Ministry of Higher Education

and Scientific Research

Southern Technical University
Technical College - Thi Qar

Overdamped Voltage Response

Report submitted as part of the final examination requirements

for:

Electrical and Electronic CCT

Electromechanical systems technology engineering
The second stage - morning study

The Report By:

‫ريام ناصر حسين‬

Supervised By:
‫د عبدهللا جبر حلبوص‬.‫م‬

‫م‬2020 - ‫هـ‬1441

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RLC circuit
A RLC circuit (also known as a resonant circuit, tuned circuit, or LCR circuit) is
an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and
a capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. This configuration forms
a harmonic oscillator.
Tuned circuits have many applications particularly for oscillating circuits and in
radio and communication engineering. They can be used to select a certain narrow
range of frequencies from the total spectrum of ambient radio waves. For example,
AM/FM radios with analog tuners typically use an RLC circuit to tune a radio
frequency. Most commonly a variable capacitor is attached to the tuning knob,
which allows you to change the value of C in the circuit and tune to stations on
different frequencies.
An RLC circuit is called a second-order circuit as any voltage or current in the
circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation for circuit analysis.

Series RLC
In this circuit, the three components are all in series with the voltage source.

Series RLC Circuit notations:

V - the voltage of the power source
(measured in volts V)
I - the current in the circuit (measured
in amperes A)
R - the resistance of the resistor
(measured in ohms = V/A);
L - the inductance of the inductor
(measured in henrys = H = V·s/A)
C - the capacitance of the capacitor
(measured in farads = F = C/V = A·s/V)
q - the charge across the capacitor
(measured in coulombs C)

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The Source Free Parallel RLC Circuit

L & C may have initial energy storage:

iL(0) = Io
vC(0) =
Vo
The second order differential equation for this circuit is:

The natural solution is will depend on the roots of the characteristic equation.

These roots, s1 and s2, will depend on the values of R, L and C.

There are 3 possibilies for the values of the roots which correspond to the 3 cases
for the natural response of the circuit:

 Overdamped
 Critically Damped
 Underdamped

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To make the solution of this equation more manageable, we define the following:
Let:
a = 1 /(2RC) = neper frequency or exponential damping coefficient
wo = 1 /(LC)1/2 = resonant (radian) frequency
wd = (wo2 – a2)1/2 = damped resonant frequency
j = a/wo = damping ratio (dimensionless)
(Note that all except the damping ratio have units of sec-1.)
Hence the roots are:

The curves shown here start at 0 which means that the initial voltage across the
capacitor was 0.
Overdamped Response: a > wo
s1, s2 are negative, real and distinct: LC > 4R2C2

Critically Damped Response: a = wo

s1, s2 are negative, real and same: LC = 4R2C2

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Underdamped Response: a < wo
s1, s2 are distinct and complex: LC < 4R2C2)

Notes:

 A1 and A2 are arbitrary constants which are determined by the initial

conditions.
 The response becomes oscillatory when underdamping is present.
 tm is the time at which the maximum value is reached.
 ts, the settling time, is the time at which the value is 1% of the maximum.
 The minimum settling time occurs for slight underdamping.
 For the same values of L and C, a larger R gives a smaller maximum
response. (i.e. more damping.)
 An increase in R from an overdamped system to get critical damping gives a
shorter settling time.

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The Source Free Series RLC Circuit

L & C may have initial energy storage:

iL(0) = Io
vC(0) = Vo
The second order differential equation for this circuit is:

Depending on the values of R, L and C, the natural response will be either

Overdamped, Critically Damped or Underdamped.
As with the parallel circuit, to make the solution of this more manageable, we
define the following:
Let:
a = R/(2L) = neper frequency or exponential
damping coefficient
wo = 1/ (LC)1/2 = resonant (radian) frequency
wd = (wo2 – a2)1/2 = natural resonant frequency
j = a/wo = damping ratio (dimensionless)
Note: the first is the only one that is different from the parallel RLC circuit.

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Hence:
s1, s2 = – a + (a2 – wo2)1/2 = complex frequencies or natural frequencies

Overdamped Response: a > wo

s1, s2 are negative, real and distinct: LC > 4L2/R2

Critically Damped Response: a = wo

s1, s2 are negative, real and equal: LC = 4L2/R2

Underdamped Response: a < wo

s1, s2 are distinct and complex: LC < 4R2C2

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Note:
Although this is the dual of the underdamped case for the parallel RLC circuit, it
looks different because this particular solution has less damping. Hence the
oscillatory nature of the response is more evident. Also, the initial current was not
zero here.

Finding the Forced Response, xf(t) of a Second Order Circuit

The forced response must satisfy the differential equation with no arbitrary
constants.

To find it, just guess a form for the forced response that is the most general form of
the forcing function:
Forcing Assumed
Function solution for the forced
y(t) response, xf(t)
K A
Kt At + B
Kt2 At2 + Bt + C
K sin wt A sin wt + B cos wt
Ke-at Ae-at

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The constants of the assumed solutions (A, B and C) are determined by substituting
the assumed solution back into the differential equation.

Note:
If one of the natural response terms has the same form as the forcing function then
we need another form of the forced response.
In general we can use xf = tP xn1 where the integer P is selected so that xf is not
duplicated in natural response. (Use the lowest value).
In these cases the forced solution will not have exactly the same form as the
forcing function.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF RLC CIRCUITS

In the preceding lesson, our discussion focused extensively on dc circuits having
resistances with either inductor () or capacitor () (i.e., single storage element) but not
both. Dynamic response of such first order system has been studied and discussed in
detail. The presence of resistance, inductance, and capacitance in the dc circuit
introduces at least a second order differential equation or by two simultaneous
coupled linear first order differential equations. We shall see in next section that the
complexity of analysis of second order circuits increases significantly when
compared with that encountered with first order circuits. Initial conditions for the
circuit variables and their derivatives play an important role and this is very crucial
to analyze a second order dynamic system.

Response of a series R-L-C circuit

Consider a series RLcircuit as shown in fig.11.1, and it is excited with a dc
voltage source C−−sV.
Applying around the closed path for ,

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The current through the capacitor can be written as Substituting the current
‘’expression in eq.(11.1) and rearranging the terms,

The above equation is a 2nd-order linear differential equation and the parameters
associated with the differential equation are constant with time. The complete
solution of the above differential equation has two components; the transient
response and the steady state response. Mathematically, one can write the complete
solution as

Since the system is linear, the nature of steady state response is same as that of
forcing function (input voltage) and it is given by a constant value. Now, the first

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part of the total response is completely dies out with time while and it is defined as
a transient or natural response of the system. The natural or transient response (see
Appendix in Lesson-10) of second order differential equation can be obtained from
the homogeneous equation (i.e., from force free system) that is expressed by

and solving the roots of this equation (11.5) on that associated with transient part of
the complete solution (eq.11.3) and they are given below.

The roots of the characteristic equation are classified in three groups depending
upon the values of the parameters ,,RLand of the circuit

Case-A (overdamped response): That the roots are distinct with negative real parts.
Under this situation, the natural or transient part of the complete solution is written
as

and each term of the above expression decays exponentially and ultimately reduces
to zero as and it is termed as overdamped response of input free system. A system
that is overdamped responds slowly to any change in excitation. It may be noted that
the exponential term t→∞11tAeαtakes longer time to decay its value to zero than
the term21tAeα. One can introduce a factorξ that provides an information about
the speed of system response and it is defined by damping ratio

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References

 brainkart.com
 https://en.wikiversity
 summaryplanet.com


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