O

Section 3: Carbonyl Compounds

C
Carbonyl Group: An arrangement in which the oxygen atom is bonded with a carbon atom with a
covalent double bond.
(Aldehydes - Ketones - Carboxylic acids - Esters – Amides)

Aldehydes
Aldehyde: A compound consisting of a series of carbon atoms, at the end of which is a carbonyl
group connected from one end of a carbon atom, and from the other end a hydrogen atom.
General formula for the aldehydes: * -CHO (* = H / R/Ar)
Note: -CHO terminal group. O
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 C
Naming of aldehydes: H

1 - Add the suffix (-ol) to the name of the alkanes that have the same number of carbon atoms
(carbon atoms include the functional group)

2 - no need to use numbers except when there are branches or other functional groups.

Note: Scientists often use the common names for organic

compounds because they are familiar to chemists

Trainings
H O
O
O H C
H C C
CH3 C H
H H H
CH3CHO Methanal (formaldehyde)
(Used to keep dead body objects for several
Ethanal (acetaldehyde) years)

formaldehyde is used in:

CH3 CH2 CHO 1 - It interacts with urea to produce a kind of resistant plastic
that is used in the manufacture of auto parts, buttons
and electrical outlets appliances- grease-resistant
2 - Glue industry, which is used to holds the layers of plywood
together.

O O
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 C CH3(CH2)3 C
H H
CH3

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 31 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

 H H H H H
C O C O
C C C O
OH
Benzaldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde salicylaldehyde
A kind of spice, extracted from the
cinnamon tree (tropical tree), which has
the smell and taste of cinnamon. These Responsible for the natural almond flavor
trees produce large quantities of
cinnamon.
Write the short structural formulas for the following:
octanal hexanal Methanal

3,3,4-trimethyl hexanal 3-Ethyl-4- Methyl Heptanal Ethanal

Name the following aldehydes:

CH3-(CH2)4-CHO CH3CH2CH2CHO CH3CH2CHO CH3-(CH2)3- CHO

Chemical and physical properties

1 - aldehyde is polar and active.
+ -
C O C O

2 - Explain :Aldehyde is similar to ethers in not forming hydrogen bonds between them, i.e.
both have a low boiling point : because both do not have a hydrogen atom bonded to
oxygen, and therefore hydrogen bonds do not form between molecules.

C O C O H
X R C X C R
C O C H O
Explain : The boiling point of aldehydes is lower than the boiling point of alcohols that contain
the same number of carbon atoms Because alcohol contains the -OH (polar) group,
which enables the alcohol molecules to make hydrogen bonds between them, while
aldehydes can not make hydrogen bonds between them because they do not contain a
hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen atom.

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 32 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

Water solubility of aldehyde :

Explain: () Aldehydes are more soluble in water than alkanes, () but not to the same degree

as alcohols and amines.

A: () Because aldehyde can form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms in water molecules while

between alkanes not, but rather weak London dispersion forces.

() While alcohols and amines have an opportunity to make hydrogen bonds too much with

water compared to aldehyde.

(Note: Alcohol is often more soluble in water than amines) Explan

H
C C C C
O
C C C C H

O
R C
H

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 33 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

 ketones
Ketones : an organic compound where the carbon atom is present in the carbonyl group with two
other carbon atoms.
Note: You can have carbonyl balances with many carbon atoms on both ends.

General formula:
O O

R – CO – R/ / R – CO - R R C R/ / R C R
The simplest and most common ketones: acetone
CH3
O (CH3)2CO
C O
CH3 C CH3
CH3

Naming ketones: The (- one) suffix is added to the name of the alkanes, and a number is placed
before the name (of the nearest side of carbonyl group )
O
CH3 C CH3
2 - Propanone
Note: (A number is not placed before the name because the carbonyl group is located only in
the middle in this case for the smallest ketone)

H O H H
O O
H C C C C H
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3 CH3 C CH3 H H H
---------------- --------------- 2- Butanone (ethyl methyl ketone)
O

CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH CH3 O

O
CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH3
--

---------------- ---------------- ----------------

Write the structural formulas for the following:
3 - Hexanone 2- Bantanone 2- Octanone
---------------- ---------------- ----------------
3 - methyl-2-hexanone cyclohexanone cyclo-pentanone
---------------- ---------------- ----------------

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 34 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar

 O

Explain: Aldehydes and ketones share many chemical and physical properties due to the

similarity of their structure as they both contain a carbonyl group.

Ketones:

1 - Polar molecules 2 - Less active than aldehydes

So ...... ketones are good solvents for medium polar organic compounds, including

candles, plastic, paint, paint, varnish and glue.

Ketone molecules cannot form a hydrogen bond together, such as aldehyde

But it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

So ...... ketones are relatively soluble in water, while acetone dissolves in water

Chemistry grade 12 adv. Third sem. 35 Mr: Ibrahim elnagar