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Module 6 - Transistors. Filter Networks and OpAmps PDF

This document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics engineering concepts including transistors, filter networks, and operational amplifiers. It discusses the basic structure and operation of bipolar junction transistors, how they are biased, and their applications as amplifiers and switches. It also describes different types of passive filters including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. Finally, it covers operational amplifiers including their symbol, basic configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, and applications in summing and multiple stage gain circuits.

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Maui Gupita
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

Module 6 - Transistors. Filter Networks and OpAmps PDF

This document provides an overview of basic electrical and electronics engineering concepts including transistors, filter networks, and operational amplifiers. It discusses the basic structure and operation of bipolar junction transistors, how they are biased, and their applications as amplifiers and switches. It also describes different types of passive filters including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. Finally, it covers operational amplifiers including their symbol, basic configurations like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, and applications in summing and multiple stage gain circuits.

Uploaded by

Maui Gupita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 105

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Transistors,
Filter Networks
And
Operational Amplifiers
Learning Objectives

❖ Discuss transistor applications.


❖ Describe the basic structure of the Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT)
❖ Explain how a BJT is biased.
❖ Differentiate the schematic symbol and construction of a PNP
and NPN transistor.
❖ Discuss applications of filters and amplifiers.
❖ Differentiate various kinds of first-order passive filters namely:
low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop.
❖ Identify the operational amplifier schematic symbol.
❖ Solve basic problems regarding operational amplifiers.
Introduction
❖ The transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device
consisting of either two n- and one p-type layers of
material or two p- and one n-type layers of material.
The former is called an npn transistor, while the
latter is called a pnp transistor.
❖ The emitter layer is heavily doped, the base
lightly doped, and the collector only lightly
doped. The outer layers have widths much
greater than the sandwiched p- or n-type E
P N P
C

material. B
❖ The abbreviation BJT, from bipolar junction
transistor, is often applied to this three terminal
E
device. N P N
C

B
Transistor Biasing

❖ Just like the diode, a transistor needs E C


to be biased to set it on a desired P N P

operating condition. B

❖ Under normal circumstances, the


VEE VCC
Base-Emitter junction is forward-
biased and the Base-Collector is Biasing of a PNP transistor
reversed-biased. E C
N P N

VEE VCC

Biasing of a NPN transistor


The Transistor as Two Diodes

❖ The transistor is like to diodes connected


in series.
E C
❖ In the case of a PNP transistor, the P N P

transistor looks like the one shown in the B


figure below.
VEE VCC
PNP Transistor

E C

B
PNP Transistor as 2 diodes
The Transistor as Two Diodes

❖ The transistor is like to diodes connected


in series.
E C
❖ The equivalent 2-diode of a NPN N P N

transistor is also shown below. B

VEE VCC
NPN Transistor

E C

B
NPN Transistor as 2 diodes
Transistor Applications

❖ There are two basic functions of a transistor: Signal amplification


and Switching.
❖ Amplification is the magnification or strengthening of a weak
signal. Signal amplification can be found mostly in analog
communications systems.
❖ Switching is the change in state from a low signal to a high signal
and vice versa. (or sometimes ON or OFF or 1 & 0). Switching
functions are usually found in computers and digital
communications.
Transistor Applications

❖ When the transistor functions as an amplifier, it takes a weak


signal then converts it to a larger signal.
❖ A small volume of water
between E & B resulted
in a larger volume
E
between E & C
❖By controlling the
VEE ` VCC
B amount of water flowing
between E & B, the
C volume of water
between E & C can be
WATER ANALOGY OF TRANSISTOR controlled.
Transistor Symbol

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor


Filter Networks
❖ Electronic filters are circuits that perform signal processing, specifically to
remove unwanted frequency or frequencies from a signal.

Filter

Input output

Filter
Common Types of Filters

1. High-pass filter
o A filter that allows high-frequency signals to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.
o A filter that suppresses low-frequency signals.

2. Low-pass filter
o A filter that allows low-frequency signals to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.

3. Band-pass filter
o A filter that allows a range of frequencies to pass through it with little
loss of power or attenuation.

4. Band-stop filter
o A filter that suppresses a range of frequencies to pass through it.
Optical Amplifier

❑ Each input results in either the same or an opposite polarity (or


phase) output , depending on whether the signal is applied to
the plus (+) or the minus (-) input, respectively.
Single-Ended Input

❑ Only one input signal is connected to the one of the input


terminals (+ or – terminal) with the other terminal connected to
ground.
❑If the input is applied to the (+) input, the output will be in the
same polarity as the input signal, otherwise it will be opposite
polarity.
Optical Amplifier

❑ Is a very high gain amplifier having a very high input impedance (typically
a few mega-ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 Ω).
❑ Provide voltage changes (amplitude and polarity)
❑ Accumulate a very high gain by multiple stages

V+
2
7
6

4
3
V-
Optical Amplifier

Basic Op-Amp
Connection
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Inverting Amplifier

Example: If the circuit above has R1 = 100 kΩ and Rf = 500 kΩ, what output
voltage results for an input of V1 = 2 V?
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Non-Inverting Amplifier

Example: Calculate the output voltage of a noninverting amplifier as show


above for values of V1 = 2 V, Rf = 500 kΩ, and R1 = 100kΩ. Also compute for
the gain of the amplifier.
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑ The Summing Amplifier

Example. Calculate the output voltage of an op-amp summing amplifier for the
following sets of voltages and resistors. Use Rf = 1 MΩ in all cases.
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

Solution:
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits

❑Multiple-stage Gain

V1
Vo
1 2 3

Rf Rf Rf

R1 R2 R3

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝐴 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 = 1 + 1+ 1+
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Practical Optical Amplifier Circuits
❑Multiple-stage Gain
EXAMPLE. Calculate the output voltage of the preceeding circuit for resistor
components of value Rf = 470 k, R1= 4.3 k, R2= 33 k, and R3 = 33 k for an input of
80 uV.

 Rf  R f  R f 
A = A1 A2 A3 = 1 +  −  − 
 R1  R2  R3 

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