By

Mohd Kaleemullah
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Pharmaceutics:

The study concerned with the

 formulation,
 manufacture,
 stability,
 and effectiveness

of pharmaceutical dosage forms is termed

as pharmaceutics.
 PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
What kind
of flour?
(whole
meal, half
whole meal
or white)

What kind
of sugar?
(white or
brown, fine
or coarse)

Following a recipe may not guarantee

the desired taste !!
PHARMACEUTICAL
DOSAGE FORMS
Dosage form
 Dosage form is a transformation of a pure chemical
compound into predetermined form by admixing
drug component with different kinds of non drug
components collectively known as adjuvants
(additives). Each has specific functions.
Drug Dosage Forms:

“ Dose form is defined as products designed for

suitable administration of a drug to a patient for
diagnosis , prevention and treatment of a
disease or relief of symptoms.”

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PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

DOSAGE
DRUG EXCEPIENT
FORM

METHOD EQUIPMENT
 Need Of Various Dosage Forms
Besides providing the mechanism for the safe and convenient
delivery of accurate dosage, dosage forms are needed for
additional reasons:

1. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences

of atmospheric oxygen or humidity (coated tablets, sealed
ampuls)

2. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence

of gastric acid after oral administration (enteric-coated
tablets)

3. To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a

drug substance (capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups)
 Need Of Various Dosage Forms contd…
4. To provide liquid preparations of substances
that are either insoluble or unstable in the
desired vehicle (suspensions)

5. To provide clear liquid dosage forms of

substances (syrups, solutions)

6. To provide rate-controlled drug action (various

controlled-release tablets, capsules, and
suspensions)
 Need Of Various Dosage Forms contd…
6. To provide optimal drug action from topical
administration sites (ointments, creams, transdermal
patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations)

7. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s

orifices (rectal or vaginal suppositories)

8. To provide for placement of drugs directly in the

bloodstream or body tissues (injections)

9. To provide for optimal drug action through inhalation

therapy (inhalants and inhalation aerosols)
 Pharmaceutical ingredients
 The pharmaceutical ingredients

 solubilize,
 suspend,
 thicken,
 dilute,
 emulsify,
 stabilize,
 preserve,
 color,

 flavor, and fashion medicinal agents into efficacious and

appealing dosage forms.
Why so many
Dosage
Forms?
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`

Hard gelatin
capsule

Suspension

Syrup
Various Iron
Preparations
Film coated Injections
tablet 21
 Categories

Ointment
Cream Spray
Gel Aerosol
 Examples for different routes

Route Forms
Oral Solution, syrup, suspension, granule, powder, capsule, tablet

Rectal Ointment, cream, solution

Topical Paste, lotion, topical aerosol

Parenteral Injection, implant, solution (irrigation and dialysis)

Nasal Solution, inhalation

 Solid
Dosage
Forms
• Tablets
• Capsule
• Powder
• Granule
• Suppository.

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 SOLID
Contains other materials Small, cylindrical
(binding substances and gelatine shell filled with
disintegrating agents) that powdered or liquid
are mixed with the medication
medication and
compressed under high
pressure into small disks
Tablet Capsule
Others Pessary/
(Gelcap, granule,
troche, lozenge) Suppository
Medication mixed
in a firm base that
dissolves gradually

Powder at body
temperature.
Usually inserted
May be administered by different vaginally or
rectally. Rapid
routes of administration such as:
absorption
Orally
Rectally
Vaginally
 SOLID
Advantages Disadvantages
• Patients able to self-administer solid • Some patients may have difficulty
medications more easily swallowing large tablet or capsules
• Longer shelf life • Not an appropriate choice for patients
• Dosing more accurate who are unconscious or have
• Usually have little or no taste compared nasal/mouth breathing tubes for
with bad taste of liquid medications ventilation
• Created to release the medication over a • Take longer to be absorbed, broken down
longer period of time in the patient’s and distributed in the body (the stomach
body (extended release medications), has to metabolize the medication before
therefore allows patients to take fewer it can take effect)
doses • Solid medications are not fast enough for
• Easier to package, distribute, ship and immediate action treatments
store
 SEMI-SOLID
Often used as topical applications
They are soft and pliable
Suppositories
Ointments
Creams
Gels
Pastes

Define and differentiate ointment, cream, gel, paste and lotion

Liquid
Dosage
Forms
•Solution

•Suspension

•Emulsion

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 LIQUID
Liquid preparations / medications

include drugs that have been

dissolved or suspended

Often administered by the mouth in

a fluid form consisting of syrups,

solutions, emulsion and suspension

 Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms

Internal External

Mixture Syrup Elixir Linctus

Application on skin Used in mouth Instilled into body

cavities

Liniment Lotion

Gargles Mouth wash Throat paint

Douche Ear drop Nasal drop Nasal spray

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 LIQUID
Advantages Disadvantages
• Better tolerated by patients who have • Often have a shorter life before expiration
difficulty in swallowing than other dosage form
• Usually absorbed faster in the body than • May have a bad taste
solid dosage forms • May be difficult to administer for some
• Provides more flexibility in achieving the patients (e.g. physically restrained)
proper dosage and strength of medication • Hard to pour if very thick
• Can be measured out more easily than • Usually have special storage requirement
solid medication that need to be maintained in order for
the medication to work properly
• May be difficult for travelers
Gaseous
Dosage
Forms
• Aerosol
• Gas
• Volatile Liquid

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 Aerosol
 “The active ingredient when packaged in pressurized
dispenser is known as aerosol.”
 The container is so designed that, by depressing valve,
some of the contents are expelled due to pressure
inside the container.
 Propellants used:- fluorinated hydrocarbons, nitrogen
and CO2 .
 The large expansion of the propellant at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure produces a
dispersion of the drug in air.

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Rotahaler Metered dose inhaler

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Gas
 Only a few gases such as oxygen, nitrous
oxide and carbon dioxide are used in clinical
practices.

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Identify this

SUPPOSITORY
Identify this

SOFTGEL
Identify this

SOFTGEL
Identify this

CAPSULE
Identify this

TABLET
Identify this

CAPSULE
Identify this

POWDER
Identify this

SYRUP
Identify this

OINTMENT
“GOD, I hate needles!”
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