SAINT JOSEPH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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College of Engineering and Architecture

LCS Building, SJIT-Main Campus, Montilla Blvd., Butuan City

CE 15 (Civil Engineering Project)

NAME : KENNETH F. DACULA

TITLE : IMPROVEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ESPECIALLY IN RURAL

COMMUNITIES OF BUENAVISTA

CRITERIA RATING

1. Significance of the Study (25%)

2. Relevance of the Study C.E Profession (50%)

3. Impact Community / Humanity Being (25%)

Remarks:

IMPROVEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ESPECIALLY IN RURAL

COMMUNITIES OF BUENAVISTA
 A Thesis Proposal Presented to the College of

Engineering and Architecture

Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

Butuan City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

KENNETH F. DACULA

July 2020

APPROVAL SHEET
 This thesis entitled “IMPROVEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ESPECIALLY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF BUENAVISTA)” prepared and submitted by
Kenneth F. Dacula, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering, has been examined and recommended for Oral
Examination.

PANEL ON ORAL DEFENSE

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering, by the Oral Examinee Committee on __________________ with a
grade of ___________.

Engr. ____________________ Engr. ____________________

Member Member

Engr. Joel C. Lobrino

Dean Of CEA

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Joel C. Lobrino

Dean, CEA

__________
Date Signed

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 The researcher acknowledges the following persons who extend their hands for

support and contributed there help for the completion of this project.

The Almighty Father, our Creator for guiding and giving wisdom in our every day’s

life.

To my beloved parents Mr. Jay L. Dacula & Mrs. Juvelyn F. Dacula for the

funding of this very important research project and for the unending love and continuing

support.

To my Friends/Family who supported in assessing and sharing thoughts and

ideas regarding in my research.

Lastly, the author wishes to recognize the Dean of Engineering and Architecture,

Engr. Joel C. Lobrino for the approval and assessing until the completion of this project.

Kenneth F. Dacula

FOREWORD
 This research paper and design structure of proposed flows, activities and

participating entity for solid waste management has been prepared to guide individuals or

groups who may wish to transform wastes into compost and converting the trash into

revenue for their own use or for sale. This working document describes simple, cost-

effective approaches. In particular, it provides a brief overview regarding proper solid

waste management.

Title : Improvement of Solid Waste Management Especially in Rural

Communities of Buenavista
Author : Kenneth F. Dacula
Institution : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Year : 2020

ABSTRACT

The way communities generate and manage their waste plays an absolutely key

role in their ability to use resources efficiently. While making the Philippine economy more

resource - efficient and circular requires a large spectrum of actions, a huge opportunity

for saving resources lies in improving waste management especially at the local level in

Buenavista. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the actions implemented by

frontrunner organizations and government agencies in the waste management sector, this

paper describes a set of best practices with significant potential for broad uptake and aim

to help local authorities in charge of waste management and waste management

companies move towards a circular economy by means of generating revenue from

waste.

This paper will cover the areas of waste management: setting a waste

management strategy, promoting waste prevention, establishing an efficient waste

collection that supports reuse and recycling which can contribute revenue, and stimulating

waste preparation for reuse and product reuse. Certain areas of waste treatment are also

covered. In addition, this paper will report a wide range of information specifically the

environmental benefits, economics, case studies, references, etc. for each of the best

practices and aims to provide inspiration.

[1]. Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Revenue from waste, Concepts of Solid Waste Management.
 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Title Page i

Foreword ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study

3 1.3 Conceptual and Strategic Framework

guided by overarching objectives 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 6

1.5 Definition of Terms 7

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Solid Waste Management in Buenavista 9

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Research Setting and Implementation 11

3.2 Structure of proposed Flows, Activities and

Participating Entity for SWM 11

3.3 Proper Segregation Converting Trash into Cash 12

 v

3.3.1 Proper Segregation Converting Trash into Cash 12

3.3.2 Paper and Cardboard

13

3.3.3 Plastics 14

4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES 17

CURRICULUM VITAE 18
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

1.1 Background of the Study:

Solid waste refers to

rubbish, trash, junk, and

garbage, depending on the

type of material or regional

terminology, and is the

unwanted material from

manufacturing processes or

community or household

activities. The management of

solid waste has become a major environmental issue due to its negative consequences

on the society and environmental systems if not properly executed.

Solid waste management is a process that encompasses the entire life-cycle of

materials that have the potential for some kind of costly disposal. The amount,

characteristics, and destination of potential solid waste can be affected at every point in

the life - cycle of materials; from the production of products, through wholesale and

retail marketing, consumer purchase, use, and ultimate disposal, recycling, or reuse.
The stages of the waste life-cycle can be defined in terms of human decision points.

People and firms make decisions about what to produce or purchase, how much to

produce or purchase, and how to dispose of it. These decisions are made in the context

of market prices, a physical environment, and a legal and regulatory setting surrounding

solid waste. The design of the public policy framework within which decision makers

operate in part determines the effectiveness of policy to achieve waste management

outcomes. Mandated and enforced regulatory requirements can directly restrict or

modify consumption and disposal decisions. Price instruments such as fees and taxes

can change consumption and disposal decisions indirectly by altering incentives that

govern behavior which change relative costs and benefits.

Solid waste management involves the processes of generation, collection,

transport, treatment, value recovery, and subsequent disposal. Poor design of any of

these processes increases operational cost and can result in environmental pollution.

The key to efficient waste management is to ensure proper segregation of waste at

source and to ensure that the waste goes through different streams of recycling and

resource recovery. Then reduced final residue is then deposited scientifically in sanitary

landfills.

Solid waste management is a challenge for large urban areas around the world.

Removing garbage from residential, institutional and commercial locations in cities is a

major logistical and operational task. Waste management is usually a function of local

government, and is often a city’s largest budget item. Solid waste generation rates are
rising fast, particularly in cities experiencing increasing population rates and higher

economic activity, putting pressure on municipal governments to deal with rising costs

and environmental impacts. Growing volumes of solid and hazardous wastes are major

threats to the environment and sustainable development in municipal of Buenavista,

which one of the reasons severe flooding and clogging of drainage in the area occurs.

By the means of recycling, it is tempting to pick up the trash one piece at a time. But by

approaching the issue in an integrated manner, revenue generation can get close to

cost recovery, or even provide a profit. 

1.2 Objectives of the Study:

The objectives of writing this research paper is to propose a new innovative

structure flows, activities and participating entity for solid waste management that can

be apply in municipal of Buenavista. Least, to study the current practices related to the

various waste management initiatives taken in from recent studies for human well-

being. The other purpose is to provide some suggestions and recommendations in

order to improve the waste management practices and to help the local people

generates revenue from the trash in municipal Buenavista.

 4 

1.3 Conceptual and Strategic Framework guided by overarching objectives:

Figure 1. Metabolism between Nature and Human Society regarding the flow of waste materials

Solid Waste Management is a multi-dimensional issue: effective systems are not

only based in technological solutions but also environmental, socio-cultural, legal,

institutional and economic linkages that should be present to enable the overall system

to function (OtengAbabio, 2011).

Figure 2. Concept of a Solid Waste Management

 Solid Waste Management with a strong political and social will, can transform the

current waste management in any city in the developing world specifically in

Buenavista. Lessons can be drawn from experiences in developed countries to guide

developing countries as they seek to improve on existing Solid Waste Management

systems, since waste management systems have evolved through many steps over the

years in developed countries (Asase et al., 2009).

1.4 Significance of the Study:

This study would be beneficial to the following:

To the Locale People in Municipal of Buenavista, to ensure solid waste is

properly managed in such a way that protects both public health and the environment.

In addition to this, severe flooding due to clogged and overflow drainage will be

managed and reduce also.

To the all Students and Researchers, who want to have a more knowledge

regarding proper and improvement of Solid Waste Management, especially those

students in the field of Sanitary and Civil Engineering, Health and Environmental

studies.
 7

1.5 Definition of Terms:

To provide better understanding, the following terms are defined theoretically and

/ or operationally as used in the study.

Contamination. The presence of a constituent, impurity, or some other

undersirable element that spoils, corrupt, infects, makes unfit, or makes inferior a

material, physical body, natural environment, workplace, etc.

NGO (Non-Government Organization). A nonprofit organization that operates

independently of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a

social or political issue.

Solid Waste Management. Defined as the discipline associated with control of

generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of

solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health,

conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environment.

 Stakeholder. Any person, organization, social group, or society at large that has

a stake in the business. It could be internal or external to the business.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Once waste generation is an inevitable aspect of life, it becomes a matter of

urgent need to observe the process from generation to disposal in order to determine

the areas of critical concern and tackle them in order to avoid pollution to a large extent

and also preserve good health. Solid Waste Management is defined as the control,

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid

waste consistent with best practices of public health, economic and financial,

administrative, legal and environmental considerations (Othman, 2002). Human

technological and economic advancement has made the types and kinds of Solid Waste

very diverse and the problem of waste management more complex. For instance, the

high demand for plastic and/or rubber products, which are mostly non-biodegradable,

poses both health and economic drawbacks. Such waste could be recycled. However,

illiteracy, lack of self-control and lack of willingness to pay for Solid Waste Management

are contributing factors that make recycling a big hurdle to surmount. Solid, liquid and

gaseous forms of waste are increasingly becoming a menace to society. According to

UNEP (2004), solid waste generation has become an increasing environmental and

public health problem everywhere in the world, this is because waste segregation is

hardly practiced, not to mention inherent poor record keeping practices by most

institutions. In addition, the culture of recycling, which is a very prominent factor in

waste management issues, is a concept yet to be fully grasped, accepted and practiced

on a large scale. Read (2003) observed that solid waste management is characterized

by ready-made prescribed answers, with single-issue interest groups promoting a single

solution, at the expense of others. The truth, he contended, is that no single solution

can manage society’s waste adequately. The numerous cases of cholera outbreak as

well as other diarrheal diseases especially in recent times will clearly attest to this fact.

These mishaps results from the poor disposal of the thousands of tons of solid waste

generated daily into open dumps and wetlands, contaminating surface and ground

water and posing serious health hazards. A careful study of the waste management

process, in turn, makes it possible to identify opportunities for households to practice

various forms of waste reduction, as well as put in more efficient measures where

needed by the authorities to improve collection and disposal services in order to

enhance household willingness to pay for better Solid Waste Management.

2.1 Solid Waste Management in Buenavista

Little consideration is given to the proper waste disposal and mitigation in

municipal of Buenavista. Barangay halls are now being used as garbage dumpsites and
landfills are getting full. The current government, while promising reform, has done little

or maybe even accentuated the problem even more. There is a need to address this

problem, one way or another. Each household implement their own segregation process

to properly divide biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and recyclable wastes.

10

The city government should also install proper recycling facilities to relieve the

pressure for landfill use. This will also create more opportunities for the unemployed and

could be a source of income for many. Compost pits must be address to dispose of their

biodegradable wastes especially food scraps and plant peels. This will significantly

reduce the volume of waste the city or local government has to manage.
 Chapter 3

METHODS

This chapter discusses the Research setting and implementation, Structure of

proposed flaws, activities and participating entity for solid waste management, proper

segregation converting trash into cash.

3.1 Research Setting and Implementation:

The research setting of this study covered the whole residency / household and

locale people within the jurisdiction of the Municipal of Buenavista especially for the

remote communities.
3.2 Structure of proposed Flows, Activities and Participating Entity for SWM

12

Where:

GREEN indicates activity should be executed by a network of cooperatives.

YELLOW indicates activity should be executed by waste cooperatives.

RED indicates activity should be executed by Local Government Unit.

BLUE indicates activity executed by individual.

BLACK indicates activity could be possibly executed by Government and

Waste Cooperatives.
3.3 Proper Segregation Converting Trash into Cash:

Recycling is the process of reusing the waste that has no further use in the

process. The recycling technique consists of changing the physical, physiochemical or

biological state of the waste so as to give it characteristics that will allow it to become

again raw material or a product. By employing sets of techniques, the waste originates a

new product or a new raw material. Consequently, both the production of waste and its

accumulation in the environment is decreased, and so is the environmental impact.

Such sets of techniques range from the separation of garbage by material

(plastic, paper, metal and glass are some examples) until its final transformation into

another product.

13

In order to make money out of waste recycling, the first step is to find out which

the best and most profitable materials to recycle are.

3.3.1 Aluminum cans:

Among all types of dry waste, aluminum cans are number one when it

comes to recycling. Such big success is mainly due to the physiochemical

properties of aluminum. Aluminum is a metal that can be recycled infinitely

though maintaining practically the same quality as the primary material. Another
advantage is that its collection and compaction are much facilitated precisely

because he is very pliable and ductile, therefore excellent for mechanization and

casting. Besides, the quantity of cans is abundant all over the country, with no

seasonal interruptions.

3.3.2 Paper and Cardboard:

The recycling of wastepaper, reusing cellulose fibers, can generate new

paper or different raw materials. There are several types of paper that can be

recycled, but some types are more profitable. Turning wastepaper into new raw

materials not only generates profits for the waste treatment companies but also

contributes to sustainability.

14

3.3.3 Plastics

Most plastics sold, especially packs, become waste in less than a year, or

after a single use. The types of plastic whose sale is easier to negotiate are

thermoplastics, as they may be processed multiple times by the same or by

another transformation process.

 Chapter 4

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the discussion and conclusion based on the findings of the

study.

“Waste is a resource in the wrong place” is a refrain that is gaining traction. Instead

of thinking about waste as an inevitable byproduct, and cost, of doing business, it is

time to think about waste as a valuable resource. By reducing the creation of waste and

keeping it in its originally anticipated place as an input, rethinking waste as a resource

to sell or extract value from, or adopting more circular processes, American companies

have significant opportunities to put waste in its right place.

Local government has responsibility for solid waste management but often lacks

sufficient financial resources Solid waste management authority is delegated to local

governments. Along with this comes the financial burden of assuring functional solid

waste operations. Cities can choose to run their own solid waste collection system, or

contract for services. Counties must use the services of regulated garbage companies

that hold the franchise for that area. Some local governments own and operate

processing, transfer, and disposal facilities. Others depend upon these services being

provided by the private sector. Nonetheless, local government is required to assure

these services are offered to their citizens and typically costs have been covered from

local sources. In addition, local public health agencies need adequate funding to provide

16

regulatory oversight of solid waste facilities and to enforce on illegal disposal. Local

government does not have enough flexibility or taxing authority to generate revenue to

pay for solid waste services. When revenues decline, jurisdictions must continue to fund

waste disposal needs to meet State mandates and prudent practices. When cuts have

to be made it often is on recycling program funding. Smaller jurisdictions usually have

less material and a greater distance to market. There is insufficient monetary incentive

for smaller jurisdictions to continue collecting recyclable materials. Are there ways local

governments and private businesses can better work together to efficiently finance solid
waste systems? There may be some duplication of efforts, such as education, between

local governments and private sector recycling businesses.

REFERENCES:

 CDC. (2008, 12 November). “Guinea Worm Wrap-Up #185.” USA Department of

Human Health and Services, Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and

Eradication of Dracunculiasis, Atlanta, GA.

 Anomanyo E .D (2004). Integration of Municipal Solid Waste Management in

Accra (Ghana) Bioreactor Treatment Technology as an Integral Part of the

Management Process. Presented to Lund University, Sweden.

  Bartone, C.L & Bernstein, J.D (1993). “Improving Municipal Solid Waste

Management in Third World Countries", Resources, Conservation and Recycling;

8; 43-45.

 Bateman I. J. and Turner R. (1992). Evaluation of the Environment: The

Contingent Valuation Method: The Centre for Social and Economic Research on

the Global Environment (CSERGE) Working Paper GEC 92-18

 Castanino P.J. (2011). Trash & Recycling Definitions. Department of Public

Works. Belmont, MA 02478.

 UNEP. (1996). International Source Book on Environmentally Sound

Technologies (ESTs) for Municipal Solid Waste Management (Msolid waste

management). Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, United Nations

Environment Program. Retrieved from,

http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/index.asp

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME : Kenneth F. Dacula

DATE OF BIRTH : March 28, 1998

PLACE OF BIRTH : Buenavista, Agusal del Norte

RESIDENCIAL ADDRESS : P4 Suwa Manapa, Buenavista, Agusal del Norte

 FATHER : Jay L. Dacula

 OCCUPATION : OFW Driver

 MOTHER : Juvelyn F. Dacula

OCCUPATION : OFW DH

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

 COLLEGE : Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

COURSE : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE)

 SECONDARY : Saint James High School

GRADUATED : 2015

 ELEMENTARY : Manapa Elementary School

GRADUATED : 2010