Report on

“ANALYSIS OF RCC BUILDING SUBJECTED TO SURFACE BLAST

LOADING”

In the partial fulfillment of requirement for Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

Mr. Chaitanya Chudiwal (71710736B)

Miss. Apoorva Hole (71710837G)
Mr. Hitesh Patil (71819205C)
Mr. Kunal Sonawne (71819399H)

Guided By

Mrs. K. D. Dhapekar

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
NIGDI , PUNE – 411044, INDIA
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE
(2019-2020)
 PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out the first
semester B.E. project phase I work entitled

“ANALYSIS OF RCC BUILDING SUBJECTED TO SURFACE BLAST LOADING”

This work is being submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. It
is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Pune for the academic year 2019 – 2020(Semester-I).

Examination Seat No Name of the Student

71710736B Mr. Chaitanya Chudiwal
71710837G Miss Apoorva Hole
71819205C Mr. Hitesh Patil
71819399H Mr. Kunal Sonawane

Mrs. K. D. Dhapekar
(Guide)

Dr. S. T. Mali Dr. A. M. Fulambarkar

(HOD Civil) (Principal)

External Examiner
____________________
____________________

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us great pleasure in presenting our project named “Analysis of RCC

Building subjected to blast loading”

We take this opportunity to thank Mrs. K. D. Dhapekar our Project guide

who has been a constant source of inspiration and also took keen interest in each and
every step of the project development. We are grateful for their encouragement in
shaping the idea and valuable suggestions in making it a reality.

We take the opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. S. T. Mali
for the valuable guidance and for providing lab facilities as H.O.D of Civil Department
and also to all staff members who have helped us directly or indirectly.

We thank to our Principal, Dr. A. M. Fulambarkar, who is always a constant

source of motivation for us.

Mr.Chaitanya Chudiwal
Miss.Apoorva Hole
Mr.Hitesh Patil
Mr.Kunal Sonawane

iii
 SYNOPSIS

The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has
shown that the effect of blast loads on buildings is a serious matter that should be taken
into consideration in the design process. Although these kinds of attacks are exceptional
cases, man-made disasters; blast loads are in fact dynamic loads that need to be carefully
calculated just like earthquake and wind loads.
The objective of this study is to shed light on blast resistant building design
theories, the enhancement of building security against the effects of explosives in both
architectural and structural design process and the design techniques that should be
carried out. Firstly, explosives and explosion types have been explained briefly. In
addition, the general aspects of explosion process have been presented to clarify the
effects of explosives on buildings. To have a better understanding of explosives and
characteristics of explosions will enable us to make blast resistant building design much
more efficiently. Essential techniques for increasing the capacity of a building to provide
protection against explosive effects is discussed both with an architectural and structural
approach

iv
 CONTENTS

PAGE
CHAPTER TITLE
NO.
Certificate ii

Acknowledgement iii

Synopsis iv
Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Graph ix
List of Abbreviations x
Declaration xi

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction of the Project Work 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Aim 3
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Blast Wave 4
1.6 Information of IS 4991:1968 8

2. Literature Review 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Literature Review 9
2.3 Findings from Literature Review 13

3. Research Methodology 15
3.1 Planning Schedule/Flow Chart 15
3.2 Study of ETABS Software 15

v
4. 17
Manual Calculations of a Sample Model
4.1 Specification of Model 17
4.2 Manual Calculation for Model 19
4.3 Results 22

5. Problem Statement 23
5.1 Modeling of the Building in ETABS Software 23
5.2 Response Spectrum Method 24
5.3 Results 29
Analysis of structure subjected to surface blast loading with
5.4 100TNT at sight-off distance of 5m 32
Analysis of structure subjected to surface blast loading with
5.5 100TNT at sight-off distance of 10m 36
5.6 Design results for building subjected to Blast Load 40
6. Conclusion 43
7. References 44

vi
 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

2.1 Findings from Literature Review 14
4.1 Results from ETABS for storey displacement 22
5.1 Results from ETABS for storey shear 29
5.2 Results from ETABS for storey displacement 30
5.3 Results from ETABS for overturning moments 31
5.4 Results from ETABS for storey displacement 34
5.5 Results from ETABS for storey shear 35
5.6 Results from ETABS for storey displacement 38
5.7 Results from ETABS for storey shear 39
5.8 Design Results for Beams 40
5.9 Design Results for Beams 41
5.10 Design Results for Beams 41
5.11 Design Results for Beams 42

vii
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 Types of external Explosions 3
1.2 Blast Wave Propagation 4
1.3 Blast Pressure Time History 5
1.4 Blast Safety of Building Envelope 6
3.1 Flowchart of Methodology for Project 15
3.2 Typical Window of ETABS 2015 16
4.1 Sample Model 17
5.1 Plan of Building 25
5.2 Column Placement 26
5.3 Load Assigned 27
5.4 Elevation of the building (Parking+5) 28
5.5 Sample Beam Section 40

viii
 List of Graphs

Graph No. Title Page No.

4.1 Positive phase blast loads from surface burst 18
4.2 Negative phase of blast loads from surface burst 20
4.3 Time Pressure History from Manual Calculation 21
4.4 Analysis of model in ETABS subjected to blast load 22
5.1 Graph of Storey Shear 29
5.2 Graph of Storey Displacement 30
5.3 Graph of Overturning moments 31
5.4 Time history for sight off distance of 5m 33
5.5 Graph of Storey Displacement 34
5.6 Graph of Storey Shear 35
5.7 Time history for sight off distance of 10m 37
5.8 Graph of Storey Displacement 38
5.9 Graph of Storey Shear 39

ix
 List of Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description
Rh Distance from blast Surface
Z Scaled Distance
Pr Reflected pressure
Pso Incident pressure
qo Peak dynamic pressure
tof Fictious positive phase duration
trf Fictious duration of reflected pressure
Pr - Reflected negative pressure
Pso - Incident negative pressure
is Positive incident impulse
ir Positive reflected impulse
is- Negative incident impulse
ir- Negative reflected impulse
tA Arrival time
to Positive Duration
to- Negative duration
U Shock Wave Pressure
lw Positive Wave Length
lw- Negative wavelength
Cr Velocity of Sound
CD Drag Coefficient

x
 DECLARATION

We, Mr. Chaitanya Chudiwal, Miss. Apoorva Hole, Mr. Hitesh Patil and Mr.
Kunal Sonawane; have completed our project phase-I report entitled “Analysis of RCC
Building subjected to Surface Blast Loading” in all respect. We hereby take full
responsibility of the results of the research work and hereby assure that the information
given is true to the best of our knowledge and belief. We hereby assure that this work is
free from plagiarism and wherever any previous research work is referenced, it is so
mentioned in the text. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary /penal action by Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering / Savitribai Phule
Pune University and from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Mr. Chaitanya Chudiwal (71710736B) Sign

Miss. Apoorva Hole (71710837G) Sign
Mr. Hitesh Patil (71819205C) Sign
Mr. Kunal Sonawane (71819399H) Sign

Date:

xi
Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of the Project Work

World events occurring in recent history have contributed to creating a public
perception of insecurity in the face of potential threats. The prime consideration in many
instances is the detonation of an explosive device inside, or in the vicinity of, a building.
In recent years, because of increased fanatic activities, civil structures are exposed to
threats from blast-induced impulsive loads. Several such incidents have taken place
around the world, causing serious threat to life and property.
Therefore it is necessary to analyze and design a building to an adequate level of
blast resistance.
1.1.1 Explosives
An explosive (or explosive material) is a reactive substance that contains a great
amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually
accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.
Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand. Materials that
detonate are said to be "high explosives" and materials that deflagrate are said to be "low
explosives".
• Detonation: It is a form of reaction of explosive which produces high intensity of
shock waves.
• Deflagration: The explosive decomposes at a rate much below the speed of sound
in the material.
They can also be classified on the basis of their sensitivity to ignition as secondary or
primary explosive. The latter is one that can be easily detonated by simple ignition from a
spark, flame or impact. Materials such as mercury fulminate and lead azide are primary
explosives. Secondary explosives when detonated create blast (shock) waves which can
result in widespread damage to the surroundings. Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT)
and ANFO.
TNT is accepted as a standard or reference explosive, since the preponderance of effects
data used for analysis and prediction are based on the explosive.

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1.1.2 Explosion
An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner,
usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases. Supersonic
explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel via
supersonic shock waves.
Explosions can be:
• Physical: eruption of volcano, catastrophic failure of cylinder of compressed gas
and pressure vessel, violent mixing of two liquids at different temperatures.
• Nuclear: This includes fission and fusion which releases large amount of energy.
• Chemical: Rapid oxidation of fuel elements contained within the explosive
compound.

Unconfined explosions, external to a structure can be distinguished in three basic types,

which depend on the relative position of the explosive source and the structure to be
protected, i.e. on the height H* above ground, where the detonation of a charge W occurs,
and on the horizontal distance RG between the projection of the explosive to the ground
and the structure. These three explosion types are:
a) Free-air bursts: The explosive charge is detonated in the air, the blast waves
propagate spherically outwards and impinge directly onto the structure without
prior interaction with other obstacles or the ground.
b) Air bursts: The explosive charge is detonated in the air, the blast waves propagate
spherically outwards and impinge onto the structure after having interacted first
with the ground; a Mach wave front is created.
c) Surface bursts: The explosive charge is detonated almost at ground surface, the
blast waves immediately interact locally with the ground and they next propagate
hemispherically outwards and impinge onto the structure.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Fig. 1.1 Types of external Explosions

(Source:Calculation of Blast Loads for Application to Structural Components)

1.2 Problem statement

The blast explosion nearby or within structure is due to pressure or vehicle bomb or
quarry blasting. These causes catastrophic damage to the building both externally and
internally (structural frames). Resulting in collapsing of walls, blowing out of windows,
and shutting down of critical life-safety systems. Buildings, bridges, pipelines, industrial
plants dams etc are the lifeline structures and they play an important role in the economy
of the country and hence they have to be protected from dynamic and wind loading.

1.3 Aim of project

Analysis of RCC building subjected to surface blast loading using Etabs Software.

1.4 Objectives of project

1. To study concept of blast loading.
2. To model the building in software.
3. To analyse the building for conventional loads. (DL, LL, EQ).
4. To analyse the building for surface blast load by varying standoff distance.
5. Design of building subjected to surface blast load.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

1.5 Blast Wave

Blast wave occurs when a high explosive detonates in a free field, that is, with no
surfaces nearby with which it can interact. Blast waves have properties predicted by
the physics of waves. They can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they
pass through materials. Like light or sound waves, when a blast wave reaches a boundary
between two materials, part of it is transmitted, part of it is absorbed, and part of it is
reflected. The impedances of the two materials determine how much of each occurs.

1.5.1 Blast Wave Propagation

The rapid expansion of hot gases resulting from the detonation of an explosive charge
gives rise to a compression wave called a shock wave, which propagates through the air.
The front of the shock wave can be considered infinitely steep, for all practical purposes.
That is, the time required for compression of the undisturbed air just ahead of the wave to
full pressure just behind the wave is essentially zero. From the figure 1 it can be
concluded that if the explosive source is spherical, the resulting shock wave will be
spherical, since its surface is continually increasing, the energy per unit area continually
decreases.

Fig. 1.2 Blast Wave Propagation

(Source: Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures – An Overview)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

1.5.2 Blast Wave Time-Pressure History

Consequently, as the shock wave travels outward from the charge, the pressure in the
front of the wave, called the peak pressure, steadily decreases. At great distances from the
charge, the peak pressure is infinitesimal, and the wave can be treated as a sound wave.
Behind the shock wave front, the pressure in the wave decreases from its initial peak
value. At some distance from the charge, the pressure behind the shock front falls to a
value below that of the atmosphere and then rises again to a steady value equal to that of
the atmosphere. The part of the shock wave in which the pressure is greater than that of
the atmosphere is called the positive phase and, immediately following it, the part in
which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere is called the negative or suction
phase.

Fig. 1.3 Blast Pressure Time History

(Source: Calculation of Blast Loads for Application to Structural Components)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

1.5.3 Basic Definitions Related to Blast Theory

Fig. 1.4 Blast Safety of Building Envelope

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/77993MQVFs5XzpRx7)

Blast Wind - It is the moving air mass along with the overpressures resulting from
pressure difference behind the shock wave front. The blast wind movement during the
positive phase of the overpressures is in the direction of shock front propagation.

Clearance Time -This is the time in which the reflected pressure decays down to the sum
of the side on overpressure and the drag pressure.

Decay Parameter - It is the coefficient of the negative power of exponent e governing

the fall of pressure with time in the pressure-time curves.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Drag Force - It is the force on a structure or structural element due to the blast wind. On
any structural element, the drag force equals dynamic pressure multiplied by the drag
coefficient of the element.

Ductility Ratio - It is the ratio of the maximum deflection to the deflection

corresponding to the elastic limit.

Dynamic Pressure - It is the pressure effect of air mass movement called the blast wind.

Equivalent Bare Charge - It is the weight of a bare high explosive charge geometrically
similar to any given cased charge, which produces the same blast field as the given cased
charge.

Ground Zero - It is the point on the earth surface vertically below the explosion

Impulse - Impulse per unit of projected area is the pressure-time product given by the
area under the pressure-time curve considered for the positive phase only unless
otherwise specified.

Mach Number - It is the ratio of the speed of the shock front propagation to the speed of
sound in standard atmosphere at sea level.

Overpressure - It is the rise in pressure above atmospheric pressure due to the shock
wave from an air blast.

Reflected Overpressure - It is the overpressure resulting due to reflection of z shock

wave front striking any surface. If the shock front is parallel to the surface, the reflection
is normal.

Shock Wave Front - It is the discontinuity between the blast wave and the surrounding
atmosphere. It propagates away from the point of explosion in all directions at a speed
greater than the speed of sound in the undisturbed atmosphere.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Side-on Overpressure - It is the overpressure if it is not reflected by any surface.

Transit Time - It is the time required for the shock front to travel across the structure or
its element under consideration.

Yield - It is a measure of the size of the explosion expressed in equivalent weight of

reference explosive.

1.6 Information of IS 4991:1968(Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures

for Explosions Above Ground)

❖ This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 17

November 1968, after the draft finalized by the Earthquake Engineering Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
❖ Structures designed to resist blast loads are subjected to completely different type
of load than that considered in conventional design. Here they are hit with a
rapidly moving shock wave which may exert pressures many times greater than
those experienced under the greatest of hurricanes. However, in blast
phenomenon, the peak intensity lasts for a very small duration only.
❖ To design a structure capable of resisting these intense but short duration loads,
members and joints are permitted to deflect and strain much greater than is
allowed for usual static loads. This permitted deflection is, ordinarily, well into
the plastic range of the material. Large amounts of energy are absorbed during
this action, thus reducing the required design strength considerably below that
required by conventional design within elastic range. Moreover, under higher
rates of loading the strength developed by the material, increases with the rate of
loading, and may often be adequately described as a function of time within a
certain range.
❖ Whereas, if the location of the ground zero and the size of bomb are known, the
corresponding blast loading for an existing structure may be found by the methods
explained in this standard.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with the findings and the results of various research papers.
The research papers from various national as well as international journals were studied.
The IS Codes was also referred for understanding the terminologies and various standards
to be adopted while designing the building.

2.2 Literature review

❖ Effectiveness of Progressive Collapse Resistance Criteria against Blast Loading
(Sam Noli, Devon Wilson)
The paper deals with the design methods to resist progressive collapse. The two
methods are Alternate path method and Enhanced local resistance method. In this
paper a case study is carried out on a 16-story building exposed to VBIED in the
parking area which was on level two. Tie force collapse prevention methodology was
tested against the VBIED. Empirical method was used to determine applied blast
loading and Finite element analysis was used to analyze highly transient structural
response. LS-DYNA was used to model the building and run the blast analysis. The
result of this experiment was:
• Failure of column.
• Spalling and breaching of concrete.
• Shear and concrete failure of primary and secondary beam above and below the
device.
❖ Blast resistant design of structure (Manmohan Das Goel, Vasant Matsagar)
Strategies to protect against the blast are divided into two major categories:
strengthening of members and protection/mitigation strategies. In this paper the
emphasis was given to the mitigation strategies. These prove to be less expensive than
the strengthening strategies. It includes mainly increasing the standoff distance from
the threat, because the blast pressure decays very rapidly and even a small distance is
important. The standoff distance can be increased only where sufficient space is
available; however, in a city environment, many times it is not possible to adopt the

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strategies that require space. In such situations, the sacrificial blast wall provides a
better solution and can be adopted or designed against an explosive induced threat. A
sacrificial blast wall is a protection barricade that protects a target structure from an
explosion. The various lightweight materials used for this purpose further add to
increase blast resistance in comparison with conventional materials.
❖ Response of high strength reinforced concrete beams under shock tube induced
blast loading. ( Yang Li, Hassan Aoude)
This paper presents the results of study examining the blast performance of reinforced
concrete beams constructed with high-strength concrete (HSC). As part of the
experimental program, a series of five beams are tested under simulated blast loading
using a high-capacity shock-tube at the University of Ottawa. Parameters investigated
include the effect of concrete strength, shear reinforcement and longitudinal
reinforcement ratio. The effect of loading rate is investigated by testing a companion
set of five beams with identical properties under slowly applied (quasi-static) loading.
The results show that increasing the reinforcement ratio improves the blast
performance of HSC beams by increasing overall blast capacity and reducing
maximum and residual displacements at equivalent blast loads. The effect of concrete
strength on blast performance is found to be more limited, with companion normal
strength and high-strength concrete beams showing similar performance. The results
also confirm the importance of providing transverse reinforcement to prevent blast-
induced shear failures in HSC beams. As part of the analytical study, the blast
response of the HSC beams is predicted using dynamic inelastic single-degree-of-
freedom (SDOF) analysis.
❖ Dynamic response and robustness of tall buildings under blast loading (Feng Fu)
Recently, extensive research has been focused on the progressive collapse analysis of
the multi-storey buildings. However, most of the research is based on the alternative
path method (APM) with sudden removal of the columns, ignoring the duration of the
blast load working on the structures. In this paper, a 3-D numerical model with the
direct simulation of blast load is proposed to study the real behavior of a 20 storey tall
building under the blast loading. A typical package bomb charge of 15 kg was
detonated on the 12th floor. The corresponding dynamic response of structure was

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studied in detail. The robustness of the building under blast load was assessed.
Comparison between the proposed method and the APM was also made. It is found
that, due to the uplift and downward pressure working on the slab, the column force
under the direct blast simulation method is smaller than that of the alternative path
method. The method to enhance the robustness of the buildings is also recommended.
❖ Analysis of High Rise RCC building subjected to blast load(Jiji Madona, Mrs.
Vijaya G S) In the past few years, structures subjected to blast load gained importance
due to accidental events or natural events. Generally, conventional structures are not
designed for blast load due to the reason that the magnitude of load caused by blast is
huge, and the cost of design and construction is very high. The present study is
concerned with analysis of blast load considering two variations of charge weights
and standoff distance. In this study both regular and irregular buildings are analyzed.
The blast parameters are calculated using ATBlast software. Results are compared
using ETABS 2015. The parameters considered in this study are joint acceleration,
storey shear, inter-storey drift and storey displacements.
❖ Analysis of Building Collapse under Blast Load (B.M. Luccioni, R.D. Ambrosini)
The analysis of the structural failure of a reinforced concrete building caused by a
blast load is presented in this paper. All the process from the detonation of the
explosive charge to the complete demolition, including the propagation of the blast
wave and its interaction with the structure is reproduced.The problem analysed
corresponds to an actual building that has suffered a terrorist attack. The paper
includes comparisons with photographs of the real damage produced by the explosive
charge that validates all the simulation procedure.
❖ Spatial reliability analysis of explosive blast load damage to reinforced concrete
columns (Yufeng Shi, Mark G. Stewart)
Columns are the key load-bearing elements in frame structures and exterior columns
are probably the most vulnerable structural components to terrorist attack. In this
paper, a spatial reliability analysis is conducted to predict the damage for reinforced
concrete (RC) columns subject to explosive blast loading. The spatial variability of
material and dimensional properties of RC columns are modelled by stationary and
non-stationary random fields. The variability of blast loading is also taken into

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consideration. Monte Carlo simulation and numerical methods are used to derive
Blast Reliability Curves for RC columns under explosive loading for a number of
terrorism threat scenarios, based on a high–fidelity physics-based computer
programme LS-DYNA to estimate design and residual axial load-carrying capacity of
RC columns. It was found that spatial variability has a significant effect on structural
reliabilities and the spatial model will lead to more accurate predictions of damage
and safety risks
❖ Design and Analysis of Blast load on Structure (Umesh Jamakhandi)
The objective of this study is to shed light on blast resistant building design theories,
the enhancement of building security against the effects of explosives in both
architectural and structural design process and the design techniques that should be
carried out. Firstly, explosives and explosion types have been explained briefly. In
addition, the general aspects of explosion process have been presented to clarify the
effects of explosives on buildings. To have a better understanding of explosives and
characteristics of explosions will enable us to make blast resistant building design
much more efficiently. Essential techniques for increasing the capacity of a building
to provide protection against explosive effects is discussed both with an architectural
and structural approach.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

2.3 Findings from Literature Review

SR. NO. Title of The Paper Findings

1. Effectiveness of progressive collapse 1.Failure of column.

resistance criteria against blast
2.Spalling and breaching of concrete.
loading
3.Shear and concrete failure of primary
and secondary beam above and
below the device.

2. Blast resistant design of structure 1.Sacrificial blast wall.

2.Increasing the standoff distance.

3. Response of high strength reinforced Increasing the R/F ratio improves blast
concrete beams under shock tube
performance of HSC beams by overall
induced blast loading
blast capacity.

4. Dynamic response of robustness of To prevent the progressive collapse of

tall buildings
building under blast load, shear
capacity of ductility of column needs to
be enhanced.

5. Analysis of high-rise RCC building 1.Intensity of blast pressure reduces

subjected to blast loading
with increase in height.
2. Storey drift increases as charge of
weight increases.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

6. Analysis of building collapse under 1. Failure of load bearing column first.

blast loads
2. Few columns lost connection with
the upper and lower beams due to
tension effect imparted by floor slabs
that were pushed upward and
downward.

7. Spatial reliability analysis of 1. Exterior column-more vulnerable

explosive blast load damage to
component to terrorist attack.
reinforced concrete column
2. Load carrying capacity of spatial
model is lower.

8. Design and Analysis of Blast Load 1. System affect significantly when the
on Structure
charge weight increases
2. Economical design consideration the
column size can reduce.

Table.2.1. Findings from Literature Review

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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Planning Schedule/flow chart

This chapter deals with the methodology that was adopted for progression of the
project work.

Topic Selection.

Study of ETABS Software.

Literature Review and Data collection.

Modeling and analysis of the building with help

of ETABS Software

Computing the results

Fig 3.1 Flowchart of methodology for project

3.2 Study of ETABS software

ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-story building analysis

and design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis
methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this
class of structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be
evaluated using ETABS. For a sophisticated assessment of seismic performance, modal
and direct-integration time-history analyses may couple with P-Delta and Large
Displacement effects.

Fundamental to ETABS modelling is the generalization that multi-story buildings

typically consist of identical or similar floor plans that repeat in the vertical direction.
Users may specify an unlimited number of load cases and combinations. Analysis
capabilities then offer advanced nonlinear methods for characterization of static-pushover

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and dynamic response. Dynamic considerations may include modal, response-spectrum,

or time-history analysis. P-delta effect account for geometric nonlinearity.

Fig. 3.2 Typical window of ETABS 2015

(Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/oxMULFGwHqr2KtJ79)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

4. Manual Calculations of a Sample Model

• Analysis of Building subjected to surface blast loading with charge of

100TNT and sight-off distance 20meters.

Fig. 4.1 Sample Model

(Source: Self)

4.1Specification of Model.

Standoff distance-20 meters.

Dimension of building -3m X 3m X 3m

TNT weight-100 kg

Thickness of slab-120mm

Beam dimensions-230mm X 300mm

Column dimension- 300mm X 300mm

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Graph. 4.1 Graph to calculate positive phase blast loads from surface burst
(Source: Calculation of Blast Loads for Application to Structural Components page no. 22)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

4.2 Manual Calculation for Model

Height of the sample building = 3m
Stand -off distance =20m
Front wall pressure =1.5m
Distance from blast surface (Rh ) = (202 +1.52)0.5
=20.056 m
Scaled distance (z) =Rh/w1/3
= 20.06/1001/3
=4.31 m
For the scaled distance of 4.32 m , the value for pressure impulse parameter & that for
time can be obtained by interpolation from the graph
• POSITIVE PHASE
1. Reflected pressure (Pr) = 269.1 Kpa
2. Incident pressure (Pso) =53.6 Kpa
3. Positive incident impulse (is)=56.8Kpa
4. Positive reflected impulse (ir)=174.4 Kpa
5. Arrival time (tA) =6.64Kpa
6. Shock wave pressure (U)=0.4m
7. Wave length (lw)=1 m
8. Positive duration (to) =3.64 ms
Now the velocity of sound obtained from graph
Cr =0.3776
Again by interpolation from graph of Cr, Vs, Pso for an incident pressure of 53.6 kpa , the
value of Cr is as above
• Fictious positive phase duration (tof) = 2 X is / Pos = 2X56.8 /53.6
=2.11ms
• Fictious duration of reflected pressure (trf) = 2ir/Pro =2X174.4/168 =2.075 ms
• Now for peak dynamic pressure
1. Peak dynamic pressure (qo) = 10.44 kpa
2. Considering the drag coefficient (CD) =1.0
• Reduced peak pressure from equation Pso + CD.qo is 165.14 kpa

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

• NEGATIVE PHASE
1. Reflected negative pressure (Pr -) = 0.06 Mpa
2. Incident negative pressure (Pso -) =0.051 Mpa
3. Negative incident impulse (is-)=0.263 Mpa .ms
4. Negative reflected impulse (ir-)=0.383 Mpa .ms
5. Negative duration (to-) =10 ms
6. Negative wavelength (lw-) = 1.98 m

Graph. 4.2 Negative phase of blast loads from surface burst

(Source: Calculation of Blast Loads for Application to Structural Components page no. 15)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Graph. 4.3 Time Pressure History from Manual Calculation

(Source: Self)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

4.3 Results

Graph. 4.4 Analysis of model in ETABS subjected to blast load.

Story Displacement Values
Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
M mm mm
Ground Floor 5.8 0.204 2.45E-05
Plinth 2.8 0.201 2.411E-05
Base 0 0 0
Table 4.1 Results from ETABS for storey displacement.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.Problem Statement-

Analysis and Design of (P+5) structure subjected to surface blast loading

located at Swargate, Pune

5.1 Modeling of the building in ETABS software

❖ Building Specifications-
1. Column size-300mmX300mm
2. Beam size-300mmX450mm(width*depth)
3. Slab Thickness-150mm
4. Shear wall thickness-300mm
5. Plinth level from base-2500mm
6. Parking Height-2700mm
7. Floor to floor height- 3000mm
8. Grade of concrete- M30
❖ EARTHQUAKE DATA-(considered in X and Y direction)
1. Site Location- Pune
2. Zone-III
3. Z-0.16
4. Soil type- Medium
IS 1893(Part1) :2016
Analysis is done by Response Spectrum Method

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.2 Response Spectrum Method

• Response-spectrum analysis (RSA) is a linear-dynamic statistical analysis

method which measures the contribution from each natural mode of vibration
to indicate the likely maximum seismic response of an essentially elastic
structure.

• Response-spectrum analysis provides insight into dynamic behavior by

measuring pseudo-spectral acceleration, velocity, or displacement as a
function of structural period for a given time history and level of damping.

• It is practical to envelope response spectra such that a smooth curve represents

the peak response for each realization of structural period.Response-spectrum
analysis is useful for design decision-making because it relates structural type-
selection to dynamic performance.

• Structures of shorter period experience greater acceleration, whereas those of

longer period experience greater displacement. Structural performance
objectives should be taken into account during preliminary design and
response-spectrum analysis.

• Tension-only and compression-only behavior are nonlinear effects which

should be evaluated using nonlinear time-history analysis. Response-
spectrum analysis (RSA) is a linear method which does not consider nonlinear
assignments during formulation.

• Links represent another nonlinear assignment which does not affect RSA.
RSA uses effective stiffness and effective damping according to the stiffness
used in the corresponding modal analysis case.

• Stiffness may be based on zero initial conditions or that at the end of the
nonlinear case. These options are shown in Figure

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ PLAN

Fig.5.1 Plan of the building

(Source: Architecture of proposed project)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Column Placement

Fig.5.2 Column Placement

(Source: Self)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Assigning Live Load

Fig. 5.3 Load Assigned

(Source: Self)

The live loads are assigned as per IS 875 Part 2. The live loads assigned for different
components are as follows:

1. Kitchen - 3KN/m2
2. Bedroom/Living Room - 2KN/m2
3. Dinning - 4KN/m2
The Dead loads assigned as per IS 875 Part 1 are as follows:

1. Mortar Screeding-0.21KN/m2
2. Clay Bricks-0.1KN/m2
3. Dead load of slabs, columns, beams is automatically calculated by Etabs
4. Masonry load- 0.3mX2.55mX19

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ STEPS FOR MODELLING IN ETABS-

1. Drafting the plan in Autocad.
2. Formation of grids that is column to column distance.
3. Plotting of the grids in ETABS software.
4. Assigning the position of columns,beams,slabs, walls and staircase.
5. Assigning the live load, Dead load, Earthquake load to the structure.
6. Analysis done by ETABS software.
7. Results

Fig. 5.4 Elevation of the building (Parking+5)

(Source: Self)

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.3 Results

❖ Storey Shear

Graph. 5.1 Storey Shear

Storey Shear Values
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top 0.0189 0.0146
Bottom 0.0189 0.0146
Third Floor 17.2 Top 0.05 0.0327
Bottom 0.0504 0.0328
Second Floor 14.2 Top 0.0913 0.0531
Bottom 0.0918 0.0532
First Floor 11.2 Top 0.1473 0.0743
Bottom 0.1479 0.0744
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 0.2286 0.097
Bottom 0.2297 0.097
Parking 5.2 Top 0.3395 0.118
Bottom 0.3409 0.1185
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 0.3756 0.1368
Bottom 0.3756 0.1368
Base 0 Top 0 0
Bottom 0 0
Table 5.1.Results from ETABS on storey shear

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Storey Displacement

Graph. 5.2 Storey Displacement

Storey Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Story

m mm
Fourth
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top 0.339 Floor
Third Floor 17.2 Top 0.332 Third Floor
Second
Second Floor 14.2 Top 0.325 Floor
First Floor 11.2 Top 0.319 First Floor
Ground
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 0.312 Floor
Parking 5.2 Top 0.305 Parking
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 0.06 Plinth Level
Base 0 Top 0 Base

Table 5.2 Results from ETABS on storey displacement

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Overturning Moment

Graph. 5.3 Overturning moment

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir

m kN-m kN-m
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top 3958.9706 -3180.1127
Third Floor 17.2 Top 7917.8973 -6360.1685
Second Floor 14.2 Top 11876.7696 -9880.2495
First Floor 11.2 Top 15835.5808 -13400.2065
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 19794.3284 -16919.9953
Parking 5.2 Top 23753.008 -20439.5395
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 27711.6593 -23618.7336
Base 0 Top 27711.3172 -23617.7946

Table 5.3 Results from ETABS on overturning moments.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.4 Analysis of structure subjected to surface blast loading with

100TNT at sight-off distance of 5m:

A vehicle bomber has attacked the building at a height of 11.2m with 100
TNT charge from a sight-off distance 5m.

Results from Manual Calculation

Positive Phase

1. Reflected pressure (Pr) = 706 Kpa

2. Incident pressure (Pso) =222.8Kpa
3. Positive incident impulse (is)=579Kpa
4. Positive reflected impulse (ir)=1459.31 Kpa
5. Arrival time (tA) =11.6 ms
6. Shock wave pressure (U)=0.54m
7. Wave length (lw)=0.63m
8. Positive duration (to) =11.23 ms
Negative Phase

1. Reflected negative pressure (Pr -) = 0.029 Mpa

2. Incident negative pressure (Pso -) =0.051 Mpa
3. Negative incident impulse (is-)=0.263 Mpa .
4. Negative reflected impulse (ir-)=0.383 Mpa
5. Negative duration (to-) =10 ms
6. Negative wavelength (lw-) = 1.98 m
Load Combinations- self weight of structure+ blast wave time history of 100 TNT
charge at sight off distance 5m.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

800

700 706

600

500
Pressure

400

300

200

100 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1

0 -0.029
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-100
Time

Graph 5.4 Time history for sight-off distance of 5 m

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Story Displacement for 5m

Graph 5.5. Storey Displacement

Story Displacement Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir

m mm
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top 19961.442
Third Floor 17.2 Top 16099.199
Second Floor 14.2 Top 12295.876
First Floor 11.2 Top 8629.912
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 5390.807
Parking 5.2 Top 3868.968
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 5392.823
Base 0 Top 0
Table 5.4 Results from ETABS on Storey Displacement.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Story Shear for 5m:

Graph 5.6. Storey Shear

Story Shear Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m X-Dir Y-Dir
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top kN kN
Bottom 1920.3 1762.3
Third Floor 17.2 Top 1920.3 1762.3
Bottom 4285.48 3979.86
Second Floor 14.2 Top 4315.2 4005.0
Bottom 6632.0 6208.4
First Floor 11.2 Top 6660.74 6233.1
Bottom 8903.14 8402.73
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 8931.02 8427.1
Bottom 11111.7 10575.9
Parking 5.2 Top 11139.0 10600.0
Bottom 12877.7 12341.09
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 12901.0 12360.93
Bottom 13788.1 13096.1
Base 0 Top 13788.1 13096.19
Bottom 0 0
Table 5.5 Results from ETABS on storey shear

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.5 Analysis of structure subjected to surface blast loading with

100TNT at sight-off distance of 10m:

A vehicle bomber has attacked the building at a height of 11.2m with 100
TNT charge from a sight-off distance 10m.

Results from Manual Calculation

Positive Phase

1. Reflected pressure (Pr) = 300 Kpa

2. Incident pressure (Pso) =103 Kpa
3. Positive incident impulse (is)=348.119 Kpa
4. Positive reflected impulse (ir)=932.95 Kpa
5. Arrival time (tA) =18.56 ms
6. Shock wave pressure (U)=0.54
7. Wave length (lw)=3.713 m
8. Positive duration (to) =9.283 ms
Negative Phase

1. Reflected negative pressure (Pr -) = 0.007 Mpa

2. Incident negative pressure (Pso -) =0.005Mpa
3. Negative incident impulse (is-)=0.250 Mpa .
4. Negative reflected impulse (ir-)=0.300 Mpa
5. Negative duration (to-) =10 ms
6. Negative wavelength (lw-) = 1.98 m
Load Combinations- self weight of structure+ blast wave time history of 100 TNT
charge at sight off distance 5m.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

350

300 300

250

200
Pressure

150

100 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1

50

0 -0.07
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-50
Time

Graph 5.7 Time history for sight-off distance of 10 m

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Story Displacement for 10 m:

Graph 5.8 Storey Displacement

Story Displacement Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir

m mm
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top 19900.1
Third Floor 17.2 Top 16085.102
Second Floor 14.2 Top 12250.8
First Floor 11.2 Top 8620.105
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 5380.8
Parking 5.2 Top 3860.9
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 5380.8
Base 0 Top 0
Table 5.6 Results from ETABS on Storey Displacement.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

❖ Story Shear for 10 m:

Graph 5.9 Storey Shear

Story Shear Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m X-Dir Y-Dir
Fourth Floor 20.2 Top kN kN
Bottom 1915.3 1760.3
Third Floor 17.2 Top 1915.3 1760.3
Bottom 4260.48 3970.86
Second Floor 14.2 Top 4300.2 4003.0
Bottom 6625.0 6201.4
First Floor 11.2 Top 6660.74 6230.1
Bottom 8900.14 8400.73
Ground Floor 8.2 Top 8930.02 8420.1
Bottom 11109.7 10570.9
Parking 5.2 Top 11130.0 10585.0
Bottom 12855.7 12333.09
Plinth Level 2.5 Top 12850.0 12348.93
Bottom 13700.1 13000.1
Base 0 Top 13700.1 13000.19
Bottom 0 0
Table 5.7 Results from ETABS on storey shear

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

5.6 Design Results for building subjected to Blast load

Beam Section

Fig 5.5 Sample Beam section

❖ Design Results for beam (IS 456:2016)

Table 5.8 Design Results for beams

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Table 5.9 Design Results for beams

Table 5.10 Design Results for beams

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

Table 5.11 Design Results for beams

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

6. Conclusions

1. It is not practical to design buildings to withstand any conceivable terrorist attack.

2. As sight-off distance increases surface blast effect on the building decreases.
3. Storey shear, storey displacement and overturning moments on higher magnitude
in surface blast as compared to conventional loadings (DL, LL, EQ).
4. Surface blast load parameters are dependent on blast load and stand-off distance.
5. Due to decrease in stand-off distance the effect on structure causes it to collapse
suddenly.

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Analysis of RCC building subjected to Surface blast loading

7. References

1. Sam Noli, Devon Wilson, “Effectiveness of progressive collapse resistance

criteria against blast loading”, ASCE.
2. Manmohan das Goel, Vasant A Matsagar, “Blast resistant design of structure”,
ASCE
3. Yang Li, Hassan Aoude, “Response of high strength reinforced concrete beams under
shock tube induced blast loading”, ELSEVIER, Construction and Building Materials 189
(2018) 420–437.
4. Feng Fu, “Dynamic response of robustness of tall buildings”, ELSEVIER, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 80 (2013) 299–307.
5. Jiji Madonna, Mrs. Vijaya G S, “Analysis of high-rise RCC building subjected to
blast loading”, IRJET (Volume 3, Issue-8) ISSN- 2395 -0056.
6. B.M.Luccioni, R.D.Ambrosini, “Analysis of building collapse under blast loads”,
ELSEVIER.
7. Yufeng Shi, Mark G Stewart, “Spatial reliability analysis of explosive blast load
damage to reinforced concrete column”, ELSEVIER, Structural Safety 53 (2015)
13–25.
8. Umesh Jamakhandi, Dr. S.B. Vanakundre, “Design and Analysis of Blast Load on
Structure”, IRJET (Volume2, Issue-7) ISSN- 2395-0056.
IS Codes:
1. IS 4991:1968 Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures for Explosions
above Ground
2. IS 456:2016 Plain and Reinforced concrete.
3. IS 875(Part 1)1987- Dead load
4. IS 875(Part 2)1987- Live load.
5. IS 1893(Part 1)2016- Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.

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