TOTAL | vrocessensineenins vesicn manuat | Revision TEP/DP/EXP/SUR ay 28. Page No: 10 + PIPES VALVES + FITTINGSRevision: 0 Page No. : TOTAL PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING j TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 to. 1. APPLICABILITY 2. LIQUID LINES SIZING CRITERIA See Table L. 3. VAPOR AND STEAM LINES SIZING CRITERIA See Table 2. 4, TWO PHASE FLOW LINE SIZING CRITERIA The pV? criteria as stated for vapor lines to be followed with: pope w in kg/m> / ww ft fr W = Wi+ Wv = total flow rate in kg/h pl = liquid density in kg/m WI = liquid flow rate in kg/h ip = vapor density in kg/m3 For a feasibility study a quick estimate of the line size will be required. For a pre-project study a better estimate of the line size will be required. The purpose of this guide is to size only the lines in the process unit. For the both the feasibility and pre-project studies abaques AFTP can be used : "pour le caicul des pertes de charges des liquides dans les conduites" . "Pour le calcul des pertes de charges des gaz dans les conduites" The line sizing depends on the service + Flare lines, pipeline and riser sizing are not included on this chap Wy = vapor flow rate in kg/h and V = Ym Gi = internal diameter of the line in m. om and Vm are respectively the apparent density and velocity of the fluid.TOTAL Revision: 0 pages PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.2 + The flow regime to be checked on the figure 1 for horizontal lines and on the figure 2 for vertical lines. + For horizontal lines slug and plug flow regimes should be avoided, + For vertical lines slug tlow regime should be avoided. Remark: Flow chart Fig. { and 2 are based on author's experimental results, >. PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS PI. MONOPHASIS FLUID (GAS OR LIQUID) MONOPHASIS FLUID (GAS OR LIQUID) P11. "ABAQUES AFTP" could be used with the correction of 2 such as indicated on these ABAQUES. he line diameter + Method using MOODY or "regular" Fanning friction factors. a. Calculate Reynolds number pV = de 4 es G en Hipte aca ar Sg Gi = line internal diameter in mm Pe * fluid dynamic viscosity in Cpo P fluid density in kg/m3 Re is a dimensionless number V = velocity in m/s be Deterinine she relative roughness: Seé Figure 3—> £ = 5 ¢ Determine £ = friction factor : See Figure ¢—>£2 2 ipv2 do iP atx 100, pV2 2 f0V2 bar/100 m - FO Zexlo-2” 72g 5.2. TWO PHASE ID Many correlations exist to calculate the pressure drop f F two phases flow, dependi B of the vertical or horizontal line, ratio of vapor/li quid and pressure and temperature conditions. That is out of scope of this guide and we mention only some authors + POETTMAN/CARPENTER FLANIGAN EATON BEGGS/BRILL LOCKHART/MARTINELLE TAITEL/DUCKLER ick methods for an estimation are as follows : a i { PRP POR eT =TOTAL) excess suo umuiry ue size a Page No. ‘TEP/OPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.3 6 J.2l. "ABAQUE AFTP" for gas could be used with the correction of the line diameter. Takin as defined in § 4 and the liquid viscosity as the fluid viscosity. 5.2.2. Method using MOODY or "regular" fanning friction factors. I and the fluid viscosity taken as the liquid viscosity. ith the same method as on § 5. and V = Ym as defined on § 5.2.3. A more detailed method using the Lockhart Martine! section 11.0 PIPELINES. i method is given in NOTES Tubes dimensions are standard and an example is given on Table 3. With "ABAQUE AFTP" the correction for the internal diameter must be done and an estimation of the line thickness could be done with the following formula used mainly for high pressure. Pec “"aSE~ FY) @ = thickness mm Y= coefficient having values for ferritic steels = Design pressure bar g Be = external diameter inch Ss allowable stress bar C = corrosion allowance mm longitudial weld joint factor S, E and Y are not always available so the following formular could be used for an estimation. e=_Pbe se K = thickness in mm © = corrosion allowance in mm P= design pressure in bar g K = 43 for carbon steel and low temperature carbon stee! Ge = external diameter in inch 54 for 3.5 % Ni and stainless stee! For small diameters upto about 10" use the thickness given by the schedule on Table 3. + For AP do not forget to take into account the change in elevation for liguid and two phase flow. imPa See SCL a PA eerie 2 6 +96 0€ 01 OZ Aq asea/2UI p]no> Ar1DoFaA WnUTKEU ayy WNUED! UF BUT YALA J91em ws 404: | BION 7 7" TT T ~ T = . 8 Shu gt} or 1 AYD019A | TaNTaT aTesUSp TOD UTETTS : s/Y Gh Ot C1 AYDOIDA 06 oe 832g 06 < 2unssaid * § sf ch 03 GT KiID0194 o* et 83eq 0¢ > aunssasg 5 | 1 ! 2 p33 D3T0T é@ 6 = 5 se se et se 2 aoiasas pue 29767 3 z 13 2 I g s/t oh Od GT AYDOTIA 0% 0 | B3eq o¢ ¢ aunssaxd aBesIC ~ = Ss] Ch Od GT AUDOIA oF GE | Baeq og > aunssaid aBeyosiq = ge od | :aTie(oap dung Bs y we vi “ cz uoq uN oF g i : : ; 08 panlosip ita gos eI or or v0 20 quod aygang ve pnbr 2% a Fa S ve a se et pir 1 Buyttoq UN * | 6 . . . . 503 panpossip wim | Ze v1 or or v0 go qyod ayqqngie pinbly* | 4 Gepors sding # 7 8 Voce rwac | pew | IWNWON a am os r — AdAL INIT GINOIT | s/ut A LIDOTIA WAWIXYW wired d 7 i ~ 1 -_ a oe rE & oO 8 Be 1atave- ae 8 — ~ —— = ee ~T oO or seco oc E ez zt oc Barqoc aU oyS + aed I> d 3 ! 2 3 z uw 0 anoqe( | : BE ° £0 6z'0 {aus arquedwos qo] ( ORS . 000 sz Baeq 08 d > 0S Boy 0.01 seq 06> d_ +t aMuns-tue a2 2 aoyaios 9u sossasduio9 #89 uotrviado snonulueDsiq z4" 6 uae afqniediios aq pue 000 <1 aq 08 < d 22 000 ot aeq of > d > 0¢ oe posapisuoo aq isnt dV 00s z B seq 0c 9d 02 a 000 9 Saeqoz>d * SaNITW 8 ! — — iS ixvw | twwwon s/t s/itr A11D0}9a se8 = A tL ALIDOTIA uw /3% Arisuap sed = of I SANIT WVaLS GNY YOdVA 1 5 wrfreq a 0 wawixyw | @aYWnWIXvW | j rs Bese ae ee er ee ee eer ee nee ee ee ee EE we 2 | LOW ae ma ¢ Tere | . & 0099 Ad) ee & C48ED Goad ¢ ae oO 56 zaTave KF cm) or PG peep Re ey pe eeeT TOTAL Revision: 0 Page No, PROCESS AND UTILITY LINE SIZING TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.6 7. REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE LUDWIG + Flow of fluids CRANE "Gas liquid flow in pipelines I Research results" by A.E. DUKLER May 1969 Publ by A.G.A., APL and Union of HOUSTON "Gas liquid flow in pipeline II - Design manual" by O. BAKER, H.W. BRAINERD, C.O. COLD! published by A.G.A. and API , FLANIGAN and J.K. WELCHEN, October 1970, "Proposed correlation of data for isothermal two phase, two component flow in pipelines" LOCKHART, R.W. and R.C. MARTINELLI (1949) BEGGS , H.D., and BRILL, J.P. Manual for "Two phase flow in pipes" 1975 university of TULSA + ABAQUES AFTP: "Pour le calcul des pertes de charges des liquides dans les conduites" + "Pour le calcul des pertes de charges des gaz dans les conduites" PEPITE PROGRAM “CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN ON A PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR" W. WAYNE BLACKWEIL, 8.5. Page 22 "Two phase pressure drop computed" - Mafik Soliman, Hyd. Processing April 84TOTAL | vrocess encinecaie pesicn manuar | Revision : PROCESS AND UTILITY TEP/DP/EXP/SUR ster dad Date shee YoHor 100,009; [Dupened Fee Figure ‘1, Flow panerns tor arizontat "two-phase flow | (oased on data from 1", 2" evaler Flow sieetitieg Flow <] [| ster Few 1,000} 4 Plug Flee | | ‘or 2 cnasealy 2A ee EE ND 24 6 8KGGO 24 BIOp00 100 Bx wa fos 8 oe38 see Pil. Bx = 210.7 coe pe . we \ar 6) | ae 7.102 we 8\ lov zoe OSHINOWO — CHARLES TWO PHASE FLOW MAP FOR VERTICAL UPWARO FLOW . EQ, — Vapor tow rate, Fd (See Co = Pipe inside diameter, inches ©. Baker, Oi and Gas Jour il, Nov. 10, 1958, p. 156.) FIGURE 2 DISPERSED SLUG FROTHY SLUG on 18 10.0 100.0 1000.0 Xa Frgp/ VI = V482[(0, = 01/2/08] [p)95 2 515) ,2] 928| TOTAL | Process ensincenine oesin manual | Revision: 0 Page No: PROCESS ANO UTILITY LINE SIZING Date ' : 2/85] 10 TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Figure} - Relative roughness of pipe Ted ed tet Wee “ty, Pipe Diameter, in Feet ~D 10 % pepper ta edt m4 al bed CH CU Cy Ga kay ta bed i al Tress #10 230 AG eB ToT 09 Pige Oianeter, in Inches ~ d leoeds—! — TOTAL Revision: © | Page No: TEP/DP/EXP/SUR ee Date 22/85 10.9 FRICTION FACTORS_FOR CYLINDRICAL PIPE Fie. 4 28 oss az ' esa =f s88s 8 388 ENCE, ROUGH CouPLETE TURBOL! ont soot ant eos ceo Test blo 7 da Tose ou Ase eet T Tee Ue oly eo oweTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL SAND ZING orrLity Revision Date ° 2/88 Page No: to.10 ws | fel fe Po Dale ei ee) eee lee! a [os] a oer | weer [3,21] Tar i 1 i fu wn t rat (erp fe vol i > Dep ee me Le [Tis free cap peep pee] te [oa i isi [p00 1 ary [ee [ee ery ot a waa fe Temp peep peepee 20" Line dienaters incvease An 2! jevision: 9 TOTAL PIPING CLASS an TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.11 1. APPLICABILITY The purpose of this chapter is to determine the piping class used as shown on 2 PID line when the piping material class documént does not exist. This is gen rally the case for feasibility and pre-project studies. CLASS NUMBERING PRINCIPLES (From DD-SP-TCS-112 "PIPING MATERIALS CLASSES") 2. GENERATION OF NUMBER The class number shall consist of a capital letter representing the ANSI series and a twordigit number representing the main material entering into the composition of the material used for the valve bodies, tubes, fittings and flanges of the network in question. Example : Carbon steel The tables below give the letters and numbers to be used for numbering piping classes. 2.2, LETTERS representing the series of the class Series | 125] 150] 2501 300] 4001 600] 900| 1500 2500 Traking ft i | i | i | { | i) T T 7 symbol [| Al BI CIO|EIFIGIH Y 2.3. BERS representing the main material of the class OL to. 20 : Carbon steels (ordinary, galvanized, normalized, etc...) 211045 : Alloy steels 461070 : Stainless steels 71 t085 : Special alloys (Monel, Hastelloy, etc...) 86 t0.99 : Other materials (Cast-iron, copper, copper alloy, etc. Glass Plastic, cement-asbestos fiber, etc...TOTAL brrinc cxass “ { : TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.12 \ 3. PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATINGS The following ANNEX G is extracted from ANSI B 16-5 1977 (AMERICAN NATIONAL _ STANDARD STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS). For pressure temperature ratings higher than se 5 2500 the following is used 5000 PSI, 10000 PSI, ... (used mainly for well tubing and wellhead). FIG. G Pressure-temperature ratings far steel flanges and flanged fittings from ANSI 816.5-19 8A oa i = co me Ta eee Tos Ai, BIBER STO =) nam cuvon ost MIE Be es SS asmcit ia Freie we foo pw Tone eh Be Torey sag pt regis 4 si eee 1s 50. 83 335 Be 73 3280, es tei eee eee eee “2 S @ @& ma ua 550, 335, ns i975 1610 2685. 5 Hemet he te 730 8 370, 1910 1510 3520 f # ee L oe 8 Bo oo a wm SEGRE - aig ys 22g) = cme mea & wo fe Te he eS eae eee it L Pets E 38 ~ oO 3 He f mo 4 oH ig r wars E Bras itdtasce tie FeTOTAL revsion: 0 [rageno, SELECTION OF TYPES OF VALVES ‘TEPIOP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.13 I. APPLICABILITY The purpose of this chapter is to determine the types of valves used for designation on the PID. valves are used for two mains functions, isolation and control. The following is only a guide line for selection of types of valves which must follow the piping material class document when it exists. 2, BLOCK VALVES The main types ar ball gate plug + butterfly 2.1. BALL VALVE Ball valves can be full bore or reduced bore. 2.L.1. Full bore uses flare system : upstream and downstream of PSV, rupture disc, flare line nl2b he downstream pig launcher and upstream pig receiver. required. vents and drains on hydrocarbon equipments. piping valves on instruments for hydrocarbon. for block valves on hydrocarbon lines if the pressure drop is critical. utility except water for diameter larger than 2.1.2. Reduced bore uses Block on hydrocarbon service without solid particles. 22. iG VALVE Plug valves have the same use as reduced bore bail valves when used for high pressure (6002). Plug valves can be assimilated to reduced balll vaives, Generally, plug valves are the sr ler and lighter of the two.SELECTION OF TYPES OF VALVES TEPIOPIEXPISUR Date: 2/85 10.14 TOTAL fevsion 9 [rageno.: 2.3. GATE VALVE USES Gate valves can be used as ball valves except for downstream of pig launcher and upstream of pig receivers. The vertical physical space required by a gate valve is greater than a ball valve. + Tight shut off for ball or plug valves is superior to that of a gate. + For hydrocarbon service with solid particles presentor es wing valves on well heads. + For quick closure purposes. + On utility lines for low diameters < 2" RELY VALVE USES + On water lines for service, utility or sea water, generally for diameters larger than 2", 3. CONTROL VALVES The main types are:. globe + butterfly special 3.1. GLOBE VALVE USED Control valve used in most of cases except at very high AP as defined by instrument group, or on water networks, and compressor suction lines ior throttling purpéses. 3.2. BUTTERFLY V. + On water networks + Throttling at compressor suction 3.3. SPECIAL VALVES USED Special valves are defined by instrument group : + for very high AP the angle valve could be used + for compressor anti-surge cage valves could be used, | 0 PR Be ep pe pn eg he ef LOLOL ualTOTAL rzovcn vaives ano eitnncs TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Revision: 0 | Page No.: Date: 2/95 10.15 APPLICABILITY The purpose of this chapter is to calculate precisely the pressure drop in a piping network. This may be required for either study phase for situations where AP is a critical n of process line APs wil not be consideration. For most projects however calculati required. ‘The pressure drop calculations are based on a summation K method. P THROUGH VALVES 21. VALVES OPE! } tyee | (GATE ; GLOBE | PLUGCOCK |} CHECK i (7 | vatve | VALVE | NALINE | VALVE | T T T t T 1 \ Kt ons | 5 | ol tet \ i \ 1 I | z ps Kv 1.562x109 P in kg/cm? 02 kg/em2 pot Hluid densey in kg/m? Vi fluid velocity in m/s 2.2. BALL VALVE AP through ball valve with reduced bore : This A P depends on the valve vendor. An extract of CAMERON BALL VALVE PRODUCTS is given as an example. AP THROUGH FITTINGS The example below gives some values of the pressure drop coefficient K for fittings encountered in cylindrical conduits. For further information, refer to "MEMENTO DES PERTES DE CHARGE by L-E, IDEL'CIK, EYROLLES édition, PARIS". AP inkg/em? fluid density in kgm}. AP =K —e¥___ {i 1.962109 Vt fluid velocity in m/s ELBOWS K values for elbows. | RD | Ls i 3 ! 5 | i [90° | erst | lz 4r2t 0.09+7.3871 | ro 7 T { $3% | Obs LIE | 008 +236 5 006+ 3.988 f iction factor see chapter PROCESS/UTILITY -LINE SIZING § 5TOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL QP THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS Revision: 0 Date Page No ; 12/85 D2 weet _of A convert Sy 7 Get) Ze, CH(2) kek 4: &) > em, CE Fe Fidtien Reber te £441 Vmves fk {Dy 70 [30 | «0 [@ Jive] a] iso oa joxs oa [ai(oxolo.aloes oso oe) lst jo.36|033 620105 02 oso 1.35030] 026623 |030)o\40 030 f.32|0'2s|0.22018\027|os8 a0 lear bois|o2s|o37 oso ia Jos). furzleas|oaslos0 eeecee eeeee!TOTAL | rocessencivesainc oesionanuat | Reviion: 2 | Pace no Be tuRoUGH vanves aND FrTTENes TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date 2/85 10.17 See Tee Beet S45, >S. eS as Vo.Se Series Qs Veuneraie fend Si +S. > Se So Ss / 7 Lveral bean . - 24% ) Levert branch KE A [ 2( a) Sib | 9-02 otree 08 ono a | te oss oF 06s 06 Wy Srreighh BranchTOTAAL | *ocessensineninc oesionmanuat | feviion: | Pacene AP THROUGH VALVE: Nes TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 295] 10.18 Bed x S255. > S el . Sei Ss ~ s Pa iz ° Lake NS eer aY Pend bag d” dong tow keto bed she "n lent 1s yok rai a BY Steanght breach, bat pet rat ”TOTAL | Process encivezaine oesicn manuat revision: 0 | Pageno OP THROUGH VALYES AND FITTINGS TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Dare: 2/85 10.19 Resistance Coefficient, K The resistance coefficients calculated by the formula ket Valves of the friction facts, f, for various pipe sizes are Vise in table 1-17, Values for L/D’ and C. for fully opened valves were calculated from theoretical considerations, Valves of C. for partially open vaives were excrapolated from test results for representative sizes of ball valves, Chart 118 provides graphic representation of vaive position versus the percent of full open area. Toble 117 Friction Factor (9 a ss [33 [38 = 8 [se ps’ | Table 1-3 Calculated Values of L/D for Full Opening Cameron Ball Valves in Full Open Position |“TOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision AP THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS Date ° Page No: Table 1-5 Calculated Values of L/D for Reduced Opening Cameron Ball Valves in Full Open Position Table 1-6 Calculated Values of L/D for Venturi Opening Cameron Ball Valves in Full Open Position mS © — A pe Pas PAC pag et ‘mA paTOTAL eision! 0 [Paget CONTROL VALVE SIZING TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.21 APPLICABILITY — - The purpose of this chapter is to give some formulae to estimate the size and the number of control valves installed for one given service, and to estimate the capability of the control valves in case of revamping. The final sizing should be done by instrument people. |. CONTROL VALVES CHARACTERISTICS, These are determined principally by the design of the valve trim. The three fundamental characteristics available are quick opening, linear, and equal percentage. 2d. QUICK OPENING ‘As the name implies, this type provides a large opening as the plug is first lifted from the seat with lesser flow increase as the stem opens further. The most common. wired. application if for simple on-off control with no throttling of flow 2.2. LINEAR Linear trim provides equal increases in stem travel. Thus the flow rat is linear wi plug position throughout its travel. 2.3. EQUAL PERCENTAGE Provides equal percentage increases in rate of flow for equal increments of stem travel. The characteristics provide a very small opening for plug travel near the seat and very large increase toward the fully open position. As a result, a wide rangeability of flow rate is achieved. 3. CONTROL VALVE RANGEABILITY For an estimation only it is common practice to select a valve in which the valve opening at maximum flow is smaller than or equal to 95 per cent. For normal flow the valve opening should be at least 60 per cent while for minimum How, if applicable, the opening should be larger than {0 per cent. If the minimum flow is ¢ valve should be close to or smaller than 10 per cent, a smi ‘stalled in parallel with the main valve. For a flow rate the valve opening depends on the valve characteristics and it is given by vendor in their catalogue. 4, FORMULAE The valve area is characterized by the coefficient Cv (except for FISHER which use Cg for the gas (see hereafter). gallons of water flowing during one The Cv coefficient is the number of U. inute through a restriction and the pressure drop through, The following formulae are simplified and to be used only for an estimation of the Cv. Some corrections may be necessary for the installation of reducers around the control valve. If so, is restriction is 1 PSI the formulae given by manufacturers in their catalogues will be used for a better Cv calculation.: t TOTAL Revision Page No. CONTROL VALVE SIZING TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 10.22 bal. LIQUID | A - Sub critical flow | B= Critical flow \ Pv Ct2 Aps | cvs 1.169 /—8— 1 gy. tt6o (Te? PL 2 ' cy Ps i CE = critical flow coefficient (given by manufacturers and depends on the type of valve and the action of valve by increase of variable) cf < L Py = fluid vapor pressure in bac g. PL upstream pressure in bar g. P2 = downstream pressure in bar g- APs = PL-(0.96-0.28 y-5-) Pv or to simplify, if Pv < 0.5 Pl, APs =Pl-Pv Pe = fluid critical pressure in bar Q = flow rate in m3/h at upstream conditions sg = specific gravity at flowing temp. (water = 1 at 15°C) 4.2. GAS AND STEAM A ~ Sub critical flow |B - Critical flow \ P1-P2<0.5 Cf PL | PL- 2230.5 Cf PL Gas _Q VEEZ 295 V (PL - P2) (Pi + P2) 257 Cf PI 47.2 A ! cy--& \f —Gt 2 f cv | I | | | /(P\-22) (P1+P2) 58 W = mass flowrate in v/hTOTAL fevision: 9 [Pageno: CONTROL VALVE SIZING TEP/OPEXP/SUR Date: 2/35 10.23 SATURATED STEAM | eve 72.4 | cys 2 VPI - P2) (Pl + P2) ' ctPl | SUPER HEATED STEAM | Cy = 22H + 0.00126 Tos) W cy = B82 UL + 0.00126 Tos) w [Pl - P2) (PL + P2) | CEPI Cg, Pl, P2, Q same definition and unit as § 4.1. G = relative density (air = 1.0) T = upstream gas temperature ok = 273 + °C Z = upstream compressibility factor W = steam weight in t/h Tos = steam superheat in °C 4,3, TWO PHASE FLOW 1 - P2205 CH PL For sizing, maximum AP \ A ~ Without liquid vaporization |_B ~ With liquid vaporization \ eae an OPA ESE ede cea Pe cy 51.8 W | 36.6 W JP (dt + d2) Cg, Pl, P2 same definition and unit as § 4.1. W = total fluid flow in t/h dl = upstream mixture density in kg/m? wx 103 Sa wiv ait” aly WI = upstream liquid flow in kg/h d1l = upstream liquid density in kg/m? Wives upstream vapor flow in kg/h div = upstream vapor density in kg/m?) | TOTAL P THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS sermons TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 Page No. : 10.24 5.0. d2 = downstream mixture density in kg/m? Way dav W2l = downstream liquid flow in kg/h d21 = downstream liquid density in kg/m3 W2v= downstream vapor flow in kg/h dav downstream vapor density in kg/m> FISHER FORMULAE For gas "FISHER" use Cg instead of Cv cvs Sh cl Cl = valve coefficient (given by catalogue) ce 0.4583 d Pl sin [3417 L~er deg. W = gas flow rate in kg/h d = gas density at upstream conditions in kg/m? PI = upstream pressure in bar (a) P22 downstream pressure in bar (a) REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE, = Vendors documentations - GPSA chapter 2 mat teal heal Te) BP Lal Lal les Ne a z 4 Fal Fo bt z & Fa oa rTEP/DP/EXP/SUR, Date TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision : 2185 Page No: acanens 11. PIPELINESTOTAL ae PIPELINES TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 et 1. APPLICABILITY For both feasibility and preproject studies, long pipeline AP and AT calculations will normally be performed using PETITE or RESEAU. It may be necessary however to make an estimate by hand. Details are given below on how to proceed on this. 2. PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP FORMULAE * 21. GAS TRANS ISSION There exist many methods of calculating AP for gas transmission lines. Some of these are: American Gas Association Formula Weymouth Panhandle 'A' and 'B! Darcy Colebrook Below is given the Panhandle 'A' for use a aon ec Pi - P2 | tex x x 0.3018 1.07881 2.6182 | d | x x Where P, = Upstream pressure bar (a) Py Downstream pressure bar (a) G Specific gravity of gas Ts Base temperature 273 Kor 298 K) P, = Base pressure bara(1.01325 bar) T Gas flowing temp K Lm = Pipeline length ke q Flowrate at Ts, Ps base m3/d {at Ts, Ps) 4 PIPELINE DIAMETER cm Zz Average gas compressibility z Efficiency (0.92 for a clean line) The formula does not take into account the pipeline profile w significant, can be added to the J\P calculated if required. 2.2. IQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES Use Darcy equation : 2 AP = 6.254 M bac/km fe Ms Mass flow kg/h F = Moody friction factor P Density kg/m? £ = Absolute roughness = cm D = lineid cm (see page 10.8 and 10.9) AP = pressure drop bar/km A = viscosity 2.TOTAL PIPELINES ae ae TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 112 S4/Re fore < 2900 F =[(8/Red2 ~ 1/445) 3/2) "2 for Re > 2000 i with: A eas Ln i (7/Re)9 + (0.27 E/D) B = (37530/Re)!6 * BE CAREFUL when using friction factor charts as confusion ari between MOODY F and FANNING F! : FIs 1/uF ises 2.3, TWOPHASE HORIZONTAL Estimating 2-phase flow A P by hand for long pipelines is not recommended, as the flow characteristics and equilibrium will alter along its length. However an estimate of AP can be hand calculated providing the phase regime is fairly stable. Given below i 2 calculation method based on LOCKHEART-MARTINELLI- BAKER method. This method can be used for both longpipelines (stable regime) or process lines. METHOD P. + Ap 2 PHASE VERT P HORIZ 1. Evaluate flow regime and adjust Pipeline $ if required 2. Calculate Arg 3. Calculate App 4. Calculate (APL/Apg)!/2 Calculate Ap. factor. Ps wes 2 PHASE “Ctr iad Calculate AP very factor (vertical section of pipe) For convenience pipe ids are in cm viscosity is in cp. Fy = lel an anf. a 4OPERATING DATA 13 GAS LIQUID, FLOWRATE Wg kg/h = lcs020 FLOWRATE —WI_—kg/h_ = Sooeo DENSITY Dg kg/m} = 18 DENSITY o1 kg/m3 qo VISCOSITY Vg cp O.04 VISCOSITY VE cp A SURF TEN St dynes/em = So FLOWING TEMP Cees PIPELINE DIAMETER D cm 40.¢4 PIPELINE LENGTH L m yoou INTERNAL AREA = A m2 = O13 Vertical change. | Ah om cedoe STEP NOTES T 1. DETERMINE FLOW REGIME 1 | I | I 1 = 34:63 | ™ Siar /km Arcs 6.256 xt x We? mi | Tex? \ | 1 3. CALCULATE APt ig T eee | pee 2103 Wx vVOlxdex wil | t we vist | | | BY= 7.087 x Wy; = £64 \ | ReDROSY | I { REGIME FROM BAKER CHART | DisrerseD | see > Je 1005 | i i T T T | 2. CALCULATE AP,., 1 1 an errata ! | | Res 35.368 x We | Rez Fog wS | I VexD I | i | Friction factor (Moody) o.01t | see | ! I \ T | \ | Re= 35.368 x WI Re= (830 ( Vix D i \ ! [ £ zo.0te I 1 | ! | | 1 Ap, =6.254 xx wi2 \ velbarjkm | ! i apemmOlxD2 I { \ I I | BET PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet L of 2 mE] TWO PHASE PIPELINES ood TeprOOPOWrEXPISUR AP CALCULATION No er] Tew] [oar] [ronnie fnane Tae Ke ae |1g AVERAGE VELOCITY >| i T Hl i | | | ' | Vg= 3.537 (= wi 1 | Vs = average velocity | 1 st ABE (Bee ot) | ; | i | | T T | 5. CALCULATE X RATIO i i I | x (484) [x -Ous | | OPC | | | i T T | 6. CALCULATE LOADING FACTOR WS | i i I | WS= WI x 0.205 | ws= 42950 1 | I i ! 1 Tyre or now | 7. CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR HORIZONTAL FLOW ms i eH grsrenseo | tap fisesy-osnianin x aansrln - aceon ap) ANNULAR | (ax?) an a i Bebe wee earmen, STRATIFIED ie sag, x sLuG | wa? mus aay gis sie no Seeder gro FnowT - FLOW TYPE | | i | I 1 i | | | \ | i i YPE= WAVE | | bar/km | | 8. CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR VERTICAL SECTION i | verncal frws 16:2 Yo Vines, Din em ' I J section 1 xy + aus ou irenstlt? ApHy= 1.810 I | | use X + Xp im Dispersed tlow equ. to get PH ver. ! | \ | 9. CALCULATE TOTAL TWO PHASE AP I | 1 Horizontal PH = 1.888 A PH =APg x PH? ° bar/km | | Vertical PHy= 1.510 AP =APG x PHE 3% bar/km | | | | TOTAL QP = (AP24 x L +AP2y xhy/1000= 1511 bar ! i PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet/Z.0f2 TWO PHASE PIPELINES eee P CALCULATION on [eareT Tosrme feanee [one nev] mr i451 Pua ReeTOTAL revision: 0 [pagenar PIPELINES TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 1s 3. TEMPERATURE PROFILE For detailed and accurate AT and AP calculations in 2 phase lines buried, subsea or in air the program PEPITE should be used. The hand calculation method presented on pages Ihe, 117 is accurate to within 10 % for both gas and liquid lines. The procedure is easily adapted to 2 small programmable calculator and increases in reliability the greater the number of segments used. The foliawing should be remembered when designing pipelines, + For long pipelines assuming isothermal flow can result in overdesign in pipeline size and Ap. + lf the pipeline is constant with regard to material, insulation and burial depth along its route a fixed thermal conductivity (k) can be assumed. + For gas pipelines the internal film resistivity is negligible - ignore it. + For all steel pipelines the resistivity of the metal is aiso negligible. + Small pipelines (< 20") have a large heat flow compared to the specific heat of the Hlowing medium. Consequently the gas will reach ground/sea temp in 2 relatively short length. For large pipelines the converse is true and a long distance is required to reach ambient. For oil and small gas pipelines the asymptotic temperatu is that of the surrounding medium. For large diameter gas lines, Ta depends largely on, the Joule-Thompson effect. The attached calculation sheet can be used for hot lines in cold surroundings or vice versa. For subsea pipelines, epoxy wrapped, coner transter coeff of U = 10 - 15 kcal/hm2*C is a good estimate for calculation purposes, te coated resting on the bed an overall heat116 Covering Medium : Tg Temperature °C = \0 ke’ Therm.cond. keal/am*C = 1.44 u Ww, tal pipeline length m = 298*2 Volumetric floum3/h No of segments & Density (av) kg/m3 L Length per segment om = !o008—M Mas ieg/h Ay Total elevation change sm =+100 Cp Specific heat kcal/kg *C = D Pipeline diameter 3 = 30 Pipeline diameter m =0.t6t, h “Burial depth to centre m= 1.14 GAS FLOW Pl Inlet pressure bara = ho Volumetric flow m3/d (std)= 20000 2 Exit pressure bara = 30 Molecular mass 4 AP Total pipeline bar =10 MMass flowrate kg/h = F0GS4S TL Initial Temperature °C = AP Cp Specific heat keal/kg*C= 9.6 bi FLUID JOULE THOMSON COEFFICIENT = £€ °F/1000 psi( x 0.00805) =9.45*C/bar (see fig. 1, page 11.8) | T T | ! STEP I VALUE | { | i | | I T T 1 | L. Calculate heat transfer factor s | | Covering k I 1 | i kealfhme | \ x= 2n/D \ |x 23.33 | Soil 149 | I 2K fin [x + (x? ~ Dt] | s = keal/hm*c | Air 9.022 | 1 | | Water 0.508 i 1 | | Sand dry 0.30 | 1 | | Sand wet 1.49 i | { i | 1 T T 1 | 2. Calculate heat flow ratio per unit | | \ I Tength al | ! I : \ | I | s/MCp (liquid or gas) fa ate pel | | | \ i I T 7 | 3, Calculate Asymototic temperatureTa | \ | | 1 | | Ta=Tg-(JAP +Ay/jCpV/al | Ta =" °C | Lissegmentiength | } | | j= $26.5 kgm | fel | I keal | , ol | I | 1 T T 1 | 4 Calculate downstceam temp —-T2 | I | | | I 1 TL - Tale + Ta | 12 Abe | | i i 1 T 7 1 Repeat steps 3 +4 for each segment | | \ | See sheet 2 for stepwise spreadsheet | | | \ | | BET] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET peter, TOTAL Z BETTI BURIED PIPELINE AT CALCULATION] 7e™ Tee00HrOIrEXPSUR No. L_[eateT_Troence Exar [rene fey eA tal tea a ko54 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Table 2-2 Suggested Fluid Velocities in Pipe and Tubing ‘The velocities are suggestive only and are to be used to approxi imate line size 25.2 slarting point for pressure drop caleulatione, ‘The final line sire should be «uch as to give an economical balance between pressure drop and reasonable velocity Suggested Trial T T [sesonnee Triat| T Fluid (Stioctey Pipe Materia | riuid lociey Pipe Matertal Aeztylene (Observe Sodium Hydroxide Peesare limiarion) 4000 (pm | Steet O30 Bercene 8 for | Steet Kero to 30 pur $000 tm | Steet | gate percent Ser | ane Brimonia 50-73 Percent 4 | Bik Teed 6 tor | Stee sodium Chore So’, Ger 6000 {pm Stee! Se ale 5 fps | Stet Benztne | fpr | Stel Wek Slide 6 Mia — Bromine TSMag), | Monel or aickel Taw + fos | Gas 5 toe Gx 2000 tm] Siass Berchlocerhylene @ pe | Stet Caleim Chloride ‘pr | Stet Steam Exroon Tetschlerde 3 tbe | Steel ‘250 pa Sacerated® | 4000—2000 pm | Steet Siiocee (Ba) | Soaps | ‘guia 5 tos | Steet, Sch. 80 feted or super” ae 2000—s000 fom | Steel, Sch 80 heaved! 2000-10000 tpn Corotorm 1 pe up iowa 6 fps | Copper & Stet fipeheated 0015000 fpr Gas | 2000 tBim| Copper a Stet “Short nes 15000 fom | Eshylene Gas 2000 (pm| Sect (mass Ethylene Bilromide 4 toe | Glass Sulforie Acid Ethblene Dicsionse tps | Stet I Scene 4 toe | §.S—a16, Lesa Ethplene Giyee tps | Stel | Gato Perces Sb | Gascon See, Hydrogen ——~>| fm | Stet 35,50 Hycrothlore Acid | suttur Dioxige 4000 fpm | sret Sauid 5 tos | Rubber Lined Styrene for | Sci 4000 ffm | Re be Saran ‘Fchlorennyiene 8 fe | Steel Gas fiver Vinyl Chiocise 8 Ip | Stet Methyl Chloride Vinyliene Chloride 8 tbe | Stel Tiguid © tps | Steel Water | Gas 4000 fm | Stesl ‘Average service | 38 (avg.6) foe | Stet Nattral Gas 8000 tom | Steet Baier less Exe th | Stet Of tbricting 8 fpr | Stee Pump suction lines 5 tbe | See Onyeen 180 fom Max | Stel (300 asig Max) | Mantmam economt ambient temp.) "00 fom | Type 300 58 ai (usual) | 710 tps | Suet oe len See | cae | meee Propylene Give 5 ps | See water, ined pipe ps sephaictie, sian 2 Conefte | 5°78 fos tin) Hes wane ‘Note: RL, = Rubber ined el Table 2-3 Typical Design Vapor Velocties* (ft./sec.) Line Sizes Fluid se” wir ae Saturated Vapor O10 50 psig 3O1s 5012s ets Gat 6r Supemeated Vapor Oro iO psig 50.140 $0190 110250 «11 0 100 rig 4011S 5165 95.225 , = 65% 3101 t0 900 psig 20-85, 60-150 85-165 126 — SOm 4") lhe * Values listed are guides, and final line sizer and flow velocities rust be determined by appropriate calculations to suit circuses Rance: Vacvum linet are not included in the lable, but wovally tevate higher velocities High vacuum conditions require earel prenure drop evaluatoribs iinainaita wis a , 1 i Table 24 tis poss dg two tar (or Yo sual, eter Uva Alora lois for 1 eri ee Seatee ie a may te one Sener ing Sens” Le Ee ig ak werrcower: ne ee er tas are tech moe oasis ae Witte REG Mt eel ua bel lg) than the nto a senna wo ssf jcc Whan ag ae el ince fsa ering 2000: 3000 er Chimneys and stacks Weer lines (max.) = 600 apt High pressure steam lines 10,000 Low pressure steam lines 2,000 - 15,000 ‘Vaeuurn steam lines 25,000 Compressed airlines 2,000 Refcigerant vapor lines High pressure 000+ 3,000 Low pressure 21000 - 5,000 Refeigerant liquid 200 Brine lines 300 Ventilating duets 1,200 - 3,000 500 Register + By permission, Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 3rd Ed... 16: MeGrawiflll Book Co,, New York, N.Y. ee Table 2. ‘Typical Design* Velocities for Process System Applications ——— Velocity, ft/sec. Service Average liquid process 4-65 Pump suction (except boiling) 1-5 Pump suction, boiling 05-3 Boiler feed water (dizch,, pressure) Drain lines Liquid to reboiler (no pump) Vaporcliquid mixture out reboiler 15-30 ‘Vapor to condenser 15-80 05-15 Gravity separator Rows * To be used as guide, pressure drop and system environment govern Anal selection gf pope 4a heavy and viteoss Auids, velocities should be reduced to about sige aot © contain suspended solid particles, Table 2-6 Suggested Steam Pipe Velocities in Pipe Connecting to Steam Turbines Serviee—Steam ‘Typical range, (t./see lee co turbine too 150 aust, non-condensing 75 = 200 500 - $00, ust, condensing Steam Turbine Pipe Sizes Steam turbines have nozzle sizes cast into the bodies co be safe and efficient for the turbine steam condi pipe sizes used to connect to the turbine should be gen conservative to avoid excessive velocities, which impingement problems, erosion, and noise. For short runs connecting to the turbine, pipe sizing sugggested in Table 2-2, which should be verified by caleu- lations, Example 2-1: Water Flow in Pipe System ‘The system of Figure 2-11 consists of 125 feet of, un- known size schedule 40 steel pipe on the discharge side of ‘a centrifugal pump. The flow rate is 500 gallons per min~ tute at 75°F. Although the tank is located above the pump, note that this elevation difference does not enter into the pipe size-friction drop calculations. However it will be- Come 2 part of selection of the pump for the service (this latter is not considered here). L. From Table 2-2, select 6 fps as a reasonable and usually economical water rate, From Table 2-7, a 6einch pipe has a velocity of fps at 500 gpm and a head loss of 0.720 psi/100 f. The inch pipe has a velocity of 8.02 fps and might be con- ‘sidered; however 5-inch pipe is not commonly stocked in many plants, and the velocity is above usual economical pumping velocities, Use the 6-inch pipe. 2, Linear feet of straight pipe, L = 125 feet. 6 inch-90° ell = 14 feet straight pipe (using medium sweep elbow to represent a welding ell). Note that this is given as 65 feet from Figure 2-9. This illustrates the area of difference in attempting to obtain close or exact values. 3, From Figure 2-8, the equivalent length of fitting is 42 feet (conservative) cee} = 12 (Run of sed open Gate Valve = (1) (35) = Total Ly = 57:5 feet 4. Neglect expansion loss at entrance to tank, since it will be so small 5, No orifices or control valves in system. (Text contiaued on page $7)_ SSS eee NEWTONIAN LIQUID FLOW F Calculation of Pressure Drops |A similar derivation approach for the remaining variable normally required in field problems, AP yields the following equations for normal pipe friction. Py gl828 p02 yo. oP i Small Pipe, ph = (10.24) AP, qitl® pst ,0194 Lage Pipe, GE = SP (10.25) Example 10.3: q= 0.0416 ms [1.46 ft'/sec} p= 790 kg/m? (49.3 lbp) : d= 0.254 m (0.833 ft] ‘Assume fittings increase L by 5% and elevation changes insignificant “¢0.0416)'% 7903246 (10 0.001)" (20.000%1.95) Metrie: AP, = = 535.418 Pa : 8.081 (1.0)(0.254)**% | 46)"295 (49,3786 (10 (0.000 672911 (12.42: nglish: apy = 286 PS aoa 10 o00 672) 12 3(5280)( 1.05) 8.081 (32.17)(0.833) . = 11071 psf = 76.9 psi : Valves and Fittings Equations 10.20-10.25 adequately describe flow of Newtonian fluids in straight runs of commercial steel pipe under conditions of fully turbulent flow. The pressure drop through valves and firings must be auaressed separately. ‘The most common method used ro account for this additional pressure drop is the uss Of equivalent lengths (L). Each fitting (eg. valve, tee, el, ete) is assigned an Le based on its size and geomey, These are documented extensively in fluid flow literature, Reference 10.4 provides an excellent : seve of the uneory of this approach and Reference 10.5 tabulates L.'s for the most common valves and fittings encountered in the hydzocarbon industry. Figure 10.¢ is a handy nomograph for esdmating Lt for various types of fittings. Once the Ly of a fitting has been determined it is simply added to the length of the straight pipe drop calculation is then performed on the total pipe length including the [additions sections. The pressi In the planning mode, how does one estimate the pressure drop through a pipe section before the actual pipe layout has been determined. References 10.16 and 10.7 detail a method whereby pressure drops €2n Oe petinated before detailed drawings have been completed. This is useful for predicting pumping ané compres: Sion requirements. The correlation accounts for 2 rypical number of pipe fittings and valves installed in a piping system. LyL = 1+ (0.347% +0.216) Fe (10.26) I 5 Where: L/L. = total equivalent lengths per length of | Yer complex Being manioks 3 popes a _ Manifolé type piping 2 a Normal piping 1 4 = nominal pipe diameter, inches Long reasonably sight uns os . complexity factor (see tale at ight) |_Ualty suoly nes. ouside taser mis | 02 - CHAPTER 10NEWTONIAN LIQUID FLOW i Economic Pipe Diameter Equations 10:20-10.25 simply provide the relationship between flow rate, pressure drop and pipe size. ‘They do not provide line sizing criteria. In sizing a line one is always faced with a compromise of two factors, For a given flow rate of a given fluid, as pipe diameter is increased piping cost increases. But, pressure loss decreases, which reduces potential pumping or compression cos “The economic diameter will be the one which makes the sum of amortized capital cost plus operating cost a inimom. This total cost can be per unit time or per unit of production. One can correlate this total cost (per unit ime or production) versus diameter to determine a minimum. Equation 10.27 may be used to estimate this economic diameter. Ttis derived from cost data and must be considered an approximation only : (10.27) ___ Metric English Where 4 = economic diameter m in m ‘mass flow cate, in thousands of kg/h Ib/hr p = Auid density kgm? wwf? A = constant 0.189 22 Equation 10.27 is derived primarily for relatively short lengths of piping in processing and production installations where pressure drop is not particularly large. It is applicable to both vapor and liquid lines. Remember also that the most economic diameter may not be the one you should choose. There are mechani- cal considerations which are of concern. Many companies provide pipe sizing quidelines in terms of velocity or pressure drop pec unit Tength “The following guidelines have proven useful for preliminary sizing of process piping. ded Vel Liquid Lines a aa Noncorrosive liquid flow | Corrosive liquid flow (sour condensate, glycol, amine) 07-10 Cenarfugal pump suction 07-10 Reciprocating (plunge) pump suction | os |____ Recommended AP/L eee - Palm psi/100 ft Natural gas: 0-700 kPa(g) (0-100 psig} | 110-230 05-1.0 700-3500 kPa(g) {100-500 psig} 230-450 10.2.0 3500-14 000 kag) (500-2000 psig) | 450-1130 | __ 2.05.0 Maximum Velocity Some company specifications limit maximum continuous liquid velocity to A Vmax = SS 20.28) os Where: velocity Gensivy conversion constant CHAPTER 10 : uIL? ITERATIVE CALCULATION LOG FOR A BURIED PIPELINE AT. e}g i232 z =e ele lee elo f= e|eles zleles Pye. ea a ne zl eles &| 8 |<% a 2 2 2 e 2 3 5 aft? i 4 5.3 it = 5 20 gy E a9 a oe 8 & 8 4 28 z & Fs wan & a win aoe nee 2 g 6 a ~ i Ha V8 By e » § ad bos oc a) 8g is a3 i” 3 238 < fone $y ft iio aor) sf 3 ;44 3 eid g 2 : zlz 3|% S|é 3{8 slz2 1 Blo ge al< 54 2|3 glo $ F 2 if 3/5 5 | a fs g 4 lz a |: gd |e a {8 # OE 5 y =e | 5 LE a Sf RR ele oh 8 foRevision: 9 Page No. TOTAL PIPELINES TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 IL » LITERATURE AND USEFUL INFORMATIONS 4.1, LUDWIG VOL I chapter 2 4.2. CAMPBEL VOL I chapter [2 4.3, KATZ, HANDBOOK OF GAS ENGINEERING chapter 7 44. CRANE MANUAL 4.5, "Equations predict buried oipeline temperatures" G.King 043 March 16, 1981 4.6. "Two phase AP computed" R. Soliman Hydrocarbon Processing April 1984 keal/he Soil LAg concrete 0.65 = 1ALg Wet soil 1.49 sand (dry) 0,30 Ground --> air 2.98 sand (wet) 149 Ground > water 29.8. Air 0.022 Steel 38.7 Water 0.510 Epoxy coating 0.67 Coal ter 0.22 rT fe 2 Joule-Thomson coefficient" | Specific heats" Fi a Hoe ne 2 Laer. 1 Vi 12) 5 139) Seca 4 Jee in rele 1 Vas ui et Ie Tan 2 Leer, i i : a sae ee Sew See a =EE TOTAAL | rrocess excincenine vesicn manuar | Revision : Page'Na, TEP/DP/EXP/SUR, Date: 2/85) 12. PACKAGE UNITSTOTAL feviion: 0 [Pagenas DEHYDRATION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 121 2 APPLICABILITY For many studies undertaken there will be a requirement for a gas or liquid dehydration unit in order to reduce the water content of the export phase to acceptable limits for gipeli transportation. Generally this design will be undertaken by a vendor specialist. However the engineer should be aware of some of the options available for dehydration schemes, some of the dos and donts of design and also how to undertake the basis sizing of the most common unit (TEG). The majority of this section is concerned with gas dehydration using tri-ethylene glycol contact, this being the most widely used. GENERAL DEHYDRATION NOTES (English units are used throughout this section for convenience) + Gas is normally dehydrated to 6 to 10 Ib of H2O per MMSCF in order to prevent hydrate formation in gas transmission lines, and reduce corrosion. Unless the gas is dehydrated liquid water may accumulate at low points and reduce the flow capacity of the li + Methods of dehydration in usage are : 1. Adsorption (Alumina, silica gel, mole sieve) 2. Absorption (Ji- o tri-ethylene glyco!) 3. Direct cooling 4. Compression followed by cooling 5. Chemical reaction (for method injection see 4.0) The last three methods have minor usage and are discussed elsewhere in literature. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of various absorption liquids is given in Table 1. Tri-ethylene glycol is the preferred (most widely used) absorption uid. Example flowsheets of di- and tri-ethylene glycol are given in Fig. | & 2. In order to limit the overhead glycol losses e max practical operating temp of 38 °C (100 °F) is used. A maximum of 50 °C (50 °F) is recommended to prevent problems due to the glycol viscosity. + Glycol losses are usually in the order to 0.012 gal/MMCF (0.0016 m3/MMm3) due to vaporisation and loss in the overheads. Total losses due to leakage, vaporisation, solubility run around 0.025 gal/MMCF (0.0033 m3/MMm?). + Concentrations of TEG upto 99.1 % can be acheived without the use of stripping ga higher pur 5 gas will be require:vision: j¢ No. : TOTAL DEHYDRATION . “ TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.2 3. Glycol foams in the presence of light hydrocarbons. This can be minimised by good feed prescrubbing and addition of anti-foam agents. Actual gas exit dew points”are usually 10-15 °F (5.5 - 8 °C) above the theoretical equilibrum dew point. Take this into account when setting the specification. The number of trays (or packing height) is usually small (4 trays) an excess of either is always provided in the design. Recommended efficiencies are 25 9% for bubble caps 33 1/3 % for valve trays. Use 24" tray spacing. «Regenerator temperatures should not be above 400 *F (204 °C) at atmospheric pressure in order to prevent glycol degredation. Limit heat flux to 5000 - 7000 BTU/hit2, aim for 6000. Provide at least 2000 BTU/gal pump capacity. . To prevent hydrocarbon condensation in the glycol feed maintain the inlet temperature at 10-15 °F (5,5 - 8 *C) above the gas exit. = Regenerator still column should run at 220 °F (10% °C) at top to prevent loss of glycol but maximise water rejection. + Glycol circulation rates should be between 2-4 gall/Ib H20 removed (3 is a good number). PRELIMINARY SIZING CALCULATIONS, An exact sizing of a TEG unit will normally be performed by the vendor on request. The CFP inhouse program "GLYCOL" alsé exists for estimating vessel sizes, circulation rates and utility consumptions. These are based on data from the BS+B design guide. The following hand method can be used however to estimate the required size : 1. Determine water content of inlet gas to contactor at required temp and pressure Fi Ibs/MMSCF, kg/MMm?3, 2. Calculate total water mass in feed gas to contactor 3. Repeat calculation for exit gas using required exit dew point (add 10 °F contingency). Calculate dew point depression °F, °C. 4, Calculate amount of water to be removed in contactor. 5. Use 3 galls TEG/Lb H20 evaluate glycol circulation rate. 6. Use Fig. 3 to determine required TEG concentration. % Use Fig. 4 to determine required stripping gas rate Use 2000 BTU/gall TEG circulated to determine reboiler capacity.TOTAL “arpa am oa TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12,3 8. Use Fig. 6 to determine number of trays required in contactor and Fig. 5 to determine contactor diameter. 9. Evaluate contactor height (see section 2 vessels) include integral KO pot in base of tower. Hence estimate weight of contactor. ‘A more detailed sizing method can be found in CAMPBELL VOL Il. METHANOL INJECTION (HYDRATE INHIBITION) In order to prevent hydrate formation in gas transmission lines the product is normally dehydrated in a TEG or mole sieve unit as defined in previous sections. On some occasions however (wellhead to plant) this is not possible due to the location of the source. If the minimum pipeline temperature is below the hydrate point the inhibition of water is required. This is acheived by injection of inhibitors to depress the hydrate and freezing points. + Commen inhibitors are methanol, DEG, TEG. Recovery of inhibitors at the receiving plant is normal, the liquid being then recycled. Economics of methanol recovery are not favourable. «Methanol is adequate for any temperature. DEG not good below - 10 °C due to viscosity limitations. Above - 10 °C better as lower vaporisation losses. + Predict injection rate for hydrate depression as follows : Ww ¢ M__ 100 W = weight % inhibitor Risa d= °C hydrate depression M = Mol wt of inhibitor Ki = 1297 for Me OH 5 2220 for DEG, TEG To use above equation : 1. Predict hydrate formation temp at max. press in line T! 2. Estimate min flowing temperature in line T2 Bid = TL-T2 The amount of inhibitor injected must be sufficient to depress the hydrate point as calculated above and also provide for vapour and liqui dissolving. Adjust injection rate accordingly. For glycol use 0.0035 m3/Mm3 (0.23 Ib/MMSCF), vaporisation. For methanol use vapour pressure charts (CAMPBELL pp 159). phase losses due to vaporisation +T vision: 0 e OTAL denyoRaTion = “were TEP/OPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.4 3 6. SOLID BED DEHYDRATION Solid bed dehydration is used when lower residual water concentrations are required than the over achieved by glycol units. This is generally around the - 40 °C mark ot 1 ppm residual water, Solid hed dehydration can be used for less stringent design Providing the cost is competitive when compared to TEG. equirements NOTES + + ENG facilities always used molecular sieve dehydration to acheive 1 ppm H20 or less. + Available dessicant medium : kgH20/100 kg bed Bauxite 446 cheapest Alumina 47 Gels 7-9 Molecular Sieve 9-12 most expensive + Beds can be severely degredated by heavy oils, amines, glycols corrosion inhibitors, salts and liquids. It is essential to have a good feed filter or scrubber prior to entering the dessicant bed. + Bed life is usually 2-4 years depending on contamination. + Gas flow through the bed is generally downwards. Regeneration gas flows upwards. This ensures the water is stripped from the media without having to pass all the way through the bed. Figures 8 and 9 show a typical molecular sieve arrangement. Regeneration temperature is usually 175 °C - 230 °C. Too high temp destroys the media, too low results in poor regeneration. + Table | gives a summary of operating and regeneration practices: USEFUL REFERENCES AND LITERATURE 6.1. CAMPBELL VOL Il CHAPTERS 17 AND 18 6-2, HANDBOOK OF NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING, KATZ, Chapter 16 6.3. PERRY 6-4. GAS DEHYDRATION “Fire tuning existing field installat‘ons" D. CRAMER - World Oil - Jan 1981 65. "Cutting glycol costs I" C. SIMMONS 0+ GJ Sept 21 1981 "Curting glycol costs II" Sept 28 1981 S6 "Correlation eases absorber-equilibrum line cales for TEG natural gas dehydration" W. BEHR 0 + 93NOV 7 1983 I L a eS [ i [ 1 ' CTOTAL | rrocessenaineenine oesicn manuat | Revision: 9 | Page No DEHYDRATION 5 TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/as| 12.5 an se mir LL le Accumslotor over ott . = Gyeat ao atlercaler (Ze == gas scrsbber LI Retoier Tbe #050rb0r aes a Spent ‘Speer Fig. 1 Flow the (Compbell end Lavraes for diethylene glycol dehydration plant, Ai ine, Parr gos Steam a auawe Fite | reo! ao0 He oe Fig, “2 Flow sheet for triethylene glycol dehydration plant, [Campbell and Lourence, [seein ent et I | Seetseiee eewperacae | | ssaidy SyernscanicT TOTAL | recess encinesnins oesien manuat, | Reviion: 0 | Page No DEEYDRATION ‘TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 reg | a scare 3 } “7 nina ETP ena ree Arete = | rT ise NSE IT eee YOO - L = . ™ ; T Podob toby 4 eave ees tw hi sin 1 7 i hae sel gra i i oy oy Ha L | rTOTAL | Process encineenine oesion manuat DEHYDRATION TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Revision: 9 Date "ayes Page No 12,7 EIGURE 5 NTACTOR_ DIAMETES CORRECTED GAS FLOW RATE, MUSCFO FLOWING PRESSURE. PSIG Fic. 5 SIZING OF ABSORBERSTOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGH MANUAL | Revision: 0 Page No: DEHYDRATION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Dae: 2/85 12.8 TCETT LTTE maveae Ficunes G Hie -ACKING REQUIRED FOR GLYCOL DEMYORATORS [ NUMBER OF VALVE TRAYS OR FEET OF PACKING NE et 1—r Lori crea per ye i g i 5 5 5 amr ange wareTOTAL | Process enciecaine vesicn manuat | Revision: ° Page No : DEHYDRATION ‘TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date :2ves | 12.9 tae [ret tec | | co 1 ih rs gist |e [rewem { | distin | EE anette asters Fute @ Baste Characteriacics Of Molecular Sieves. Fie GAG SCHEMATIC O}AaMAM OF UOLECULAM SIEYE AOZOH#TION——— Revision: 0 [Page no: TOTAL GAs SWEETENING TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.10 1. APPLICABILITY Generally natural gas, 6r associated gas contain acid components, mainly carbon dioxide (C02) hydrogen sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CSz) and mercaptans. To obtain a commercial product, gaseous or liquefied, the gas needs to be treated to eliminate these sour components for safety or process reasons. An other aspect of gas sweetening is linked with the development of the CQz injection to improve oil recovery. In this case COg is extracted by a selective process. This section details different methods available for gas sweetening and lists their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given on which system to select for specific services. A detailed sizing method is beyond the scope of this section, but can be found in the referenced literature is required. 2. UNIT The specification of treated gas can be given in grains/100 SCF for H2S or sulfur content 1 grain/100 SCF = 16 ppm volume 3. GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES Various processes are available = chemical absorption = solid bed adsorption = physical absorption ~ cryogenic fractionation - chemical conversion using catalyst the absorption process is the most utilised 3.1. CHEMICAL ABSORPTION In this type of process, the chemical solvent absorbes the acid components present in the feed gas by chemical reaction and releases them by heating at low pressure. The main chemical solvents ar Aqueous % normally. - The Alkanolamines used (wt) «MEA (Ménoethanolamine) 15-20 + DEA (Diethonolomine) 20-35 + DGA (R) (Diglycolamine), (FLUOR ECONAMINE) up to 65 MDEA (Methyldiethanolamine) 15-30 + DIPA (Diisopropanolamine), (ADIP) 30-40 = or alkaline salt solutions as potassium carbonate X2CO3 25-40 HT We [Tht ge ES ee r Jaf TTTOTAL Revision: 9 |pageno.: GAS SWEETENING TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 121 Alkanolaminés cannot be used undiluted because + « close to'solid state at ambient conditions «low stability at high temperature (heating is needed to extract the absorbed acid gases) with generation of highly corrosive products by decomposition. Table | shows the advantages and disadvantages of these processes. 3.l.L. MEA PROCESS (see figure 1) MEA solution was the first solvent used and is still widely used. Generally a 15 % weight solution is utilized. a) Advantages ~ high reactivity ~ low solvent cost = good chemical stability - publicly available (no licensing fees) b) Disadvantages irreversible degradation into corrosion products by sulfur components such as COS, C52 ~ irreversible degradation for the solvent by oxygen (Direct cont with air must be avoided) ~ ineffectiveness for removing mercaptans = high utility requirements - high vaporisation losses ~ need of reclaimer to purify the circulating solution = no selectivity for absorption between H25 and COZ ~ foaming problem ©) Fields of utilization general use : MEA can be utilized for gases containing from 60 ppm to 15 % volume acid gases without COS, CSz, mercaptans and with acid gas partial pressure up to 100 PSIA currently maximum capacity for a MEA unit is around 250 X106 SCFD. 3.1.2, DEA PROCESS The second most widely used gas treating process w: the MEA process and some improved processes. ith a tendancy te replace Flow diagram very similar to MEA process without reclaimer.TOTAL TEP/OP/EXPISUR, Revision: 0 |pageNo.: GAS SWEETENING Date: 2/35 12.12 a) Advantages flo degradation by COS and C52 (hydrolysed into CO2/H2S) - a significant amount of the light mercaptans present on the feed gas is absorbed = a good chemical stability = no need for a reclaimer - avery low absorption of hydrocarbons - reduced vaporisation = publicly available losses b) Disadvantages - lower reactivity compared to MEA and thus higher circulation rates for the conventional system (Not applicable to SNEA-DEA process) = an irreversible degradation of the solvent by oxygen and HCN ~ higher utilities requirements = no selectivity for absorption between HS and COz - foaming problems ©) Fields of utilization The DEA process is used to treat gases containing H7S, CO2 and also COS, C52, RSH (up to a total acid gas content of 20 % volume) figS content of the treated gas lower than the normal specification requirements (4 ppm volume) can be acheived. The CO2 content of the treated gas can be as low as to 100 ppm volume. Performance of the process depends on the CO2/H2S ratio in the feed gas. d) Improved processes 1. Split flow (see figure 2) For sour gases with high acid gas content (above 25 % mole), DEA flow rate can be reduced. Investment cost increases significantly (more equipment, complex columns, increased regenerator height). 2, SNEA - DEA process SNEA company has developed a process using a higher concentration of DEA (above 30 % weight). The process licensor claims to give in one step, for gases containing 0 to 35 % of H2S and 0 to 35% of CO, a treated gas matching the most stringent H2S specification (4 ppm by volume).TOTAL TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Revision: 0 | pageno.: GAS SWEETENING Dare: 2/85 12.13 GL YCOLAMINE (DGA) PROCESS (FLUOR ECONAMINE) The DGA process has a limited nur.ber of units compared with MEA and DEA. Although in the public domaine, the process was developed by FLUOR and is refered to as the FLUOR ECONAMINE process advantages and disadvantages to compare with MEA are: a) Advantages ~ low solution circulation rate due to the concentration (same absorption capacity as MEA) ~ low utilities consumption = very low pour point (-40°F) - Plants in cold climate areas b) Disadvantages ~ needs cooling of the solution during the absorption phase ~ high solubility hydrocarbons and aromatics are dissolved = high solvent cost. ©) Criteria of selection Like MEA, DGA reacts voth with CO2 and CS2 and @ reclaimer is required. The process is applicable to gases with acid gas content from 1.5 to 30 % volume and COg/Hz2S ratios between 300/1 and O.1/1 at operating pressures above 15 PSIG. 3.1.4, DIPA PROCESS This process has been developed by SHELL under the ADIP trademark name. It is characterized by the selective absorption of Hz S in presence of COz. 3.1.5. MDEA PROCFSS ‘As with DIP... MDEA is characterized by its selectivity for H2S in presence of C02. MDEA processes are proposed by process licensors : = SNEA(D) = UNION CARBIDE : UCARSOLt vision: 0 age No.: TOTAL GAS SWEETENING “ am ‘TEP/OPIEXPISUR Date: 2/85 12.14 3.1.6. HOT POTASSIUM CARBONATE PROCESS (see figure 3) ‘An activator specific to each process licensor is added to increase the reactivity of the solution = BENFIELD (amine and other activators) = CATACARB (amine and other activators) ~ GIAMMARCO-VETROCOKE (arsenic and others activators) The main characteristic of the process is that the absorber and the regenerator operate at the same temperature (110/115°C) a) Advantages = no degradation by COS and CS2 which are hydrolysed = good-chemical stability - no need for a reclaimer = no reaction with air = low heat requirements (isothermal) = low hydrocarbon absorption - selective CO? absorption {GIAMMARCO) b) Disadvantages = licensing fees required - high water content of treated gas = low reactivity with H2S_- no mercaptan absorption ¢) Fields of utilization Applicable mainly on gas with high COz content. Low H2S absorption makes it difficult to achieve specification of & ppm volume. Generally a two stage process will be used = KC03 for CO2 removal = amine for HS removal This dual system (amine / KzC03) can be in some instances more attractive cost wise than an amine process. {MATERIALS 3.1.7. CONSTRUCTIO! Carbon steel generally utilized in the chemical absorption units. Regenerator can have a strainless steel cladding and trays. Reboiler tubes can be stainless, but still subject to corrosion. Monel is an alternative by costly, copper alloys shail be avoided. ral te TV-G mel eo, -T oat m FLT Tye eT -TOTAL TEPIOP/EXP/SUR Revision: 0 | Pageno.: GAS SWEETENING Date: 2/85 1215 Generally solutions treating gas with high CO2/H2S ratio will be more corrosive. When the CO2/H2S ratio is high, st following equipment: amine/amine exchanger tubes, expansion value inless steel will be preferred for the internals, regenerator trays and reboiler tubes. 3.2, PHYSICAL ABSORPTION In this type of process, the solvent extracts the acid components by simple physical contact and releases them by simple expansion at low pressure. High pressure and low temperature favour the physical absorption. Table 2 lists the advantages and disadvantages of physical solvents. These processes are applicable especially in the case of high acid gas partial pressure (above 5 bars also). Not suitable for sweetening at low or medium pressure (10 bars abs) gases containing large amount of heavy hydrocarbons. Can be considered for a selective absorption. The main processes are: B21. 3.2.2. WATER WASH Can be used as primary treatment. For absorbers water wash can be achieved by addition of trays in the top section. Because of its low efficiency, water wash should be used mainly on gases with a large amount of H25. Corrosion problems for this process should be considered carefully. SELEXOL PROCESS (see figure 4) = developed by NORTON CHEMICAL PROCESS can be applied to gases with large acid gas content. - has been applied for sweetening of gases containing up to 65% of COz and 9 % of H25 at pressure ranging from 25 to 100 bars abs. + treated gas specification can reach 0,02 % CO2 and 1 ppm H25. When used to absorb selectively HS or CO? it can also dehydrate. - other sulfur compounds (COS, mercaptans) are also eliminated.TOTAL TEPIOP/EXP/SUR Revision: 0 | pageNo.: GAS SWEETENING Date: 2/85 12.16 3.2.3. Bate 3.25. FLUOR SOLVENT ~ developed by FLUOR, propylene carbonate is used as the solvent - primarly intended for the removal of CO2 from gas containing up to 50.% volume residual CO2 content around 1 % volume in treated gas. = COg solubility Is higher than that obtained with MEA or potassium carbonate. = can be used to treat gas containing HzS and COz. HzS content would require a finishing treatment douwstream to obtain 6 ppm of H2S. COS and mercaptans also absorbed. ~ requires an extensive use frotating equipment. PURISOL PROCESS proposed by LURGI uses n-methyl-2-pyr-rolidone as solvent as the solubility of H2S is higher than CO? can be considered as a selective process to remove H2S even in case of low H2S/COz ratio. RECTISOL PROCESS - developed by LURGI, uses a refrigerated solution of methanol as solvent. High selectivity for Oz, primarly used on synthesis gas or on precooled gas (cooling by an external refrigerant cycle for example). - major disadvantage of the process, when not integrated in a plant already equipped with refrigeration cycles, needs refrigeration and methanol injection. ESTASOLVAN Developed by F. UHDE GMBH uses i-n-butylphosphate as solvent. Selective process for H2S extraction, If CO2 specifications on the treated gas are stringent, additional unit downstream will be required. 3.3, BHYSICO - CHEMICAL PROCESSES 3, SULFINOL ~ this process has been developed by SHELL ~ involves a physical solvent (sulfolane) and a chemically reactive agent (DIPA alkanolamine) in aqueous solution. eg a a ees hg gap ge ae L i r +7 .,3 TOTAL GAs sweerenina ‘ Pern TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 1217 Sulfolane permits deep absorption of CO2 and H2S. Amine facilitates the sextraction of the acid gases from solvent during regeneration = performances for selective and non selective HS absorption depends on operating conditions = process also permits extraction of mercaptans and other sulfur compounds (COS). As for physical absorption, absorption of heavy hydrocarbons occurs (mainly aromatics). Does not dehydrate the treated gas. Compared to amine processes, SULFINOL shows a low foaming tendency = SULFINOL solution freezes at about -2°C. 3.4, SOLID BED PROCESS 34.1. MOLECULAR SIEVES - not widely used for gas sweetening ~ can be used as a finishing treatment to remove mercaptans - absorption in molecular sieves is particularly well adapted for LPG as finishing treatment to obtain the sulfur content specifications of propane and butane = good absorption capacity for HS low for COz. They remove water preferentially = sieve life is reduced for gases with high CO2 and HzS content 3.4.2. IRON SPONGE PROCESS = could be also classified as absorption process or as a conversion process (HS is converted to sulfur) : = mainly applied to gas with low H2S content - discontinuous process, iron oxide has to be regenerated or replaced. Spontaneous combustion of the fouled product occurs with air. 4. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF ABSORPTION PROCESSES = there is no multipurpose process for gas sweetening, each case is specific and shall be studied accordingly - final selection is done on the basis of economical criteria from short list of processes which seem appropriate to satisfy the treated gas specificationsvision: 0 age : TOTAL Gas sweereNING . “ee ‘TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.18 = chemical processes are characterized by their ability to absorb acid gases with a low influence of the gas pressure. They require a large heat quantity for regeneration = physical processes performances are more dependant on gas pressure. At high pressure with high acid gas partial pressure, the absorption is better than for chemical processes = selection criteria listed herebelow can be used for preselection of sweetening processes but shall not be considered as definitive. 4.1, CO2 ABSORPTION (NO HS IN THE GAS) (see figure 5) 4.2. SIMULTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF COz AND H25 (see figure 6) |. HzS ABSORPTION (NO COz IN THE GAS) (see figure 7) This is not a frequent situation with natural gases. 4.4. HS SELECTIVE ABSORPTION (HS AND CO IN THE GAS) (see figure 8) Physica! solvents are particularly well adapted in this case. ‘Among the chemical processes, only MDEA and DIPA seem to be adapted for this service. . 5, REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE (1) Natural gas production transmission and processing F.W. COLE, D.L. KATZ, L.S. REID, C.H. HINTON (2) Gas conditioning and processing (volume 4) gas and liquid sweetening by ROBERT N. MADDOX edited by JOHN M. CAMPBELL. Tyan Ya 7a ent ae Nam Fave) rons pst Tar ane F et pe ae eeeTOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision : 0 Page No GAS SWEETENING Date: 2/85 12.19 TEP/DP/EXP/SUR FIGURE 1 MEA pRocess Fuow placaam OKDENSER aun Lp mecuauen RICH MEA/CEAN MEA STILL, O Pression es Co reweenatune +fTOTAL | Processencineenins oesicn wanuat | Revision: 0 | page no GAS SWEETENING TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Bete 27851 12.29 Taste 4 ADVANTAGES ANO DISADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION PROCESSES BY CHEMICAL SOLVENT ADWANTACES DISADVANTAGES (egeneration fo esiract 20d patel trom the wlutend Shen yentance athe operating presse onthe Unk of caring wen the cain plates Oy éracerbon, ei groin ot neaynyrcaton goss Garrasionprabtems resulting {rm slulonoxiationontact with Dretent inne feed gos, S000 rom slaionsernesting corn tagener som Stelaneress sic domain ore water required oil he solvent 2358 ghfntvent euro cat avai ine High water content ofthe treated gas Reasonable cou of solvents He cating equa lor sive storage, TABLE 2 PHYSICAL SOLVENTS ADVANTAGES oisaovanraces + Low eneay eauirements for «igh senublty raid gus parsiat regeneration premuce + Reduced corrosion compared with. Not suited fr gas at medium chemical processes (amines) pressure (associated gas) + baw water content of the + Absorption af heavy hydrocarbons vweated gas om the feed gat 1 Noheacing required for solvent. High cost of the solvents orage S Las | sour u | | Gas a 4 SPLIT STREAM YZ AMINE PROC!J au a 1 LL] een HOT CaRBonaTe ean fora FIGURE 3 RESIOUE GAS Hes 8 4IR compressor HEATER FUEL GAS COp BH, S| ABSORBER el INLET Gas | } | Ir | LP aL oO comrresson( || gecvere | FLASH FLASH” FLASH LBkerets J SOLVENT VENT SELEXOL PROCESS FLOW FOR HIGH CO, AND HIGH HS. FIGURE 4 TOTAAL, | Process eneincenins oesicn manuat | Revision: 9 | payeno: Ba GAS SWEETENING TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date 22/85, 12.21 om ereesyel| NSN or erent ra TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision: 0 Page No: GAS SWEETENING ‘TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.22 N 40 60 80100 4 6 8100 20 a | T T = t 5 2 0.4 0.60.81. he f apg aes ace ae ae To — Tan Th Te POT FO OO Veen ane ang2 8 te o 8 | mero oe oes + 2 ot pore voto oovosof oy —oe_oole YF ALL to 10, § | ~ = t 2 rT TTT Kate ta Te al f 3 , | 1 , 7 : 3 —| | 8 E SS : KE = $ lo ; or g 5 t wan] | 4 Zz Soman 30 9 5 : : I 3 }——| oF a8 0 ; » o 5 Stith Fianna a ay = 3 oe v4 oot & 29 || & 8 oe _ LI — d {foo 3 te FEE te = ft ove 000" e ms ke & fico tor mT son) 78 LOSRITTEGS & g svasId (¢ mainsid I= #TOTAL REFRIGERATION ee ae TEPIDPIEXPISUR Date: 2/85 12.26 1 En APPLICABILITY For both feasibility and pre-project studies, the engineer will be required to select a process scheme (i.e, : choice between cold frac and refrigeration system) to estimate the power, utilities, weight of this package. DESCRIPTION The description is based on simple cycle. A refrigeration cycle is based on the exchange between a hot source and a cold source. The cold source is a refrigerant, the air or the water, the hot source is the gas to be refrigerated. (see figs 1, LA) Figure L shows such a cycle where : tL is cefrigerating stream temperature oy is condensed refrigerating stream temperature PL : Is vapor pressure of the refrigerating stream at t P2 + is vapor pressure of the refrigerating stream at t2 Pg + compressor discharge pressure ta + compressor discharge temperature Ti/T2 initial and final temperature of the hot source TR|/TR2 + initial and final temperature of the cold source On the figure 1A, it is easy to explain the cycle on a pressure enthalpy diagram : aa : is the duty of the process to be refrigerated A® tis the duty of the condenser A® : Qi + HP HP is the power of the compressor MODIFICATIONS - ECONOMISER During the discharge of the cryogenic refrigerant, a mixed phase is generated (vapor and liquid). Only the liquid phase participates in the cooling duty. The vapor phase being compressed from low pressure to the high pressure without participation at the refrigerated duty. It is possible to remove a part of this vapor phase by addition of an intermediate pressure stage removing the vapor from the low pressure stage compressor which is called economiser (see figures 2 and 2A). An economiser is widely used in the industry. TL ben 4 Bape) ee pm egg ne Fa Tae ba eeTOTAL Revision: 9 |pageno.: REFRIGERATION TEP/DPIEXP/SUR Date: ayg5 12.25 4, SELECTION OF THE REFRIGERANT Depends on the required final temperature of the hot source and the disponibility of the country where the units are installed. Tables 1 shows.the performances of different refrigerants in various conditions. It is recommended that the compressor suction pressure be maintained above atmospheric pressure. 5. CHOICE OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS 5.1, REFRIGERATING STREAM TEMPERATURE t) AND COMPRESSOR SUCTION PRESSURE P2 ty to be 3 to $°C lower than the final temperature of the hot source Tz. With the selected refrigerant and t read on the MOLLIER diagram of the selected refrigerant the vapor pressure. 5.2. CONDENSED REFRIGERATING STREAM TEMPERATURE 17 AND COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE Pq In first, estimation take tz = TR, (initial temperature of cold source) + 15 or 20°. 1g to be checked later if it is compatible with the cold source flowrate and the pinch of the condenser (pinch are shell and tube § 3 note 2) which should be 3°c minimum. With tg determine Pz which is the vapor pressure of the refrigerant at tz (read MOLLIER diagram). Compressor discharge pressure = Pg = Pz + AP through the condenser. 5.3. PRESSURE IN THE ECONOMISER Pe This pressure will be finalized with the compressor manufacture but for an estimation take : Pe = Py FyTOTAL REFRIGERATION Reon 0 [Pagenen ‘TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 12.26 6. CALCULATION WITH ECONOMISER (see figure 2A) Step 1 Determine refrigerant circulation through the evaporator = mg Aa m= Hg - HS Hs - H3 %6 vapor at evaporator inlet = | ———— x 100 H2 ~ H3 ieul ‘i Ha - Hs % liquid at evaporator inlet = 2 —2 x 100 Ha - H3 Step 2 Determine vapor “refrig circulation rate through the econo miser = my ser j Hy - Hs % vapor at economiser inlet = ———> x 100 Hy - Hs ‘i ee Hy = AL % liquid at economiser inlet = | —+-——> x 100 Hy ~ Hs % vapor at economiser inlet Hy - Hs me om em x % liquid at economiser inlet Hy - Hy Step 3. Determine refrigerant circulation through the condenser = m m= my + m2 Step # Duty of condenser Ag = m (Hg - Hp) Step 5 Calculate the compressor discharge temperature and power (see compressor chapter). Step 6 Check the pinch in the condenser and the cold source flowrate (if not acceptable select a new tz and Py and repeat the calculation). Step 7 Size drums evaporator and condenser (see vessels and shell and tube exchanger chapter 5). me ery | Tm — } f C i:Revision: 9 | PageNo.: REFRIGERATION ‘TEPIDP/EXP/SUR Date: a7g5 oe 7. SELECTION OF MATERIAL, The material selection to be made carefully. We recommend to take the temperature corresponding at the vapor pressure at the atmosphere pressure (ise. for propane it is recommended to select the low temperature killed carbon ste: 8, MULTISTAGE CYCLE If we look at the enthalpic curves of the exchanger (process refrigerant) with or without economiser, it is obvious to see that the area between the process stream and the refrigerant stream is proportional to the compressor work (in a first approximation). It is possible to reduce this area by addition of several pressure levels between the discharge and the suction of the compressor. However, there is more equipment (drums, exchangers, regulation) and the compressor is more complicated. The number of pressure levels is an economical problem but the maximum is 3 or & selections of these pressures: the pressure ratio between each pressure is for a first estimation, » Py 7 n= number of compresser suction P2 P, = first compressor suction pressure Pz condenser pressure REFERENCES AND USEFUL LITERATURE 9.1. Gas conditioning and processing volume 2 by Dr. John M. CAMPBELL 9.2, Applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants volume 3 by Ernest E. LUDWIG 9.3. Chemical Engineers Handbook by Robert H. PERRY/CECIL M. CHILTONTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision. 0 | Page No: REFRIGERATION : Date: 2/85] 12.28 REFRIGERATION CYCLE FIGURE 1 Te ZyAPORATOR TO COLO SEPARATOR (eat) REFRIGERATION WATER ta] TRI CONDENSER (aaa) t | 2 CRITICAL POINT zl (409) P i on | evaporator / | ! : H2 ENTHALPY #3 HI Tay arta at ap arTOTAAL | Process enainecrina oesign manuat | Revision: 0 Page No TEP/OP/EXP/SUR, Date: 2/85 12.29 REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH ECONOMISER FIGURE 2 Cufwen Ty T 4] (aen Py Py EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR suction | DRUM PRESSURE | ef CONDENSER (402) ACCUMULATOR FIGURE 2A CRITICAL POINTTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, REFRIGERATION TIT eee ere aes f Tre ett mcs reme ne TOTAAL | rrocessencivecnina vesicn manuat | Revision: © | Page no . RIGERATION " TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date :2/85 123 rie 2. COMPARATIVE ATA OF REFRIGERANTS Refrigerant Number (8a Sestaration) Fg fee_ peta ane Fs 1 chenieal Formula ] ceigFy | caciry | ceage-] c,01,F, | 73.03 cape aa] Ne eetde | 22 | 28:8 Sakae volecslar wt a. | tax | tz0.93] e6.c0| 07.9] 70.03] aa.29 Bolling pt. @ 1.013 tars, % | 2a? | ene | dors | ‘ee | V3e | 385 Critical temp. °C 197.8 uz, 145.7 122.8 eritieal pressure, bars 436 | "fas ear | Eases Specific heats keal/kgm % oF igure 9 209 v0 | ass | as | zte | ae | 200 Gp of vapor @ 162, 1.013 bars the | cle |e | ae EF of vapor 1600) [013 bare] io | ln (ests st [Ratio Cp/ty * x (309C,1.013 bars)] teu aaa Paes [az | oo [tas | tio of Specific heats | outa asec alee vapors Cp. 80% sat. press ey 2s [eae | a7 fase | 77 Baer Ethereal, | sane | vane | vane | same | vane odorless vied mixed wate Viscosity centipatses) ' Seer eid 388 2099 2463 | 2259 320 | 2150 fio 239s | “2207 ere | Set00 Vapor @ 1.013 bars -10e0 au | “0120 aioe toe | cous | ‘0122 | ‘ose | “tio we | arzi | ‘oiee | ‘tioo | ottt | Thermal Conductivity & teal i | Set, Hauie 252 oes | oriss cer fee | ccese 0638 “asa | Vapor @ 1.013 bars -18c ‘ocr | loaro 083 | es ‘Boca | rs oes ee “basa core 088TOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, Revision Date 2/85} Page No : 1B. uTiLitiesTOTAL wruimes Servers frees | ‘TEP/DPIEXP/SUR, Date: 2/85 13.1 APPLICABILITY For both feasibility and pre-project studies the engineer will be required to make an estimate of utility requirements both in consumptions and equipment required. This section details a few guidelines and notes on the following utilities : WATER TREATMENT UTILITY AND INSTRUMENT AIR INERT GAS GENERATORS WATER SYSTEMS FUELS 2, WATER TREATMENT The following details the common used effluent water treatment equipment given in order of effluent quality + API gravity settler + Usually the first line of clean up. Simply a settling tank with a top skimmer to remove ating oil or debris and a bottom skimmer to remove sludge. lent quality around 150 microns globules and 150 ppm oil. + Large bulky items, cannot be used offshore. her circular or rectangular in design. + Simple, cheap very common in onshore use. Tilted Plate Separator (TPS), Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) Widely used both offshore and onshore. + Uses plate packs, usually at 45° mounted in a tank and relies on gravity settling between oil + water within the spaces between the plates. + Effluent quality down to 60 micron oil globules and 50-200 ppm. + Can have problems with high solids content if upstream settling tank is not installed. + TPS units are usually used as the first treatment stage offshore. Flotation units + Uses induced or dissolved air flotation to remove any residual solids/oil in the effluent. Works in reverse to a gravity settler (small air bubbles trap debris and float to top of tank).r TOTAL suns nevtion: 0 |pagene TEP/OP/EXPISUR Date: 2/85 13,2 + Effluent quality better than 40 ppm. Vendors usually guarantee < 30 ppm. + Can be used both offshore and onshore. Usual ly installed downstream of a TPS unit or API separator. tration (Use for Water injection systems only) + Filtration units either uses media beds (sand, anthracite, garnet, walnut shells) to achieve water quality or filters (fibre socks, mesh, stainless steel cage). Usually not required for effluent water treatment unless very low residual solids content enforced by local effluent standards. More commonly used for water re-injection where high quality, low solids level is required. Can achieve 1-2 ppm in certain beds, 10-15 ppm is more common. Units are generally compact but heavy due to media bed weight. + Good pre-tiltration is required to prevent fouling up of main bed units. Effluent standards Listed below are maximum residual oil content in effluent water for dumping to sea: NORTH SEA 40 ppm INDONESIA + MIDDLE EAST 30 ppm CHINA 20 ppm LOCAL ESTUARY (river) _5 ppm (European standard) ¢) drains (see figure 1) Process drains, produced water, deck (si + Produced water may need degassing before treatment. If the amount of diss: small it may be possible to handle it in the TPS unit. fed gas is + Deck or site drains normally flow to a separate sump tank before de-viling. If the deck drainage is small or produced water flow is small, both streams can be combined through one TPS unit. + Process drains are normally manually initiated and pass directly to the return oil slop tank. These drains are generally water free. Always try to use gravity feed between units. Pumping can cause emulsions and make oil-water separation harder. Similarly avoid fast flowing lines and turbulent pipe arrangements.TOTAL] TEPIDPIEXP/SUR UTILITIES Revision: 9 | page no. Date: 2/85 13.3 3. UTILITY AND INSTRUMENT AIR (see figure 2) Compressed air is used on plants for instrument control, turbine and engine start-up and utility services eg : pneumatic tools, cleaning, ete. : «For turbine/engine start-up 17-25 bar supply will be required. For general instrument and utility air, compressor discharge around 9 bar is adequate. , Consumption : use 0.6 scfm (0.0174n3/min) for each air pilot (« valve)—y 42613 Nui (instrument ait) 0.8 scfm (0.022%n3/min) for valve positioner = 0.9669 8st, generally 1 m3/h per valve unit will do as first estimate. Add 25% to compressor capacity for design. + Utility. air : consumption is intermittent and difficult to estimate at early project stages. Add 75-100 scfm (130-170 m3/h) to compressor capacity for initial estimate. All plants should have 100% instrument air standby capacity. Utility and instrument air can be supplied from same compressor or separate ones depending on capacity requirement. Instrument air must be dried before use. Dew point of ait is dependant on minimum air temperature in location of unit. Generally dessicant bed dtlers are used giving dew points as tow as ~60°C. (kvwes ~H2) |. { Size air receivers to give 10-15 minutes of instrument air assuming the compressor goes down, Pressure in the instrument air receiver should not fail below 80 psig (5.5 bar 2) ducing this period. For long air transmission headers in cold climates intermediate XO puts may be required. An estimate of compressor and dryer weights and power are given in figure 3. 4. INERT GAS GENERATORS (N2, CO2) For small Inert gas is required in all plants for purging and inerting of equipment. is not feasible for large units requirements Nz bottles can be used in racks. This howeve: and so gas generators must be supplied. The main types of generator in use are: = cryogenic distillation of air ~ oxygen absorbtion on sieve = gas combustion For purging purposes estimate capacity based on 3 times the volume of the largest vessel to be purged in one hour.TOTAL ns ™ TEPIOPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/35 134 3s + Cryogenic distillation is used only for large volume requirements, specifically LNG plants. Not used offstiore. «Gas combustion produces 2 Nz, CO2 mixture for inerting and purging purposes. Not used much these days except for onshore large volumes. . Pressure swing absorbtion is the must common used method for Nz generation. Skid mounted units are sometimes supplied with dedicated air compressor, or can use existing plant air compressor for supply. Air consumption is 4-5 times inert gas production rate, residual O2 in gas is 1-2%-3%. «Details and weights of common units are given in figures 4 and 5. WATER SYSTEMS Seawat «Used for cooling purposes both onshore and offshore. Can sanitation water and feed to potable water units. be used as wash water, . Seawater is also used for fire water systems but is usually 2 separate system. The seawater cooling circuit is normally connected to the fire water ring for emergency supply only. . ‘Always coarse filter the seawater before circulating to the plant. This removes any debris or marine life. + Treat with chlorine at 1-2 ppm concentration - maintain a residual CL~ level in the water exit at 0.3-0.5 ppm. + Seawater exit temperatures to outfall canals or drain caissons should not be above 40°C to prevent corrosion. Once through water systems are preferred for small cooling duties with only 3-4 exchangers. For large duties and number of units where the cost of corrosion proofing is prohibitive consider using a closed loop cooling medium system. Common used is 25% TEG in water. + For cooling medium/seawater exchangers consider using titanium or similar plate exchangers. These are especially ideal offshore due to reduced weight and space requirements. PT OTR bp PD mrTOTAL — Revision: © pageno. TEPIDPIEXP/SUR Date: 2/85 13,5 Potable + Depending on location of plant potable water can be made in situ or supplied by tanker for storage, or taken directly from a mains supply. + For onshore plants most common method of water supply is evaporative distillation. Problem with these units is size and weight are high and residual TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) is 5-10 ppm. This results is a bland distilled water which is not pleasant to drink. + Increasingly popular now are Reverse Osmosis units (RO) which are lighter and need less maintenance than evaporative units, Water quality is 400-500 TDS (World Health Organization TDS for drinking water is 500-1000) operating costs of RO units is 1,5 times that of evaporative distillation. + Power consumptions : for a 100 gph (0.38 m3/h) unit. Evaporative Distillation unit (EO) 3.5 kW Reverse Osmosis (RO) 5 kW Vapor Compression unit (ve) 15 kw + Most common unit offshore at present is the VC unit which is very reliable and easy to operate. Unit operates at 100°C and is more susceptible to corrosion. + RO units are relatively new, operate at ambient temperature and has few mechanical parts for servicing, Average membrane life is 3 years. + Consumption : estimate on 50-60 gallons per day per man (0.2 m3) Storage allow 10-15 days for offshore units 10 days for onshore remote areas + Potable water can be dosed with hypochlorite at 0.4-0.5 ppm to inhibit bacterial growth. Waste water and sewage + Before discharging to river, sea, or underground sewage + waste water must be treated to meet local health regulations prevalent in the area. + Limits are imposed on BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), coliform bacteria count and TDS. Example limits are: bacteria < 200 per 100 mi TDS < 150 ppm BOD < 100 mg/l CL~ residual > 0,5 mg/l < 1.0 mg/lf; vision: age No. : TOTAL umumes oo. ae TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 13.6 + Sewage is treated by physical attrition, airation and chlorine dosing to 30-40 ppm raw sewage. + Provide(]5~20)he retention time for enzymic action to reduce BOD. + Allow (30-50) gall/day per person (0.15 m3) for sewage, shower, laundry and kitchen wastes. Use upper limit for hot unsociable climates. FUELS Diesel + Used for emergency generators, pump motors and air compressors, cranes, and alternative fuel for turbines. ‘or emergency equipment provide individual day tanks sized on provi ing fuel for 24 he operation. + Main diesel tank (for feed to day tanks) should hold 10-12 days supply. This is dependant on location of plant and normal supply pericds. + Diesel should be filtered to © 5 Microns. Can be centrifuged to remove residual water and smaller particles. This is especially recommended offshore where longer storage times, supply boat debris, seawater contact and poor supply quality can lead to operation problems. + For storage use atmospheric venting tanks with vacuum-PSV vent. Use crane Pedestrals, platform legs or inter-deck space for offshore storage. Gas + Fuel gas is supplied as normal fuel to generators, turbines and any gas driven motors. Always pass FG through a scrubber before use. Filter gas supply to turbines to 10 microns (generally turbine manufacturer will state quality required and may include his own filters) - do not rely on this and provide separate treatment anyway. Maintain FG temperature at least 15°C above dew point. Minimum temperature of gas to be 5°C. Common supply pressures are 15-20 bar (some jet engines need 35 bar). Size fuel gas supply on maximum design duty of all users operating. Allow + 10% margin. + FG used for flare purge and pilots, etc., does not neéd to be filtered to 10 microns - use Bas straight off scrubber overheads. YP te Pt rm alia Uae ct Tnscat ate apace fe r 4 rmTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR, OrILITiEs PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision Date ° 12/85 Page No ‘waste eae owt Process water and deck drain water treatment ai aT Compressed Air System cei er] ret Dean saree Soret ot See 100 BF iy ‘0 126:200 509ESTIMATE OF WEIGHT ANO POWER FOR INSTRUMENT AIR UNITS, TOTAAL | rrocessensinesninc oesicn manuat | Revision: 0 | Page no ormurtres TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date’ = 2/85 13.8 ‘gure 2 otLawnswio9 uaMo4 & CAPACITY Nm?im (°C = 1 bara Layout plan Vaiecomsresor 2 Anercooier 23 aurter vie bh Asorer 5 Produce ble vse 6 sence t L c c ? [ t t Ig Oa BP sid Daag Yat Sa De Baal OP al pene2 4 servers { “ ang pritid 29044 =< @ | el é @ = GAS GENERATORS manne eH a ~ INERT vena UrtLITIES PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL FIGURE : ‘pn saenasysd por oom Ad Frum sao or mara von ped Emenee Byep (eo, “js mora uoqee OL Jo uonetds ssp TOTAL S04 ngs: —¢———TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision : Page N 10: TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: (2/35 15. DATATOTAL Revision: 9 — | page No. DATA SECTION ‘TEPIOP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 | ist PAGE a «General data 3-9 Conversion tables 10 PSEUDO CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTIES 11-16 Physical properties of hydrocarbons 15 Figs. 1-3 Compressibility factors of natural gas 16 4 Pseudo critical pressure VS. MW 5 Critical constants for gases and fluids 7 6 Critical temperature VS. normal boiling point 18 7 Characterised boiling points of petroleum Fractions 8 Molecular mass, BP, and densities of fractions 19 DENSITY 20 10 Relative density of petroleum fractions VS T 21 IL Relative density of petroleum fractions VS MABP 2 viscosiTy 23 12 Viscosities of hydrocarbon gases 24 13. Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids 25 ASTM viscosity chart 26 VAPOUR PRESSURES 1% Low temperature vapour pressures 27 15 igh temperature vapour pressures 28 16 True vapour pressures of petroleum products and oil 29 17 Hydrate formation pressures 30 SPECIFIC HEATS 31 18 Specific heats of hydrocarbon vapours at | ATM 32 19 Heat capacity correction factors 33 20 Specific heat capacity ratios at | ATM 21 Specific heat capacity of hydrocarbon liquids 34 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 35 22 Thermal conductivity of natural gases 23° Thermal conductivity ratio for gases 24 ‘ermal conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids 36 LATENT HEATS OF VAPORISATION 37 25 Latent heats of various liquids 38 26 Latent heats of hydrocarbons 39 27 Heat of combusion of liquid petroleum fractions 40 SURFACE TENSIONS - MISCELLANEOUS an 28 Surface tensions of hydrocarbons 42 22 Dew points of natural gases B 30 Solubility of natural gas in water and brine 31 Solubility of methane in water 32 Solubility of natura! gas in water 44 33 Solubility of water in hydrocarbons 45 34 Temperature drops for expanding gas 35 Temperature drops for expanding gas 46 36 Physical properties of gas treating chemicals 47 Physical properties of water 48 Physical properties of air -Vo eH ee eo HH} wt TOTAL | Process encinecaine oesicn manuay TEP/DP/EXP/SUR eee ala Revision; 0 Page No + Date 2/88 | 15-2 - Valves of the gas constant R in PV « torent tae Sones is mal © on ~ Soca imal ae Siem ia novi shoe el * thee 153) t Tra Balas ‘ te Saad as ‘The eelation of Degrees Baumé or API. to Specific LiL TLS = Degrees APL Ms ce Degrees Baumé = 145 145 Ta = Degrees Baume G = Specific Gravity = ratio of the weight of a given | Gravity is expressed by the following formula sot vous For liquids lighter than water P= WEME pe 1 nen, L725 bere nate ve aote ee | so Degrees Baumé = 122 — 13 won Se | ING OR 140 1507 Degrees Baume wy vole oe nase at | worn Se | nee P| Degrees API = HLS — i315, 19 (°F = 30 15 (90) + 32 C+ 27015 =5/9R =F + 45987-18K SI Prefites and Mulipication Fectorst volume of ol at 60* Fahrenheit to the weight of the same Pref Symbol volume of water at 60° Fahrenheit, wr T ‘To determine the resulting gravity by mixing oils of dif oe fe ferent gravitie 1 fk ‘nde 1 keto px mat nde to feook or to deg D = Density or Specific Gravity of mixture ieee ose m = Volume proportion of oil of di density, ez ae r Volume proportion af il of dz denetty fies Specific Gravity or deneity of m al ae |= Specie Gravity ordenaity fmol | femwoF i USEFUL NOTES | Ri | Individual gaa constant Rimel. «tof gas | Ma | Avognéro constant + 6.02292 x 1033 moleces/met | Accetaraton of gravity s9.at iad yet eat Ye | Yelotty of sound in ry aie at ore cepts mere |“VOTAL Revision : 0 Page No 7 pare 270s] 15- 3 |, sproprexe/sur DATA | E r . VOLUME I. L ! ut 1 t 1 i | een seonrone os rage ma tcat] isan 7 | suarcase v«{ssers7e4 vs [esrronae a [aeoraere oa [ron0 056 08 I tonne métrique |1,000 000 € +03 |1,000 000 € 406 |1 2.204 622 € +09 | 3.527 397 € 404 [1.102311 €¥00 | 9842 068-01 { See i ux aot | | { ? Mass 1 mel r ase s : : S e sew thord | tn on) L iagamne —[s am goo e103 [100000 00 [2.208623 €+00|2527 297401 [3.102211 E02 ager ent E08 | i samme 1.000 000 €-22 | +1000 000 €-o8 {2.204 c22.¢-03 3527 397 €-02| 1102.11 €-06 | 9942004 £07 [ pound favir) [2.538 92¢€-01 [4.525 924 € 402 | 4.538 924 6-04 | +.800 000 € +01 |5.000 Goo € ~08 | «54 705 €-08 3.125 000 € -08 | 2,790 178 ounce (aveis) (2.994 957 € 02 | 2024 957 €401 | 2.694 952 €-08 |6,260 000-02 }* | 2.000 G00 € +03 | 3,200 000 € +08 }1 2.928 570 €-01 meant Typ : [eeeeTU35 [sas anon [ns or ers [90 07 €-o8 | - Teng 8) 1 L wegen | ay aneva uve rev |uoton cio |2He mea] 25h me 19500) | P - oe rTOTAAL | rrocessencimecrina vesion manuat | reviion: 0 | Pope no: DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date savas [IS -4 : AREA AIRE em? + vere ant we ~y t 1 at mene (Pee earl (ee eto case od ae imine | voooomeno | + es ene ee | : vpocccoeve: | seovom ese | 1 [senowens [rseomers | vow snes “ roaumera | coesncver | somesco | 1 fee ee vawewcr | easvecvenoe | easreoneicn | sastowence | ssmame-or | lets eer eae cet areca ee eon at LENGTH : 1 5 | | | I _gooons evar] vaonoonesch|xon0e00 +1 [3537 on e-r |ancoewoo/e a eo janinisn [ravens ooo ace ex [000000608 [3297 o08 on 2.0 026212712 €-08 fone (romernenas rem ono =o) es a ee eee [swim eros eno coe-o|n an ea ass7 008 enon] amo woemio lena Ti2e=n js gave [asso cca e-02 [2.40.0 €00| 240.00 os |zsu0 00 €400|1 tema soo econ | ave a ees Jeo tinar [rove oooe-o1 [note ooo 41 [nox ooo 4 [2.0800 «48 | 120007061 ao | [rau mre fvaoe 20 oo | 0004s ens] 600204409 | 500304412 ea om e404 | 5.200000 € 20] VELOCITY aewoomener | a 1eeon06- ® | senene-w | | a | o samen | en | pomesoe-es | vapnoeco | umeomess | + | cavare-ot | | !TOTAL | rrocessewamesnine oesicn manuat DATA SECTION Revision: 0 Page No TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Dare: 27es | is. - 5 VOLUMETRIC FLOW rout ] mien oh om h mime | som Wn Wm boa tepemene — | romezoess | sazecnoerco | 1 somenea | rsmanea | rsreesee | sano | some | beans cos | tanrvea | esoremecr | 270 : precnes | emowren | 34481 er _ soreese-cr | soresorever | rasremecr | amon suces | 1 | aamocoes | ssa eon DENSITY MASSE VOLUMIOUE . ; ; i sel en so tien 5 ilgamme par mite cube | 1 rococoge-os ] asizm20e-0 | 242797602 | ats 405 €-03 amo par ceatimitre cube] 10000006403 | 3 aezreeoz | szeararesor | aacsu06 eso pound pe eatic inch zasresoeioe | z7e7a90e%01 | + iamonerm | 2210 c00€+02 pound pe aie fot neorsasevor | ssorease-oz | szeroare-oe | 1 1.36405 €-01 pound pergaton (US) | sropassetor | sro0zee-or | ssz0004e-02 | rasosioetoo | + tTOTAAL | rrocessencivecnins vesionwanuat | Revision: 0 | Page No DATA SECTION sle-6 TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Dae: 2/as | 15 - 6 PRESSURE TOTAL r pt entinion ca | [ecw VISCOSITY (Dynamique)TOTAAL | rrocessenciecrina vesicn manuat | Revision: 0 | Page No: DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Cae: 2/as 5 - Z VISCOSITY (Kinematic) I nscositecimemariaue] ss ior teed pa cand : 100 00 +06 {ore a0 e408 3.075 con «soe eamtinokes 1,000 900-05 1 voweaeie-os | 3.875 008 e-o2 1 | saute aot pr cand 200304 €-02 9.280204 e404 : 2,600 000 «+0 per hour 2.500640 6-05 2500640 £401 2277 7706-08 1 ) ENERGY/WORK/HEAT 1 ci Suttinse ws | tem | ety | categ | ten | om Lm | ga | tem rates woe} tn | oats | He ne | iewetivows | paeencnay mealrmmareohamaneaaacabaencafaneneaeniagatsina i "esse bewadaceefaatocat —foecfanndamfoa posorafoeeespamneafineutnchsimice|mmee panier op mane uss T 1 i aoTOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision: 0 Page No : TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Pee eenee Date 2/85 | 1S -B SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY | cuaatan wtcinroue a aunt 1 | } iecabarie par hilogramme: } | 1 coaews : [ven | mee | | Wk ovat satonesoa T 1 Leyirs Fanrande | ‘ 1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY cae I | | HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT [ coumecnca,... | ] i] wonce | = - |[- ]|- ~ f | quone. 1 — : comee | woomes | iwmen | imeem | vwnnein onc | vomewrn | + Tiemew [mee |Lu eo) tt es eI od is i 2 TOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL DATA SECTION Revision; 0 Page No: vate : 2/88] 15 - 9 HEAT CAPACITY/ENTROPY capacite THEAMIGUE a tea ier jute pa kelvin 1 290 087 €-08 | 1.706 071 € 03 silacaorie pa deed kevin 4.198 000 € +03 1 piss sete Srkih tearm nit seei erzeso2 1400919 €-01 1 per degree Fanrenteit POWER/HEAT FLOW RATE | atte ow | am | eae | team | oe | me | ntote | amin | sate are | | i [eve feonrn venient a ponms afimaetn| orate vm rmes ae eee ee eee ee eae | ee || eee eee come | ecm | ere (er ae ee ae 1 } 4.26808 €+00| 55 eve ev0r [3240403 01 | 1.088 574¢ 00 | 449 2906 ca | +288 87 « a}: 5 20300 | 305s 207 €-o4 | | eeDATA SECTION Revision: 9 | PageNo.: TEPIOPIEXP/SUR pate: 2785 | 15.10 EUDO-CRITICALS AND OIL PROPERTI Definitions : True vapour pressure : - actual vapour pressure of a crude oil at the actual temperature of the fluid. Reid vapour pressure: - reference vapour pressure of an oil at a controlled temperature of 100 °F (used as a basis for product specification). Molal average boiling point : - equal to the sum of the mole fraction of each component x.its atmospheric boiling point * Volume average boiling point : VABP : - average temperature at which the ASTM 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 9% and 90 % volumes boil. VAB T1O % + 130 % + T50 % + T70 % + T90 % ee — Mean average boiling point : MABP : ~ the slope of the ASTM distillation « to correct the VABP to give MABP. See Fig. 7 another corrected form of YABP. Cubic average boiling point : CABP UOP K or WATSON CHARACTERISATION FACTOR BP sg at 60/60 5 & CABP in °R This issued as a'characterisation factor when defining crude oils. {¢ is required for various other data evaluations.}-"FO TEAL, | rrocess encineenina vesianmanuat | pevision: 0 | pageNoss : DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date: aves | (5 - |] y PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYOROCARBONS(27} u Tencene =] z z z 5 ee + z é wi 3 . Wo, Comeouna i § 3 gs a z e : 3 3 H ee : a : “ z g 2 jae | G8 3 i : é 2 2 se | ee é £ 3 : 7) eamane 943 | ~ier sia) (as000) | ian and | aan] pass Ta oes I 2] Etsane ora | an sa'lieosa) | “latter | Gee, | 8053 | 8087 3] Prosate ger | mez02 | tat | Ciareee | S859 | 38a | Seater 2] nate We) 009 | ur | riggs | ger, | B82 | Qaasee 5 | coutece Sorte | ter | dea dee | sats | 800t 2 T | aPentene Wisi | eos Tie. [saa [ose 3] tosenate mist | ge 1. 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| 39733 vez) | 1si9 fez] Sssea | Sera 228 | O1319 | Soot SS] Es8 i335 | 108 [2335 | 3 Geese | Sen'8 e269 | O1z09 | Soot = | is tea | 1S [21% [7 Sass | 5599 Spa [ore | booreo | O23) — | 25763 Waa | 1393 [2049 | 2 bscse_| S802 Sgt [Size | doorss | oaos) — | 2583 jaas | 506 [Fras [13 ‘2885 —] 3980 seg | O18 | ooze | Osme| OMIT aas86 Tee | 1806 [2208] Fe e528 gery | otess | coorz2 | oama] — | e300 yori | 130s | 2163 srs S851 | onses | ogorae | S3zm| — | 32588 tog? | see | 2137 a2 Sors | ousze | Stora [eater] — | 3asse tea | tara | 2150 oe e763 | Otare | goor3 | Ozer) — | 34556 toe | 1813 | £81 ent Seo | ora0 | Scors | Saou) — | 3858 toe | test | 2199 ere é63 | Otsae | govt | Oz) — — | See 1823 | 86a | Foe feet 093 | O1s23 | got 26 | Osa] — | 34500 teas | 13% | 2oe8 7367 rose | 01516 | O0OI1Z | omet | BIE [Saaz vasa] var Rat eer? age | Ova? | acon | S3eee) “— | 38am tea | 1593 | Bias 5269 exes | Oieet | Goort7 | S300) — | 339 fei | g92 | Zoe we Soe | ots r | Sota | Sassa] — | Sage '5n0 | 15e0 | Zee 133 2528 | 03939 | o000s9 | Sasoe| — | Stas W228 | tase | 278 : 102 7agt | Sonsea | Soot2s | Sizes | omer | 22213, 788 1334 jena | Ostr?) | Geo ze | Oamea| “| 2s507 ae jaa wexa | Otorg | Seo 22 | Ozma] — | 230s isu 737 S38 | Sd65 | Sorta | Sas) — | 3580, a0 — i ——_aseeo] osase —T a-seae a saae-= | sz] oosoest | acoaeot| atess| oaace | Vases 2a sere” | 32554) SonaSo | aoozae"| arses] oavos | 33% 2397 sain | Sea] Soaaam | Soorze"| o2asa| ose | sara i368 | 2312s Sigg: | geass] aoot ge" | oooi9s| azizs| ossat | sara Bis | 2358 soos | Seen] Goa3 ce" | Saori") oaoz6| osese | 1 Sara ge | 2296 5855 Hiee"| atoag,, | 900160, | O35 | coast | Serie Sig | Feta ear Sse, | Scg2.a0% | Scot ver] (o25e01| 960) | fore haag | 2352") sare | G35.05| ogseas* | ooozas"| ata | ass) | Sere vias | 230 6880 S03" | Som 3 | Boorse | ossen) Seer | 23819, tise | 2371 — a —— — | 0.1983 | 03575 | -ca000 vee | ea sea | occexs | ooo ia | ozous| Oscar | Seges 18: | 5, ana Hag | ores? | Sor oa | oaeas| Scar | State ‘as | Ve39 ang Gog | O19 | Gooogr | aon] °=— | Saeed 188 | 1321 et Gast | S104 | Geaog9 | oars] — | dese PES | Get 5823 Se02 | 81323 | Sccosr | 32s ess Ve3 | 1s i623 Bead | Oza? | Sooogr | Oe 35259 157 | 1508 sib Sez | otiee | Sooraa | Sims] — | 388 133 | ae beso 3223 | oa96 | Sooos? | Sato] — | tise Ln | ae 7360 Wea3 | 908028 | O00 17 | gseaa] =] 11009 vase | 2age ing W802 | ose 20] Soarar | Sze) — | rssee ‘65 | 2505 sivas | szoer| 8a8 se" S30) S323 | 1 Sia5 68330] — S21 21351 | saat] a053 5" S367] ages | St so) — Saag7a6] Je73| aoe en| —— | Savso| ogee, | ives 8.5960] 2o8i0m1 | $2 vioehiger | 295% | oes =| Be] Seger | a2i' 8.8069] 135800] $3 36189") e177 a0) sree] aoa sz] =| aasr8] aseaTI0 | oseeo 3079 | €e9a00 $e Sse a6] 252/% see") Soisan | | CASS] Gasce | Taoce Foes | “EOP Borg" | coma = J-o2ise| Voces | ossse age | |e Patten rte = | Sb200) assess | °Soe8 =| este} = |S Sacerea} 'SSa:eria1) = | 3558) Saver) ase =| Sous} = | 8 hee | ages = _| 85157] B38rstoa) $25 oa) oft) — |e 009. | "333 ogee | 8 Si3e| OO aaa ii? | Teer ain | z8im | Tz8.om a1 ae | | 000 stan) 362 | SEY | 63 Susie” | HRS oooee3 | Srzaz] ESM S228 a2) dea] — |[TOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR DATA secrroN PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL Revision: 0 Page No: Date: 2785 | 15 - [3 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF HYDROCARBONS|27) ne a Frsmmaoiiy a Tapas "O ; tims wat® cect Goa? et, fe [2 Lianne umn Tod Vidiya; Ub 2 d a] ge2 ] 2 2s H a8 5 2] 728 | 2 33 2 les SS) oa giege] 382 | ao [88 A 3 ale $23/223| $22) 353 [ie |is] 3 | 38) 322 232/352/ 322/323 |e |i] 2 | fF | ge) 238 Taee| — | | eT 3 Pas =p =, 350 | si sect] 19 eso 0st 33 [88 | rod see 53978 | So.senn| 9 Sock 3 9s Br |GS foi) Nee 2973 istao"| serie o ta | RS [do] se 13rage | Savoazn| 27 atm ae 3 a [588 | Stor TenBe asses) a iaaia 2 | 83 [89] 3 17 He | teat | 252 | 883 Tages TZ —|17 13607] 38 Fatitroenane ies [an [se] 8 Seitnslencacs aah ah | G5 | a3 | see ease 12 | wa | gaa | ata, Sinethybutane Win ore [a1 | $85 | fad sear 3—-73--aa | 35 Fisehyiexane josie no | oo |e] ae Mcinynecane iesare ha | &3 | ss) 25 2 Emviooncme eos io | Ge | 88 | eo Ee Simeinvipencane weeser tr | G3 | $2 | 38 HGimenyomnane ioesse He | Wo /a58 | gat | Eseimainplosnace wae Ho | Ge | 888 | sa ern io | Get | 888] S88 | Bzes 936 > — |} 22308 3 | = [ser | sez! Base bo, | fuse” | det Bites gar | ze P| Hoes ow | 3 || = 125.965 Ge | == | gy] sow | ter aSarane tea9e 3 | eg | $8] sta | 187.308 36437 13 78 | 772 | 830 { eenvercnexane sare Bar eT LE Se Eine (Envlenel 33709 = Ta ase | ag Fenech aie = a | 108 | a8] 89 ‘Suton usin) ean aeaies| ig | 95 | eoy| 392 Heer ioossn pe | 2 [882] oo nea Bian ne | [es |e naan Hecesn te |= j=} = eae ee ara Mol aa Lan | soe 3988 ao ms ao [og | U2] 2 1yaes Bi = a8 [Sts |] ages Rise ae ds | = [aa sn S978 aa — 3] | 139.692 36998 50432 1ae 79! | szaf} — ‘6 Boe0 33 re] 38) 29] er 'Se520| ois | S78 90 38 dae | aoe | G83] 283 tBaa7| s3. itorabvibentae dinses| 23213 | 37631 20 dior | bbe | 385 |e 7 260] 2295 | 19057 B07 erg) == Hiase| Za707 | 2813 3348 Se =) = Exton once itse0 | 2207 | SY ‘098 Pel =| = Exeoan dou er] =) fos) |=] ES = Fracopen tute ari] = | = Soa: | 716 sx2| =| = ee} =is ‘moe _|— =} = my — | mos | S| eso ee] ion} = | — 20013 | az0| eoo1si| 7420 = S| = goo (A) SS") SP) =| =| = gee |—|— |=s= =a ne va] 5 3 Be j=l} | Sys | | woos |— |= jf =| = sree enlore SlHEl= gee |= |= |= |=TOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DI DATA SECTION ESIGN MANUAL | Revision: ° Date REFERENCES, ema Fonction f Gane aterworth ihe id Sie Se Perea aes Ede am Inara hem (2 Redeattr 2: ln Gs Hs Reto 8s hem Re 8 com Metin, BL eb, 1A hn Die ning Uae "Neo bet ceed Us fet paar nny i eae Scat hers so NRO Becrminnd so. peewee and 18°C Seay deat peng gg CE eran Serna and ne one pa denny 18 in ein a denny of wr ne 18 3 siprenenel oe guto eta Owe) ~ acon) = i803 (a0 1GpSO20 AGOre nae ‘comMENTS: yet leet aTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, DATA SECTION Revision: 0 Page No: Dae saves }is-|5 © COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS FOR NATURAL GAS I E n Beat ead” a ad atid Wd eT edTOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, DATA SECTION Revision: 0 Date: 2/85 Peeudo critical prosture FIG. 4 cota Pe THEPee Le Le LOLS ae a aan ee ee fy TL Ter - aly e e . 6 (a I. es 4] © o gas 2 8 | NS, ee fe 5 Cert ze | HDS : 5 by ADIN 5 b eo ga Eph, i : 8 , |e gk UN i zg | 28 eee 3 2 | 33 hea i 28 |i: No 2 é sf zg |°? WAAL g é hs g . f ie i 8 3 fe : S £ © ee eee ae rai e ae OP 3 BE 5 neil UE A = busteaeteayeet LA uJ Bt Of) trates 3 * it & |PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision: 0 OATA SECTION Date 22/85 Molecular mass Molecular mass, boiling points, and relative densities etroleum fractions a 14 120F 100 Adapted (rom Maxws 4 ‘Data Book on Hysrocarbans” | Mean average boiling point. °CTOTAL orca scr TEP/OP/EXP/SUR, Date: 2/85 15.19 0 | page. : DENSITY VAPOUR DENSITY Vapour densities or molar volumes can be calculated from the equation : vy =ZRT P p lpsia | bara TI eR | +k R | 10731 0.08314 Htbs/ft3 | keg/m3 MWair = 28.967 LIQUID DENSITY The density of 2 multi component mixture can be calculated using the summation of the component densities : 5 Rye Wi = mas component P a i= cesity component liquid densities for hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated using. Figures 10, L{ in this section. Pen nnn mot mat Fc B I BE KoyTOTAAL | csocessevomeermecesionmanuas | pen: 9 | ri age NB: TEP/OP/EXP/SUR DATA SECTION Date: 2/85 [1S - 20 Approximate relative density of petroleum fractions CCEECT! BRE coe eae #y Breet] Sea i oy CELTS i esas REESE | iS A °. oaia littmann nnn tannin i ine TOTAAL | rocessenciveninc oesianmanuat, | Revion 0 pan TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Dente Date 2/85 | 15 - 21 FIG. 11 sso Relative density of petroleum fractions 105 00g Example: axc0"C@: anol with rel den. at 15°C tee wo Bhd 101 325 kPa(aba) of 0.86, ane Kw L0©; has a eel den. of 838 ‘0. 0 7500 kPalabs)}@, 100 4 ons (Mean °C + 273.15) x 1.8)!" Kw = Ral den. at 15°C and 101.925 kPalabs) a0 204 1504 Relative deosity teed bel el Lad | — beet it ad eed hed be led ¥ nd bed bed bed bes : ol a hd— _— | Saybolt furol VAPOUR VISCOSITY Calculate using + conversion charts are sited Use figure 12 in this section or poe = ZEEE Psy ie WD pm=A exp cep) (4h 2-08 mw) 7 A (204 419 Mw at) 10% + O01 MW TOTAL Revision: . 9 |PageNo. DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date 2/35 |__ 15.22 viscosity at s é UNITS | i Dynamic viscosity : {centipose = 0.01 dynes/em2 = 0.000672 Ib/tt.s) Kinematic viscosity: 4 centistoke = 0.04 cm2/s Dynamic viscosity | i poroek density peor! _, Ler : Le n6 ks ; Other quoted units for kinematic viscosity are : host 4 Seon a0n bre Saybolt universal Redwood Engler in literature Jos mixture viscosity p fw: = component viscosity component mol-wt Ys = component molefrac accuracy + 5% Tin OR MOLT SAGO kt LPL tooce pia TEP tw Ra G42 zZRT di LIQUID VISCOSITY Use Figure 13 in this section or :~ ooy'T , Calculate using: i) pm = =x (pi)? | Xs component mol.frac |The viscosity of crude oils with an APL> 30 * (ag = 0.88) can be estimated using : logps a - (0.035KAPD centipoise Sec toa \ where 38 1 34 ! nm i 83 I woe i + Correlations for liquid viscosity possess a general celiability of = 15 %TOTAAL | Process evcmeenina oesicn stanuat | Aeviion: 9 | Pane No: Viscosity, cent ‘TEP/DP/EXP/SUR eee! pate: ayes | 18-23 0.059, 0050 08 oso 0x0 0080) 020! ‘020 oars ats too 200 300, 00«800 onto! ° Temoerotuce, 369 F 100 Temperature, deg F ia} 9 040 0.030 3 fepettrerberreer TH foo 200-~300~=S— OSC Temceroture, 63 F a card pT 0 TOO, 200, «300 $00 500 Temperature, 329 a) aorollit 0 FIG. 12 Vscouiy of aotrat goren te) 04 grovity. 8 O7 gravity le) 08 gronsy I6h IO gravity (2-40) VISCOSITY OF NATURAL GASES Timea aes 8 pce cas geal ge eNO ed ce ae feed clea leaD5 anwadwas Revision : <= G cadpnsoasa PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, TEP/DP/EXP/SUR spinbyi voqiesospAy Jo sami1s0951A TOTAL FAR mm es ees eres me ol eeeTOTAL | Process encineerine ossicn manual DATA SECTION TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date: 2vas | IS- DS A f & s Kinamatic viscosity - centistokes ° oot a temperature °F sth urscostTy vAser eg ay ae es mam,PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, DATA SECTION Page No = 15-26 re vapor pressures for light hydrocarbons . ‘oo by deed Lo La to : Tran ega sinevand 10d8H 2323828 Sease8 2 22 $0 40 20 | ie 2003 ork za Se 4 ele § in é 8 2 z 3 2 gq = & B 8 & 8 o z {8 2 6 fs ee Be a e 2 6 |s 6 6 [8 2 & B G 8 8 2 mi 5 S Ei Oe eB corr ase # suoque sory 1! s9unssaid jodvA asnyes9diay-U6tH (sae) egy ‘unssaid soden,eo Mw a TOTEAL | Processenciweenine vesicn manuat, | Revision :2es | 18-28 DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date ° A Reset eo beet tev Ld owe GunSSBd WOAWA aL a peneeesawan » i eetaliil Ngsa8d YOAVA OIDH g g ei . 2 3 | ee 2 Ge bell yeti e238 382222 8 2 8 © bay Pa -2°3 sa synsgnu HOam a3 328 3 va 2 2 8 gots $ oe a2 2 = 2326 a ge : jal 0 03 04 os Tungsied wOuwe na FIG. 16 TRUE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND CRUDE OILTOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR, DATA SECTION PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, Revision: 0 Page No: Date: 2ye5, 5-29 Permissible expansion of a 0.7 relative density natural gas without hydrate formation | “Rassias 0 Si by GPa” -Ongina om 8.8, Kate Yooe 7000 sooo S000 — — 1daoo 20000 5t Final pressure, «Pa (abs) foe pesatcting hydrate formation ‘pressure, KPa (abs) Permissible expansion of a 0.8 relative density natural gas without hydeate formation ‘80000 t TA 0000/3835 na seems cer 20009 20000) Kaspias to by Goa | Stgmat trom o'e Kate 1000 feos sess 009 “T3060 Final pressure *Pa (abs) Permissible expansion of 20.6 relative density natural gas without hydrate formation a A wydrate format Soon i $000 inanseenes THEE 10000 boat 1 pressure, KPa (abs) 52 4 : | sseeccecess FIG. 17 t i | tf nel | onpetien @ xa | ooo 30003000060” Gado 1006020000 Final pressure, 3 (208), HYDRATE FORMATION 500 mr 1 [ f‘TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Date: 2/85 TOTAL Revision: 9 [Pag DATA SECTION UNITS : BTU/Ib * LBTU/Ib °F = 419 kI/Kg, VAPOUR MIXTURES LIQUID MIXTURES SPECIFIC HEATS (HEAT CAPACITY) ki/kg LBTU/Ib°F = 1 cal/g °C Use figs 18, 19 in this section Cp? is a fuction of temperature and can be calculated using Cp? =A+BT+CT2 where A, B, C are constants dependant on system composition and Tis in °R (K) Values of A, B, C are cited in Kern, or Perry. Cp® can be corrected for pressure if Pr and Tr are known using Figure = ratio of specitic heats GP this should also be corrected for pressure if required. Use Figure 21 in this section or : Calculate using Cpl = 2.96 - 1.34 G + T (0.00620 - 0.002349) kI/kG °C (T in °C) Cpl = 0.68 -0.31 G+ T (0.00082 - 0.000319) BTU/Ib °F (Tin °F) G = liquid specific gravity CAMPBELL (accuracy + 5%)TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision; 0 Page No DATA Si Date: 2/85 | 15 -3] TEP/DP/EXP/SUR TEMPERATURE, CCGAEES PAsRENOEIT 200) ° 0. "300 eo 90 [ONE ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE, Gp OTU PER UB PCR cp BTU PeR'LB. PCR “F TOMPCAATURE. DEGREES FANRERHEIT FIG. 18 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON VAPOURS AT | ATM (NOTE UNITS ARE BTU/LB/*F) TOI oo rr m co VW eee aa =n 2 ko f sal finkPROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL TOTAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Cena Revision = Date os 305 20 Bee 3 8 one I were Bato tyn=natled & 26,8107 TTY; oat A WALT (Tite oh ee ate ak or a 0 OF 0810 raeaeCRne FIG. 19 HEAT CAPACITY CORRECTION FACTORS (NOTE UNITS ARE BTU/LB MOLE/*F) (at atmospheric pressure) los los loz on oe 08 loos loos looz t i | tema) or ne cal/ 26,8 Patoh Engr 3 FeTOTAAL | rocessenciveenine oesicn manuat | revision: 0 | Page No: TEP/OP/EXP/SUR DARA SECTION Dae: 2788 | 15-33 FIG. 20 Approximate ipecitic he oF hydeocarber capacity ratios ISIN a] REEN ITN. "Sen tn 8 | L [ [i f f [ oI fea geo ce ae E TEL ft Ko = 4 PeATure “F gersTOTAL DATA SECTION Revision TEP/OPIEXP/SUR Date 2185 | 15.34 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS + BTU/Ib °F 1 BTU/Ib °F = 1.488 keal/m.h.ec VAPOUR MIXTURES + Use figs 22, 23 in this section using : wep (CASE) accuracy +8 % LIQUIDS Use fig 24 in this section or + k Pp - BTU/h.ft?F - Ib/hatt Cp BTU/Ib °F + Liquid hydrocarbon mixtures can be estimated using + k = 90677 [1 0.0003 (T - 323] 3B accuracy + 12% SOLIDS k ~ BTU/hr sg - specific gravity 7 °F + See Perry of Kern for details of metals, earths and building materials. Low pressure thermal conductivities of pure gases and vapours can be estimated 178.95 326 > 392TEP/DP/EXP/SUR a Cate 2/88 | IS -35 TOTAL | Process encivecnine vesicnmanuat | anus ° en] Thermal Conductivity af Natural Gases at 101.3250 kPo (abs) T LI LLU FIG. 22 Thermal conductivity ratio tor gases Poco reoe a ey eg ng THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF HYDRO- A IQu = CARBON Liquins Fis. 24accuracy + 20% + Estimate using Troutons rule: D=21.Th cal/gmole Tb = boiling paint °K Detailed estimation methods in Perry : pp 238 For relief valve calculations use 50 BTU/Ib if actual Lt-ht is not known. TOTAL Revision: 0 | PageNo. DATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR, uate) 2/85 |__ 15.36 . T HEAT OF VAPORISATION UNITS : BTU/tb L BTU/Ib = 0.5556 kcal/kg kcal/kg Use figures : 25, 26TOTAL ] PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL, DATA SECTION Page No : | | | l LATENT HEATS OF VAPORIZATION OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 2785 | 15 -37 fig et woo, - 7 w3 uauio [ic 13004 800 nee Th re sees [Bue 3 1500 | Amys aiconet (i501 307 1000S oq | Sunt a abs ee saci) ae 7 ae = b 20 soe | eee, 2 bso EL SRSSE ye ta [FE sso | om " 300. aoe “a so rey fs a pS eric i r re Eon coer a 1 series i PT Eso Serta ale c hese tec) at T 100 essay feet |e co | Freon 133 (CCI-FCCIF) | 214 Freon 114 (ccIwecle) | 15 TT esas |i oF |i BB [iets eaten Rc 7300 sie [Sete |B! L250 so —L5 es sof, | Setane et ne 10 F300 alee (cscs ty base ee i wo [EST [xt L coo fe Besos ia rs Pe (teres es ae fll Le oe L100 x Ly aoe Exemole : Pou eau 4 100% | : Doo —su20 Cc 2s oe en. TOI rere C4 2 22/85 | Is 38 te Da PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL TOTAL OATA SECTION TEP/DP/EXP/SUR HiT Ty Te TTT = BOTT 20! TO TEE Th un Til HT TTA Lit tii FSSEEEE ER Ceee EES ae eae SS === SF pac eee TIE Tee Ae et SSS NAAR ele bt EE a 4 Ware: ets EAH NACA LL A (ae Fee va A TEEPE j2eee HOTT Ht 2+ a0 006 OF ata} of 05 4 * PRESSURE - ATM a2 aoe TT [ iF { DN/TVOM NOILYSTINOGVA JO LYIH dl Cot LATENT HEAT OF YAPOURISATION OF HYDROCARBONS FIG. 26TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL OATA SECTION SPECI AVITY 60/60°F, TEP/OP/EXP/SUR 20,400 TO CONVERT BTU/LB. TO KILO-CAL/KILOGRAM 0.200 MULTIPLY GTU/LA BY 0.5557 20, = 3 3 § GROSS HEAT OF COMBUSTION, BTU/LB 18,000 0 10 20 30 40 APL Gravity RRC cee HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF LIQUID PETROLEUM FRACTIONS) rrom waxweLt oava }OOK ON HYDROCARBONS, 1990, 0. VAN NASTRAND CO, ING 30 Revision: 0 Date: 27a, 60 Fig. 273 Page No 5-39 13,000 18,800 18,500 18,200 18,000 17,800 17,600 17,400 17,200 BTu/Le NET HEAT OF coMaUSTION fTOTAL sara seemton Revision: 9 | pageno.: TEPIOPIEXPISUR Date 2/85] 15.40 SURFACE TENSIONS UNITS : Dynes/em 1 dyne/em = 10-3 N/m N/m. For surface tensions of paraffins use fig. 28 + To estimate surface tensions for hydrocarbon liquids/gas use - A o:[2.4-| mw GAS source : aker accuracy 1 + 10% P = Parachor = 18.07 + 2.946 MW for paraffins with MW < 100 = 278 + 2.35 (MW - 100) for paraffins with MW > 100 pi uid density lb/ft? pv = vapour density Ib/te3 + For oil-gas mixtures can also use = 0.26% APL) « exp (-0-0004 7) Cee = temperature in °F source Beggs + Brill P = pressure in psiaTOTAL, | rrocessencineeninc vesion manuat | Revion: 0 | Page wo: TEP/DP/EXP/SUR aeons Date: 2708 | 15-4] Surface tension af poratfin hydrocarbons Fig. 28 Tn ee maa Oe Oe onTOTAL TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision: 0 DATA SECTION Date: 2/85 img water/m? (GPA) of wet gas at 15°C and 101.925 kPa (abs) oxn000 00000 coc. 19000 4000 Dow point of natural gas coRAECTION FO" ZlS 100 2S onl alg asettt TOTAL soU0s Warning: Dashed lines are Rewwal equilorium is lower ater content, Angle 2 fos BRINE, FORMATION CNC HYORATE, FIG. 29 | TPs (abn) 10.1450 = pale sre ece 1a)ta2 OF and 14.7 pal Lb water/mi° Page No: [ TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision TEP/DP/EXP/SUR OTA SECTION Oates 2/5 | 15-43 efor) “te bce Vaarsorarie 5 25] 20h 2200 | J4deaaomncy #24 3:09 a BEERS Joseeaannid = D7“ owene = 120 Yperetpr-no- 525 5s] + gs be s oe 5 Bape Hed By end g 34 ea ee 2 3] 3.4 oar wa aoa sha he aaa ae a 0 ee Swe, we Teuecearuae SoWbity of noral got in wore’ ond brine, FIG. SO Sebbiy of methane n wet " * FIG. SL SOLUBILITY OF NATURAL GAS IN WATER j | pesnce 50028 eee eee ee epg sag ag + ite 70 FIG, 32. Soubility oF notrol gar in wote oo ECR SSR PaaS mre hPROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL TEP/OP/EXP/SUR eee FIG. 33 Solubiiity of water In hydrocarbons 06 03 o2 oor 006 005 3 003 002 ‘water solubil 2.006 2.008 2.000 002 | Adapted to $1 By GPSA | osiginatvom De dann J Mexetta | ‘Univarty ot esas poe ea Temperature. °CTOTAL | rsocess ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL DATA SECTION TEP/OP/EXP/SUA Revision : Date No; | ° Page No: aes | 15-45 FIG. 34 .Adiapaie expen son rom §.600 psig to atmosphere TEMPERATURE DROPS FOR EXPANDING GAS' SS -Aaiazave expansion rom 10,000 10 5,000 psig, os IT he Re ere ee, Pu aon relco ender as a 7 us on ; See g 3 eae deat @ 191 sort seer tev siert 608 PH 2Hpe NOONE gow door eo 3S A BSE $ 308315 » & noreco St Set poco aumreser— sovarse aor osor va 2 8 caivior scot Droolests — eatwrerd eatites” sacilens —eaciteme gue Bury wmoandoe oma g seo ereaceto awsome nesiesee — D9slecee Deoe 8 ee gee a Cootsloore Sroe8 cos wet set cuir siodon ou 3 8 isco a 7 etrou tveen é 6 ose set eo oe bs ws See als We 2 13 _ - 2 io 3 8 we wom & g : ¢ Teni ee gy a Bo a z pa - sour F asreesrt >uon tn wpe g 5 a.001 9 280 go: Bee-350 ose ons Seer ne SEB eee ore v¥e sage tong - : Se 7 : SSE g sation -surcio eos oct ascs omtesoo sare ons é Seonot ocesee ce wee tise oeoeamse sastatoeaaiey 8 CBN ues esol sent buoxfaelawor scot 2e0u!300 £ asta cor "suorgeeb, ays esol elt ‘wor uot : : ‘ot or a ose - = sete Be Ele a mal 5 5 oe » suc re « sot eg ot out ite osoduoreadone aoe Sout & oe n : : : sol svar 2 : eg WEOEDOH —-NEOREDOH HOD wes Oo ¢ me ‘syorqweyp Guy10011 106 yo sayvedord jooyskyg‘TEP/OP/EXP/SUR Saas TOTAL | Process encinecrine oesicn manuat Ano. high TEMPERA’ Viscosity oF STEAM RE WATER ERECT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Thermel Condverwity of Water end Steam" Revision: © | PeyeNos saves | ts Az Tp ie a 2) | & ti :; eset = mo SP er er er eI rc 1 rere 4TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision : 0 TEP/DP/EXP/SUR cea pare : 2705 | 15-49 thermel Conductivity af Air* Thermal conbieniy bs BLU AR abeN FD Gis tna mo 0708 tre Eo tise Us 4 St te oN mera condimny vee Gide te ale ales Visesity of Aire "conn, HR 10% te Sesh Heat At gh Poses wit eye oo ea = a 3 3 Ae eee ee s ARIE EE 1.000 2 Fe te L La ‘3 oc tbe pena af ober mae tin w ‘of the prensure, see “Interaational Critical Tables," vol. 2 Spor dacae. “see Fig, Bit end 316 ee ce) 3.000 M san 2 EBARUTS ot] sa) fr ex.s [to i010 98 BBO EELS fama tench er, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR 1 00 ba oe ind ar omponen” Mone, 986, RODS TEESE ScboasIon! thr ure cosas + dacs of “The companion of ry tir is recaarkably constant allover the pobe and tzoueh> Buribe cours eopospbere Tee proportions by volume ofthe various componeats te given below (alter AF, Panet, 1999, 1952) _ [sims [_veoretin | seman | coy rte [sees [remus | Low | ao | me | gouee & ag | ge | Pe & ag) pe cy |e | S| th. | ge |p ne He | sanio+ “| Ra 6 x10 seit:TOTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL | Revision : TEP/DP/EXP/SUR, Date: 2/85 16, PROCESS CALCULATION SHEETSTOTAL TEP/DPIEXP/SUR PROCESS CALCULATION SHEETS Revision: 0 Date: 2/85 Page No. 16.0 EQUIPMENT CALCULATION SHEETS AIR COOLER SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER PUMP CENTRIFUGAL OR AXIAL COMPRESSOR: RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR TRAYED COLUMN VERTICAL LIQUID GAS SEPARATOR HORIZONTAL TWO PHASE SEPARATOR, HORIZONTAL 3-PHASE SEPARATOR PIPELINE TWO PHASE AP CALCULATION PIPELINE AT CALCULATIONOPERATING CONDITIONS AND NATURE OF FLUID: Duty Qe 1 keal/h | Fluid inlet temperature Its °c | Fluid outlet temperature \t2=1 °C | FLUID AT =T1-T2= Fluid inlet pressure Ip bar abs | Air ambiant temperature Itb= 1 °C [INLET ATL =TI-th= Overall heat transfer coeff. 1U= | keal/hm2 °c | (See Table 2 and/or attached work sheet) (Based on bare tube area) . I NOTES STEP 1. Optimum number of tube ins [ | (curve N° 4) rows for U selected 2R=Ataic/ tm Il | (curve N° 4) 3.7L -T2/TL- th 1 1 ecl 4. Y 2Ataie/TL - th ly= 1 1 (curve N° 5) 5. Atair = ¥ x(T1- th) lAtaic | "cl 6. Exit air temp t2=Mtair+th = | t2 = | “cl 7. Average differential temp. | I 1 Atm =dsgic atm = | scl i 1 1 8, Bare tube surface A = faz 1 m2 | sate: | ' ' 9. Bare tube area/row FasA/N | Fa= | mi | 10. Tube tength | m | 3, 4, 5,6, 7.5 or 9 mare common 11, Tubes/row TR = Fa/Lx0.08 | TR =I 1 (1" OD tubing) 12. Cooler width W=TRx0.0635 | W I mi 13. Total fan power =Fax0.795 | Fp | kw 14. Number of fans I Nel 1 max. fan diam = 8.6 m 15. Fan diameter 1 Fpl mi 16, Power/fan Fp/Ne | Pel kw I 17, Estimated weight IuMt ke | (including motors) 4.88 (36.4X9.35 NixWxt | 1 Notes: Curves numbers refer to Process Design Manual Chap. 4. ee] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET TOTAL Tem — AIR COOLER wo ay] | cnx | pate | [ros ritee JO8N, Lae TD Tara1. LIQUID COOLING LIQUID VISCOSITY AT UsR = Cp GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT : U (Read curve n? 1) keal/n m2 * 2. GAS COOLING MOLECULAR MASS : MW = GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT : U kcal/h m2 °C (Read curve n? 2) 3. TOTAL CONDENSATION Tl-12 2 °C GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT : U = keal/h m2 °C (Read curve n® 3) 4, PARTIAL CONDENSATION 4.1. WITHOUT LIQUID AT INLET r inlet gas flowrate WGI = kg/h outlet gas flowrate WG2 2 kg/h iL outlet liq flowrate WL2 = kg/h TL-T2 = Oe GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT TL=12 HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Uc = keal/h m2 °C (Read curve n° 3) HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug = kcat/h m2 °C (Read curve n® 2) GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. WL2 x Uc = WG2 x ug = keal/h m2 Wal 1 SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. : U 5 kcal/h m2 °C Curves refer to PDM Chotr. 4 mor eer zs Ty] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET eet AIR COOLERS = : | | MEET | HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT [no 1 [aed Tene oars] Tosrme Tone aw! iTEPIOOPIOIEKPISUR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 4.2, WITH LIQUID AT INLET inlet liguid flow rate WL = kg/h outlet liquid flow rate WL2 = kg/h LIQUID MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT TL+12 iQ! ay LIQUID SPECIFIC HEAT AT TL+T2 cpl = ° QI keallkg °C QL = WEL+ WL2 x CPix(TL-T2) = keal/a inlet gas flow rate WGI = kg/h outlet gas flow rate WG2 = kg/h GAS MOLECULAR WEIGHT AT ee = GAS SPECIFIC HEAT aT st cPg = kcal/kg °C QG = WELL WG2 x CPgx(TL-T2) = keal/h CONDENSATION HEAT Qe=Q-Qb-QG = keal/n LIQUID VISCOSITY AT ee a cPg LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ul = keal/n m2 °C (Read curve n® 2) GAS HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Ug = keal/h m2 °C (Read curve n® 2) CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Uc = keal/n m2 °C (Read curve n° 3) GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. Us Q Us keal/n m2 °C QL + QG+9C Ur ug Ue SELECTED GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. : Us keal/n m2 PET] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET OTAL a Ber] AIR COOLERS cme | ate | 106 TITLE, 108Ko Tae] orITEM: Hl | value | sNOTES: | T T T | DUTY Q 1 keal/h | | Indicate temperature | ! | | HOT FLUID | | i t l Inlet temperature TL | ec | | | Outlet temperature T2 i °c | \ | i | | i COLD FLUID | 1 | I | Inlet temperature tL Joe | | | | Outlet temperature t2 I “c 1 I | | | ! | | i | T 1 T | { Th-t2 1 °C | 1 I 1 | I | 2-t1 tose | I | | i | | | LMTD from formula (1) foc | | { I | [eu |oec | | | | | 1 | | I Tht | ec | i ' I 1 | | I | T1-72 foe t | | | | I | i | p=t2-tt | | I I Tr=tl 1 1 | i | i | R=TL.T2 | I | i 1 ee L | I | | NOMBER OF SHELLS | icomatl z a IF = LMTD correction [Fig ZT 1 1 T 1___ factor (3) | | i I | | 1 T T T T T | |_CORRECTED LTD CORR. | ( \ 1 ! | | T 7 i | HEAT TRANSFER COEFF.U| keal/n | | Including fouling | | _TABLE 3 Page 4.10 ee I factor | I T T T | HEAT TRANSFER AREA | I | | \ | | ! | | Az {oom | ! i_UCMTD TORR | i I | | T T T 1 | ESTIMATED TUBE LENGTH | FT(m) | \ | | ESTIMATED SHELL DIAM — | ins(mm) | | | \ | T T T | | ESTIMATED WEIGHTBundle | tonnes | ' t [Shell | tonnes | | | tai | Tonnes | | | i t | me PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET ; TOTAL - we ST SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER | no, ay} Tioe wo. nev ox] [oare Tos nie me meIndicate pressure, elevations and system sketch NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD | ! Other bar | t TOT DISCHARGE PRESS bara | [Scon DiscAnc=lesE=SLee eee T | | | PUMP TYPE: FLUID PUMPED : Liquid « Speed: Pumping temperature Tt °c Viscosity at P, T : Vapor pressure atT bara Specific gravity | Density at P, T : kg/m} Normal flow Q at P,T : Specific gravity at P, Tt Design margin Design lowat P.T (1): T T T SUCTION PRESSURE \ | DISCHARGE PRESSURE | [nea \ \— \ Min, Origin Pressure= baral | Delivery pressure bara | + Static head at LLL ml | Static head bar | (m x 5g x 0.0981) bacl | AP control valve(s) bar | “AP suction line bar| | AB exchanger(s) bar | \ | BP orificels) bar | PUMP SUCTION PRESSURE | aces Ee ine los ar aanannaeeeece \ \ T \ Static head at LLL m = Line loss) a + vapour pressure correction DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE =| | |. Suction pressure bara | TOTAL AVAILABLE NPSH_ om | | Discharge pressure bara | —I i \ MAXIMUM SUCTION PRESSURE | | Pump AP bar | 1a — | m | \ Vessel PSV setting baral l 1 1 Static head at HLL bar! Tact | eect! y i | POWER REQUIREMENTS i net bara | ' | net bara | Ne Brake Horse-power = (L}x(2) kW 1@) MAXIMUM DISCHARGE PRESSURE | @gtieny 260 \ Max. suction pressure baral | Estimated motor size kw | lay Normal pump AP x 120% — barl ! \ \ \ | Design operating load (ly KWL 18) \ \ $$$} net bara | Fig 3 £06 Sw) Estimated weight kg BT] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET TOTAL i . TEPIDOPIDIPIEXPISUR PUMP: No. ev] | cnx | oarTe | [ios re [108 fo. nevOPERATING CONDITIONS SUCTION PRESSURE PL = bara DISCHARGE PRESSURE P2 = bara PRESSURE RATIO P2/P1 = SUCTION TEMP. oc °K Mw = SUCTION FLOW w sah GAS DENSITY AT ACTUAL VOL FLOW vos m3/h SUCTION = kg/m STEP NOTES . GAS PROPERTIES Pe = Te os 2. POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY = Jp = SEE FIG. 2 3. AVERAGE ¥=MCp/MCp-199 B= ESTIMATE T2 4, DISCHARGE TEME Tz 211/22) 8 122 ¢\ REPEAT STEP 3-4 IF T2 1S (ef) a, E 2E Girrenent reow one USED IN STEP 3 5. DETERMINE ZAVG SUCT = ZL DISCH 22 AVG z= 6. CALCULATE GAS HORSEPOWER GHP -Z 50 bar or PS 0.01 use Fig. | and 150 microns PP > 0001 use calculation for Vs rom Fig I/calculated * Vs = m/s cre Vs = m/s maximum velocity Vm = als Actual volumetric Drum flow area = m2 ‘gas Wy m3/s Calculated drum @ = mm 7 SELECTED DIAMETER = mm Required liquid hold-up times hd: HLA-HLL = min = m3 = mm h6: HLL-LLL = min = m3 . mm 7: LLL-LLA = min = m= mm 5. Meshpad: Yes/no thickness = mm BRT PROCESS CALCULATION SHE! Sheet | of 2 TOTAL laa 7 FHaT] VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR TEROOPIOIPEKPISUR ev] Lex | [er] Troene net ey ree or oe6. Height calculation o = mm ay hl: 15% of J or 400 mm (Use max) = or DI ha: mesh pad = am h3: 50 % of 600 = we WITL of or 600 mm min Fi With mesh : hl + h2 + h3 = mm No mesh: hl +h2+h3:60%@or 800 = mm » ho: 400 mm+d/2:d=inletnozz6 = mm ne A nS: From step 4 or 200 mm mm aA h6: From step 4 or 350 mm = mm as h7: From step # or 150 mm = mm mu, 8: 150 mm for bottom LC. a naea 300 mm for side LC = mm | For "dry" vessel ” ua LL h6 +h7 +h = mm ne —_, TOTAL VESSEL HT TAN/TAN 2 mm 7, Wall thickness «DESIGN PRESSURE Ps barg Diameter D = mm « CORROSION ALLOWANCE C= mm Max steess # S = 1220 bac CS a PxD +c a TeSE-1aP 1000 bar CS ae Joint efficiency (85) E= tmin = D/800 + C = mm 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6) te mm Shell weight = ke Le m Head weight = ke. D m (ex Dx 20) TOTAL WEIGHT kg. Be PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 2 of 2 | TePIODP/OWERPISUR VERTICAL VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATOR ,, ol Lew 1 Lear] Troenme Troan. TaeCALCULATION SHEET FOR HORIZONTAL 2 PHASE SEPARATOR pe TANITAN (LY) iam ® @ LLL In ® Head type _elliptical/hemispherical * EQUIPMENT N°: Indicate on sketch if demister mesh required DESCRIPTION : * Delete as applicable Operating data : Operating pressure bara Operating temperature ° Gas molecular weight Liquid nature : Gas mass flow rate kg/h = Liquid flowrate kg/h = Gas density T,P kg/m: Liquid density T,P kg/m? Qg actual vol flow m3/s Ql actual vol flow — m3/min Gas viscosity p= Particle size microns = 1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity : from Fig. I/calculated * Vs = mis c * Delete as applicable 2. Max. vapour velocity Vine VsxF xb vm mis LID =3 io 3. Actual vapour volumetric flow Qg = m3/s Av = Qg= Ven PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet | of 3 cOTAL CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL [ive BL] E 2 PHASE SEPARATOR No. ay] Lox | [oar] joa Te Tana Taw (ea Tet tea he i my [4, Nozzle sizing : velocity limits (m/s) = Inlet + Si: Inlet flow = m3/s NozzleID= "Actual vel= m/s. (+ 10 %) 2: Gasoutlet = m3/s NozzleID= "Actual vel= m/s Liquid ourlet= -m3/s._——sNozzleID> "Actual vel= m/s 5. Deum sizing For trial | treg=4 min vol required = # x Ql= om eas 2 30g 1 | 1 Selected h/D 1 Vapour area Ay cA || 9% Total area (Fig. 3) 1 Total area At m2 | Liquid area AL m2 | Calculated drum mm 1 Selected deum # D ma i aaa | L/D (3 - 4) \ Flowpath length : mm | 1 Tan/Tan length u ma | | HLL height mm I Volume at HLL m3 1 LLL height mm | Volume at LLL m3 | Surge volume (HLL - LLL) mt Calculated tres min I 7-13, Gas outlet : 15-30, liquid outlet 1-3 NOTES : | | 1 | | 1 | SELECTED DRUM : DIAMETER 8 mm_x. mm tan/tan J a) Tan/tan length Li = L + Li x i+ 14 02 | i (ignore this corcection if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume calcs. For trial { use L ‘ and ignore heads). 3| b) If VOL HLL is less chan required surge increase D, L or h/D or reduce tres (bY 7 inspection). BET] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 2 of 3 TOTAL Trven ri mL CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL | TEPIDOPIOIPIEXPISUR 2 PHASE SEPARATOR |e. el Lex | [este] Joonne [roene6. Wall thickness DESIGN PRESSURE P= CORROSION ¢ OWANCE C= barg Max stress CS, mm 1220 bar SS = 1000 bar Ss Joint efficiency E = . mm te mm Shell weight kg L= m Head weight = kg De m (tx Ox 20) TOTAL WEIGHT kg a _ PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sues dots BRETT CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL | '7@M | Te oop aw reKDISUR 2 PHASE SEPARATOR No. | aT Tex] oar Troe nue‘bic tua) TAN/TAN LENGTH FLOW PATH LENGTH L= p_—_FLOw Parner Heads :2 Operating data «Amend sketch if boot required instead of baffle «Indicate on sketch if mesh required :1 elliptical Inemispherical EQUIPEMENT No : OESCRIPTION : Operating pressure bara = CONDENSATE Flowrate kg/h = Operating temperature °C = pe Density T,P kg/m} = a Vol flow 7,2 m3/min = Gas Mw pe Viscosity cp = Mass flowrate kglh = Density TP kg/m3 = WATER CUT Flowrate kg/h = mal = P* Density T,P kg/m} = = Qw Vol flow T,P_ m3/min = Particle size microns= pe Viscosity cp = 1. Vapour-liquid settling velocity : from Fig t/calculated * Vs = nls Coa * Delete as applicable 2. Maximum vapour Vin = Vs x 0.85 xL vm= mls velocity L/D =3 Y 3. Liguid-liguid settling Oil in water Upoil = mm/min Water in oil Urwater = amin [mm] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET sheetioié | SRLERATONFOR HORIZONTAL FO" rerroonDrHesUR 3 PHASE SEPARATOR No wl Lex] [eae] roenme roeke a1. Inlet flow: g (+ 10 96) 2. Gas outlet: 3. HC outlet : 4, Water outlet Vessel sizing OIL SECTION Selected h/D # 7-13, Gas outlet 15-30, Liquid outlet 1-3 nozzle [D actual vel m/s For trial L use tres ofl (HLL-LLL) = 4 min i I Calculated (Qg/¥m) ay m2 | | I Av as % AT (Fig, 3) [ i I I Total area At m2 | I | 1 Liquid area Al m2 | \ | | Calculated § mmf I I | Selected g D mm | ! i i I | i i 1 L/D (3 - 4) fo3 4 i Flowpath length L mm | i 1 i Tan/Tan length u mm Hl | ! I f I HLL height hl mm | ! I I Volume at HLL m3 | 1 LLL height na ma | | | i Volume at LLL m3 i I Surge volume (HLL = LLL) m3 | ! ! i | i i Calculated tres min | | ' I i rE ss eee Notes or comments : | i i 1 | 1 i | ee, ss m = BEE | caicitanion ron nomzontar fe TePOOPOWRTEXPISUR 3 PHASE SEPARATOR [Ne av [Tene T [oats [Troe rmce [roan Trev T | TPS ies in inteWATER SECTION Trial 1 B= 2/3xL= em (counded) CORAL a TS Total liquid vol flowrate a a Qw+Ql m3/min | ! ! | | [ 1 | | Baffle distance B mm | | ! | i Liquid area at HLL AL om2 | 1 | | i Horizontal vel at HLL Vi mm/min | | | | 1 Ut water (step 3) mm/min | ! | ' 1 Vertical fall from HLL | | | ! { =BxUt/Vi mm | | | 1 1 HLL - vertical fall mm | I ! | | 1 1 \ Liquid area at LLL Mie = Gr |) 1 I | i Horizontal vel at LLL v2 mm/min | I I | ! Ut water (step 3) mmfmin | | I | 1 Vertical fall from LLL | 4 1 1 1 = Bx Ut/V2 aa | ! ! 1 | Selected baffle height hap ome | \ | I Selected HIL level he mm. | | | | | {adjust h3 and B if necessary) ; i l | i | Check oil rise : ! | | | I Horizontal vel at LLL v2 mm/min | t i | | Ut oil (step 3) mm/min | 1 1 | I Vertical rise within dist 8 1 \ i | | = Bx Ut/V2 mm | 1 1 i i = max. outlet height 1 1 ! 1 1 \ | | 1 1 hd selected LIL level oa | \ | 1 i 1 hé selected outlet height mm | 1 | \ \ | 4h water vol at HIL (upto battle) m3 | 1 | ! } l I 2 water vol at LIL (upto baffle) oe \ | { H 1 | \ @B water vol at NIL (upto battle) 3 | | \ ! | | qu water vol at outlet ( " ) m3 | | 1 ! i 1 q surge = vol (ql - a2) mt ' | | | 1 1 ! | | surge time q surge/Qw min | 1 | i | residence time q3-qH/Qu min | | | 1 | calculated oil residence time (upto baffle) | | rf ! ; I { Vol (NLL - NIL/Qy min \ BET] PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 3 of 4 TOTAL rem Ea CALCULATION FOR. HORIZONTAL TEP/OOPIOWERPISUR 3 PHASE SEPARATOR ev] Le] [ose] joemme=== — - t E bore E i | i 6. Wall thickness + DESIGN PRESSURE P barg Max stress CS = 1220 bar + CORROSION ALLOWANCE C= mm SS = 1000 bar 2 S= Joint efficiency Es t = {PxD 4c a mm ‘2SE-1.2P 8. Vessel weight (Fig. 6) te mm Shell weight = kg Le m Head weight = kg D= m (tx Dx 20) TOTAL WEIGHT kg PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Sheet 4 of 4 pOTAL CALCULATION FOR HORIZONTAL | item TerroProwexPrsUR 3 PHASE SEPARATOR No ov] Tox | bare | [vos rme [fosne_- nev |—_ me eet eet ree et OPERATING DATA GaAs FLOWRATE Wg, DENSITY Dg VISCOSITY vg °c FLOWING TEMP PIPELINE DIAMETER D cm INTERNAL AREA A me LIQUID FLOWRATE = WI DENSITY OL VISCOSITY vi SURF TEN PIPELINE LENGTH L Vertical change A St dynesfem kg/h = kg/m P hom STEP Jol x Dg pi2is wx Wg BY= 7.087 x W, EXOD Bx = 210.3 1. DETERMINE FLOW REGIME x VIS st REGIME FROM BAKER CHART see page 10.4 2, CALCULATE APgas 35.368 x We Vg xD Re= n factor (Moody) Apc: 6.254 tx We? OgxD Fric ry et 3. CALCULATE APiig 35.368 x WL Vix D Re= 6.254 xt x Wi? Dix D: APL i i | \ I | see { | | T \ TEPPOOPIOIPIEXPISUR, TWO PHASE PIPELINES AP CALCULATION seontaheapainnnad thes Tae a wl Tex] lene] Losrme ERAR PeeVs = | AVERAGE VELOCITY T Vs = average velocity - CALCULATE X RATIO mea ws 6. CALCULATE LOADING FACTOR WS CALCULATE LOADING FACTOR WS | | I | | T | I I | | T I I | i DISPERSED ANNULAR sussLe STRATIFIED stus PLUG TrPe oF FLow 7. CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR HORIZONTAL FLOW CALCULATE PH FACTOR FOR HORIZONTAL FLOW oh PH * O21 late - 3.999 FH wc? Jogo? barther FLOW TYPE = PH = FLOW TYPE = WAVE, VERTICAL 8 CALCULATE PH FACTOR 1 SeeMON 1 xy = at R VERTICAL SECTION Yin m/s, Din com | we X 0 Xp in Dispersed tow equ. to get PH vert. Vertical TOTAL Horizontal 9, CALCULATE TOTAL TWO PHASE _P Pay x h)/1000 = Pou = bar/km PHy = bar/km bar/km bar Sheet lor TEPIOOPOIPEXPISUR PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET TWO PHASE PIPELINES P CALCULATION aw] low | [oar] Py cpa crs ee igeel jr oF Lp [ri Mgeed ed eed ed eed rd eed ctl Covering Medium : Tg Temperature °C ko Therm. cond. keal/hm*C TR LIQUID FLOW Volumetric flow m3/h Density (av) kg/m? Total pipeline length =m No of segments L Length per segment =m M Mass flow kg/h Ay Total elevation change +m Cp Specific heat kcal/kg°C = D Pipeline diameter ins Pipeline diameter m h + Burial depth to centre m = GAS FLOW PL Inlet pressure bara = Volumetric flow m3/d (std) = P2 Exit pressure bara Molecular mass = AP Total pipeline bar M Mass flowrate kg/h TL Initial Temperature °C = Cp Specific heat keal/kg*C = I FLUID JOULE THOMSON COEFFICIENT = °F /1000 psi{ x 0.00805) = °C/bar (see fig. 1, page 11.8) STEP VALUE NOTES | 1. Calculate heat transfer factors | Covering k | pe I I keat/hmc| | x= 2h/D : lx | Soit rug | i s= 2 fin[x+(x2- 04] lies) kcai/am°C | Air 0.022 | | | | Water 0.508 | I | | Sand dry 0.30 Sand wet 149 | \ To. Caleulate heat flow ratio per unit | Tength a a= 5/Mcp (liquid or gas) a= mt | 7 culate Asymptotic temperature Ta | . | Ta =Tg - (JAP + Ay/jCpy/aL Tas °C | Lis segment length | 1 | | 724265 kgm | | Keal | \ j 4. Calculate downstream temp T2 [ 12 =(T1 -Taje@h + Ta | T2=2 °C T T T 1 | Repeat steps 3+ for each segment | I 1 | See sheet 2 for stepwise spreadsheet | 1 | I \ i i PROCESS CALCULATION sHeeT Sheet | of 2 BEIPS iunsoppcine Dt eatcurarion)™ TEPDOPIOIEKPISUR [ne. ay. cux | ate | [ros ritue, 108'No REVkel in aie nat te \ & t i 3 i i t , T T ; L if 1 ee ere epee eeeeeNE 7 Ceecde : a] os B is 4 eee eee 7 a z FE]? 5 Fn i - ea a e& |]? a ce eee ee ee ee ee ene eee eee 8 = = ze] z 2 Sn a cc 8 13 es Bo peo a-p---------------------------- 7 8 z g & z = °o = | & g = |e < 4 Ss a 3 3 jp GPa 2 0 xr g 5 g z= zy & s 4 gi E z fs g a am tn enw ae a 2 3 a Sheet Zotz PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET Toe re BURIED PIPELINE AT CALCULATION TOTAL Lew TePIOOPOIPERPISUR ey]