CHRIS HANI EAST DISTRICT

TUTORING MATERIAL

GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES

GENETICS & INHERITANCE

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
COMPLETE DOMINANCE

QUESTION 1

1.1. When flies with grey bodies were crossed with flies with black bodies, all the offspring in the F1
had grey bodies.
Use the letters G and g to represent a genetic cross to show the F2 genotypes and phenotypes if
the F1 were interbred. (6)

1.2. In dogs, rough hair (H) is dominant to smooth hair (h). A heterozygous rough-haired dog
is mated with a smooth-haired dog.
Represent a genetic cross to show the phenotypic ratio of the puppies. (6)

1.3. The pedigree diagram below shows the pattern of inheritance of a certain genetic disorder
controlled by a recessive allele. The dominant allele is represented by N and the recessive
allele by n.

1.3.1. Explain why both parents must be heterozygous for this characteristic. (2)
1.3.2. Give the possible genotype(s) of the normal children. (2)
1.3.3. Provide evidence from the pedigree diagram to show that this characteristic is not
sex-linked. (2)
(6)
1.4. Huntington's chorea is a disease caused by a gene mutation that results in the degeneration of
brain tissue. It is caused by a dominant allele (H).
The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of this disorder in a family.

1.4.1 What is: (a) Susan's phenotype (1)

(b) Sarah's genotype (1)
1.4.2 Emma plans to have a baby. What must the father's genotype be so that there is
a 50% chance that their child will not have Huntington's chorea? (1)
1.4.3 Explain your answer to QUESTION 2.4.2. (3)
(6)
1.5 Tay-Sachs disease is caused by an autosomal recessive allele (n). Children with Tay-Sachs
disease lose motor skills and mental functions. Over time, the children become blind, deaf,
mentally retarded and paralysed. Tay-Sachs children die by the age of five.
The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of Tay-Sachs disease in a family.

1.5.1 Give:
(a) Charly's phenotype (2)
(b) Portia's genotype (2)
(c) Bill's genotype (2)
1.5.2. Explain why Patrick is normal, but a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease. (2)
(8)
1.6. Haemophilia is a genetic disorder resulting in the abnormal clotting of blood. It is caused by a
recessive allele that is carried on the X-chromosome. The allele for normal clotting is XH and the
allele for haemophilia is Xh.
The inheritance of haemophilia in a family is shown in the diagram below.

1.6.1 Give the percentage of the males with haemophilia in this family. (1)
1.6.2 Give the phenotype for individual A. (1)
1.6.3 Give the genotype for individual: (a) B (1)
(b) C (2)
(5)
1.7. Haemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome.
A haemophiliac female marries a normal male. Explain why all their sons will be haemophiliacs.
(4)

.
1.8. The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of haemophilia in a family. The allele causing
haemophilia is represented by Xh and the normal allele is represented by XH.

1.8.1 Determine the:

(a) Phenotype of individual 4 (1)
(b) Genotype of individual 2 (2)
1.8.2 Explain why females have a smaller chance of suffering from haemophilia. (3)
1.8.3 Represent a genetic cross to show the percentage chance of individuals 13 and 14
having a haemophiliac son. (7)
(13)
1.9. The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of colour-blindness (Daltonism) in a family.
Colour-blindness is sex-linked and is caused by a recessive allele (d). The ability to see colour
normally is caused by a dominant allele (D).

1.9.1 How many of the male offspring of parents 1 and 2 were normal? (1)
1.9.2 State the genotype of:
(a) Individual 2 (2)
(b) Individual 5 (2)
1.9.3. A person with a recessive allele for colour-blindness may not be colour-blind.
Explain why males with an allele for colour-blindness are always colour-blind. (4)
1.9.4. If individual 5 marries a normal male, what percentage of their daughters will
have an allele for colour-blindness, but will NOT be colour-blind? (2)
(11)
1.10. A lack of immunity to infections (agammaglobulinemia) is a sex-linked recessive genetic
disorder in humans. The dominant allele is represented by XA and the recessive allele is
represented by Xa. An individual with the disorder is described as affected and an individual
without it is described as unaffected. The pedigree diagram below illustrates inheritance of this
disorder.

1.10.1 Name the genotypes of individuals:

(a) 1 (2)
(b) 2 (2)
1.10.2 What percentage of the males in this pedigree diagram is affected? Show ALL
working. (2)
1.10.3 Explain why any son of an affected female will always have this disorder. (3)
(9)
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

QUESTION 2

2.1 You have two rose plants, both with pink flowers. You cross them and find that, while most of the
offspring are pink, some are red and some are white.
Use a genetic cross to show how breeding two pink flowering plants can result in pink, red and
white flowering plants. Use the letter R for the red allele and W for the white allele. (6)

CODOMINANCE
QUESTION 3

3.1. A farmer has an orchard of apple trees. Each apple produced expressed red and yellow colour
equally (red-yellow apples). To extend his apple orchard, the farmer collected seeds from the
red-yellow apples and grew them.
When the new trees matured, he found that some of the trees produced red apples (R),
others produced yellow apples (Y) and the rest produced apples that were red-yellow.
3.1.1 Use a genetic cross to explain his results in the F1 generation. (6)
3.1.2 What proportion of apples in the F1 generation will be red-yellow apples? (1)
3.1.3 The farmer saw that the red-yellow apples sell the best. Name the phenotypes
of the trees that he should cross in the future in order to ensure that any new
trees will definitely produce only red-yellow apples. (2)
(9)
BLOOD GROUPS
QUESTION 4
4.1. Human blood groups are controlled by multiple alleles.
4.1.1 How many alleles control blood groups? (1)
4.1.2. Which TWO alleles are codominant in the inheritance of blood groups? (2)
4.1.3. A man is heterozygous for blood group A and marries a woman who has
blood group O. Use a genetic cross to show the phenotypic ratio of their
offspring. (7)
(10)
4.2. Human blood groups are controlled by multiple alleles.
4.2.1. Name ALL the alleles that control human blood groups. (3)
4.2.2. How many of the alleles named in QUESTION 3.4.1 can any individual inherit? (1)
4.2.3. Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.4.2. (2)
4.2.4 A man has blood group A and his wife has blood group B. Their first child has blood
group AB and the second child has blood group O.
What can one conclude about the blood groups of their future children? (3)
(9)

4.3. A man has blood type AB and his sister has blood type O.
Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents by doing a genetic cross. (6)

4.4. Mr and Mrs Phonela are concerned that their baby girl does not appear to resemble either of
them. They suspect that the baby they were given at the hospital was not theirs.
Mr Phonela is blood type AB, Mrs Phonela is blood type B and the baby they were given
is blood type O.
4.4.1 Give the possible genotypes of:
(a) Mrs Phonela (2)
(b) The baby girl (1)
4.4.2. Explain why the baby girl with blood type O cannot be Mr and Mrs Phonela's
daughter. (3)
 4.4.3. Explain why the use of blood type for paternity testing is not conclusive. (2)
4.4.4. Using your knowledge of sex chromosomes, explain why the sex of a child is
determined by the male gamete. (5)
(13)
4.5. The father of a child can be determined by analysing blood groups.
4.5.1 Explain how an analysis of blood groups can be used to determine paternity. (5)
4.5.2. A man and a woman both have blood group B.
Use a genetic cross to show how it is possible for them to have a child with
blood group O. (6)
(11)
DIHIBRID CROSSES
QUESTION 5

5.1 The leaf colour in a plant is controlled by two alleles, green (G) and yellow (g). Thorns on plant
stems are controlled by two alleles, presence of thorns (T) and no thorns (t).
Two plants with the genotypes GGTT and ggtt were crossed. Their offspring were then left to
pollinate each other.
The table below shows the possible genotypes of the offspring of the second generation.
Genotypes (i) and (ii) have been left out.

5.1.1 Give the: (a) Genotype of (i) (1)

(b) Phenotype of (ii) (2)
5.1.2 List the FOUR genotypes of the offspring of the second generation that would be
phenotypically different from the original pair of parents. (4)
(7)
5.2. Coat colour in mice is controlled by two alleles, black (B) and grey (b). Tail length is controlled by
two alleles, long (T) and short (t).
The Punnett square below shows a part of the cross between two mice. Genotype (i) has been
left out.

5.2.1 Give the:

(a) Genotype of parent 1 (2)
 (b) Phenotype of parent 2 (2)
(c) Genotype of offspring (i) (1)
5.2.2. What percentage of the offspring above is grey with short tails? (1)
5.2.3 State the genotypes of TWO gametes from the table above that will result in offspring
that are heterozygous for both traits, if fertilisation occurs. (2)
(8)

5.3. The size and colour of unripe fruit in a plant species is genetically controlled. The allele for small
fruit (b) is recessive to the allele for big fruit (B). The allele for yellow fruit colour (g) is recessive
to the allele for green fruit (G).

5.3.1 State: (a) The phenotype of the plant with the genotype BbGg (2)
(b) ALL possible genotypes of the gametes produced by the plant
mentioned in QUESTION 1.4.1(a) (2)
5.3.2 In a cross between two plants with genotypes BBGG and bbgg what percentage of
the offspring will be homozygous for both characteristics? (2)
(6)
5.4 About 70% of people get a bitter taste when a substance called PTC is placed on their tongue.
They are referred to as 'tasters'. All other people are unable to taste PTC and are referred to as
'taste-blind'. The 'taster' allele is dominant and the 'taste-blind' allele is recessive.
Also in humans, normal skin pigmentation is dominant to the albino condition (no pigmentation).
The letters in the key below must be used to represent the alleles for the different characteristics
above.

A man who is heterozygous for both tasting PTC and skin pigmentation marries a woman who is
taste-blind for PTC and is an albino.

5.4.1 State why the example above represents a dihybrid cross. (1)
 5.4.2 Write down:
(a) The genotype of the woman (1)
(b) ALL the possible gametes of the man (2)
5.4.3 The man and woman have a child whose genotype is ttNn. What is the child's
phenotype? (2)
5.4.4 A man and a woman are only able to produce children with the genotype TtNn.
The woman's genotype is ttnn. State the only possible genotype of the man. (2)
(8)

5.5. In humans the allele for short fingers (brachydactyly), represented by B, is dominant over the
allele for normal fingers (b). The allele for curly hair (H) is dominant over the allele for straight
hair (h).
Andrew, with genotype Bbhh, married Susan, with genotype bbHh.
5.5.1. State how the phenotypes of Andrew and Susan differ from each other. (2)
5.5.2 Give ALL the possible genotypes of the gametes produced by Andrew. (2)
(4)
GENETIC MODIFICATION; STEM CELL RESEARCH AND CLONING

QUESTION 6

6.1. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

6.1.1. Name ONE source of stem cells. (1)

6.1.2. Explain why the characteristics of stem cells make them useful in treating some
disorders. (3)
6.1.3. Explain ONE possible advantage of creating an ovary-like structure. (3)
(7)

6.2. The diagram below shows a genetic engineering process. A donor cell was taken from the
muscle cell of a male champion horse (stallion) to create a new offspring.

6.2.1 Name the: (a) Genetic engineering process shown in the diagram above (1)
 (b) Process that produced ovum B (1)
6.2.2. Why is the donor cell extracted from a champion horse? (2)
6.2.3 Explain why only the nucleus of the donor cell is used. (2)
6.2.4 A somatic cell in a horse contains 64 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes would there be in:
(a) Structure A (1)
(b) Ovum B (1)
(c) A muscle cell in organism D (1)
6.2.5. Explain why the 'ovum' labelled C cannot be considered a gamete. (2)
(11)
6.3. Read the passage below

6.3.1 According to the passage, how did genetic modification of crops begin? (1)
6.3.2 Explain why a plant, which is modified to be weed-killer resistant, could be
a problem for farmers. (2)
6.3.3 Give TWO examples in the passage of the use of GM crops that may be a
potential threat to human health. (2)
(5)
6.4. The characteristics of organisms can be changed through selective breeding and the genetic
engineering process.
6.4.1 State TWO similarities between the selective breeding process and the genetic
engineering process. (2)
6.4.2. Explain TWO reasons why some people may be FOR the use of genetic
modification. (4)
(6)
6.5. Read the extract below

6.5.1 What is meant by the term genome referred to in the extract? (1)
6.5.2 State ONE way in which the genetic engineering described in the extract
differs from selective breeding (2)
6.5.3 Give ONE reason why the products of genetic engineering must undergo
many tests before they can be sold. (1)
6.5.4 Explain the value of growing herbicide-resistant crops. (3)
6.5.5 State THREE advantages of genetic engineering in crop production other than
those mentioned in the extract above. (3)
6.5.6 Give a reason why seed companies insist that they must have the exclusive
rights to the selling of seeds. (2)
(12)
INVESTIGATION
QUESTION 7
7.1 Scientists wanted to determine which type of inheritance accounted for most of the selected
genetic disorders in dogs.
To do this they sequenced the genomes of a large number of dogs of the same breed that
suffered from the genetic disorders.
The results of the investigation are shown below.

7.1.1 If 2 000 dogs were studied in this investigation, how many dogs had disorders that were
caused by autosomal dominant inheritance? Show ALL calculations. (3)
7.1.2. State TWO ways in which the scientists could improve the reliability of their results. (2)
7.1.3. State ONE factor that was kept constant in this investigation. (1)
7.1.4. Explain why there is no need to keep the age of the dogs constant in this type of
investigation. (2)
7.1.5. Provide a conclusion for this investigation. (2)
(10)
7.2. Farmers use insecticides to kill insects that damage their crops. In this way they are able to
increase their crop yield.
They found a bacterium which contains a gene that produces insecticides. Scientists
transferred the insecticide gene to wheat plants and wanted to investigate the effectiveness of
this process in increasing crop yield.
Below are some of the steps they followed.

• Wheat plants with the insecticide gene were grown in a field and in a greenhouse.
• Wheat plants without the insecticide gene were grown in a field and in a greenhouse.
• The crop yield of the wheat plants was measured.
The results are shown in the graph below.

7.2.1 What is the process called where wheat plants are altered by the insertion
of genes (1)
7.2.2 Insecticides are expensive and add to the cost of produce.
State ONE other disadvantage of using insecticides. (1)

7.2.4 State TWO ways in which scientists could have improved the validity of this

investigation. (2)
7.2.5. What was the crop yield, in arbitrary units, of wheat plants without the insecticide
gene grown in a greenhouse? (1)
7.2.5. Calculate the difference in yield between the wheat with the insecticide gene
and the wheat without the insecticide gene grown in the field. Show ALL working.
(2)
7.2.6. Describe the difference in results for the wheat with the insecticide gene grown
in a greenhouse and the wheat grown in a field. (2)
7.2.7. Suggest ONE possible reason for the difference described in QUESTION 3.4.6. (2)
7.2.8. Give TWO possible reasons why farmers may be against the use of these
insecticide-producing plants. (2)
(13)
MEMORANDUM
QUESTION 1
1.1.

Any ( 6)
OR

Any 6 (6)
1.2.
1.3.

1.3.1 - Because they were normal they must each have one dominant allele✓
- and in order for their children to be affected each parent must have one recessive

allele✓ (2)

1.3.2. NN✓or Nn✓ (2)

1.3.3. - The father would have been affected✓ if it was sex-linked

- in order for the daughter to be affected✓ (2)

(6)
1.4.
1.4.1 (a) Suffers from Huntington's✓ chorea (1)

(b) hh✓ (1)

1.4.2. hh✓ (1)

1.4.3 - Emma's genotype is Hh✓ /heterozygous

- The father's genotype has to be hh✓ /homozygous recessive

- a cross between only these two genotypes✓ /(Hh and hh) will ensure that there is 50%
chance of the child not inheriting the disease

- The child inherits one recessive allele from each parent✓ (3)
( 6)
1.5
1.5.1. (a) Male✓with Tay Sachs disease✓/all 4 symptoms must be given blind, deaf,
mentally retarded and paralysed/ lose motor skills and mental functions (2)
(b) Nn✓✓ (2)

(c) Nn✓✓ (2)

1.5.2. - Since Elizabeth has Tay-Sachs disease✓/nn she had to inherit one recessive

allele from each of her parents✓ /Portia and Patrick.

- Patrick's genotype is Nn✓ /heterozygous which means he is a carrier but normal.

(Any 2) (2)
(8)
1.6.

1.6.1. 100✓% (1)

1.6.2. Non-haemophiliac female ✓/Normal female (1)

1.6.3. (a) XhY ✓ (1)

(b) XH Xh ✓✓ (2)
(5)

1.7. - An individual inherits one allele from each parent✓

- The Y chromosome was inherited from the father✓

- and the recessive allele/Xh was inherited from the mother✓

- since the mother has two recessive alleles✓ /Xh Xh

- A son only needs to get one recessive allele to be haemophiliac✓ since the

- Y-chromosome does not carry any allele to mask the haemophilia allele✓ Any 4 (4)
1.8.

1.8.1 (a) Normal female✓ (1)

(b) XHXh✓ ✓ (2)

1.8.2 - Haemophilia is caused by a recessive allele✓

- Carried on the X chromosome✓

- Females have two X chromosomes✓/ Males only have one X chromosome

- Females must inherit two copies of the recessive allele✓/ females who inherit only one of
the recessive allele are still normal Any 3 (3)
1.8.3.

OR

(13)
1.9.

1.9.1. 2✓ (1)

1.9.2 (a) ) X DX d✓✓ (2)

(b X d X d✓✓ (2)

1.9.3. Since the allele is found only on the X-chromosome✓

A male only has one allele✓

that is either dominant✓ (normal)

or recessive✓ (colour-blind)

and therefore will always be colour blind✓ (if recessive allele inherited) (Any 4) (4)

1.9.4 100%✓✓ (2)

(11)
1.10.

1.10.1 (a) XAY✓✓ (2)

(b) XA Xa✓✓ (2)

3
1.10.2. ×100 ✓ = 42,86✓ / 42,9 / 43% (2)
7

1.10.3. - An affected female carries two/only recessive alleles✓ /XaXa

- Sons/males inherit one X chromosome✓ from their mothers

- Sons/males need only one recessive allele to be affected✓

- And therefore must inherit Xa from their mother✓

Any 3 (3)
(9)
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
QUESTION 2

2.1.

CODOMINANCE
QUESTION 3

3.1.

3.1.1

(6)

3.1.2 50%✓/half (1)

3.1.3 A tree with red apples✓ should be crossed with a tree that produces yellow

apples✓ (2)
(9)

BLOOD GROUPS
QUESTION 4
4.1

4.1.1 Three✓/3 (1)

4.1.2. IA✓ and IB✓ (MARK FIRST TWO ONLY) (2)

4.1.3.

4.2.
 4.2.1. IA✓, IB✓, i✓ (3)

4.2.2. 2✓ (1)

4.2.3. - Any individual inherits one allele✓

- from each parent✓ (2)

4.2.4 - Each child✓

- has an equal✓/25% chance of having

- any blood group✓/ A, B, AB, or O. (3)

(9)
4.3.
4.4.

4.4.1 (a) I BI B✓ or I Bi✓ (2)

(b) ii✓ (1)

4.4.2 - The baby inherited one allele for type O blood / i from each parent✓ since

- her genotype is ii✓

- Mr Phonela does not have an allele for O blood/i✓ (3)

4.4.3 Blood type can be used to exclude a particular man✓

as the parent but it cannot confirm that a particular man is the father✓

Since a large portion of the population have the same blood type✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.4.4 - Normal females have two X✓ chromosomes

- Normal males have one X and one Y✓

- The female always provides X in the egg✓

- If an egg cell is fertilized by an X bearing sperm✓ a female/girl✓is formed

- If an egg is fertilized by a Y bearing sperm✓

- a male/boy✓ is formed (Any 5)

OR

(5)

(13)
4.5

4.5.1 - The blood groups of the mother, possible father and the child must be compared✓.
- If this shows that it is not possible that these parents can produce a child with his/her

blood group✓

- then this man is not the father✓

- If this shows that it is possible that these parents can produce a child with his/her blood

group✓

- then he may/may not be the father✓

- because other males have the same blood group✓

Any 5 (5)
4.5.2.

(11)
DIHYBID CROSSES
QUESTION 5
5.1

5.1.1 (a) GgTt✓ (1)

(b) Yellow✓ leaves no thorns✓ (2)

5.1.2 GGtt✓

Ggtt✓

ggTT✓

ggTt✓
(Mark first FOUR only) (4)
(7)
5.2

5.2.1 (a) BbTt✓✓ (2)

(b) Black coat✓ short tail✓ (2)

(c) BbTt✓ (1)

5.2.2. 0✓ % (1)

5.2.3. Bt✓ bT✓ (MARK FIRST TWO ONLY) (2)

(8)

5.3
5.3.1 (a) Big✓and green✓fruit (2)

(b) BG, Bg, bG, bg✓✓ (2)

5.3.2. 0✓%✓ (2)

(6)
5.4

5.4.1 Two characteristics✓ are involved in the cross (1)

5.4.2. (a) ttnn✓ (1)

(b) TN; Tn; tN; tn✓✓ 1 – 3 correct ✓

all 4 correct ✓✓ (2)

5.4.3 Taste-blind✓ and normal skin pigmentation✓ (2)

 5.4.4 TTNN✓✓ (2)
(8)

5.5

5.5.1 - Andrew has short fingers while Susan has normal fingers✓

- Andrew has straight hair while Susan has curly hair✓ (2)

5.5.2 Bh✓, bh ✓ (2)

(4)

GENETIC ENGINEERING

QUESTION 6
6.1.

6.1.1 Embryos✓ /Blastocysts

Umbilical cord✓ / Placenta

Bone marrow✓ (Mark first ONE only) Any 1 (1)

6.1.2.- Stem cells are undifferentiated ✓

- and have the potential to develop into any type of cell✓

- to replace the affected/defective cells✓ causing the disorder (3)

6.1.3. - To produce ova✓ which could be used

- in cases where females do not have functional ovaries✓

- and are therefore infertile✓ and thereby

- allowing them to have children✓ Any 3 (3)

(7)
6.2

6.2.1.(a) Cloning✓ (1)

(b) Oogenesis✓/gametogenesis/ meiosis (1)

6.2.2. - The donor horse has the desired characteristics✓

- that need to be copied✓

- and be present in the offspring✓/next generation Any 2 (2)

6.2.3. - The nucleus contains all the genetic information✓✓/ hereditary

characteristics /chromosomes of the champion horse (2)
 6.2.4. (a) 64✓ (1)
(b) 32✓ (1)
(c) 64✓ (1)
6.2.5. - A gamete is generally haploid✓

- This ovum is diploid✓ since

- it has the nucleus of a somatic cell ✓ Any 2 (2)

(11)
6.3
6.3.1 With the discovery that the soil bacterium Agrobacterium could be used to transfer

useful genes from unrelated species into plants✓ (1)

6.3.2 - Modified crops may become super-weeds✓ /accidently breed with other plants to
become super-weeds

- They are difficult/expensive to kill✓

- and could outcompete the original crop✓ /other crops Any 2 (2)

6.3.3 - Toxic proteins might be produced✓

- Antibiotic-resistance genes may be transferred to human gut bacteria✓

(Mark fist TWO only) (2)
(5)
6.4.

6.4.1- Characteristics that are desirable/beneficial to humans✓ are being selected

- The characteristics are chosen by humans✓/It is an artificial process

- It is not necessarily beneficial for the organism✓

(Mark first TWO only) Any 2 (2)

6.4.2. - The long-term effects on health are unknown✓ which could lead to health

problems in the future✓

- The long-term effects on the environment are unknown✓ leading to

environmental damage✓/loss of biodiversity/ damaging ecosystems/nature

- People are morally opposed✓ as humans are interfering with nature✓/playing

God/interfering with the rights of every species

- Initially it is an expensive process✓ and many people/countries may not be

 able to afford it✓
(Mark first TWO only) (Any 2 x 2) (4)
(6)
6.5.

6.5.1 An organism's complete set of genes✓ (1)

6.5.2 Genetic engineering: involves the transfer of genes✓ from one organism to
another/(manipulation of DNA)
Selective breeding: Parents with desirable phenotypes are selected to produce offspring with
desirable phenotypes✓
OR

Genetic engineering can involve gene transfer between organisms from different kingdoms✓
Selective breeding can occur using organisms from the same or different species within a
kingdom✓
(2)
6.5.3. - To assess the risks to human health ✓/the environment
- To determine if the presence of the transferred gene will affect the expression of other

genes✓

- To test the effectiveness✓of the product

(Mark first ONE only) Any 1 (1)

6.5.4 - The spraying of herbicide will kill the weeds✓

- without killing the crops✓,

- thus reducing the competition✓ and increasing the yield✓ Any three ( 3)

6.5.5- Produce crops that are resistant to adverse conditions✓/ drought/disease/pests

- Increase crop yield✓

- Change the time for the ripening of fruits✓

- Increase shelf life of plant products✓

- Improve nutritional value of food✓

- Improve the taste✓ of food

- Developing fruit/plants with desirable characteristics✓

(Mark first THREE only) Any three (3)
3.5.6. The companies have invested✓ a lot of time✓/money to make the GM seeds

The companies want to control the seed market✓ thus increasing their profit✓
Any 1 x 2 (2)
(12)

INVESTIGATION

QUESTION 7
7.1

7.1.1. (11/100) ✓ x 2000✓ = 220✓ (3)

7.1.2. - Repeat✓ the investigation

- Use a larger sample size✓ /more dogs (Mark first TWO only)
Any 2 (2)

7.1.3. The breed of the dogs✓ (Mark first ONE only) (1)

7.1.4. - The disorders are inherited ✓

- and therefore does not change with age✓ (2)

7.1.5. Autosomal recessive inheritance causes most of the genetic disorders in dogs✓✓ (2)
(10)
7.2.
7.2.1. Genetic engineering✓ /modification/manipulation/recombinant DNA technology (1)

7.2.2. - Can kill other useful insects✓

- Can cause pollution✓

- May cause harm to consumers of the produce✓

- Development of insecticide-resistant organisms✓ Any 1 (Mark first ONE only) (1)

7.2.3. - Use the same field✓/greenhouse

- Use the same number of plants✓

- Use the same species of wheat✓

- Measure the crop yield over the same period✓

- Use same techniques of measuring the crop yield✓ Any 2 (Mark first TWO only) (2)

7.2.4. 50✓ (1)

7.2.5. Difference in yield: (70 – 45) ✓ = 25✓ (2)

7.2.6. - In the greenhouses high yield✓

- In the fields low yield✓ (2)

7.2.7. - The conditions in the greenhouse can be controlled ✓

- whereas there are many variations in the conditions for wheat grown in fields✓
OR

The environmental conditions✓/ (examples) in the greenhouse may have differed✓

from that in the field (2)

7.2.8. - Expensive✓/research money could be used for other needs

- Potential health impacts✓

- Interfering with nature✓

- Not sure of long-term effects✓

- Did not increase the yield✓ Any 2 (Mark first TWO only) (2)
(13)