WORKSHEET-13

CHEMISTRY Topic-2

Worksheet-13
(A. Physical Chemistry)
States of Matter (Solids)
Atomic Structure
Q.1 A phenomenon in which a compound exists in more USE THIS SPACE FOR
than one crystalline forms is called: SCRATCH WORK

A) Polymorphism C) Isomorphism
B) Allotropy D) Isomerism
Q.2 Which of the following sets of solid elements A, B, C
and D includes a giant metallic structure, a
macromolecular structure and a simple molecular
structure?
A) Na, Mg, Al C) Al, Si, S
B) C, Si, Sn D) Al, S, Si
Q.3 Face centered cubic structure is shown by:
A) Cd C) Ag
B) Na D) Mg
Q.4 Iodine is in the solid state and has greyish black colour.
It has all of the following properties EXCEPT:
A) It is a molecular solid
B) It shows face centered cubic structure
C) It has strong London dispersion forces
D) I – I bond distance in the crystal lattice is less than that
of iodine in the gaseous state
Q.5 Mark the incorrect statement about diamond which is
allotropic form of carbon:
A) It has two dimensional structure
B) It shows face centered cubic structure
C) It is a type of covalent solid
D) It is a non-conductor
Q.6 Identify the incorrect statement about giant structure of
NaCl:
A) It shows face centered cubic structure
B) It has four formula units per unit cell in the crystal lattice
C) The distance between two adjacent ions of different
kind in the crystal lattice is 2.75Ao

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CHEMISTRY Topic-2

D) It is non-conductor in the solid state

Q.7 All of the following pair of crystalline solids are USE THIS SPACE FOR
SCRATCH WORK
correctly matched w.r.t type of bonding EXCEPT:
Options Crystalline solids Nature of bonding
A) Diamond, SiC Covalent bond
B) MgO, NaCl Ionic bond
C) Al, Zn Metallic bond
D) I2, HCl London dispersion forces
Q.8 Which one of the following properties is not shown by
molecular crystalline solids?
A) They are soft
B) They have low densities
C) They all are soluble in non-polar solvents
D) They are mostly volatile
Q.9 Which of the following statements about ionic solids,
covalent solids and molecular solids is incorrect?
Ionic Covalent Molecular
Opt. Properties
solids solids solids
Example NaCl, CaO Diamond, I2, CO2,
A)
SiC HCl, Ice
Basic Ions Atom Molecule
B)
component
Electrical Non- Non- Non-
conductivity conductor conductor conductor
C)
in solid except except HCl
state graphite in H2O
M.P and B.P Very high Very low High M.Ps
D) M.Ps and M.Ps and and B.Ps
B.Ps B.Ps
Q.10 In crystal lattice of ice, each O-atom of water molecule
is attached to:
A) Four H-atoms C) Two H-atoms
B) One H-atom D) Three H-atoms
Q.11 The nucleus of an atom contains:
A) Always neutrons
B) Always protons and neutrons
C) Always protons only
D) Usually protons and neutrons

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Q.12 In the periodic table elements are arranged in order of USE THIS SPACE FOR
increasing their: SCRATCH WORK
A) Mass number C) Proton number
B) Reactivity D) Density
Q.13 An atom with proton number of 19 and mass number
of 40 is/has:
A) Found in the Group - IIA
B) Found in the third period
C) Same number of protons and electrons
D) Same number of protons and neutrons
Q.14 The neutron particle has:
A) A mass of 1 gram
B) A mass approximately equal to that of proton
C) A charge equal but opposite to that of electron
D) It is present in all the atoms
Q.15 Proton numbers of certain elements are given. Which
represents an element which would not be in the same
period as rest of the elements?
A) 3 C) 9
B) 10 D) 12
Q.16 Which of the following particles contains 20 neutrons
19 protons and 18-electrons?
39
A) 19 K+ C) 39
19 K

B) 40
18 Ar D) 39
20 Ca

Q.17 Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Metals have 1 – 3 valence electrons
B) Non-metals have 4 – 7 valence electrons
C) Noble gases have 2 or 8 valence electrons
D) All the elements of IIIA group are metals
Q.18 All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:
A) Group number is based on valence electrons
B) Period is based on number of shells involved in the
electronic configuration
C) Electrons present in the inner shells are called valence
electrons
D) Block of the elements in the modern Periodic table is

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based on partially filled atomic orbitals

Q.19 Which of the following species has maximum number USE THIS SPACE FOR
of unpaired electrons? SCRATCH WORK

A) Fe+3 C) Zn
B) Ni+2 D) Cu+
Q.20 The lowest principal quantum number that an electron
can have is:
A) 0 C) 1
B) 2 D) 3
Q.21 The relative energy of 4s, 4p and 3d orbitals are in the
order of:
A) 3d < 4p < 4s C) 4s < 4p < 3d
B) 4s < 3d < 4p D) 4p < 3d < 4s
Q.22 With the increase of value of principal quantum
number (n), the shape of the s-orbitals remain same
although their sizes:
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Remain the same
D) May or may remain the same
Q.23 All of the following are applications of quantum
numbers EXCEPT:
A) To find group of elements
B) To find block of elements
C) To find period of elements
D) To determine 1st ionization energy of elements
Q.24 In a multi-electron atoms, the energy of the electrons in
a particular orbital is determined by:
A) n C) n + l
B) n + l, m D) n, l, m, s
Q.25 The fact that the two electrons in an atomic orbital
must have opposite spin as deduced from:
A) Hund’s Rule
B) Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
C) Aufbau Rule
D) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

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Q.26 All of the following statements about ionization energy USE THIS SPACE FOR
are correct EXCEPT: SCRATCH WORK
A) Successive ionization energies of an element increase
B) Atom of the element must be in the gaseous state before
loss of electron
C) Elements which have stable electronic configuration
have greater ionization energy
D) Ionization energy may or may not be endothermic
process
Q.27 Which of the following elements has greater first
ionization energy?
A) Si C) P
B) Cl D) Al
Q.28 Consider the following thermo-chemical equation:

 Na  e 
Na 
(s) (g)

The enthalpy change involved in the above ionization

of the solid sodium into gaseous Na+ ion is:
A) Hi C) Hat + Hi
B) Hsub D) Hat
Q.29 An atomic orbital may never be occupied by:

A) 1 electron C) 2 electrons
B) 3 electrons D) Zero electron
Q.30 Where in a periodic series do you find strong based
formers?
A) Inert gases C) Right
B) Middle D) Left
Q.31 Which of the following is proper order of characteristic
features of quantum numbers?
A) Size, Shape, Orientation C) Shape, Size, Orientation
B) Orientation, Size, Shape D) Shape, Orientation, Size
Q.32 Which of the following formula is used to determine
number of electrons in a sub-shell?
A) 2n2 C) 2(2l + 1)
B) l = n - 1 D) m = 2l + 1

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Q.33 Which of the following ions have more electrons than USE THIS SPACE FOR
protons and more protons than neutrons? SCRATCH WORK

A) D-1 C) OD-
B) He+ D) OH-
Q.34 Identify the incorrect statement about electron affinity:

A) Elements having stable electronic configuration have

high electron affinity
B) Elements of 3rd period have greater electron affinity
than that of 2nd period
C) It is associated with element
D) Element must be in the gaseous state before gain of
electron
Q.35 In which of the following pair of elements, first element
of the pair has comparatively greater electron affinity?
A) F, Cl C) N, P
B) S, O D) B, Al
Q.36 In which of the following pair of elements, 1st element
of the pair has lower ionization energy?
A) N , O C) Mg , Al
B) Ne, F D) S, P
Q.37 Which of the following is correct electronic
configuration of Copper (atomic number of Cu = 29)?
A) [Ar] 3d9, 4s2 C) [Kr] 3d9 , 4s2
B) [Ar] 3d10, 4s1 D) [Kr] 3d10 , 4s1
Q.38 Correct electronic configuration of potassium (atomic
number K=19) is:
A) [Ar] 4s1 C) [Kr] 4s2
B) [Ne] 4s2 D) [Kr] 4s1
Q.39 Which of the following atoms represent isotones?
12 13 14 40 42 43
A) 6 C, 6 C, 6 C C) 18 Ar, 20 Ca, 21 Sc
40 40 41 14 16 18
B) 18 Ar, 20 Ca, 21 Sc D) 7 N, 8 O, 9 F

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Q.40 Followings are all the d-atomic orbitals. USE THIS SPACE FOR
SCRATCH WORK

I II III

IV V
Which of the following is collar shaped d-atomic orbital?
A) I and II C) III and IV
B) V only D) IV only
Q.41 Mark the incorrect statement:

A) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called

proton number and it is shown by Z
B) Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is
called nucleon number (mass number) and is shown by A
C) Number of neutrons = A – Z
D) Number of protons and electrons in a cation is equal
Q.42 Properties of three fundamental particles are given in
the tabular form:
Particles Charge Relative Mass Deflection
charge (kg) under electric
field
+1.6022 1.6726 x Deflects toward
I Proton +1
x 10-19 10-27 negative pole
1.6705 x Undeflected
II Neutron 0 0
10-27
Deflects
-1.6022 9.1095 x
III Electron -1 towards
x 10-19 10-31
positive pole

Identify which one is not correctly matched:

A) I C) III
B) II D) I and III

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Q.43 Rutherford’s model of atom failed because: USE THIS SPACE FOR
SCRATCH WORK
A) The atom did not have a nucleus and electrons
B) It did not account for the attraction between protons
and neutrons
C) It did not account for the stability of the atom
D) There is actually no space between the nucleus and the
electrons
Q.44 Bohr’s hydrogen atomic model of atom is contradicted
by:
A) Planck’s quantum theory
B) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
C) Photoelectric effect
D) Dual nature of electrons
Q.45 All of the following statements about Rutherford’s
atomic model are correct EXCEPT:
A) Most of the part of atom is empty
B) Central part of the atom is positively charged which is
called nucleus
C) He proposed the planetary model of atom (similar to
the solar system)
D) All the particles are present in the nucleus except
electrons
Q.46 According to Planck’s quantum theory of radiation, all of
the following mathematical relationships are correct
EXCEPT:
1
A) E  v C) v =

1 1
B) E  D) E 
 v
Q.47 According to Bohr’s hydrogen atomic model, if
electron is present in 2nd shell (n = 2), the value of
radius (for 2nd orbit) is:
A) 2.116Ao C) 2.135Ao
B) 2.216Ao D) 2.345Ao
Q.48 Bohr’s hydrogen atomic model theory is applicable for
all of the following species EXCEPT:
A) H C) Li+2
B) He+1 D) Be+2

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Q.49 USE THIS SPACE FOR

Which of the following statements about Bohr’s SCRATCH WORK
hydrogen atomic model is incorrect?
A) r2 – r1 < r3 – r2 < r4 – r3
B) E2 – E1 > E3 – E2 > E4 – E3
C) Energy of electron is directly proportional to n2 (n =
shell number)
D) According to him electrons not only revolve round the
nucleus in circular orbit but also in elliptic orbit
Q.50 X-rays show all of the following properties EXCEPT:

A) They are electromagnetic radiations

B) They travel with the velocity of light
C) They have greater frequency than gamma rays
D) They are used to diagnose fracture in the bones

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ANSWER KEY (Worksheet-13) Mg show hexagonal closed packing

1 A 14 B 27 B 40 B structure.
2 C 15 D 28 C 41 D
3 C 16 A 29 B 42 B
4 D 17 D 30 D 43 C Q.4 (D) It is incorrect statement. In fact, I – I
5 A 18 C 31 A 44 B bond distance in the crystal is
6 C 19 A 32 C 45 C greater than that of iodine in the
7 D 20 C 33 D 46 D gaseous state.
8 C 21 B 34 A 47 A
 Iodine in the solid state is in the form
9 D 22 A 35 B 48 D
of crystal lattice. Since iodine
10 A 23 D 36 D 49 D
molecules have greater size so there
11 D 24 C 37 B 50 C
12 C 25 B 38 A is greater polarizability greater
13 C 26 D 39 C charge separation and thus there are
stronger intermolecular force in the
ANSWERS EXPLAINED iodine molecules. So in the crystal
Q.1 (A) A phenomenon in which a lattice there is stretching in the iodine
compound exists in more than one molecules due to greater
crystalline forms is called polarizability.
polymorphism. That compound  But in case of iodine in the gaseous
which exists in more than one
state there is no polarizability, so
crystalline forms is called a
polymorphic, and these forms are iodine molecules are independent
called polymorphs of each other. from each other.
Polymorphs have same chemical  That is why I – I (271.5ppm) bond
properties but they differ in the length in crystal lattice is greater
physical properties. e.g. CaCO 3 than that of iodine in the gaseous
shows two crystalline forms
state i.e. (I – I) has comparatively
trigonal and orthorhombic.
Polymorphs have same chemical less bond length value (266.6pm).
properties, but they differ in the Q.5 (A) In fact, diamond has three
physical properties. The difference dimensional structure but not two
in physical properties is due to dimensional structure. Two
different structural arrangement of dimensional structure is shown by
their particles.
graphite (which is allotropic form of
Q.2 (C) These substances fulfill the condition carbon).
because Al shows a giant metallic
structure, Si shows macromolecular Q.6 (C) In crystal lattice of NaCl, the distance
structure while S shows a simple between two nearest ions of the
molecular structure. same kind i.e., Cl- ions is 5.63Ao.
Q.3 (C) Ag shows face centered cubic So the distance between two
structure while Na shows body adjacent ions of different kind is
centered cubic structure, Cd and 5.63/2 = 2.815Ao, but not 2.75Ao.

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Q.7 (D) In fact, iodine molecules have

stronger London dispersion forces
in the solid state. But HCl has dipole-
dipole forces because it is polar
molecule whereas iodine is a non-
polar molecule.
Q.8 (C) It is incorrect option. In fact polar
molecular crystals are soluble in
 That is why in crystal lattice of ice
polar solvents e.g. HCl in H2O while
each O-atom of water molecule is
non-molecular solids are soluble in
non-polar solvents e.g. iodine is attached to four H-atoms.
soluble in carbon tetrachloride  Empty spaces are created in the
solvent. structures as shown in the figure.
Q.9 (D) Covalent solids like diamond, SiC, That is why when water freezes, it
(SiO2)n have high melting and occupies 9% more space and its
boiling point as compared to ionic density decreases.
compounds e.g. melting boiling of
 The result in that ice floats on
diamond is 3550oC whereas melting
point of NaCl is 801oC. water. The structure of ice is just
like that of a diamond because
Q.10 (A) The presence of two hydrogen atoms
each atom of carbon in diamond is
and two lone electron pairs in each
at the center of tetrahedron just
water molecule results in a three-
like the oxygen of water
dimensional tetralhedral structure
molecules in ice.
in ice. Each oxygen atom in ice is
Q.11 (D) The nucleus of an atom usually
surrounded tetrahedrally by four
contains protons and neutrons except
others. Hydrogen bonds link each hydrogen (protium) which does not
pair of oxygen atoms shown in have neutrons. All the other elements
figure. have protons and neutrons.
Q.12 (C) In the modern periodic table elements
are arranged in order of increasing
proton number which is shown by Z.
Q.13 (C) The element with proton number 19
and mass number 20 is isotope of K.
It has same number of protons and
electrons.
Q.14 (B) Neutron particle has a mass
approximately equal to that of proton
as shown below.
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 Mass of neutrons = 1.6750 x 10-27 kg Order of filling

Name of
 Mass of protons = 1.6726 x 10-27 kg sub-shell
n n+ of sub-shell
{By comparison it is clear that mass 4s 4 0 4+0=4
of neutron is almost equal to that of
proton} 4p 4 1 4+1=5 4s < 3d < 4p
Q.15 (D) The element having atomic number 3d 3 2 3+2=5
12 belongs to third period because it Q.22 (A) With the increase n value (principal
involves three shells in its electronic quantum number), the size of
configuration such as 2, 8, 2 (K, L, s-orbital increases whereas the
M) i.e three shells. shape remains the same. e.g. the size
of 2s-orbital is greater than
1s-orbital
1s 2s
Q.16 (A) It has been explained in the tabular
form i.e.
Specie Protons Electrons Neutrons
Q.23 (D) e.g. it can be explained on the basis
39
19 K+ 19 18 20 of electronic configuration as in
Q.17 (D) In fact all the elements of IIIA group nitrogen element 7N:
are metals (except Boron) which is  w.r.t… n value two shells (2,5) are
non-metal. involved (distribution of electron in
Q.18 (C) Electrons present in the inner shells are shells), it shows that N belongs to 2nd
called core electrons which are period and VA group.
responsible for shielding effect  w.r.t… n + rule (1s2, 2s2, 2p3) it
(screening effect). This effect is shows that nitrogen is p-block
responsible for the decrease in force element
of attraction of the nucleus for the  By applying Hund’s rule
electrons present in the valence shell.  2 2    

26 Fe
+3  1s , 2s , 2p x , 2p y , 2p z  valency
Q.19 (A) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5.  

23e -
 of N = 3
From the electronic configuration of a  It is clear that quantum numbers help
Fe+3, it shows that there are five us to determine period, group, block,
unpaired electrons in 3d-sub shell and and valency of the element but
it has the maximum number of quantum numbers have no concern
unpaired electrons while others with ionization energy
species has less number of unpaired Q.24 (C) In a multi-electron atoms, the energy
electrons. of the electrons in a particular
Q.20 (C) Principal quantum number is orbital is determined by n + rule,
shown by n. Its possible values are which is in accordance to Aufbau
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 so it is clear that it principle which states that the
cannot be zero. electrons should be filled in the
Q.21 (B) energy sub-shells in order of
increasing energy values. It can be
explained with the help of following
example.

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Rule 3d 4s (kJmol-1)
n+ n = 3, =2 n = 4, =0 Cl 1251
n+ =3+2=5 n+ =4+0=4 P 1012

Conclusion: Si 787
n + rule shows that energy of 4s Al 578
sub-shell is less than that of 3d. So Q.28 (C)
 Na  g 
4s sub-shell is preferentially filled
Na s   H a  108kJmol 1
first than that of 3d.
 Na   g   e
Na g   H i  496kJmol 1

 Na  e 
 Na 
(s) (g)

H at  H i  108kJmol 1  496kJmol 1

Q.25 (B) This principle can be stated as

follows. It is impossible for two Conclusion:
elections residing in the same It shows that for the conversion of
atomic orbital of a poly-electrons sodium atom from its solid state into
atom to have the same values of gaseous cationic form, sum of
four quantum numbers or two H ato  H i is required.
electrons in the same atomic orbital
should have opposite spins    .
Q.29 (B) The volume of space in which there is
95% chance of finding an electron is
Q.26 (D) Ionization energy is always called atomic orbital’. An atomic
endothermic process because orbital can accommodate maximum
energy always has to be supplied two electrons with opposite spin
to remove electron from the according to Pauli’s Exclusions
outermost shell of an isolated Principle. It can never accommodate
atom in the gaseous state. Atom three electrons.
can be neutral or it may carry Q.30 (D) The elements which lie on the extreme
positive charge. In either case left side of the periodic table form the
energy has to be supplied. strongest bases such as the elements
Q.27 (B) Electronic configuration of of IA group (NaOH, KOH, RbOH,
2 2 6 2 5
17Cl (1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p ) shows
CsOH).
that p-sub shell is near to completion Q.31 (A)
and it is very close to electronic n m
configuration of Ar. That is why
chlorine (Cl) element has greater first It tells about It shows It tells about
ionization energy than that of other size of shape of orientation of
elements. First ionization energy of atomic atomic atomic orbitals
elements are given in the tabular form orbitals orbital
for comparison: Conclusion: So three quantum numbers n, , m
depicts size, shape and orientation.
Elements First ionization energy

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Q.32 (C) This formula helps us to determine F = -322 Cl = -342

number of electrons in a sub-shell
e.g. Q.36 (D) Ionization energy of phosphorus (P) is
greater than that of sulphur (S)
Formula Example
because in case of phosphorus 3p-sub
value of d-sub shell = 2 so d-sub shell is half filled as shown in the
2(2 +1) shell has number of electrons electronic configuration (15P=1s2, 2s2,
= 2 (2 x 2 +1) =10 Electrons 2p6, 3s2, 3p3) whereas in case of
Q.33 (D) It can be explained with the help of sulphur (S) it has four electrons in 3p
table. sub-shell which is not half filled as
Ions Protons Electrons Neutrons shown in electronic configuration of
- (16S = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4).
D 1 2 1
 By comparison it is clear that the element
He+ 2 1 2
which has half-filled p-sub shell has
OD- 9 10 9 stable electronic configuration and has
-
OH 9 10 8 greater first ionization energy.
Q.34 (A) Those elements which have stable Electronic Cause First
electronic configuration have Elements configuration of I.E
comparatively low electron affinity (E.C) stability kJmol-1
 e.g. Neon has stable electronic p-sub
configuration and its first electron shell is
affinity value is only +29 kJmol-1. On Half (1012)
the other hand its first ionization 1s2, 2s2, 2p6,
15P filled More
energy value is +2081kJmol-1 which 3s2, 3p3
more first I.E
shows that it is comparatively greater stable
value. E.C
Q.35 (B) The elements of third period have
p-sub (1000)
comparatively greater electron affinity 2 2 6
1s , 2s , 2p , shell is
than that of second period elements. 16S Less
3s2, 3p4 not half
 Because each atom of the elements filled first I.E
of the second period has
comparatively smaller size due to Conclusion: Greater is the stable
stronger nucleus hold and electronic configuration, more is first
overcrowding of electrons. ionization energy.
 Due to these reasons electron Q.37 (B) In 3d-series Cr and Cu show abnormal
affinity of second period elements electronic configuration. General
is comparatively less than that of configuration of Cr should be
third period elements as shown in
the tabular form. (Ar) 3d4, 4s2, since 3d sub-shell is
near to half filled, so that is why 3d
Electronic affinity Electronic affinity
(kJmol-1) of (kJmol-1) of orbital snatches one electron from 4s
2nd Period 3rd Period and shows electronic configuration
(Ar) 3d5, 4s1.
O = -141 S = -200

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 Similarly general electronic  Whereas two d-atomic orbitals

configuration of Cu should be (Ar) d x 2 - y2 and d z2 are present on the
3d9, 4s2, since 3d sub-shell is near to axes as shown in the diagram.
complete filled, so that is why 3d  d-orbitals which lie on the x-axes
orbital snatches one electron from 4s
and shows electronic configuration
(Ar) 3d10, 4s1. This detail is shown
in tabular form.
Elements Electronic configuration
Collar shaped
24Cr (Ar) 3d5, 4s1
IV V
29Cu (Ar) 3d10, 4s1  From the diagram it is clear that
d z2 atomic orbital is collar shaped.
Q.38 (A) Detail electronic configuration of 19K Q.41 (D) In any cation number of electrons is
1s 2 ,2s 2 ,2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6 1 always less than that of protons. The
is shown as ( ,4s )
Ar  core  number of protons in a neutral atom or
its cation is always same.
so overall shortly it can be shown as
[Ar] 4s1.  In a chemical reaction there is always
40 exchange of electrons. In a cation
Q.39 (C) 18 Ar, 42 43
20 Ca, 21 Sc are isotones as shown number of electrons decreases than
in the tabular form for comparison. that of protons, because in a cation
14 16
6 C and 8 O are also known as formation there is loss of electron.
isotones, because they have same  In anion the number of electrons
number of neutrons. exceeds than that of protons,
because in this case atom gains
Protons Mass Neutrons
Nuclide electrons.
(Z) number (A) (A-Z)
Q.42 (B) The mass of a neutron is always
40
18 Ar 18 40 22 greater than that of a proton as shown
42
by the value. The mass of proton is
20 Ca 20 42 22 (1.6726 x 10-27kg) and that of neutron
43
Sc 21 43 22 is (1.6750 x 10-27kg) as shown in the
21
table.
Q.40 (B) d sub-shell has five atomic orbitals
Mass
such as d xy ,d yz ,d xz ,d z2 , and d x 2 - y2 . Particles Mass (kg)
(amu)
 Out of these five d-atomic Proton 1.6726 x 10-27 1.0073
orbitals, three atomic orbitals dxy, -27
Neutron 1.6750 x 10 1.0087
dyz, dxz lie in between the axes.
Q.43 (C) Rutherford’s planet-like picture
was defective and unsatisfactory
because the moving electron must be
accelerated towards the nucleus.
Therefore, the radius of the shell
I. II. III. having electron should become
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smaller and smaller and the electron present in the nucleus and electrons
should fall into the nucleus. Thus, an revolve around the nucleus. They
atomic structure as proposed by attract each other (unlike solar
Rutherford would collapse. Due to system) by the columbic force of
this reason, Rutherford failed to attraction.
explain the stability of atom.  According to Coulomb’s law, the
coulombic force is directly
proportional to the product of
charges and inversely
proportional to square of distance
between them as shown by the
equation:
Q.44 (B) According to Bohr’s theory, an Ze2
electron is a material particle and its Fc =
4πεor 2
position as well as momentum can
be determined with great accuracy. Q.46 (D) In fact, the amount of energy (E) is
But with the advent of the concept directly proportional to wave number
of wave nature of electron, it ( v ).
has not been possible for us to
Term Symbol Definition Unit
measure simultaneously the exact
position and velocity of electron. It is the number of
Frequency v wave passing through Hz, s-1
This was suggested by Heisenberg, a point per second.
in 1927. Due to above mentioned
It is the distance
reason, Bohr’s H-atomic model is Wave between two
cm,
contradicted by Heisenberg’s length
 consecutive crests or
mm
etc
uncertainty principle. troughs
Q.45 (C) In fact, Rutherford planet like It is the number of
picture was defective and waves per unit length cm-1,
Wave and is reciprocal to
unsatisfactory. v mm-1
number 1
 Solar system follows Newton’s law wavelength ( v = ).
etc
of gravitation which states that 
a particle attracts every other The SI unit of frequency is the hertz
particle in the universe using (Hz), named after the German
a force that is directly physicist Heinrich Hertz; one hertz
proportional to the product of means that an event repeats once
their masses and inversely
per second. A previous name for
proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers. i.e. this unit was cycles per second
mathematical equation of (cps). The SI unit for time period is
Gravitational force between two the second.
objects is shown below: Q.47 (A) According to Bohr’s hydrogen atomic
mm model, mathematically radius
F = G 12 2 o 2
r rn = 0.529A (n ). For hydrogen atom if
 But protons and electrons are n = 2 then the value of radius for n2 (2nd
charged particles. Protons are shell) from the nucleus of an atom is
2.116Ao.
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Q.48 (D) Bohr’s hydrogen atomic model theory

is applicable only for single electron
system. But Be+2 has two electrons, so
for Be+2 ion it is not applicable.
Q.49 (D) This was stated by Sommerfeld in
1915 but not by Bohr. Sommerfeld
suggested the moving electrons might
describe in addition to the circular
orbits elliptic orbits as well wherein
the nucleus lies at one of the focii of
the ellipse.
Q.50 (C) In fact, frequency of gamma rays is
greater than that of X-rays.

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