கழ் ெபற்ற இந்திய அறிவியலாளர்கள் – பாகம் 1

THE GREAT INDIANS SCINTISTS – Part 1

ஆர்யபட்டர் (வானவியல் அறிவியலாளர்) And above all, his most spectacular contribution was the concept of zero without
ARYABHATT (476 CE) MASTER ASTRONOMER AND MATHEMATICIAN which modern computer technology would have been non-existent. Aryabhatt was a
colossus in the field of mathematics.

பாஸ்கரர் (வானவியல் அறிவியலாளர்)

BHASKARACHARYA II (1114-1183 CE) GENIUS IN ALGEBRA

Born in 476 CE in Kusumpur (Bihar), Aryabhatt's intellectual brilliance remapped

the boundaries of mathematics and astronomy. In 499 CE, at the age of 23, he
wrote a text on astronomy and an unparallel treatise on mathematics called
"Aryabhatiyam." He formulated the process of calculating the motion of planets and
the time of eclipses. Aryabhatt was the first to proclaim that the earth is round, it Born in the obscure village of Vijjadit (Jalgaon) in Maharastra, Bhaskaracharya's
rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space - 1000 years before work in Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry catapulted him to fame and immortality.
Copernicus published his heliocentric theory. He is also acknowledged for His renowned mathematical works called "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita" are considered
calculating p (Pi) to four decimal places: 3.1416 and the sine table in trigonometry. to be unparalled and a memorial to his profound intelligence. Its translation in
Centuries later, in 825 CE, the Arab mathematician, Mohammed Ibna Musa several languages of the world bear testimony to its eminence. In his treatise
credited the value of Pi to the Indians, "This value has been given by the Hindus." "Siddhant Shiromani" he writes on planetary positions, eclipses, cosmography,
mathematical techniques and astronomical equipment. In the "Surya Siddhant" he creation into nine elements, namely: earth, water, light, wind, ether, time, space,
makes a note on the force of gravity: "Objects fall on earth due to a force of mind and soul. He says, "Every object of creation is made of atoms which in turn
attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon, and sun connect with each other to form molecules." His statement ushered in the Atomic
are held in orbit due to this attraction." Bhaskaracharya was the first to discover Theory for the first time ever in the world, nearly 2500 years before John Dalton.
gravity, 500 years before Sir Isaac Newton. He was the champion among Kanad has also described the dimension and motion of atoms and their chemical
mathematicians of ancient and medieval India. His works fired the imagination of reactions with each other. The eminent historian, T.N. Colebrook, has said,
Persian and European scholars, who through research on his works earned fame "Compared to the scientists of Europe, Kanad and other Indian scientists were the
and popularity. global masters of this field."

ஆச்சார்யா கனந்( அ வியல் அறிஞர்) நாகார்ஜூனா (ேவதியல் அறிஞர்)

ACHARYA KANAD (600 BCE) FOUNDER OF ATOMIC THEORY NAGARJUNA (100 CE) WIZARD OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE

As the founder of "Vaisheshik Darshan"- one of six principal philosophies of India - He was an extraordinary wizard of science born in the nondescript village of Baluka
Acharya Kanad was a genius in philosophy. He is believed to have been born in in Madhya Pradesh. His dedicated research for twelve years produced maiden
Prabhas Kshetra near Dwarika in Gujarat. He was the pioneer expounder of discoveries and inventions in the faculties of chemistry and metallurgy. Textual
realism, law of causation and the atomic theory. He has classified all the objects of masterpieces like "Ras Ratnakar," "Rashrudaya" and "Rasendramangal" are his
renowned contributions to the science of chemistry. Where the medieval alchemists correlation of spirituality and physical health contributed greatly to diagnostic and
of England failed, Nagarjuna had discovered the alchemy of transmuting base curative sciences. He has also prescribed and ethical charter for medical
metals into gold. As the author of medical books like "Arogyamanjari" and practitioners two centuries prior to the Hippocratic oath. Through his genius and
"Yogasar," he also made significant contributions to the field of curative medicine. intuition, Acharya Charak made landmark contributions to Ayurvedal. He forever
Because of his profound scholarliness and versatile knowledge, he was appointed remains etched in the annals of history as one of the greatest and noblest of rishi-
as Chancellor of the famous University of Nalanda. Nagarjuna's milestone scientists.
discoveries impress and astonish the scientists of today.

ஆச்சார்யா சாரக் (இந்திய ம த் வத்தின் தந்ைத - ம ந் அறிஞர்)

ACHARYA CHARAK (600BCE) FATHER OF MEDICINE ஆச்சார்யா சுஸ் த் ( ேதால் – ஒப்பைன மாற் அ ைவ சிகிச்ைசயின் தந்ைத)
ACHARYA SUSHRUT (600 BCE) FATHER OF PLASTIC SURGERY

Acharya Charak has been crowned as the Father of Medicine. His renowned work,
the "Charak Samhita", is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda. His
principles, diagoneses, and cures retain their potency and truth even after a couple
of millennia. When the science of anatomy was confused with different theories in
Europe, Acharya Charak revealed through his innate genius and enquiries the facts A genius who has been glowingly recognized in the annals of medical science. Born
on human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, blood circulation and diseases like to sage Vishwamitra, Acharya Sudhrut details the first ever surgery procedures in
diabetes, tuberculosis, heart disease, etc. In the "Charak Samhita" he has "Sushrut Samhita," a unique encyclopedia of surgery. He is venerated as the father
described the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants. He has of plastic surgery and the science of anesthesia. When surgery was in its infancy in
emphasized the influence of diet and activity on mind and body. He has proved the Europe, Sushrut was performing Rhinoplasty (restoration of a damaged nose) and
other challenging operations. In the "Sushrut Samhita," he prescribes treatment for own light but due to sunlight. In the "Bruhad Samhita" and "Bruhad Jatak," he has
twelve types of fractures and six types of dislocations. His details on human revealed his discoveries in the domains of geography, constellation, science,
embryology are simply amazing. Sushrut used 125 types of surgical instruments botany and animal science. In his treatise on botanical science, Varamihir presents
including scalpels, lancets, needles, Cathers and rectal speculums; mostly cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees. The rishi-scientist survives
designed from the jaws of animals and birds. He has also described a number of through his unique contributions to the science of astrology and astronomy.
stitching methods; the use of horse's hair as thread and fibers of bark. In the
"Sushrut Samhita," and fibers of bark. In the "Sushrut Samhita," he details 300 ஆச்சார்யா பதஞ்சலி (ேயாகாவின் தந்ைத)
types of operations. The ancient Indians were the pioneers in amputation, caesarian ACHARYA PATANJALI (200 BCE) FATHER OF YOGA
and cranial surgeries. Acharya Sushrut was a giant in the arena of medical science.

வராஹமிஹர் – வானவியல் மற் ம் ேஜாதிட அறிஞர்

VARAHAMIHIR (499-587 CE) EMINENT ASTROLOGER AND ASTRONOMERA

The Science of Yoga is one of several unique contributions of India to the world. It
seeks to discover and realize the ultimate Reality through yogic practices. Acharya
Patanjali, the founder, hailed from the district of Gonda (Ganara) in Uttar Pradesh.
He prescribed the control of prana (life breath) as the means to control the body,
renowned astrologer and astronomer who was honored with a special decoration mind and soul. This subsequently rewards one with good health and inner
and status as one of the nine gems in the court of King Vikramaditya in Avanti happiness. Acharya Patanjali's 84 yogic postures effectively enhance the efficiency
(Ujjain). Varahamihir's book "panchsiddhant" holds a prominent place in the realm of the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, digestive and endocrine systems and many
of astronomy. He notes that the moon and planets are lustrous not because of their other organs of the body. Yoga has eight limbs where Acharya Patanjali shows the
attainment of the ultimate bliss of God in samadhi through the disciplines of: yam, His brilliance in aviation technology is further reflected through techniques
niyam, asan, pranayam, pratyahar, dhyan and dharna. The Science of Yoga has described by him:
gained popularity because of its scientific approach and benefits. Yoga also holds
the honored place as one of six philosophies in the Indian philosophical system. 1.) Profound Secret: The technique to make a flying machine invisible through the
Acharya Patanjali will forever be remembered and revered as a pioneer in the application of sunlight and wind force.
science of self-discipline, happiness and self-realization. 2.) Living Secret: The technique to make an invisible space machine visible through
the application of electrical force.
ஆச்சார்யா பரத்வாஜ் – வான் ஊர்த்தியில் 3.) Secret of Eavesdropping: The technique to listen to a conversation in another
ACHARYA BHARADWAJ (800 BCE) PIONEER OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY plane.
4.) Visual Secrets: The technique to see what's happening inside another plane.
Through his innovative and brilliant discoveries, Acharya Bharadwaj has been
recognized as the pioneer of aviation technology.

ஆச்சார்யா கபில் (பிரபஞ்சவியலின் தந்ைத)

ACHARYA KAPIL (3000 BCE) FATHER OF COSMOLOGY

Acharya Bharadwaj had a hermitage in the holy city of Prayag and was an ordent
apostle of Ayurveda and mechanical sciences. He authored the "Yantra Sarvasva"
which includes astonishing and outstanding discoveries in aviation science, space
science and flying machines. He has described three categories of flying machines:
1.) One that flies on earth from one place to another. 2.) One that travels from one
planet to another. 3.) And One that travels from one universe to another. His
designs and descriptions have impressed and amazed aviation engineers of today.
Celebrated as the founder of Sankhya philosophy, Acharya Kapil is believed to Rao, who works on gender issues. Dr. Swaminathan lives in Chennai, Tamilnadu
have been born in 3000 BCE to the illustrious sage Kardam and Devhuti. He gifted with his wife. He has five grandchildren.
the world with the Sankhya School of Thought. His pioneering work threw light on Professor M S Swaminathan has been acclaimed by TIME magazine as one of the
the nature and principles of the ultimate Soul (Purusha), primal matter (Prakruti) twenty most influential Asians of the 20th century and one of the only three from
and creation. His concept of transformation of energy and profound commentaries India, the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore. He has been
on atma, non-atma and the subtle elements of the cosmos places him in an elite described by the United Nations Environment Programme as "the Father of
class of master achievers - incomparable to the discoveries of other cosmologists. Economic Ecology" and by Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the
On his assertion that Prakruti, with the inspiration of Purusha, is the mother of United Nations, as "a living legend who will go into the annals of history as a world
cosmic creation and all energies, he contributed a new chapter in the science of scientist of rare distinction". He was Chairman of the UN Science Advisory
cosmology. Because of his extrasensory observations and revelations on the Committee set up in 1980 to take follow-up action on the Vienna Plan of Action. He
secrets of creation, he is recognized and saluted as the Father of Cosmology. has also served as Independent Chairman of the FAO Council and President of the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. He is the
மா. சா. சாமிநாதன்(இந்திய ேவளான்ைம ைறயின் பசுைம ரட்சியாளர்) current President of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.
M S Swaminathan A plant geneticist by training, Professor Swaminathan's contributions to the
agricultural renaissance of India have led to his being widely referred to as the
scientific leader of the green revolution movement. His advocacy of sustainable
agriculture leading to an ever-green revolution makes him an acknowledged world
leader in the field of sustainable food security. The International Association of
Women and Development conferred on him the first international award for
significant contributions to promoting the knowledge, skill, and technological
empowerment of women in agriculture and for his pioneering role in mainstreaming
gender considerations in agriculture and rural development. Professor
Swaminathan was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community
Leadership in 1971, the Albert Einstein World Science Award in 1986, and the first
Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is an Indian agriculture scientist, born World Food Prize in 1987.
August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, The second of four sons of a surgeon. Professor Swaminathan is a Fellow of many of the leading scientific academies of
His ancestral home is the island village of Monkompu, Alleppey District, Kerala. He India and the world, including the Royal Society of London and the U S National
is known as "Father of the Green Revolution" in India, for his leadership and Academy of Sciences. He has received 46 honorary doctorate degrees from
success in introducing and further developing high yielding varieties of wheat in universities around the world. He currently holds the UNESCO Chair in
India. He is founder and Chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Ecotechnology at the M S Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai
leading the 'Evergreen Revolution'. (Madras), India and Chairman of the National Commission on Agriculture, Food and
He is a visionary whose dream is to rid the world of hunger and poverty. Dr. Nutrition Security of India.
Swaminathan is widely respected for his effective advocacy of sustainable 'Ask nothing, want nothing in return. Give what you have to give: it will come back to
development, especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture, sustainable you, but do not think of that now, it will come back multiplied by thousand fold: but
food security and the preservation of biodiversity. the attention must not be on that. Yet the power to give, give and there it ends. Ask,
His motto is "if conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing else will have therefore, nothing in return: but the more you give, the more will come to you'
a chance to go right." He said, in 2005, that: "I am firmly convinced that hunger and 'Whenever there is conflict between the heart and the mind, let the heart be
deprivation can be eliminated sooner than most people consider feasible, provided followed'
there is a synergy among technology, public policy and social action". He often 'Reserve unto yourself the power of detaching yourself from everything, how much
answers serious questions and requests with the reply: "Why Not?".[1] the soul might yearn for it: however great the pangs of misery you feel if you were
He is married to Mina Swaminathan who he met in 1951 while they were both going to leave it, still reserve the power of leaving it whenever you want'
studying at Cambridge. They have three daughters: Chennai-based TB researcher 'Practise truthfulness. Twelve years of absolute truthfulness in thought, word and
Soumya Swaminathan, Kolkata-based economist Madhura Swaminathan and Nitya deed gives a man what he wills'
'The best thing to give your enemy is forgiveness, to an opponent tolerance, to a innovations and support systems for multiple applications. Also, generating science
friend your heart, to your child a good, to a father difference, to your mother conduct and technology task in strategic, economic and social sectors in partnership with
that will make her proud of you, to yourself respect and to all men charity' Government departments, institutions and industry. Dr. Kalam was also the
'Help if you can. If you can not, fold your hands and stand by and see things go on. Chairman, Ex-officio, of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C).
Do not injure, if you can not render help'. Dr. Kalam took up academic pursuit as Professor, Technology & Societal
Transformation at Anna University, Chennai and involved in teaching and research
அ. ப. ஜ. அப் ல்கலாம்(ஏ கைன ைறயின் சாதைனயாளர்) tasks. Above all he is on his mission to ignite the young minds for national
A P J ABDUL KALAM development by meeting high school students across the country.
Dr. Kalam was conferred with the Degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc. Honoris
Causa) by 30 universities/academic institutions. He is recipient of several awards
including the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration 1997.
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam has been awarded Padma Bhushan in 1981, Padma
Vibhushan in 1990 and BHARAT RATNA in 1997.

சர். ச. ேவ. இராமன்(ச. ேவங்கிடராமன்) ஒளி நிறமாைல - நிறப்பிரிைக

SIR . C. V. RAMAN – Raman Effect

Born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram, in Tamil Nadu, Dr. Avul Pakir
Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, specialized in Aero Engineering from Madras Institute
of Technology.
He initially worked in DRDO in 1958 and then joined ISRO in 1963. Dr. Kalam has
made significant contribution to Indian satellite and launch vehicles of ISRO and
also in the missile programme of DRDO. As project Director, SLV-III, he contributed
for the design, development and management of India�s first indigenous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) to inject Rohini satellite in the near earth orbit. He was
responsible for the evolution of ISRO�s launch vehicles programme and
configurations. He rejoined DRDO in 1982 and conceived the Integrated Guided
Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) for indigenous missiles.
He was Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister and Secretary, Department of Born: Thiruchinapalli, India; November 7, 1888
Defence Research & Development from July 1992 to December 1999. Died: Bangalore, India; November 21, 1970
As Chairman, Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council Nobel Prize: 1930 Physics, for his discovery of the "Raman" effect
(TIFAC), he generated the Technology Vision 2020 documents � a road map for
Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman, popularly known as C.V. Raman, was
transforming India from Developing India to Developed India. He provided overall born in Thiruchinapalli, in Tamil Nadu, India on November 7, 1888. He was the
guidance to a number of Homegrown Technology Projects and major technology second of children of Chandrasekhar Iyer and Parvathi Ammal. His father was a
missions such as Sugar, Advanced Composites and Fly Ash utilization. professor of mathematics. At an early age, Raman moved to the city of
Dr. Kalam has served as the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India, Visakhapatnam, in the present day state of Andhra Pradesh, where his father
in the rank of Cabinet Minister, from November 1999 to November 2001. He was accepted a position at the Mrs. A.V.N. College. Raman's academic brilliance was
primarily responsible for evolving policies, strategies and missions for generation of established at a very young age. At eleven, he finished his secondary school
education and entered Mrs. A.V.N. College and two years later moved to the
prestigious Presidency College in Madras (present name, Chennai). When he was ஸ்ரீ வாஸ இராமா ஜன்(கணித மாேமைத)
fifteen, he finished at the head of the class to receive B.A. with honors in Physics Srinivasa Ramanujan(greatest mathematical geniuses)
and English. During that time students who did well academically were typically sent
abroad (England) for further studies. Because of Raman's poor health he was not
allowed to go abroad and he continued his studies at the Presidency college.In
1907, barely seventeen, Raman again graduated at the top of his class and
received his M.A. with honors. In the same year he married Lokasundari.
At the time of Raman's graduation, there were few opportunities for scientists in
India. This forced Raman to accept a position with the Indian Civil Services as an
Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. While there, he was able to sustain his
interest in science by working, in his spare time, in the laboratories of the Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science. He studied the physics of stringed
instruments and Indian drums.
In 1917, with his scientific standing established in India, Raman was offered the
position of Sir Taraknath Palit Professorship of Physics at Calcutta university, where
he stayed for the next fifteen years. During his tenure there, he received world wide
recognition for his work in optics and scattering of light. He was elected to the Royal
Society of London in 1924 and the British made him a knight of the British Empire in
1929. The following year he was honored with the prestigious Hughes medal from
the Royal Society. In 1930, for the first time in its history, an Indian scholar,
educated entirely in India has received the highest honor in science, the Nobel
Prize in Physics.
In 1934, Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of
Sciences in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of
physics. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new
government of Independent India. He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a Born: 22 Dec 1887 in Erode, Tamil Nadu state, India
year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, served as its Died: 26 April 1920 in Madras, Tamil Nadu state, India
director and remained active there until his death on November 21, 1970, at the age
of eighty two. Raman was honored with the highest award, the "Bharat Ramanujan was one of India's greatest mathematical geniuses. He made
Ratna"(Jewel of India), by the Government of India. substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic
functions, continued fractions, and infinite series.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (Dec. 22, 1887 -- April 26, 1920)
இதைன இைணய தளங்களில் இ ந் தங்க க்காக த விக்கப்பட் , ெதாகுக்கப்பட் ,
சீர்ைமப த்தி அளித் ள்ேளன்
இன் ம் எத்தைனேயா சாதைனயாளர்களால் வளர்ந்த இந்த பாரதம் !
பா . சரவண சர்மா
இன்ைறய இந்திய இைளஞர்கள் இவர்கைள ம் மிஞ்சி
ேராகிதர்-ேஜாதிடர்
சாதைனகைள ெசய் பாரத அன்ைனக்கு ெப ைம ேசர்ப்பார்கள்
[email protected]
என் உ தியாக நம் ேவாம், ஊக்கமளிப்ேபாம்
www.prohithar.com 20.8.2009