Global Journal of Researches in Engineering

Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering

Volume 12 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Y ear 2012
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4596 Print ISSN:0975-5861

CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI

Engine
By K.M Pandey & Bidesh Roy
NIT Silchar, India.
Abstract - The air standard efficiency for SI engine is approximately 60% under full load condition but the
actual brake thermal efficiency under full load condition is approximately 32.6% which is due to the
various losses that occur. One of the primary lose is burning time loss which is approximately 4% and
occur due to finite time combustion of the charge. This lose can be reduced to some extend by
generation of a higher degree of swirl which will increase turbulence intensity with in the engine cylinder.
The production of turbulence of higher intensity is one of the most important factors for stabilizing the
ignition process, fast propagation of flame, especially in case of lean-burn combustion In general, two
type of vortices are utilized in order to generated and preserve the turbulence flows efficiently. These
vortices are usually known as swirl and tumble flows, which are organized rotations in the horizontal and
vertical plane of the engine cylinder, respectively.
Keywords : Swirl, turbulence intensity, swirl ratio.
GJRE-A Classification : FOR Code : 091399

CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2012 K.M Pandey & Bidesh Roy. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol
Injection SI Engine
K.M Pandey α & Bidesh Roy σ

Abstract - The air standard efficiency for SI engine is corners and small crevices of the combustion chamber
approximately 60% under full load condition but the actual where the close distance of the walls diminished out
brake thermal efficiency under full load condition is turbulence. Heat transfer, evaporation, mixing and

Year 2012
approximately 32.6% which is due to the various losses that
combustion rates all increase as engine speed
occur. One of the primary lose is burning time loss which is
increases. This increases the time rate of fuel
approximately 4% and occur due to finite time combustion of
the charge. This lose can be reduced to some extend by evaporation, the mixing of the fuel vapor and air as well
generation of a higher degree of swirl which will increase as combustion process. Fluid motion within the engine
turbulence intensity with in the engine cylinder. The production cylinder is one of the major factors that control the fuel- 13
of turbulence of higher intensity is one of the most important air mixing and combustion process in spark ignition
factors for stabilizing the ignition process, fast propagation of engines. It also has a significant impact on heat transfer.

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

flame, especially in case of lean-burn combustion In general, Both the bulk fluid motion and the turbulence
two type of vortices are utilized in order to generated and characteristics of the flow are essential to produce the
preserve the turbulence flows efficiently. These vortices are
homogeneity structure of air flow come into cylinder.
usually known as swirl and tumble flows, which are organized
rotations in the horizontal and vertical plane of the engine
Generally, the initial in-cylinder flow pattern is set up by
cylinder, respectively. They contribute to the improvement of the intake process and then be substantially modified
engine performance. Hence, it is indispensable for the during compression process. The small-scale mixing of
development of an ICE with high compression ratio to realize turbulence with compressible flows is represented by
high turbulence intensity and lean burn combustion. Swirl can the turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence kinematic
be generated during intake stroke as well as compression viscosity .Turbulence inside the cylinder is high during
stroke of the engine. Intake generated swirl usually persists the intake and then decreases as the flow rate slows
through the compression, combustion, and expansion stroke near bottom dead centre (BDC). It increases again
and it can greatly enhances the mixing of air and fuel to give a
during the compression stroke as swirl, squish and
homogeneous mixture in the very short time. This is done by
shaping and contouring the intake manifold, valve ports, and
tumble increase near top dead centre (TDC) [1]. Intake
by use of shrouded intake valve. generated swirl usually persists through the
Keeping the above point in view, in this paper, an compression, combustion, and expansion stroke and it
analysis is performed in a port fuel injection SI engine using can greatly enhances the mixing of air and fuel to give a
computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code FLUENT to homogeneous mixture in the very short time. It is also a
determine the level of intake swirl induced by poppet intake main mechanism for very rapid spreading of the flame
valve and its reduction along the length of the cylinder. From front during the combustion process [2]. Many
the study it was found that intensity of intake swirl reduces researchers worked in this area via experimental as well
along the length of the engine cylinder.
as computational to explorer the phenomenon of the in-
Keyword : Swirl, turbulence intensity, swirl ratio. cylinder flow of Internal Combustion Engine. Some of
I. Introduction them are cited here. B. Reveille and A. Duparchy [3]
worked on 3D CFD analysis of an abnormally rapid

T
he engine cycle of typical internal combustion Combustion phenomenon in downsized gasoline
engines consist of four consecutive processes as engines. This paper has focused on a particular
intake, compression, expansion (including abnormally rapid, yet non destructive and seemingly
combustion) and exhaust. Of these four processes, the stable combustion phenomena which have been
intake and compression stroke is one of the most identified on low speed mid to high load operating
important processes which influences the pattern of air points when performing aggressive downsizings on
flow structure coming inside cylinder during intake various engines. Franz X. Tanner & Seshasai Srinivasan
stroke and generates the condition needed for the fuel [4] worked on CFD-based optimization of fuel injection
injection during the compression stroke. As a result of strategies in a diesel engine using an adaptive gradient
the high velocity inside the internal combustion engine method. A gradient-based optimization tool has been
(ICE) during operation, all in cylinder flows are typically developed and, in conjunction with a CFD code, utilized
turbulent. The exception to this is the flows in the in the search of new optimal fuel injection strategies.
The approach taken uses a steepest descent method
Author α σ : Department of mechanical engineering, NIT Silchar, India.
E-mail : [email protected] with an adaptive cost function, where the line search is

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

performed with a backtracking algorithm. Vijaya Kumar and compares the functional characteristics and
Cheeda, R. Vinod Kumar, G. Nagarajan [5] worked on features of these tools. The paper also discusses
design and CFD analysis of a regenerator for a coolant flow items that can be evaluated by CFD
turboshaft helicopter engine. In this paper a continuous analysis and the merits of applying CFD to these items.
heat transfer regenerator for a turboshaft helicopter Semin, N.M.I.N. Ibrahim, Rosli A. Bakar and Abdul R.
engine is designed suitably. The regenerator Ismail [11] worked on In-Cylinder Flow through Piston-
effectiveness is assessed by the CFD tool CFX and Port Engines Modeling using Dynamic Mesh. This paper
evaluated the effectiveness and the pressure drop. The presents numerical study of three-dimensional analysis
predicted CFD results are in good agreement with of two-stroke spark-ignition cross loop-scavenged port.
experimental results. L. Li, X.F. Peng, and T. Liu [6] The objective of this study is to investigate the in-
worked on combustion and cooling performance in an cylinder characteristics at motored transient condition.
aero-engine annular combustor. The investigation was The pressure on in-cylinder and intake port were
Year 2012

conducted to understand the characteristics of the flow, collected and applied for validation with numerical
combustion, cooling performance and their interaction in results for 1400 rpm. The three-dimensional modeling
an aero-engine combustor. The conservation equations analysis was performed utilizing dynamic mesh method.
and Eddy-dissipation combustion model were employed The prediction of distribution of in-cylinder pressure and
for solving the flow, heat transfer, and combustion in the mass fraction of gases function of crank angle were
14 entire combustor. The reliability of the simulation was discussed. The results shown that the relative error
demonstrated by comparing calculated combustor exit between experimental and numerical less that 2 %.
temperature distributions with profiles of the rig-test Helmut Doleisch [12] worked on simvis: interactive
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

measurements. Christian Hasse, Volker Sohm, and visual analysis of large and time-dependent 3d
Bodo Durst [7] worked on Numerical investigation of simulation data. In this paper the major new
cyclic variations in gasoline engines using a hybrid technological concepts of the SimVis approach are
URANS/LES modeling approach. The study investigates presented and real-world application examples are
the feasibility of using the SST DES model to predict given. SimVis is a system for the graphical analysis of
cycle to cycle variations in internal combustion engines simulation data, built on a new, cutting-edge
and the effect of cyclic variations in engines and their technological approach for interactive visual analysis of
root causes including the major flow patterns. Wendy large, multi-dimensional, and time-dependent data sets
Hardyono Kumiawan, Shahrir Abdullah and Azhari resulting from CFD simulation. S. M. Jameel Basha, P.
Shamsudeen [8] worked on CFD study of cold-flow Issac Prasad and K. Rajagopal [13] worked on
analysis for mixture preparation in a motored four-stroke simulation of in-cylinder processes in a DI diesel engine
direct injection engine. In this study, the CFD simulation with various injection timings. In this paper an attempt
to investigate the effect of piston crown to the fluid flow has been made to study the combustion processes in a
field inside the combustion chamber of a four-stroke compression ignition engine and simulation was done
direct injection automobile engine under the motoring using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code Fluent.
condition is presented. The analysis is focused on study An Axisymmetric turbulent combustion flow with heat
of the effect of the piston shape to the fluid flow transfer is to be modeled for a flat piston 4-stroke diesel
characteristics the result obtained from the analysis engine. The unsteady compressible conservation
could be employed to examine the homogeneity of air- equations for mass (Continuity), axial and radial
fuel mixture structure for better combustion process and momentum, energy, species concentration equations
engine performance. Andras Kadocsa, Reinhard Tatschl can express the flow field and combustion in
and Gergely Kristof [9] worked on analysis of spray axisymmetric engine cylinder. Turbulent flow modeling
evolution in internal combustion engines using and combustion modeling was analyzed in formulating
numerical simulation. This paper summarizes results of and developing a model for combustion process. R.
research about a new approach of spray formation Rezaei, S. Pischinger, P. Adomeit and J. Ewald [14]
calculations. Using a primary breakup model for worked on Evaluation of CI In-Cylinder Flow using
separately describing the initial liquid disintegration of optical and numerical techniques. In this paper different
injected liquid based on the flow properties stemming port concepts for modern Compression-Ignition
from a previous calculation of injector nozzle flow gives engines, usually quantities as the swirl level and the flow
a better prediction capability and suits the new needs of coefficient are evaluated, which are measured on a
advanced combustion systems such as HCCI engines stationary flow test bench. As additional criterion, in this
or various forms of split injection. Toyoshige Shibata work, the homogeneity of the swirl flow is introduced
Hideo Matsui, Masao Tsubouchi and Minoru Katsurada and defined quantitatively. Different valve lift strategies
[10] worked on Evaluation of CFD Tools Applied to are evaluated using three-dimensional Particle Imaging
Engine Coolant Flow Analysis. This paper presents the Velocimetry in a stationary flow configuration and
results of test application of some automatic mesh transient In-Cylinder CFD simulation using both the
generation tools to the CFD calculation of coolant flow, Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equation and the

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

Large Eddy simulation approach. M.M.Noor1, special single cylinder transient water analog. This
K.Kadirgama1, R.Devarajan, M.R.M.Rejab, N.M.Zuki shrouded intake valve configuration was used to obtain
N.M. and T.F.Yusaf [15] worked on Development of a a prototypical "pure tumble" flow suitable for
High Pressure Compressed Natural Gas Mixer for A 1.5 fundamental combustion studies. K.M Pandey, S.N
Litre CNG-Diesel Dual Engine. In this paper Pandey, and Bidesh Roy [20] worked on numerical
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis software analysis to determine the effect of temperature on the
was used to study the flow behavior of compressed intake generated swirl for port fuel injection SI engine.
natural gas (CNG) and air in a CNG-air mixer to be Hence, for computational investigation for intake swirl
introduced through the air inlet of a CNG-Diesel dual within the engine, cold flow simulation will provide faster
fuel stationary engine. Yasar Deger, Burkhard Simperl computational result. In this study it was concluded that
and Luis P. Jimenez [16] worked on Coupled CFD-FE- the temperature on various part of the engine produces
Analysis for the Exhaust Manifold of a Diesel Engine. a very negligible effect on the intake swirl generation.

Year 2012
This paper aims to investigate the thermo-mechanical Thus, we can see that very few works have been done in
behaviour of an exhaust manifold which has an active field of determining the behavior of intake swirl red along
cooling system, the full water flow, partial water flow (by the length of the engine cylinder.
50% reduced cooling flow) and Vapour flow three cases
of cooling analyzed. Fluid flow, thermal heat transfer and II. Specification of the Si Engine
stress analysis are coupled for each case using a one- 15
The engine considered for the computation
way coupling approach. Selected results given in form analysis is a single-cylinder continuous type port fuel
of temperature, stress and displacement distribution

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

injection four stroke SI engine with cylindrical
plots in this paper. The investigation was focusing on combustion chamber and single intake port and exhaust
potential structural optimization measures. Therefore port. The computation analysis is performed at WOT
some suggestions for design improvements are maximum power condition. The specification of engine
presented also, which are presumably effective to is listed in Table 1.
reduce the temperature peaks and temperature
gradients and to ensure a longer service life for the Table 1 : Engine specifications and
exhaust manifold. Kihyung Lee, Choongsik Bae, and calculation conditions
Kernyong Kang [17] worked on the effects of tumble Bore x stroke 95mm x 99mm.
and swirl flows on flame propagation in a four-valve S.I. Compression ratio 9:1
engine. The effects of in-cylinder flow patterns, such as Piston cavity Flat.
tumble and swirl flows, on combustion were
experimentally investigated in a four valve S.I. engine. Max power at WOT 13.2 BHP at 4950
Tumble flows were generated by intake ports with entry RPM.
angles of 25◦, 20◦ and 15◦. Inclined tumble (swirl) flows Intake valve diameter 42mm
were induced by two different swirl control valves. The Maximum intake 12mm.
initial flame propagation was visualized by an ICCD valve lift
camera, the images of which were analyzed to compare Exhaust valve 64◦ BBDC.
the enflamed area and the displacement of initial flames. opening
The combustion duration was also calculated by the Exhaust valve closure 5◦ ATDC.
heat release analysis. B. Murali Krishna and J. M. Intake valve opening 5◦ BTDC.
Mallikarjuna [18] worked on Tumble flow analysis in an Intake valve closure 60◦ ABDC.
unfired engine using particle image velocimetry. This Fuel C8h18
paper deals with the experimental investigations of the
in-cylinder tumble flows in an unfired internal
combustion engine with a flat piston at the engine III. Poppet Intake Valve
speeds ranging from 400 to 1000 rev/min., and also with
A Poppet intake valve is used in the SI engine in
the dome and dome-cavity pistons at an engine speed
which the computational analysis is performed. The
of 1000 rev/min., using particle image velocimetry and It
dimensions of the Poppet intake valve are shown in the
is suggested in the paper to use the flat piston rather
figure below:
than dome, dome-cavity pistons which are rather difficult
to manufacture as far as tumble flows are concerned. B.
Khalighi worked on Study of the intake tumble motion by
flow visualization and PTV [19].The purpose of this work
is to characterize the in-cylinder tumbling flow generated
by an engine head during the induction process using
flow visualization and PTV. The study was carried out for
a 4-valve engine head with shrouded intake valves in

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

Year 2012 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

Figure 2 : Computational domain and boundary

conditions (All dimension in mm)
16 Figure 1 : Dimensions of Poppet intake valve (All
dimensions are in mm) The boundary conditions shown in figure 5 are
as follows:
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

IV. Computational Domain and I. Inlet boundary on the inlet port of the engine: -
The inlet boundary condition is assigned as mass
Boundary Conditions flow inlet. Since the investigation is performed at
The numerical formulation of the problem is 72 degree of the crank angle and at that instant
incomplete without prescribing boundary conditions, the mass flow inlet of air is 0.01319 kg/sec for the
which correspond to the specific physical model. The computation.
specification of mathematically correct boundary II. Solid surface of the cylinder of the engine: - It is
conditions that ensure the uniqueness of the solution, assigned wall boundary condition i.e. no slip
while being compatible with the physics at the condition on the solid surface of the cylinder. The
boundaries, is not always straightforward. Before computation is performed with solid surface of the
arriving at the boundary conditions at various cylinder at a temperature of 300◦K for faster
boundaries, we have to first identify the computational result [20].
solution/computational domain of the problem. The III. Outlet Boundary on the piston of the engine: -
physical domain and computational domain usually Outlet boundary is assigned the pressure outlet
differ. However, the computational domain largely boundary condition. For the investigation outlet
depends on the geometry of physical domain. The pressure is taken as a static pressure of 0:935
computational domain boundary (truncated from the bar.
real boundary) along with appropriate boundary IV. Discrete phase surface injection for injector: - In
conditions should be chosen in such a way that there is the computation domain the injector of the valve
negligible change in the results with further increase in is assign as discrete phase surface injection with
its size. fuel flow rate of 0.0011 kg/sec for the engine
The computational domain shown in the figure 2 considered.
is a generalized one since, the analysis is performed at
different crank angle during the suction stroke of the V. Grid Independence Study
engine as result the distance of the piston from the The resolution of the grid has a great
engine head shown in the figure 2 by “B” also varies quantitative impact over the results obtained. There
corresponding to the engine crank angle. exists a level of refining of a computational domain
beyond which there is no significant quantitative
changes in the results achieved. The computational
domain at this level of refinement is said to enter the
regime of grid independence. In the present work
maximum tangential velocity at a surface 9.18mm from
engine cylinder head has been taken as the criteria and
the number of grid is refined until the required value is
gained. For the simulation grid independence was
reached for 384876 cells and 82377 nodes as shown in
table 2.

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

Table 2 : Grid independence study

Refining No. of No. of Max. Tangential
Level Nodes cells velocity at a
surface
9.18mm from
engine cylinder
head
1) 53307 254668 10 m/sec
2) 52208 244537 10 m/sec
3) 82377 384876 8.8 m/sec

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VI. Result and Discussion
Figure 5 : Contour plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for
Computational result at 72 ◦ crank angle for the surface located at 18.1mm mm from Engine cylinder
specified SI engine at various locations along the length head.
of the engine cylinder is shown below:- 17

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

Figure 3 : Contour plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for
surface located at 9.18mm from Engine cylinder head.

Figure 6 : X-Y plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for

surface located at 18.1mm mm from Engine cylinder
head.

Figure 4 : X-Y plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for

surface located at 9.18mm mm from Engine cylinder
head.

Figure 7 : Contour plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for

surface located at 28.8mm mm from Engine cylinder
head.

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

NOMENCLATURE

Ө crank angle (degrees)

r radial coordinate (m)

v tangential velocity (m/s)

n engine speed (rpm)

BTDC before top dead center

BBDC before bottom dead center

Year 2012

ATDC after top dead center

ABDC after bottom dead center

Figure 8 : X-Y plot of tangential velocity (m/sec) for
18 SR Swirl ratio
surface located at 28.8mm mm from Engine cylinder
head
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

The nature of swirling flow in actual operating References Références Referencias

engine is very difficult to determine. Swirl ratio is a 1. W.H. Kurniawan; S. Abdullah and A. Shamsudeen,
dimensionless parameter used to quantify swirling flow Turbulence and Heat Transfer Analysis of Intake and
within the cylinder as shown by the equation below Compression Stroke in Automotive 4-stroke Direct
Injection Engine, Algerian Journal of Applied Fluid
v (Ө)x 60 Mechanics | Vol. 1 | 2007, pp. 37-50.
SR (Ө) = ⃒ ⃒ (1) 2. J.B Heywood, Internal combustion engine
2Πnr fundamental. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
3. B. Reveille and A. Duparchy, 3D CFD analysis of an
From the equation 1, it is clear that tangential abnormally rapid Combustion phenomenon in
velocity plays a vital role in determining the intensity of downsized gasoline engines. Oil & Gas Science and
swirl within the engine. Technology – Rev. IFP, Vol. 64 (2009), No. 3, pp.
From the results of the computation analysis 431-444
carried out at 72 ◦ crank angle with poppet intake valve, 4. Franz X. Tanner & Seshasai Srinivasan, CFD-based
for the specified SI engine it is seen that the surface at optimization of fuel injection strategies in a diesel
9.18mm from engine cylinder head which is closer to the engine using an adaptive gradient method. Applied
valve shows higher tangential velocity at various location Mathematical Modelling 33 (2009), pp. 1366–1385.
compared to the surface at 18.1mm and 28.8mm from 5. Vijaya Kumar Cheeda, R. Vinod Kumar, G.
engine cylinder head which is at higher distance from Nagarajan, Design and CFD analysis of a
the intake valve. regenerator for a turbo shaft helicopter engine.
Aerospace Science and Technology 12 (2008), pp.
VII. Conclusion
524–534.
From this study the following it can be 6. L. Li, X.F. Peng, and T. Liu, Combustion and cooling
concluded that the surface which is closer to the poppet performance in an aero-engine annular combustor.
intake valve shows higher tangential velocity at various Applied Thermal Engineering 26 (2006), pp. 1771–
locations compared to the surfaces which are at higher 1779.
distance from the intake valve i.e. the intensity of swirl 7. Christian Hasse , Volker Sohm, and Bodo Durst,
decreases along the stroke length of the engine Numerical investigation of cyclic variations in
cylinder. gasoline engines using a hybrid URANS/LES
modeling approach, Computers & Fluids, 2009
(article in press, Contents lists available at Science
Direct).
8. Wendy Hardyono Kumiawan, Shahrir Abdullah and
Azhari Shamsudeen, CFD study of cold-flow
analysis for mixture preparation in a motored four-
stroke direct injection engine. Journal of applied
science 7(19):2710-2724, 2007.

© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 CFD Analysis of Intake Valve for Port Petrol Injection SI Engine

9. Andras Kadocsa, Reinhard Tatschl and Gergely

Kristof, Analysis of spray evolution in internal
combustion engines using numerical simulation,
Journal of Computational and Applied Mechanics,
Vol. 8, No. 1, (2007), pp. 85–100.
10. Toyoshige Shibata Hideo Matsui, Masao Tsubouchi
and Minoru Katsurada, Evaluation of CFD Tools
Applied to Engine Coolant Flow Analysis, Mitsubihi
motors technical review 2004, No.16, pp. 56-60.
11. Semin, N.M.I.N. Ibrahim, Rosli A. Bakar and Abdul
R. Ismail, In-Cylinder Flow through Piston-Port
Engines Modeling using Dynamic Mesh, Journal of
Applied Sciences Research, 4(1): 58-64, 2008.

Year 2012
12. Helmut Doleisch, SIMVIS: Interactive visual analysis
of large and time-dependent 3D simulation data,
Proceedings of the 2007 Winter Simulation
Conference, pp. 712–720.
13. S. M. Jameel Basha, P. Issac Prasad and K. 19
Rajagopal, Simulation of in-cylinder processes in a
DI diesel engine with various injection timings,

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( A ) Volume XII Issue V Version I

ARPN journal of engineering and applied sciences,
vol. 4, no. 1, February 2009, pp. 1-7.
14. R. Rezaei, S. Pischinger, P. Adomeit and J. Ewald,
Evaluation of CI In-Cylinder Flow using optical and
numerical techniques, SAE ICE conference
September 2009.
15. R.Devarajan, M.R.M.Rejab, N.M.Zuki N.M. and
T.F.Yusaf, Development of a High Pressure
Compressed Natural Gas Mixer for A 1.5 Litre CNG-
Diesel Dual Engine. National Conference on Design
and Concurrent Engineering, 2009, pp. 435-438.
16. Yasar Deger, Burkhard Simperl and Luis P. Jimenez,
Coupled CFD-FE-Analysis for the Exhaust Manifold
of a Diesel Engine, 2004 ABAQUS Users’
Conference, pp. 1-10.
17. Kihyung Lee, Choongsik Bae and Kernyong Kang,
The effects of tumble and swirl flows on flame
propagation in a four-valve S.I. engine, Applied
Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) pp. 2122–2130.
18. B. Murali Krishna and J. M. Mallikarjuna, Tumble
flow analysis in an unfired engine using particle
image velocimetry, World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology 54, 2009, pp. 430-435.
19. B. Khalighi, Study of the intake tumble motion by
flow visualization and particle tracking velocimetry,
Experiments in Fluids 10, 230-236 (1991).
20. K.M Pandey, S.N Pandey, and Bidesh Roy,
Numerical analysis to determine the effect of
temperature on the intake generated swirl for port
fuel injection SI engine, in proceeding of National
conference on Emerging trends in mechanical
engineering (ETME-2010), May 14-15,2010.

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