. What type of input and output Service
connections are required? 1. Do you need immediate factory
8. Is there a generator on site? response?
9. Does the UPS need to be scalable? 2. What kind of parts and labor coverage do
you need?
10. Do you need redundancy?
3. Do you want any type of preventive
maintenance?

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UPS form factors
With applications spanning from desktop to large data centers, UPSs come in a variety
of form factors.

1 2 1. Desktop and tower UPS

a. The Eaton 3105 UPS also fits easily
on top of or under a desk
b. The Eaton 9130 tower UPS fits under
a desk or in a network closet

2. Wall-mount UPS
a The Eaton 5115 rackmount UPS includes
b hardware to mount it to a wall

3. Rackmount UPS
3 4 The Eaton 9130 rackmount UPS occupies
only 2U of rack space (fits both 2-post and
4-post racks)

4. Two-in-one rackmount/tower UPS

The Eaton 5130 UPS can be mounted in
a rack or installed as a tower model

5. Scalable UPS
a. The Eaton BladeUPS is a scalable,
redundant rackmount UPS
b. The Eaton 9170+ is also a scalable,
5 6 redundant UPS

6. Large tower UPS

The Eaton 9390 UPS is designed to be a
central backup for multiple loads, including
data centers

b
a

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 9
The basics of voltage, amperes
and frequency
When discussing and dealing with the number of volts characterizes how hard
electricity and electrical products, those electrons are being pushed. For an
several terms are used to specify equivalent voltage, a wire carrying more
electrical characteristics. Three of the amps needs to be a larger diameter, similar
most common are voltage, amperes to a fire hose operating at the same
and frequency. pressure as a garden hose would obviously
deliver a greater amount of water.
In layman’s terms, volts (V) is a measure of
the “pressure” with which electricity moves Frequency, on the other hand, is the number
through a wire/circuit, while amperes or of times per second (Hz) that the electrical
amps (A) is a measure of the “volume.” signal oscillates. Frequency in household
Volts and amps are often compared to voltages may vary based on geographic
water in a hose, with volts representing location, while industrial voltages can often
the amount of pressure there is and amps be customized to meet specific site
representing the volume of water. When requirements.
you turn on a garden hose without a nozzle, Ensuring that the volts, amps and frequency
there is a lot of water (amps) but not much of connected equipment are compatible
pressure (volts). But by placing your thumb with the supply of electricity is much like
over the end of the hose, you reduce the filling up a car with the appropriate type of
quantity (amps) but increase the pressure fuel. Just as diesel fuel would not power a
(volts), so it squirts farther. gasoline-driven car, a 120V, 15A, 60 Hz
Applying this analogy to electricity, the device cannot be connected to a 240V, 15A,
number of amps signifies how many 50 Hz outlet.
electrons are flowing in the wire, while

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What is
three-phase
power? 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

Three-phase power is the most efficient

way to distribute power over long
distances, and allows for large industrial
equipment to operate more efficiently.
While single-phase power is distributed
through common household outlets to
power everyday equipment such as 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
laptops, lighting and televisions, three-
phase power is characterized by three
single-phase waves working together.
The waves are offset by 120 degrees, or Figure 1. Three-phase power
one-third of the sine wave.
With three-phase power, the voltage is
always very close to the maximum available
voltage because of the 120 degree offset,
which is demonstrated in the oscilloscope
image in Figure 1.
Conversely, when looking at an oscilloscope
image of the voltage coming out of the
single-phase outlet in Figure 2, there is a 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
single wave that peaks at 120V (for North
America) and then oscillates between
+120V and -120V at 60 Hz (or 60 times a
second). This oscillation is suitable for short
Figure 2. Single-phase power
distance distribution of household devices.

90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 11
 Input plugs and
output receptacles
When you receive a UPS, you should Input Plug and Output Receptacle Chart
be able to plug it in right away. If you
receive a UPS and can’t plug it into the 5-15R 5-15P 5-20R 5-20P
wall socket, or can’t plug your equipment
into the UPS, you’ve got a problem.
Any UPS with a rating of 1500 VA or below
can be plugged into a standard household
receptacle/socket. UPS models with ratings
higher than 1500 VA use input plugs that
L5-30R L5-30P 6-15R 6-15P
cannot be plugged directly into a standard
receptacle. Many higher rated UPSs (above
1500 VA) may also be hardwired directly into
the electrical distribution panel at the
installation location. This procedure should
only be done by a licensed electrician.
L6-20R L6-20P L5-20R L5-20P
Many UPS models offer a fixed set of input
and output receptacles. Other UPS models
can be configured with a custom set of
input and output connections.
For reference we have included the
following chart to help you visually confirm
IEC-320-C13 (female) IEC-320-C14 (male) IEC-320-C19 (female) IEC-320-C20 (male)
input and output plug/receptacle options.

L14-30R L14-30P IEC-309, 16A IEC-309, 32A

L6-30R L6-30P Terminal Block (Hardwired)

* 5-15P can plug into 5-20R

R= Receptacle, P = Plug, L = Locking
The number after the hyphen indicates the amperage.
For example, the L5-30R is a 30A receptacle.

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1. Fixed
Smaller UPS models like the Eaton
9130 UPS provide a fixed set of output
receptacles

2. Customized
UPS models like the Eaton 9355 can be
customized with a variety of output
receptacles

3. Hardwired
Large UPS models like the Eaton 9390
are hardwired to incoming utility power

4. Additional Receptacles
Eaton ePDU products mount easily into
racks and provide additional receptacles

1 2 3 4

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 13
 Increase server energy
efficiencies by using
high-voltage power
supplies and 208V UPSs

14 eaton corporation Power Quality

Maximizing energy efficiencies in today’s At first glance, high-voltage input power One of the main reasons that customers in Making the connections
data centers has become an important seems counter-intuitive when thinking about the U.S. have been reluctant to switch to
factor in saving costs and reducing an energy savings. However, in the real world, high voltage is that high voltage UPSs are
organization’s carbon footprint. While power supplies operate more efficiently at typically fitted with IEC outlets (or even
there are new energy-saving tools and high voltage. The typical server switch-mode inlets) and customers do not know how
technologies being introduced every day, power supply has an efficiency rating to connect them to IT equipment with a
understanding existing methods and between 65 percent and 80 percent, with traditional NEMA plug. However, all IT
systems can bring immediate efficiencies some special-purpose products able to power supplies come with a detachable
and savings, often without an additional reach 90 percent efficiency. The lower input cord with a NEMA plug on one side
investment. voltage causes the power supply to operate and an IEC plug on the other. By simply
at the lower end of this range. changing the standard NEMA/C13 power
One such method is to operate equipment cord to an IEC C13/C14 power cord these
at high-line voltage and utilize 208V UPSs, When operating at 208 volts, a 1.0 to 2.0
percent difference in efficiency can be additional IT equipment efficiencies can be
which maximizes energy efficiency and captured. IEC cables are fully UL-listed and
uptime, as well as saves money. IT devices experienced for a 1000W power supply,
depending on the load level. When the loss are the standard method of connection in
that are equipped with a C14 plug are large mission-critical data centers across
capable of running on high voltage, which in the power distribution transformer (PDU)
needed to get to the 120V is added in, there the U.S. Remove the standard 5-15P/C13 power cord that
can dramatically increase efficiency. was shipped with your IT equipment and replace it
is an additional 1.5 to 2.0 percent savings. To read the complete white paper on this
Even small increases in UPS efficiency can with one of the C13/C14 jumper cables that
Factor in cooling efficiencies and the savings subject, please visit www.eaton.com/pq/
quickly translate into tens of thousands of shipped with your UPS. Now your IT equipment is
can add up to between 4 and 8 percent, whitepapers.
dollars in savings. For example, assuming a operating at 208V, running more efficiently and
which translates to about $70 per power
saving you money.
utility rate of 10 cents per kWh, a 60 kW supply. When multiplied by the number
N+1 redundant configuration would save of power supplies in the server rack, the
more than $30,000 over five years. High savings certainly justifies making the switch
UPS efficiency also extends battery to 208 volts, especially when expanding or
runtimes and produces cooler operating moving into a new location.
conditions.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 15
Worldwide voltage map and power
requirements

50 Hz

60 Hz

110-127V; 60 Hz (also 208V; 60 Hz)

110-127V; 60 Hz
100V
220/230V; 50 Hz
240V; 50 Hz *Single-phase voltages only. Mixed voltages present in several countries, including Vietnam, South Korea, Phillipines, Brazil, Peru and Saudi Arabia

Country Voltage Frquncy (Hz)

Afghanistan 220 50 Austria 220-230 50 Bermuda 120 60 Burundi 220 50
Algeria 127/220 50 Azores (Portugal) 220 50 Bolivia 110-115/220 50 Cambodia 120/220 50
American Samoa 120/240 60 Bahamas 120 60 Bosnia-Herzegovina 220 50 Cameroon 220-230 50
Angola 220 50 Bahrain 220 50 Botswana 220 50 Canada 120 60
Anguilla (U.K.) 240 50 Bangladesh 220 50 Brazil 110-127 60 Canary Islands (Spain) 220 50
Antigua 230 60 Barbados 115 50 220 60 Cape Verde 220 50
Argentina 220 50 Belgium 220-230 50 Bulgaria 220 50 Cayman Islands 120 60
Aruba 115/127 60 Belize 110 60 BurkinaFaso 220 50 Central African Republic 220 50
Australia 240 50 Benin 220 50 Burma (Myanmar) 230 50 Chad 220 50

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Country Voltage Frquncy (Hz) Guyana 110 50-60 Mauritius 230 50 Somalia 110/220 50
Channel Islands 240 50 Haiti 110-120 50-60 Mexico 127 50 South Africa 220-230 50
Chile 220 50 Honduras 11 060 Moldova 220 50 Spain 220-230 50
China 220 50 Hong Kong 200 50 Monaco 220 – Sri Lanka 230 50
Christmas Island 240 50 Hungary 220 50 Mongolia 220 - St. Kitts & Nevis 230 60
Cocos Island 240 50 Iceland 220 50 Montseurrat 230 60 St. Lucia 240 50
Colombia 110-220 60 India 220-250 50 Morocco 220 50 St. Pierre & Miquelon 115 60
Congo 220 50 Indonesia 220 50 Mozambique 220 50 St. Vincent 230 50
Cook Islands 240 50 Iran 220 50 Namibia 220-250 50 Sudan 240 50
Costa Rica 120 60 Iraq 220 50 Nepal 220 50 Surinam 115 60
Croatia 220 50 Ireland 220 50 Netherland Antilles 120-127/220 50/60 Svalbard 220 50
Cuba 120 60 Isle of Man 240 50 Netherlands 220-230 50 Swaziland 230 50
Curacao Island 110/220 60 Israel 230 50 New Caledonia 220 50 Sweden 220-230 50
Cyprus 240 50 Italy 220-230 50 New Zealand 230 50 Switzerland 220-230 50
Czech Republic 220 50 Ivory Coast 220 50 Nicaragua 120 60 Syria 220 50
Denmark 220-230 50 Jamaica 110 50 Niger 220 50 Tahiti 220 50
Djibouti 220 50 Japan 100 50&60 Nigeria 230 50 Taiwan 110 60
Dominica 230 50 Jordan 220 50 Northern Ireland 240 50 Tajikistan 220 50
Dominican Republic 110 60 Kazakhstan 220 50 North Mariana Island 115 60 Tanzania 230 50
Ecuador 120 60 Kenya 240 50 Norfolk Island 240 50 Thailand 220/230 50
Egypt 220 50 Korea, South 220 50&60 Norway 220-230 50 Togo 220 50
El Salvador 115 60 Kuwait 240 50 Okinawa 110-120 60 Tonga 115 60
England 240 50 Kyrgystan 220 50 Oman 240 50 Trinidad & Tobago 115/23 60
Equatorial Guinea 220 50 Laos 220 50 Pakistan 230 50 Tunisia 220 50
Estonia 220 50 Latvia 220 50 Panama 110-120 60 Turkey 220 50
Ethiopia 220 50 Lebanon 110-220 50 Papua New Guinea 240 50 Uganda 240 50
Fiji 240 50 Lesotho 240 50 Paraguay 220 50 Ukraine 220 50
Finland 220-230 50 Liberia 120 60 Peru 110/220 50/60 United Arab Emirates 220/230 50
France 220-230 50 Libya 127-230 50 Philippines 115 60 United Kingdom 240 50
French Guiana 220 50 Liechtenstein 220 50 Poland 240 50 United States 120 60
Gabon 220 50 Lithuania 220 50 Portugal 220 50 Uruguay 220 50
Gambia 220 50 Luxembourg 220-230 50 Puerto Rico 220-230 50 Uzbekistan 220 50
Germany 220-230 50 Macao 220 50 Qatar 240 50 Venezuela 120 60
Ghana 220 50 Madagascar 220 50 Romania 220 50 Vietnam 120/220 50
Gibraltar 240 50 Madeir (Portugal) 220 50 Russia 220 50 Virgin Islands 120 60
Greece 220-230 50 Majorca 220 50 Rwanda 220 50 Wales 220 50
Greenland 220 50 Malawi 230 50 Saudi Arabia 127/220 50/60 Western Samoa 230 50
Grenada 230 50 Malaysia 240 50 Scotland 220 50 Yemen 220 50
Guadeloupe 220 50 Maldives 230 50 Senegal 220 50 Yugoslavia 220 50
Guam 110-120 60 Mali 220 50 Seychelles 240 50 Zaire 220 50
Guatemala 120 60 Malta 240 50 Sierra Leone 230 50 Zambia 220 50
Guinea 220 50 Martinique 220 60 Singapore 230 50 Zimbabwe 220 5
Guinea-Bissau 220 50 Mauritania 220 - Slovakia 220 50

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 17
Nine power problems
And their UPS solutions
Eaton UPSs address any of the nine power and industrial markets. Low-cost products Eaton 5125, Evolution, EX, MX, MX Frame
protection problems to fulfill power such as the Eaton 3105, 5110 and EX UPSs and BladeUPS are designed to safeguard a
protection, distribution and management protect general desktop systems for small myriad of mission-critical systems including
needs in the office, computer networking, office/home office (SOHO) applications. The network servers and power hungry blade
data center, telecommunications, healthcare line-interactive and online UPSs such as the servers.

Power Problem Definition* Cause* Solution

1
A total loss of utility power Can be caused by a number of events: lightning strikes, downed power lines, grid over-
Power Failure demands, accidents and natural disasters.

Single-phase Series 3 UPS

2
Short-term low voltage Triggered by the startup of large loads, utility switching, utility equipment failure, lightning
Power Sag and power service that’s too small for the demand. In addition to crashes, sags can damage

Single-phase Series 5 UPS

hardware.

3
Short-term high voltage above Can be caused by a lightning strike and can send line voltages to levels in excess of 6,000
Power Surge 110% of nominal volts. A spike almost always results in data loss or hardware damage.
(Spike)

Single- and Three-phase Series 9 UPS

4
Reduced line voltage extended Can be caused by an intentional utility voltage reduction to conserve power during peak
Under-voltage periods few minutes to days demand periods or other heavy loads that exceed supply capacity.
(Brownout)

5
Increased line voltage for Triggered by a rapid reduction in power loads, heavy equipment being turned off, or by
Over-voltage extended periods of a few utility switching. The results can potentially damage hardware.
minutes to a few days

6
High frequency waveform Can be caused by either RFI or EMI interference generated by transmitters, welding
Electrical caused by EMI interference devices, SCR driven printers, lightning, etc.
Line Noise

7
A change in frequency stability Resulting from generator or small co-generation sites being loaded and unloaded.
Frequency
Frequency variation can cause erratic operation, data loss, system crashes and equipment
Variation damage.

Instantaneous and under- Normal duration is shorter than a spike and generally falls in the range of nanoseconds.

8 Switching
Transient
voltage (notch) in the range of
nanoseconds

9 Harmonic Distortion of the normal line Switch mode power supplies, variable speed motors and drives, copiers and fax machines
waveform, generally transmitted are examples of non-linear loads. Can cause communication errors, overheating and
Distortion
by nonlinear loads hardware damage.

*Reference IEEE E-050R & old FIPS PUB 94

18 eaton corporation Power Quality

 AC to DC DC to AC

UPS topologies
Rectifier Inverter

Battery

Which UPS is the best fit for your customers? Buck Boost

There are several different UPS topologies that provide varying degrees of protection. Online UPSs provide the highest
AC tolevel
DC of protection by isolating equipment from raw utility
DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter
Selecting the best fit for your customer depends on several factors, including the level of power—converting power from AC to DC and back to AC again. When input voltage is
reliability and availability desired by the customer, the type of equipment being protected within preset UPS tolerances, the output isBattery
regulated without going to battery. In this
and the application/environment. While all four of the most common UPS topologies manner, the UPS uses the batteries less often and for less time than either standby or
outlined below meet the input voltage requirements for IT equipment, there are key line-interactive designs. Many online UPSs allow an even wider input acceptance window
differences in how the result is achieved, as well as the frequency and duration of when the UPS is below 100% load.
demands on the battery.
Standby UPSs allow equipment to run off utility power until the UPS detects a problem, at Internal Static Bypass
which point the UPS switches to battery power to protect against sags, surges or outages.
Because the band of normal operation is typically narrow, the UPS must resort to batteries
frequently, which can reduce battery runtime and service life.
AC to DC
Rectifier DC to AC
Inverter

Battery
AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter
High-efficiency mode UPSs are among the latest generation of UPS models, successfully
Battery combining the benefits of both single- and double-conversion technologies. Under normal
AC to DC DC to AC conditions when power falls within acceptable limits, the multi-mode UPS operates as a
Rectifier Inverter
Line-interactive UPSs regulate voltage either by boosting or decreasing utility power as high-efficiency, energy-saving system, regulating voltage and resolving common utility
Battery equipment or by resorting to battery
necessary before allowing it to pass to the protected power anomalies.
power. Line-interactive models typically switch to battery mode with a transfer time of 3-8
Buck Boost During erratic power or fleeting disturbances when AC input power falls outside of preset
ms, which is within acceptable limits for most power supplies. Battery usage is lower than tolerances for line-interactive mode, the UPS switches to online double-conversion mode,
a standby UPS, but still higher than an online model. completely isolating equipment from incoming power. If power is lost altogether, or the
input power exceeds the tolerances of the double-conversion rectifier, the UPS relies on
Buck Boost the battery to keep loads operating, converting back to high-efficiency mode when it is safe.
AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter

Battery
AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter

Normal Operation Battery

Battery Power
Internal Static Bypass
www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 19
UPS battery overview
It’s well known that the battery is the most vulnerable part of a UPS. In fact, battery failure The most common type of battery used in 2. Is there any difference between the
is a leading cause of load loss. Yet understanding how to properly maintain and manage UPS UPSs is valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries used by smaller UPSs, from 250
batteries can not only extend battery service life, but can also help prevent costly downtime. batteries, also known as sealed or VA to 3 kVA, and the ones used by larger
maintenance free. VRLA batteries are UPSs?
sealed, usually within polypropylene plastic,
While basic battery technology, and the risks
Positive Flag Extruded Intercell which offers the advantage of not containing
to battery life, remains the same regardless
Valve Terminal Welded Connection, any sloshing liquid that might leak or drip.
Low Resistance of UPS size, there are some inherent
Because water cannot be added to VRLA
Current Path differences between large and small
batteries, recombination of water is critical
applications. First, smaller UPSs typically
to their life and health, and any factor that
have only one VRLA battery that supports
increases the rate of evaporation or water
Cover/Lid the load and needs maintenance. As
loss — such as temperature or heat from
systems get larger, increasing battery
the charging current — reduces the life of
capacity to support the load gets more
Strap Joining the battery.
Negative complicated. Larger systems may require
Plates in
Parallel Frequently asked multiple strings of batteries, introducing
complexity to battery maintenance and

Negative
questions: batteries support. Individual batteries must be
monitored to prevent a single bad battery
Pasted Plate 1. What is the “end of useful life?” from taking down an entire string, and
Lead Alloy putting the load at risk. Also, as systems get
Grid
The IEEE defines “end of useful life” for a larger, wet-cell batteries become much
UPS battery as being the point when it can more common.
Polypropylene no longer supply 80 percent of its rated
Container/Jar capacity in ampere-hours. When your 3. My UPS has been in storage for over a
Separator
battery reaches 80 percent of its rated year. Are the batteries still good?
capacity, the aging process accelerates and
the battery should be replaced. As batteries sit unused, with no charging
VRLA batteries are frequently used in UPS Internal and external components of a valve-regulated lead regimen, their battery life will decrease. Due
or other high-rate applications. acid (VRLA) battery. to the self-discharge characteristics of lead-

20 eaton corporation Power Quality

acid batteries, it is imperative that they be 5. How is battery runtime affected if I 7. If my UPS is in storage how often its batteries regardless of how much load, if
charged after every six to 10 months of reduce the load on the UPS? should I charge the batteries? any, is attached to it
storage. Otherwise, permanent loss of
The battery runtime will increase if the load The batteries should be charged every three
capacity will occur between 18 and 30 11. How can you be sure UPS batteries
is reduced. As a general rule, if you reduce or four months to prevent loss of capacity.
months. To prolong shelf life without are in good condition and ensure they
the load by half, you triple the runtime.
charging, store batteries at 10°C (50°F) or have maximum holdover in the event of
less. 8. What is the average lifespan of UPS
a power failure? What preventive
6. If I add more batteries to a UPS can I batteries?
maintenance procedures should be done
add more load?
4. What is the difference between hot- The standard lifespan for VRLA batteries is and how often?
swappable and user-replaceable Adding more batteries to a UPS can three to five years. However, expected life
The batteries used in the UPS and
batteries? increase the battery runtime to support the can vary greatly due to environmental
associated battery modules and cabinets are
load. However, adding more batteries to the conditions, number of discharge cycles, and
Hot-swappable batteries allow the batteries sealed, lead- acid batteries often referred to
UPS does not increase the UPS capacity. Be adequate maintenance. Have a regular
to be changed out while the UPS is running. as maintenance-free batteries. While this
sure your UPS is adequately sized for your schedule of battery maintenance and
User-replaceable batteries are usually found type of battery is sealed and you do not
load, then add batteries to fit your runtime monitoring to ensure you know when your
in smaller UPSs and require no special tools need to check the fluid level in the battery,
needs. batteries are reaching their end-of-life. The
or training to replace. Batteries can be both they do require some attention to assure
typical life of an Eaton UPS with ABM
hot-swappable and user-replaceable. proper operation. You should inspect the
technology is 50% longer than with
UPS a minimum of once per year by
standard models.
initiating a self-test of the UPS.
9. Why are batteries disconnected on
12. How long does it take for the UPS
small, single-phase UPSs when they are
batteries to recharge?
shipped?
On average, it takes 10 times the discharge
This is done to ensure that they are in
time for the UPS batteries to recover. (A
compliance with Department of
30-minute battery discharge requires about
Transportation regulations.
300 minutes to recharge.) After each power
outage, the recharge process begins
10. Does the UPS need to have a load on immediately. It is important to note that the
it to charge its batteries? load is fully protected while the batteries are
   The UPS should have a minimum of 10% recharging. However, if the batteries are
Adding extended battery modules increases runtime load to charge its batteries. Once connected needed during the recharge time, the
UPS models like the Eaton 9130 feature hot-swappable but does not increase the power rating or capacity of to a standard supply of electricity (via input holdover time available will be less than it
batteries for maximum uptime the UPS plug or hardwiring), your UPS should charge would have been if the batteries were fully
charged.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 21
 Factors
All UPS batteries have a limited service life,
regardless of how or where the UPS is
3. Cycling.
affecting
battery life
After a UPS operates on battery power
deployed. While determining battery life can
during a power failure, the battery is
be tricky, there are four primary factors that
recharged for future use, which is called the
contribute to a battery’s overall lifespan.
discharge cycle. At installation, the battery is
at 100 percent of its rated capacity, but each
1. Ambient temperature. discharge and subsequent recharge slightly
Because the rated capacity of a battery is reduces the relative capacity of the battery.
based on an ambient temperature of 25°C Once the chemistry is depleted, the cells fail
(77°F), any variation from this can affect and the battery must be replaced.
performance and reduce battery life. For
every 8.3°C (15°F) average annual 4. Maintenance.
temperature above 25°C (77°F), the life of
For larger UPS models, service and
the battery is reduced by 50 percent.
maintenance of batteries are critical to the
reliability of the UPS. Periodic preventive
2. Battery chemistry. maintenance not only extends battery string
UPS batteries are electro-chemical devices life by preventing loose connections and
whose ability to store and deliver power removing corrosion, but can help identify
slowly decreases over time. Even if all ailing batteries before they fail. Even though
guidelines for storage, maintenance and sealed batteries are sometimes referred to
usage are followed, batteries will still require as “maintenance free,” they still require
replacement after a certain period of time. scheduled service, as “maintenance free”
refers only to the fact that they do not
require replacement fluid.

For additional information on UPS batteries, to

use the Eaton battery replacement selector, or to
request a free copy of Eaton’s battery handbook,
visit www.eaton.com/upsbatteries.

22 eaton corporation Power Quality

UPS software overview
Operating a UPS without power Some software offerings are capable of
management software is kind of like driving delivering a global view across the network
in the rain without windshield wipers — you — often from any PC with an Internet
may be protected from the downpour, but browser. Software can also provide a
your visibility only lasts for so long. complete log of events and of UPS utility
While a UPS protects the attached load data, which is invaluable when debugging a
during a power outage, power management power anomaly. Many power management
software is required to ensure that all work- products have the ability to centralize
in-progress is saved and that sensitive alarms, organize data by customized views
electronic equipment is gracefully shut down and maintain event logs for preventive
if the power outage exceeds the battery maintenance of the entire installed
runtime of the UPS. Without software, the equipment base.
UPS simply runs until its batteries are The more robust and versatile software
depleted and then drops the load. offerings are compatible with devices that
In addition to facilitating automatic, orderly support a network interface, including all
shutdown of all connected devices during an manufacturers’ UPSs, environmental
extended outage, power management sensors, ePDUs and other devices.
software delivers a broad spectrum of other Furthermore, power management software
advantages. The perfect complement to any enables load segment control for UPS
UPS solution, management software keeps models that support that feature.
a constant pulse on network health through Because power protection and management
its monitoring and management capabilities. are just as vital for virtual machines as they
Most power management software is are for physical servers, new software
shipped with the UPS and is usually technologies have been specifically Eaton’s Intelligent Power Manager facilitates easy and versatile remote monitoring and management of multiple

available as a free download online as well. designed to provide monitoring and devices, keeping you apprised of power and environmental conditions.

Power event notifications are available as management capabilities in virtualized

audible alarms, pop-up alerts on a monitor, environments. Shutdown software is now
e-mails to pre-designated recipients based compatible with VMware’s ESXi and
on the condition, text messages, phone calls vSphere and Microsoft’s Hyper-V, enabling
from our remote monitoring center, and graceful shutdown of multiple virtual
triggers for a multitude of network and machines.
building management systems to initiate the
orderly shutdown of equipment. To view an online demonstration of Eaton’s power
management software capabilities, please visit
www.eaton.com/intelligentpowermanager.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 23
 Service overview
One of the best ways to protect your
investment is by including a service
plan with your UPS purchase. Scheduled
preventive maintenance can help detect
a wide range of ailments before they
become serious and costly issues.
In fact, research indicates that regular
preventive maintenance is crucial in order
to achieve maximum performance from
equipment. Studies show that routine
preventive maintenance appreciably
reduces the likelihood that a UPS will
succumb to downtime. The 2007 Study of
Root Causes of Load Losses compiled by
Eaton revealed that customers without
preventive maintenance visits were almost
four times more likely to experience a UPS
failure than those who complete the
recommended two preventive maintenance
visits per year.
All manufacturers’ UPSs are complex
devices that perform several critical power
conditioning and backup supply functions
and are subject to failure. Without proper
maintenance, all UPSs will eventually fail
over their useful life since critical
components like batteries and capacitors
will wear out from normal use. A good
maintenance plan delivered by trained and
experienced personnel can greatly
minimize this risk of failure.

24 eaton corporation Power Quality

 Types of UPS service Types of service The Eaton service
There are several UPS service delivery
methods, designed to meet the varied
agreements offering
needs of customers and their applications. A variety of different UPS service options Eaton offers power quality services for
These include: are available, any of which will likely save its UPS products, as well as for related
customers time and money by minimizing equipment such as power distribution units
• Depot exchange repair or replace. The (PDUs) and batteries. Eaton also services
business interruption and the costs of
customer contacts the UPS service products from legacy brands including
downtime, as well as enhancing overall
provider and ships the UPS to a repair Powerware, Exide Electronics, Best Power,
return on investment by extending the
facility. The service provider returns the MGE Office Protection Systems, IPM,
lifespan of critical power equipment.
repaired unit or a refurbished unit. Deltec and Lortec. Eaton has more than
• Support agreements, or service contracts,
• Advance swap depot exchange. The 40 years of experience designing and
usually combine parts and labor coverage
customer contacts the UPS service servicing industry-leading UPSs for
(electronics, batteries or both), at least
provider, who ships a refurbished unit to government, healthcare, industrial and
one or more UPS preventive maintenance
them and the original UPS unit is returned data center applications.
inspections annually, and a combination
to a repair facility.
of coverage hours and arrival response
• On-site repair. The customer contacts the time. Plans can be tailored to meet
UPS service provider and a factory-trained almost any need. Special features like
field technician arrives at their site to remote monitoring, battery replacement
diagnose and repair electronic or battery- insurance and spare part kits may also
related problems. be added.
Smaller UPS products (below 1000 VA) • Extended warranty (or basic warranty)
generally can be repaired at a depot, while may also be purchased for many UPS
products over 1000 VA and up to 15 kVA can products. A warranty commonly covers
either be repaired at a depot or serviced specified parts and labor such as
on-site. Larger UPSs that are either electronic components for a fixed period
hardwired (cannot be unplugged) or too of time, but will not include 7x24
heavy to ship can only be serviced via coverage or arrival response times. Nor
on-site field technicians. will warranties include preventive
maintenance, although extra services can
be purchased in addition to a warranty
extension. The more services that are
added to a warranty, the closer it Some UPS companies, such as Eaton, provide remote
becomes to a support agreement. monitoring services

• Time and Material (T&M) service is a

pay-as-you-go approach in which the
service provider makes a repair only
when something breaks. T&M can be
done either via depot repair or on-site,
depending on the UPS. This method
can be an unacceptable service solution
for some customers, since it is often
expensive, and there is the uncertainty For more information on UPS service, and to access
of not knowing when a field technician service-related white papers, please visit www.eaton.
will arrive. Because support agreement com/upsservices.
(contract) customers always take priority,
T&M response times can require up to
Smaller UPS models are usually sent to a repair facility Larger UPS models require on-site preventive mainte- five days, based on the product and
nance visits for optimal performance location for non-contract customers.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 25
Frequently
We have compiled the following set 5. My business is too small for protective cost of replacing equipment, as well as
of questions based on our extensive measures. Do I really need a UPS? the business lost during breakdown and
experience in dealing with both resellers replacement, can greatly affect a company’s
Power problems are equal-opportunity
and end users. For frequently asked bottom line.
threats. Your PCs, servers and network are

asked
questions about UPS batteries, please the
just as critical to your business as a data
UPS battery overview section on page 20. 9. We have a generator—do I still need
center is to a large enterprise. Downtime is
costly in terms of hardware and potential a UPS?
1. What’s the difference between a surge loss of goodwill, reputation and sales from Many customers do not realize that a

questions
protector and a UPS? downtime. Also add in the delays that generator will NOT protect their equipment
A surge protector provides just that—surge inevitably occur when rebooting locked-up against power problems. You need a UPS to
protection. In addition to surge protection, a equipment, restoring damaged files and guarantee that the equipment stays up until
UPS continually regulates incoming voltage re-running processes that were interrupted. the generator kicks on—which often
and provides battery backup in the event of A sound power protection strategy is cost- requires several minutes to stabilize.
a power failure. You'll often see surge effective insurance.
protectors plugged into a UPS for added 10. How much UPS capacity do I need?
surge protection and additional output 6. Why is power quality such a problem
receptacles. today? Determine the total load (in watts) of the
equipment you want to protect. Add
Today’s high-tech IT equipment and control 10–20% for future growth and decide the
2. How much capacity of a UPS should units are much more sensitive to electrical minimum amount of runtime you need. Use
I use? disturbances and are more important to the the online sizer at (www.eaton.com/
To allow for future expansion, we critical functions of many businesses than powerquality) to identify the right solution
recommend that you install a UPS at in the past. As a result, power quality for your application.
approximately 75% capacity. In addition, the problems today are more frequent and
batteries degrade over time; by oversizing, more costly than ever. 11. I already have surge protection. Why
you provide room for error. In the online do I need a UPS?
Eaton UPS sizing tool (www.eaton.com/ 7. Are power quality problems always
powerquality) we have included a noticeable? Surge protection will not keep your
“capacity used” column. business and phones operational during a
No. In many cases, disturbances can cause blackout. In addition, surge protectors do
imperceptible damage to circuits and other nothing to improve the quality of power
3. How much UPS battery runtime do components, a major cause of premature feeding your sensitive and expensive
I need? equipment failure and problems like telecom equipment. The Eaton UPS
During an outage, you need enough battery computer lockups. Many power quality provides perfect, clean power to your
runtime to gracefully shut down systems or problems go unresolved, resulting in lost equipment at all times. Over time, poor
switch to backup generators. You may add revenue and data. quality power will degrade your equipment.
an optional external battery module (EBM)
to increase runtime. 8. How are phone systems and IT 12. What happens if the UPS is
equipment affected by inconsistent overloaded? For example, if the
4. How is battery runtime impacted if power? protected equipment and/or load draws
I reduce the load on the UPS? Fluctuating power is a waste of valuable more current than the UPS can provide.
There can be a significant increase in time and money. If customers expose their The UPS transfers the load to bypass (for a
runtime. Generally speaking, a UPS that telephone systems (and any other electronic few minutes) until the overload condition is
provides five minutes at full load will equipment) to inconsistent utility power, reversed. If the overload condition
provide 15 minutes at half load. they are vulnerable to hardware and continues, the UPS automatically
software damage, data corruption and shuts down.
communication breakdown. The time and

26 eaton corporation Power Quality

13. What causes a UPS to be Mathematically, real power (watts) is related a neutral line. Virtually all PCs and small 20. Why is power management software
overloaded? to apparent power (VA) using a numerical electrical devices use single-phase power important?
ratio referred to as the power factor (PF), available from standard 10A or 15A power
There are two possible answers: (1) the Although UPSs are typically rugged and
which is expressed in decimal format and points. Higher power industrial motors or
UPS was undersized (e.g. the load is was reliable, they do require ongoing monitoring
always carries a value between 0 and 1.0. large air-conditioning systems often use
rated at 1200 VA but a 1000 VA UPS was and support. Power management software
For many newer types of IT equipment, three-phase power and cannot be powered
provided), or (2) the customer plugged continuously monitors and diagnoses the
such as computer servers, the typical PF by plugging them into standard 10A or 15A
more equipment into the UPS than it state of the grid, batteries and power
is 0.9 or greater. For legacy personal power points.
was designed to handle. sources, together with the condition of the
computers (PCs), this value can be
UPS’ internal electronics. Eaton UPS
0.60 – 0.75. 17. How are the phone systems affected
14. What’s the difference between VA software and connectivity cards enable
Using one of the following formulas a by inconsistent power? remote monitoring and management
and watts?
calculation can be made to determine the Fluctuating power is a waste of valuable capability, including graceful shutdown and
In order to correctly size a UPS, it is missing quantity: load segment control.
time and money. If customers expose their
important to understand the relationship
Watts = VA * Power Factor or VA = Watts / telephone systems (and any other electronic
between watts and VA. However, we
Power Factor equipment) to inconsistent utility power, 21. Will my current UPS software
must have a brief discussion about power
they are vulnerable to hardware and monitor my new Eaton UPS?
terminology first. Real power (measured Since many types of equipment are rated in software damage, data corruption and
in watts) is the portion of power flow that watts, it is important to consider the PF Yes, you can monitor your Eaton UPS with
communication breakdown. The time and
results in the consumption of energy. when sizing a UPS. If you do take PF into any UPS or facility management software
cost of replacing equipment, as well as the
The energy consumed is related to the account, you may under size your UPS. As that supports the industry standard
business lost during breakdown and
resistance in an electrical circuit. An an example, a piece of equipment that is Management Information Base (MIB, RFC
replacement, can greatly affect a company’s
example of consumed energy is the rated at 525 watts and has a power factor 1628) as long as you install the optional
bottom line.
filament in a light bulb. of 0.7 results in a 750 VA load. connectivity card. Most UPS vendors
Reactive power (measured in VAR or volt- support this MIB and all good facility
750 VA = 525 Watts / 0.7 PF 18. What is the difference between a
amps reactive) is the portion of power flow management software such as
Sizing the UPS to operate at 75% capacity centralized and a decentralized UPS OpenManage, OpenView, Tivoli also support
due to stored energy. Stored energy is solution?
results in a UPS with a 1000 VA rating (750 this. Extended Eaton Advanced MIBs are
related to the presence of inductance and/or
VA / 0.75 = 1000 VA). In a centralized configuration, a larger UPS also available for greater levels of detail for
capacitance in an electrical circuit. An
example of stored energy is a charged flash supports multiple loads from a single point. the UPS. You can also remotely control your
bulb in a camera. 15. How do you convert watts to VA? Centralized UPSs are often hardwired into Eaton UPS using both the Eaton UPS
an electrical panelboard. A decentralized Management software, and if you choose
Apparent power (measured in VA or volt- Divide watts by the power factor 0.7. the optional connectivity card to go with
configuration allows multiple UPSs to
amps) is a mathematical combination of real 1000W = 1429 VA protect a handful of devices. Decentralized your Eaton UPS, you can also control your
power and reactive power. The geometric UPSs generally utilize plugs and receptacles UPS through a secure Web interface. The
relationship between these apparent power, 16. How do you convert amps to VA? for the input and output connections. cards also allow for automated e-mail alerts
reactive power and real power is illustrated for power events without needing to install
in the power triangle below: Single phase: Multiply amps by voltage (120 any software at all.
volts in the U.S.). 10A x 120V = 1200 VA 19. I have a 3000 VA UPS. Can I just plug
the unit into a standard 15A-amp wall
Apparent Power (VA) Three phase: Amps x volts x 1.732 = VA outlet? 22. Where can I get technical help?
Reactive Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500 Contact your territory representative or call
Power 17. What is the difference between the Eaton UPS hotline at 1-800-356-5794 for
single-phase and three-phase power? VA plug into a standard 15A-amp wall outlet.
VAR All others require a larger receptacle, which pre-sales support and 1-800-356-5737 for
The AC electric power sent out from a must be installed by an electrician. technical support. You can also visit www.
power station is commonly three-phase. eaton.com/powerquality
Real Power (Watts) Single-phase power can be drawn from a
connection across one of these lines and

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 27
 Electric transmission
The flow of electricity begins at the
utility company where it is created at the
generating station. The voltage is then
stepped up by a generator transformer

distribution system
at the station switchyard. This is done
to minimize the cable size and
electrical losses.
The transmission substation then increases
the voltage from 69,000-765,000 volts. The
voltage depends upon the distance the
power needs to travel and the amount
desired. Electricity then enters the
transmission system, traveling at nearly the
speed of light, over heavy cables strung
between tall towers. A step-down
transformer located at a substation near the
final destination reduces the voltage to
between 22,000 and 69,000 volts, so the
electricity can be carried on smaller cables.
Distribution lines then carry the electricity to
the end user. At or near each end user
facility are transformers that adjust the
voltages down to the proper level for use.
For commercial use, the load can range
from 416 volts to 480 volts, while residential
use is typically 208/120 volts.

28 eaton corporation Power Quality

 Substation
Overhead
Transmission Residential Residential Load Commercial Customer
Lines Small Business 120V and 280V Service Equipment
Overhead Customer Service
Transformer Main Lateral Lightning
Breaker Switchgear Feeder Static Fuse Arrestors
8

2
9 10 Pad Mounted 13 14

4
Powers Poles Transformer
Conduits 11
3
12,470
Volts
15
5 6

12

Underground 230,000 Volts Underground 7 Underground Commercial Load

1
Transmission Main Feeder Service 480/277 volts
Lines 380/220 volts
416/240 volts

Threats to the system

At each stage, there are a number of threats
that can interrupt the flow and distribution
of electricity. From lightning strikes to failed
equipment, threats can severely affect the
end user and disrupt important and vital
processes.
1 Fire sparked by weak wire burns a wire or wander into the wrong area 12 Failure of underground cable
through line 7 Underground explosion causes cable 13 Equipment failure
2 Lighting strike damages transmission failure 14 The power goes out and no one
line 8 Storm blows branches and limbs down knows why
3 Bird flies in causing short circuit which crash into power lines 15 Utilities conduct a planned outage for
4 Thieves stealing copper 9 Equipment malfunction repairs or upgrades
5 Blown fuse at substation transformer 10 Mylar balloons drift into power lines
6 Squirrels and raccoons chew through 11 Three-car collision strikes utility pole

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 29
Eaton’s Blackout Tracker

30 eaton corporation Power Quality

Eaton’s Blackout Tracker monitors power outages across the U.S. and Canada to • >33 percent of companies take more than
provide a snapshot of reported power outages. The Blackout Tracker is an interactive a day to recover.
and educational way to share information about the causes, frequencies and impact • 10 percent of companies take more than
of power outages. You can view a region or individual state or province to see specific a week.
information about power outages, including their cause, duration and number of
people affected. Visit www.eaton.com/blackouttracker to see this interactive tool and • It can take up to 48 hours to reconfigure
to order the latest Blackout Tracker annual report. a network.
• It can take days or weeks to re-enter
lost data.
Impact of power • 90 percent of companies that experience

outages a computer disaster and don't have a

survival plan go out of business within
18 months.
Every day an interruption to electrical
service in homes, businesses and public Power outages can cause substantial losses
sector organizations occurs. The losses from for the company affected. According to the
a power outage can be extensive and of US Department of Energy, when a power
great consequence. For a business, the failure disrupts IT systems:
recovery time is significant and the costs • 33 percent of companies lose $20,000-
are high. According to Price Waterhouse $500,000.
research, after a power outage disrupts
IT systems: • 20 percent lose $500,000 to $2 million.
• 15 percent lose more than $2 million.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 31
Overview of 2009 U.S. national power
The following data was compiled by Eaton based on reported power outages during 2009.

Total number of people affected by outages 13,566,778

(This is the sum of the number of people affected by reported power outages in the USA for 2009.)

Total duration of outages 196,212 minutes (approximately 3,270 hours or 136 days)

(This is the sum of the durations of the reported power outages for 2009.)

Total number of outages 2,840

(The sum of the number of reported power outages for 2009.)

Average number of people affected per outage 7,483

(This number is determined by dividing the “Total number of people affected by outages” by the number of outages that reported
the number of people affected. Not all reports of outages included number of people affected. The number of outages used for
this calculation can be found in the note following this table.)

Average duration of outage 194 minutes (nearly 3.25 hours)

(This number is determined by dividing the “Total duration of outages” by the number of outages that reported durations. Not all
reports of outages included the duration. The number of outages used for this calculation can be found in the note following this
table.)

Notes:
a. Total number of people affected (and average) is based on 1,813 (64%) of the total reported outages. Total duration of outages (and average) is based on 1011 (36%) of
the total reported outages. These are the number of outages that had reports that included data for number of people affected and duration, respectively.
b. Reports from news services, newspapers, Web sites, etc. that are used as sources sometimes give statistics using different terms. For example, some reports may be
based on “people” while others may be based on “addresses,, “homes and businesses” or “utility customers.” For purposes of this report all of these are assumed to
be and are counted as people.

32 eaton corporation Power Quality

 834
Planned

Theft/Vandalism

outage data
Unknown
273 141
19 Vehicle Accident
456

Weather/Falling Trees

Reported power outages by cause in 2009 Reported power outages by month:

2008 and 2009
Animal
350

Faulty Equipment or 300

197
Human Error
920 250
834
Planned 200

150
Theft/Vandalism 2008
100
2009
Unknown 50
273 141
19 0
456 Vehicle Accident

Fe ary

ry

ch

il
ay

ne

ly

em t
O er

em r

em r
r
us

N obe

be

be
pr

Ju
ua

b
ar

Ju

ug
nu

A
Weather/Falling Trees

M
br

ct
A
Ja

pt

ov

ec
Se

D
Note: Each power outage was grouped into one of seven possible causes. The outages by cause were totaled Note: Data collection began February 16, 2008.
and the results displayed in the chart above. The number adjacent to the pie piece is the number of outages
attributable to that cause.

350

300

250

200
www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 33
150
2008
Power outage overview (continued)
Top ten reported data center outages in 2009
Data centers have become absolutely centers are increasingly becoming the focal and through social networking. Below, in
essential to business. Whether it is point of IT and business activity. So when a chronological order, are ten data center
supporting customer service, providing the data center is not operating, many problems that were caused by power
conduit for collaboration between businesses simply cease to function. This issues. Please note that it is difficult to
colleagues, performing number crunching dependence will only continue to grow. The ascertain the financial impact of the outages
for accounting and engineering or supporting criticality of data centers is evident by the but in many cases, it is reasonable to expect
a myriad of other business functions; data coverage that downtime gets in the news that they were significant.

1. Amazon.com – Ashburn, Va. – 6/10/09: 4. Rackspace Hosting – Dallas, Texas – 8. Server Beach – Herndon, Va. –
An electrical storm knocked-out power 7/7/09: There was a 20-minute power 8/28/09: When a short occurred in a
for some customers of Amazon’s EC2 failure in Rackspace Hosting’s data switch, many customers of Server Beach
Cloud Computing Service. The outage center. The problem was caused by a experienced downtime. Although power
lasted more than four hours. The failed bus duct. was restored within an hour, problems
company said the customers affected 5. State of Missouri – Jefferson City, Mo. for some continued until early the
were in one of Amazon’s four availability – 7/24/09: An overnight power outage next day.
zones in the United States. shut down Missouri’s data center which 9. Washington Metro – Washington D.C.
2. Rackspace Hosting – Dallas, Texas – knocked the state’s Web sites off-line. – 11/4/09: Much of the Metro’s
6/29/09: There was a power failure in 6. The Planet – Dallas, Texas – 8/4/09: A communications system was disrupted
phase 1 of Rackspace Hosting’s data power failure affected the company’s by a power failure affecting the data
center. Some customers were moved to data center. Among the customers that center. The public address system at rail
generator power but the generators experienced the outage was HostGator, a stations and the bus communications
failed. Customers’ servers lost power for large shared-hosting company. The system were inoperable. The problem
about 40 minutes. duration of the outage was about 60 was caused by an internal power
3. Fisher Plaza – Seattle, Wash. – 7/2 to minutes. distribution unit malfunction.
7/3/09: A fire in an electrical vault 7. Internap Network Services – Boston, 10. Harvard University – Cambridge,
caused multiple data centers to go off- Mass. – 8/5/09: Internap Network Mass. – 12/28/09: A power outage at
line. The complex was left without Services (INAP) data center lost power the university’s data center took down
power and generator support. The due to a battery failure in a DC power several online services including
greatest impact was lengthy downtime plant that was supposed to provide Harvard’s main web site. The precise
for payment portal Authorize.net, which power during the outage. The power cause was not known. Power was
was offline for hours. This left thousands outage lasted about 80 minutes. restored after about four hours.
of merchants unable to process credit
card payments through websites. The
duration of the outage was about 33
hours.

34 eaton corporation Power Quality

 Top ten most unusual outages/causes in 2009
1. Confetti – July 12: During a parade in 6. Mylar balloon – May 6: A mylar balloon
Bridgeport, Conn. a canon on a parade came into contact with a power line
float shot confetti into overhead power causing a surge and interrupted power
Top ten states with most lines causing a short and disrupting
power for 2,000 people for about an
for 1,600 residents of Santa Rosa, Calif.
for over two hours.
reported outages in 2009 hour.
2. Parachutists – September 30: In
7. Copper theft – March 26: Thieves cut
down power pole with an ax and made
Suffolk, Va. three people jumped off a off with 500 – 750 feet of copper wire.
1,000 foot tall TV tower with parachutes. Power was interrupted for 435 residents
It is believed that one of the people hit a of Campbell, Tenn.
1. California (363) power line causing an outage for 480 8. South American Quaker Parrot – May
people and businesses. There were no 21: The nest of the parrot came into
2. Texas (141) confirmed injuries or arrests. contact with power lines causing a short
3. Eagle carrying garbage – February 21: that left 3,000 Tampa, Fla. residents in
3. New York (128) In Juneau, Alaska an eagle carrying the dark for an hour.
garbage flew near a power line and 9. Beaver – May 28: In Lolo, Mont., while
apparently the garbage caused a short in
4. Washington (128) the line. A resident said that the eagle
immersed in a construction project, a
beaver miscalculated the trajectory of a
should be fined for littering. tree it was dropping. It fell on a power
5. Ohio (111)
4. Ravens – June 13 and 14: In Basalt, line and this, combined with an
Colo., on June 13, a raven entered the equipment problem, cut the power to
6. Florida (104) electrified portion of a substation causing 7,000 people.
a short and knocking-out power for 7,800 10. Submarine cable – January 31: A
7. Pennsylvania (94) people. Unfortunately, the raven was submarine power cable experienced a
electrocuted. The very next day another fault sending 1,100 residents of
8. Michigan (91) raven entered the same substation Anderson Island, Wash. into darkness.
resulting in an identical power outage
and, unfortunately, the same result for Honorable mention: Fish (Osprey?) – April
9. North Carolina (89) the raven. 29: Salem, Ore. workers discovered a
burned fish below a power line. It is
5. Helicopter – March 23: A helicopter
10. Wisconsin (83) clipped a power line in Chowchilla, Calif.
suspected that an osprey dropped the
fourteen-inch long fish on the line
interrupting power for 10,000 people for causing a short.
several hours. The pilot was seriously
injured.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 35
 Eaton product overview
Eaton’s power quality portfolio encompasses a comprehensive solution. With all our products, Eaton strives for continued success
offering of power management solutions from a single-source in lever¬aging technical innovation to develop next-generation
provider. This includes UPSs, surge protective devices, power solutions. The products and services listed below are just a
distribution units (PDUs), remote monitoring, meters, software, sampling of our comprehensive solution set. To view the complete
connectivity, enclosures and services. Our power quality portfolio offering or to request a product catalog, please visit www.eaton.
was designed to fulfill specific customer requirements, complement com/powerquality.
a new or pre-existing solution, and to deliver a comprehensive

PC/workstation and home A/V UPS Network and server UPS

Power range: 500 VA–1500 VA Power range: 500 VA–18000 VA Eaton EX RT, 5–11 kVA, rackmount/tower
These Eaton UPSs provide the perfect level Eaton offers an extensive and innovative
of protection for small office/home office line of network and server UPS solutions to
(SOHO) applications. These essential, cost- protect rack servers, data storage, storage
effective products prevent damage such as systems, VoIP equipment, network
data loss, file corruption, flickering lights, equipment and other critical devices. Get
hardware damage and equipment shutoff, industry-leading power protection with the
and they are most commonly used to highest efficiency for increased energy
protect single workstations, telephone savings in optimized rack, tower and rack/
systems and point-of-sale (POS) equipment. tower form factors.

Eaton 5110, 500–1500 VA Eaton 9130, 700–3000 VA, rack and tower

— Ideal for high-density server

environments and harsh industrial
applications, the Eaton EX RT UPS is
specifically engineered to meet the
high availability demands of customers
with switches, IT systems, measuring
— The 9130 delivers more real power instruments, PLCs, industrial PCs and
with a 0.9 power factor and offers a other sensitive electronic equipment.
high efficiency mode, performing at a
remarkable 95 percent efficiency or
higher. This UPS delivers superior
power protection for IT and networking
environments, medical and
manufacturing systems.
­­— The Eaton 5110 UPS provides cost-
effective, line-interactive backup power
and voltage regulation. With its
compact form factor, the 5110 can be
utilized as a standalone tower or under
a computer monitor. This UPS is also
equipped with eight outlets—four with
surge suppression and battery backup
and four with surge suppression only.

36 eaton corporation Power Quality

Data center and facility UPS Eaton BladeUPS, 12–60 kW Eaton enclosures Software and connectivity
Power range: 10–1100 kVA Eaton’s software products deliver the ability
Featuring an array of inventive features, to manage all your power devices over your
Eaton’s data center and facility UPS network or the Web, from one or more PCs.
solutions incorporate the design elements With both supervisory and protection
essential to protecting the most critical of capability, our software allows you to
applications. These groundbreaking solutions monitor your power devices and even
address current and future power protection gracefully shut them down in the event of
requirements, featuring scalable architecture an extended power outage.
that grows with you to manage changing
needs with the highest levels of efficiency
and reliability. And, with Eaton’s Energy
Saver System technology, an Eaton UPS can — The scalable and modular BladeUPS
run at 99% efficiency, the energy savings expands power protection up to 60 kW
from which usually recover the total cost of in a single 19-inch rack while reducing
the UPS in 3-5 years. energy and cooling costs with its
energy-efficient UPS design. The
BladeUPS packs 12 kW of power into
Eaton 9390, 20–160 kVA only 6U of rack space.

— Designed specifically for IT applications,

Power distribution this 42U modern enclosure offers Eaton’s connectivity products are accessory
strength, stability and a vendor-neutral hardware options that link UPS products
Eaton’s power distribution solutions are environment to house any IT equipment.
designed to help you save money, prevent with external power and communication
The enclosure is complemented with a devices. Our connectivity products provide
downtime and use energy more efficiently. range of cable management, cooling and
Our comprehensive portfolio includes communication compatibility with a variety
power distribution accessories to enable of external devices through the Web, serial,
enclosures, rackmount UPSs, ePDUs you to tailor your enclosures to your
(rackmount power distribution units) and a relays or SNMP.
specific application.
host of other power quality equipment
Eaton services
Surge suppressors
ePDU Eaton's comprehensive, world-class service
solutions for our AC, DC, software and
connectivity products are designed to
improve costs, uptime, reliability, power
quality and safety. We are consistently
ranked number one in quality and
demonstrate our commitment to strong
customer relationships through our technical
expertise and expansive support services.
With 240 customer field technicians in North
— The 9390 UPS provides a high-end America and 1,200 international authorized
power quality solution for data centers, service providers, we have more service
banks and other critical computing personnel than any other UPS manufacturer.
applications. Eaton also provides extended warranties.

— Eaton's line ePDU products distribute

1.4 to 15 kW of power and offer five — Eaton's Eclipse surge suppressors
levels of functionality. From basic, offer the best price/performance ratio
economical power distribution to for home office / small office users
automatic transfer switch capabilities, looking for a convenient way to
Eaton ePDU products satisfy demands combine multiple receptacles and
of every data center. excellent surge suppression
capabilities.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 37
Case study example
Here is an example of a complete solution for an Eaton Customer.

Challenge Budget: The budget is a major Recommended solution 5 Intelligent Power Manager UPS software
consideration, since the satellite campus IT (free with UPS) for comprehensive
A small college with multiple satellite budgets have been reduced due to Customer equipment monitoring
campuses is consolidating data centers to a consolidation of IT equipment. The IT 1 On-site generator
brand new facility. The branch office is a 6 Recommended service contract: Flex
manager expects to spend less than On-Site
small community branch with only single- 2 Distribution panel
$20,000.
phase loads left in the data center. This 3 Single-phase power • Comprehensive coverage of UPS
facility supports only small processes and Management: The IT manager wants to & batteries
equipment. continue to manage the equipment over the 4 Three telephony racks with a total load of
network but only minimal monitoring is 4.5 kW (120V) • Telephone technical support
The facility does have generator backup, needed.
which works for long-term outages, but the 5 Two server racks with a total load of 5 • eNotify Remote Monitoring
IT Manager wants 15 minutes of runtime. Power distribution: The facility has several kW (208V) • Connectivity support
The usual shutdown process takes six to rackmount UPSs being fed from an
upstream distribution panel. There is a • Expedited delivery of replacement
seven minutes, but the IT manager prefers Eaton solution
mixture of 5-20R and L6-30R receptacles parts, modules & batteries
to have 15 minutes for peace of mind. The
available on this distribution panel. The IT 1 Three Eaton 9130 UPSs and three EBMs • On-site startup
main IT support and servers will be handled
manager prefers to continue using the provide 1.8 kW of power each and 40
from the main campus, but some of the • On-site corrective maintenance
existing distribution panel without bringing minutes of battery runtime.
backup and support processes will be run
from the data center and need power in an electrician to rewire the facility. Eaton UPS part number: PW9130L2000R-XL2U • Next-day 24 hour response
protection. 9130 UPSs are available with these options
in both tower and rackmount models. The IT EBM part number: PW9130N3000R-
There is no need for scalability as the load at manager can separate racks based on 208V EBM2U
the various branches will most likely or 120V, due to the limited equipment and 2 Two Eaton 9130 UPSs and two EBMs
decrease over the next several years. With ample rack space from the consolidation. provide 2.7 kW of power each and 20
the move to the central data center, the minutes of battery runtime.
expectation is that over the next five years Additional power quality needs: All
almost 100 percent of IT equipment will be purchasing decisions in the future will be UPS part number: PW9130G3000R-XL2U
housed at the main campus. made at the main campus. Power protection EBM part number: PW9130N3000R-
for workstations and computer labs are EBM2U
The majority of the load that needs handled by the facility manager and a
protection is telecom equipment. There are contact at each campus. 3. Six ePDU models. Two in each rack for
three 120V telephony racks with an average the A and B feeds. Model
power draw of 1.5 kW each. There are two PW102BA0U015with eight 5-20R output
208V racks of servers to handle the support receptacles
processes that average 2.5 kW each.
4. Four ePDU models. Two in each rack for
Operation and maintenance: With the move the A and B feeds. Model
to the main data center, the support staff on PW105BA1U163 with twelve C13 output
site will be minimal. The IT manager wants receptacles.
a comprehensive support plan to handle all
service and maintenance.

38 eaton corporation Power Quality

 5

3 6

5
4
2 4

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 39
Commonly-used acronyms
UPS and electrical acronyms Eaton acronyms
A Ampere IEC International Electrotechnical PFC Power Factor Correction ABM Advanced Battery
Commission (IEC) Management
AC Alternating Current PoE Power over Ethernet
IEEE Institute of Electrical And AFC American Football Conference
AFCI Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter POTS Plain Old Telephone System
Electronics Engineers
AM Advanced Monitored (ePDU)
AH Ampere Hour PPDM PowerPass Distribution
IGBT Insulated Gate Bi-polar
Module ARG Amphibious Ready Group
ANSI American National Standards Transistor
Institute PUE Power Usage Efficiency BA Basic (ePDU)
ISO International Standards
ASCII American Standard Code for Organization REPO Remote Emergency Power- CSE Customer Service Engineer
Information Interchange off
ITIC Information Technology EOSL End of Service Life
BBM Break-Before-Make (Bypass Industry Council RFI Radio Frequency Interference
EMS Energy Management System
Switch)
kAIC Ampere Interrupting Capacity RM Rackmount
ESS Energy Saver System
BDM Bypass Distribution Module
kVA Kilovolt ampere RoHS Restriction of Hazardous
ME Metered (ePDU)
BTU British Thermal Unit Substances
LAN Local Area Network
MI Ethernet Monitored (ePDU)
CSA Canadian Standards SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
Association NFC National Football Conference
SLA Service Level Agreement
LED Light-Emitting Diode
DC Direct Current VMMS Variable Module Management
SNMP Simple Network Management
MBB Make-Before-Break (bypass System
EBC Extended Battery Cabinet Protocol
switch)
PDR Power Distribution Rack
EBM Extended Battery Module SPD Surge Protection Device
MIB Management Information
ROO Remote On/Off
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility Base THD Total Harmonic Distortion
RPO Remote Power Off
EMF Electromagnetic Force MOV Metal Oxide Varistor TVSS Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressor RMA Return Material Authorization
EMI Electromagnetic Interference MTBF Mean Time Between Failure
UL Underwriter’s Laboratory ROO Remote On/Off
FCC Federal Communications MTTR Mean Time To Repair
Commission UPS Uninterruptible Power System RPO Remote Power Off
NEC National Electrical Code
GFCI Ground-Fault Circuit USB Universal Serial Bus RPM Rack Power Module
NEMA National Electrical
Interrupter
Manufacturers Association V Volt RPP Remote Power Panel
HV High Voltage
NIC Network Interface Card VA Volt Ampere SEAL Sea Air Land
Hz Hertz
PDM Power Distribution Module VRLA Valve Regulated Lead Acid SW Switched (ePDU)
HW Hardwired
PDU Power Distribution Unit W Watt T&M Time and Material
PF Power Factor CPU Central Processing Unit

40 eaton corporation Power Quality

Other acronyms
DNS Domain Name System RAM Random Access Memory
DSL Digital Subscriber Line RMA Returned Merchandise
Authorization
DVV or Data, Voice, Video
DV2 SAN Storage Area Network
E911 Enhanced 911 SOA Service-Oriented Architecture
EMEA Europe, Middle East, Africa SSL Secure Socket Layer
FMC Fixed/Mobile Convergence SVGA Super Video Graphics Array
FTP File Transfer Protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
GUI Graphical User Interface
TDM Time-division Multiplexing
HTML HyperText Markup Language
URL Uniform Resource Locator
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
VGA Video Graphics Array
IP Internet Protocol
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
VPN Virtual Private Network
KVM Keyboard, Video, Monitor
WAN Wide Area Network
PABX Private Automatic Branch
Exchange
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PC Personal Computer
PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 41
Glossary of power terms
In the following glossary, we have Advanced Battery Management Blackout Communication Bay
attempted to capture the common terms Three-stage charging technique that A zero-voltage condition lasting for more A communication bay or option slot
related to UPS and power distribution automatically tests battery health. than two cycles. Also known as a power on a UPS enables you to add various
products. If you look closely, you might Provides advance notification when outage or failure. connectivity cards for Web, SNMP,
see us trying to have a little fun! preventive maintenance is needed, BTU – British Thermal Unit Modbus or serial connectivity interface
allowing ample time to hot-swap batteries this is used to measure heat dissipation capabilities.
without ever having to shut down and is the amount of energy required to
connected equipment significantly raise one pound of water one degree
extending the life of your UPS's battery Fahrenheit. One pound of water at 32
(and, quite possibly, your contract). degrees F requires the transfer of 144
Alternating Current (AC) BTUs to freeze into solid ice.
An electric current that reverses its Brownout
direction at regularly recurring intervals, A steady state of low voltage, but not
as opposed to direct current, which is zero voltage. Brownouts often occur
constant. Usually in a sine wave pattern, during summer months when energy use
for optimal transmission of energy. is high.
Ampere (A or Amp) Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
The unit of measure for the rate of flow An independent Canadian organization Eaton 9130 equipped with a communication bay.
of electricity, analogous to gallons per that tests for public safety, similar to the
minute. VA x 0.7 (power factor) = watts function of Underwriter’s Laboratories Converter
Apparent Power (UL) in the U.S. As far as we know, they A device that delivers DC power when
Applied voltage multiplied by current in an don’t set the rules for hockey. energized by a DC source. It is also a
AC circuit—this value would not take the section of a switching power supply that
Capacitor performs the actual power conversion
power factor into account. Unit is volt
amperes (VA). An electronic component that can store and final rectification.
an electrical charge on conductive plates. Crest Factor
Arc
Sparking that results when undesirable Cloud Computing Usually refers to current. It is the
current flows between two points of (1) Internet- (cloud-) based development mathematical relationship between RMS
differing potential; this may be due to and use of computer technology. This is a current and peak current. A normal
leakage through the intermediate new supplement, consumption and resistive load will have a crest factor of
insulation or a leakage path due to delivery model for IT services based on 1.4142, which is the normal relationship
contamination. In astronomy, an arc is the the Internet, and it typically involves the between peak and RMS current. A typical
part of a circle representing the apparent provision of dynamically scalable, and PC will have a crest factor of 3. Unrelated
course of a heavenly body. often virtualized, resources as a service to toothpaste.
over the Internet. (2) Work done on a Critical Equipment
Audible Noise commercial passenger jet.
A measure of the noise emanating from a Equipment such as computers,
device at audible frequencies. Common Mode Noise communications systems or electronic
An undesirable voltage that appears process controls, whose continuous
Backup Time between the power conductors and availability is imperative.
The amount of time the battery in a UPS ground.
is designed to support the load. Delta Connection
Commercial Power A circuit formed by connecting three
Balanced Load The power supplied by local utility electrical devices in series to form a
(1) AC power system using more than companies. The quality of commercial closed loop; most often used in three-
two wires, where the current and voltage power in the US varies drastically phase connections. If you fly Delta
are of equal value in each energized depending on location, weather and other Airlines, this is something that most likely
conductor. (2) Laundry with equal parts of factors. takes place in Atlanta, Salt Lake City or
light and dark clothes. Cincinnati.

42 eaton corporation Power Quality

Derating Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Harmonics Input Voltage Range
A reduction of some operating Electrical interference that can cause A sinusoidal component of an AC voltage The voltage range within which a UPS
parameters to compensate for a change equipment to work improperly. EMI can that is multiple of the fundamental operates in “normal” mode and does not
in one or more other parameters. In be separated into conducted EMI waveform frequency. Certain harmonic require battery power.
power systems, the output power rating (interference conducted through cables patterns may cause equipment problems. Inverter
is generally reduced at elevated out of the UPS) and radiated EMI Harmonic Distortion UPS assembly that converts internal DC
temperatures. (interference conducted through the air). Regularly appearing distortion of the sine power to output AC power to run the
Direct Current (DC) Energy Saver System (ESS) wave whose frequency is a multiple of user’s equipment. When the inverter is
An electric current in which the flow of Innovative technology from Eaton that the fundamental frequency. Converts the supporting 100% of the load at all times,
electrons is in one direction, such as enables select UPS models to operate at normal sine wave into a complex as with an online UPS, there is no break
supplied by a battery. 99% efficiency without compromising waveform. from utility power to battery power.
Double Conversion reliablility. Not to be confused with Hertz (Hz) System i Server
A UPS design in which the primary power inferior "eco" modes. A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per One of a family of general-purpose
path consists of a rectifier and inverter. ePDU second. systems that supports IBM i5/OS and
Double-con-version isolates the output A power distribution unit that mounts to High Efficiency Mode Operating System 400 and that provides
power from all input anomalies such as rack enclosures and distributes power to application portability across all models.
low voltage surges and frequency A mode of UPS operation that cuts
connected devices via a wide variety of energy usage and operating costs. Kilovolt Ampere (kVA)
variations. output receptacles. One thousand volt-amperes. Common
Downtime High Voltage (HV) measurement of equipment capacity. An
Federal Communications Commission
The time during which a functional unit (FCC) In the context of UPS products, high approximation of available power in an AC
cannot be used because of a fault within A US federal regulating body whose new voltage is anything ≥200V: 200V, 208V, system that does not take the power
the functional unit or within the EMI limitations are affecting the design 220V, 230V, 240V, 250V, 480V and 600V. factor into account.
environment. and production of digital electronics High Voltage Spike Kinetic Energy
Efficiency systems and their related subassemblies. Rapid voltage peak up to 6,000 volts.
The energy an object possesses because
The ratio of output power to input power. Frequency of its motion.
It is generally measured at full-load and The number of complete cycles of AC Hot Swappable
nominal line conditions. If power voltage which occurs during one second The ability to change a module without Line Interactive
efficiency of a device is 90%, you get (Hz). In North America, electrical current taking the critical load off the UPS. Also An offline UPS topology in which the
back ninety watts for every hundred you is supplied mainly at 60 Hz, or 60 cycles see “user replaceable.” system interacts with the utility line in
put in. The rest is mainly dissipated as per second. order to regulate the power to the load.
heat from the filtration process. In other Provides better protection than a standby
terms, this would be equivalent to the Ground system but is not as fully prepared
bartender pouring off about an ounce and A conducting connection, whether against irregularities as a full double-
a half of your beer before handing you intentional or accidental, by which an conversion system, making it the
the remaining 14.5 ounces! electric circuit or equipment is connected "Goldilocks" of UPS topologies.
to the earth, or to some conducting body
Electrical Line Noise of relatively large extent that serves in Load
Radio frequency interference (RFI), place of the earth. The equipment connected to and
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and The batteries on this Eaton 9130 UPS are hot protected by a UPS. Pretty rockin’
other voltage or frequency disturbances. swappable. Metallica album.
Impedance
The total opposition to alternating current
flow in an electrical circuit.

Earth ground symbol

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 43
Load Segment Nominal Output Voltage Power Factor (PF) Rail Kit
UPS configuration with separate The intended, ideal voltage of any given (1) The ratio of real power to apparent A set of metal brackets that allow you
receptacle groups, enabling scheduled output. power. Watts divided by VA. Most power install a UPS or extended battery module
shutdowns and maximum backup power Offline supplies used in communication and in a 2- or 4-post rack.
time for critical devices. Any UPS that does not fit the definition of computer equipment have a power factor
online. Line-interactive and standby of 0.9.
topologies are offline, as are minor (PF = 0.9)
skirmishes that take place just outside VA x PF = W
the boardroom.
W/PF = VA
Ohm
The unit of measurement for electrical (2) Why DeNiro can get immediate
resistance or opposition to current flow. seating in any restaurant he wants, and
you can’t.
Online 4-post rail kit
(1) A UPS that provides power to the load Power Sag
from its inverter 100% of the time, Low voltage (below nominal 120 volts). Rectifier
regulating BOTH voltage and frequency, UPS component that converts incoming
Power Surge AC power to DC power for feeding the
This Eaton 9130 UPS is equipped with two load usually double-conversion topology. High voltage (above nominal 120 volts). inverter and for charging the battery.
segments, each with three 5-15R Orderly Shutdown Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Redundancy
Low Voltage (LV) The sequenced shutdown of units a circuit used in switching regulated
comprising a computer system to prevent The ability to connect units in parallel so
In the contect of UPS products, low power supplies where the switching that if one fails the other(s) will provide
voltage is anything <200V (100V and damage to the system and subsequent frequency is held constant and the width
corruption or loss of data. continual power to the load. This mode
120V). of the power pulse is varied, controlling is used in systems when power failure
Parallel Operation both lines and load changes with minimal cannot be tolerated.
Maintenance Bypass
The ability of UPSs to be connected dissipation.
An external wiring path to which the load Relay Communication
can be transferred in order to upgrade or so that the current from corresponding Rackmount
outputs can be combined into a Communication between a UPS and
perform service on the UPS without Ability to mount an electrical assembly a computer through the opening and
powering down the load. single load. into a standardized rack. Generally closing of solid-state relays that are
Partition stacked up to 42U and 19 inches wide— pre-defined to indicate UPS status.
Make Before Break
A logical division of a hard disk created about the size of a pizza box but not as
Operational sequence of a switch or relay RS-232
to have different operating systems on greasy.
where the new connection is made prior (1) The standard for serial interfaces
to disconnecting the existing connection, the same hard disk or to create the Rack Unit (U)
appearance of having separate hard (serial refers to the eight bits of each
also soft-load-transfer switching. A unit of height measurement in a rack character successively sent down one
drives for file management, multiple enclosure. A U is equivalent to 1.75
Network Transient Protector users, or other purposes. wire) used by most computers, modems
inches. and printers. (2) A little known droid in the
UPS feature that isolates networks,
modems and cables from power threats Peak Demand Star Wars trilogy.
including surges and spikes. The highest 15- or 30-minute demand
recorded during a 12-month period. Sine Wave
Noise Mathematical function that plots three
(1) A disturbance that affects a signal; it Phase qualities of an electrical signal over time:
can distort the information carried by the Time relationship between current and amplitude, frequency and phase. Clean,
signal. (2) Random variations of one or voltage in AC circuits uninterrupted power is represented by a
more characteristics of any entity such as Plug and Play sine wave. Can also resemble ocean
voltage, current or data. (3) Loosely, any An electrical device that does not require The Eaton 5130 UPS occupies 2U of rack space waves, though they're rarely very perfect.
disturbance tending to interfere with extensive setup to operate. and the optional extended battery module also
normal operation of a device. (4) What occupies 2U.
parents with children deal with every day.

44 eaton corporation Power Quality

Single Phase Three Phase TUV (Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein) Volt/Voltage (V)
(1) Power system with one primary (1) Power supplied through at least three An independent non-profit organization Electrical pressure that pushes current
waveform. Lower-capacity distribution of wires, each carrying power from a that tests and certifies electrical through a circuit. High voltage in a
power using only one portion of a power common generator but offset in its cycle equipment for public safety in the US and computer circuit is represented by 1; low
source that is three-phase, like what's from the other two. Used for heavy-duty worldwide. (or zero) voltage is represented by 0.
supplied by most electric utilities. Used applications. (2) The universal healing Unbalanced Load Volt Amps (VA)
for heating and lighting, no large motors process after buying inferior power An AC power system using more that (1) The voltage applied to a given piece
or other heavy-drain devices. (2) That part protection: two wires, where the current is not equal of equipment, multiplied by the current it
of junior high school in which you briefly 1. Denial in the current-carrying wires due to an draws. Not to be confused with Watts,
but fiercely embrace an unusual hobby or uneven loading of the phases. A load that which are similar but represent the actual
interest, like lawn bowling, never to 2. Anger
makes your washing machine go power drawn by the equipment, and can
return to it again. 3. Calling Eaton “whump, whump, whump.” be somewhat lower than the VA rating.
Sliding Demand Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) (2) Legendary Brigadier General from
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Calculating average demand by averaging (1) How much the circuit voltage deviates Planet Zap.
An independent, not-for-profit organization
the average demand over several from a perfect sine wave. When viewed that tests for public safety in the U.S. UL Volts Direct Current (Vdc)
successive time intervals, advancing one on a meter, a poor voltage THD is most recognition is required for equipment
interval at a time. Volts Alternating Current (Vac)
often manifested in a flat topped used in some applications.
Standby waveform that comes from the inability Watts (W)
of a power source to respond to the Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) The measure of real power. It is the rate
(1) UPS type that "stands by," waiting for (1) An electrical system designed to
a power problem from the utility company demands of highly nonlinear loads. (2) of doing electrical work. W x 1.3 = VA.
The parts of a difficult lecture that didn't provide instant, transient-free back up
and rapidly switching to UPS battery power during power failure or fault. Some Wye Connection
power to protect equipment against quite make it into your brain, but rather A connection of three components made
united in a "blahblahblah" cacophony of UPSs also filter and/or regulate utility
power failures, sags and surges. (2) The power (line conditioning). (2) Device in such a manner that one end of each
person you call after your hot date falls scratchy-sounding jargon and esoteric component is connected. It is generally
corollaries. whose sole purpose is to save your
through, and the two of you go out for equipment, your data and your job. used to connect devices to a three-phase
milkshakes in your sweatpants instead. Transformer power system.
A magnetic device that converts AC User Replaceable
Step Load Capable of being replaced by an end user.
voltages to AC voltages at any level. An
An instantaneous change in the loading ideal transformer is a lossless device in Connected equipment may need to be
conditions presented to the output of which no energy is stored and that shut down first. Also see “hot
a UPS. requires no magnetic current. A swappable.”
Switching Frequency transformer is also an alien robot that can Variable Module Management System
The rate at which the source voltage disguise itself by transforming into (VMMS)
is switched in a switching regulator everyday machinery. Innovative technology from Eaton that
or chopped in a DC to DC converter. Transient maximizes UPS efficiencies at low load
Thermal Regulation A temporary and brief change in a given levels while supplying the load with
Monitoring the temperature of the parameter. Typically associated with input continuous double-conversion power.
batteries to assure proper charging. voltage or output loading parameters. Virtualization
Transient killer whale pods are generally The creation of a virtual (rather than
comprised of an adult female and two or actual) version of something, such as an
three of her offspring. Among the operating system, a server, a storage
differences between residents and device or network resource. Operating
transients are that while resident orcas of system virtualization is the use of
both sexes stay within shouting distance software to allow a piece of hardware to
of their mothers their entire lives, only run multiple operating system images at
first-born male transients maintain such the same time.
intense fidelity to their mothers.

www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 45
Notes and numbers
Use these pages to keep track of additional helpful numbers and commonly referenced data.

46 eaton corporation Power Quality

 www.eaton.com/powerquality 1.800.356.5794 47
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Printed in USA
COR148FYA_EndUser
May 2010