10.soil Shear Strength PDF
10.soil Shear Strength PDF
1
Strength of different materials
3
Soil Failure and shear strength.
• Soil failure usually occurs in the form of
“shearing” along internal surface within the
soil.
• Thus, structural strength is primarily a
function of shear strength.
• Shear strength is a soils’ ability to resist
sliding along internal surfaces within the
soil mass.
4
Influencing Factors on Shear
Strength
• The shearing strength, is affected by:
– soil composition: mineralogy, grain size and grain size
distribution, shape of particles, pore fluid type and
content, ions on grain and in pore fluid.
6
Mass Wasting: Shear Failure
7
Shear failure
Soils generally fail in shear
embankment
strip footing
mobilized shear
resistance
failure surface
failure surface
The soil grains slide over
each other along the
failure surface.
No crushing of
individual grains.
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Shear failure mechanism
Retaining
wall
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Shear failure of soils
Soils generally fail in shear
Mobilized
Retaining
shear
wall
resistance
Failure
surface
f c tan
friction angle
cohesion
f
c
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take
without failure, under normal stress of . 15
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
(in terms of total stresses)
f c tan
Friction angle
Cohesion
f
c
f
f c f tan
f tan frictional
component
c c
f
c and are measures of shear strength.
18
Higher the values, higher the shear strength.
Mohr Circle of stress
’1
’
’3 ’3
Soil element q
’1
1' 3'
Sin2q ' 2
'
' 2
' '
2
2 1 3
1 3
2
' ' ' '
' 1 3 1 3 Cos 2q 2
2 2
Mohr Circle of stress
' 2
'
' 2 1' 3'
' '
2 1 3
1 3
2
2
2 ’
3' 1'
1' 3'
2
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
Failure surface f c' ' tan '
Y
Y
X X
’
Soil elements at different locations
Y ~ stable
X ~ failure
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
As loading progresses, Mohr
circle becomes larger…
GL
c
Y c
c
’ q
3' 1' 3' 1' ’
2
Therefore,
q 45 + ’/2
90 – q ’ = q
Mohr circles in terms of total & effective stresses
v v’ u
h h’ u
X
= X
+ X
effective stresses
total stresses
h’ v ’ h v or ’
u
Relationship Between Principle stresses at
failure
’v = ’1 Failure envelope in terms
of effective stresses
’h = ’3
X F
effective stresses
(’1 ’3)/2
K ’ c’ M A
X is on failure O ’ C ’1 ’
3
' ' (1 Sin ') 2c' Cos '
1 3
(1 Sin ') (1 Sin ')
' '
Tan 45 2c' Tan 45
'
1
'
3
2
2 2
Determination of shear strength parameters of
soils (c, or c’, ’)
A representative
soil sample
z z
vc vc +
vc vc +
vc
0 0 hc hc
0 vc
30
Direct shear test
Direct shear test is most suitable for consolidated drained tests
specially on granular soils (e.g.: sand) or stiff clays
Porous
plates
32
Direct shear test
P Steel ball
Test procedure
Pressure plate
Porous
plates
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
33
Direct shear test
P Steel ball
Test procedure
Pressure plate
Porous
plates
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
35
Direct shear test
Analysis of test results
36
Direct shear tests on sands
Stress-strain relationship
Shear stress,
Dense sand/
OC clay
f
Loose sand/
f NC clay
Shear displacement
37
Direct shear tests on sands
How to determine strength parameters c and
Shear stress at failure, f
Normal stress,
38
Direct shear tests on sands
Some important facts on strength parameters c and of sand
Therefore,
’ = and c’ = c = 0
39
Direct shear tests on clays
In case of clay, horizontal displacement should be applied at a very
slow rate to allow dissipation of pore water pressure (therefore, one
test would take several days to finish)
Normal force,
40
Triaxial Shear Test
Piston (to apply deviatoric stress)
Failure plane
O-ring
impervious
membrane
Soil sample Soil
at failure sample
Porous
Perspex stone
cell
Water
Cell pressure
Back pressure Pore pressure or
pedestal volume change
41
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)
Sampling tubes
Sample extruder42
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)
Sample is covered
with a rubber Cell is completely
membrane and sealed filled with water
44
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)
Proving ring to
measure the
deviator load
Dial gauge to
measure vertical
displacement
45
Types of Triaxial Tests deviatoric stress
c
( = q)
Step 1 Step 2
c c
c c
c c+ q
Under all-around cell pressure c Shearing (loading)
yes no yes no
CD test UU test
CU test
Types of Triaxial Tests
Consolidated- drained test (CD Test)
Total, = Neutral, u + Effective, ’
Step 1: At the end of consolidation
VC ’VC = VC
Step 3: At failure
VC + f ’Vf = VC + f = ’1f
1 = VC +
3 = hC
Expansion
Volume change of the
Time
sample
Compression
Consolidated- drained test (CD Test)
Stress-strain relationship during shearing
Axial strain
CD tests Failure envelopes
d
Shear stress,
Mohr – Coulomb
failure envelope
or ’
3a 1a
(d)fa
Since u = 0 in CD Therefore, c = c’
tests, = ’ and = ’
No
drainage hC ±u ’h = hC ± u = ’3
Step 3: At failure
VC + f ’Vf = VC + f ± uf = ’1f
No
drainage hC ±uf
’hf = hC ± uf = ’3f
Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test)
Volume change of sample during consolidation
Expansion
Volume change of the
Time
sample
Compression
Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test)
Stress-strain relationship during shearing
Axial strain
+
Loose sand
/NC Clay
u
Axial strain
-
Dense sand
or OC clay
CU tests How to determine strength parameters c and
’1 = 3 + (d)f - uf
’3 = 3 - uf
Mohr – Coulomb failure uf
envelope in terms of
effective stresses Effective stresses at failure
Shear stress,
Mohr – Coulomb ’
failure envelope in
terms of total stresses
cu
C’ ccu
or ’
3b 1b
(d)fa
CU tests Failure envelopes
For sand and NC Clay, ccu and c’ = 0
Mohr – Coulomb failure
envelope in terms of
effective stresses
failure envelope in
terms of total stresses
or ’
3a 3a 1a 1a
(d)fa
Shear strength
Shear strength parameters in terms
parameters in terms of effective stresses
of total stresses are are c’ and ’
ccu and cu
c’ = cd and ’ = d
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Data analysis
Specimen condition
Initial specimen condition during shearing
C = 3
No 3 + d
No
drainage C = 3 drainage 3
A × H = A0 × H0
A0
A ×(H0 – H) = A0 × H0 A
A ×(1 – H/H0) = A0
1 z
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Step 1: Immediately after sampling
0
uc = B 3
Increase of cell pressure
Increase of pwp due to
increase of cell pressure
Skempton’s pore water
pressure parameter, B
Note: If soil is fully saturated, then B = 1 (hence, uc = 3)
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
uc ± ud
ud = ABd
Increase of pwp due to Increase of deviator
increase of deviator stress stress
Skempton’s pore water
pressure parameter, A
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
u = uc + ud
u = B [3 + Ad]
Skempton’s pore
u = B [3 + A(1 – 3] water pressure
equation
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Therefore, we get only one Mohr circle in terms of effective stress for
different cell pressures
’
’3 f ’1
66
Unconfined Compression Test (UC Test)
1 = VC +
3 = 0
68
Unconfined Compression Test (UC Test)
qu
69
Unconfined Compression Test (UC Test)
1 = VC + f
Shear stress,
3 = 0
su
Normal stress,
qu
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
h > 3DB)
Vane T
H Vane
PLAN VIEW
Rate of rotation : 60 – 120 per minute
Cu
d/2 d/2
Cu h d
r dr
2 d
M e (2rdr ).Cu r
0
d d
Cu 2
r 3
2
M e 2Cu r dr 2Cu
2