Fundamentals of

Chapter 1
Microprocessor and
Microcontroller

Dr. Farid Farahmand

Updated: Monday, February 5, 2018
Evolution
n First came transistors
n Integrated circuits
¨ SSI (Small-Scale Integration) to ULSI
¨ Very Large Scale Integration circuits (VLSI)
n 1- Microprocessors (MPU)
¨ Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor)
¨ Components: Memory, CPU, Peripherals (I/O)
¨ Example: Personal computers
n 2- Microcontroller (MCU)
¨ Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor)
¨ Many special function peripheral are integrated on a single
circuit
¨ Types: General Purpose or Embedded System (with special
functionalities)
Microcontrollers –
Embedded Systems

n An embedded system is a special-purpose computer

system designed to perform one or a few dedicated
functions often with real-time
n An integrated device which consists of multiple devices
¨ Microprocessor (MPU)
¨ Memory
¨ I/O (Input/Output) ports
n Often has its own dedicated software
Embedded Systems

4
Amazon Warehouse

Kiva Robot

5
 Microprocessor-Based Systems
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• Input/Output (I/O) circuitry
• Buses
– Address bus
– Data bus
– Control bus
MPU

GP-
CLK Reg
CPU

CPU

Arithmetic
Register Microprocessor-based System
Logic
Arrays
Unit

Control Unit
Microprocessor-Based System with
Buses: Address, Data, and Control
Microprocessor-based Systems
Microprocessor
n The microprocessor (MPU) is a computing and
logic device that executes binary instructions in a
sequence stored in memory.
n Characteristics:
¨ General purpose central processor unit (CPU)
¨ Binary
¨ Register-based
¨ Clock-driven
¨ Programmable
 Microprocessor-based Systems
Microprocessor

n the “brains” of the computer

¨ its job is to fetch instructions, decode them, and then execute them
¨ 8/16/32/etc –bit (how it moves the data

n contains: Arithmetic
Register
Logic
Arrays
Unit

Control Unit

ALU performs computing tasks – manipulates the data/ performs numerical and logical
computations
Registers are used for temp. storage
Control unit is used for timing and other controlling functions – contains a program
counter (next instruction’s address and status register)
System software: A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system
Remember
 Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory

n Memory is a group of registers

n 16 register – address: 0-15 – in binary: 0-
1111; Address lines: A0-A3
n Serves two major purposes
q storing the binary codes for the sequence of
instructions specified by programs (program)
q storing binary data that the computer needs
to execute instructions (data)
Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory Types

¨ R/W: Read/Write Memory; also called RAM

n It is volatile (losses information as power is
removed)
n Write means the processor can store information

n Read means the processor can receive information

from the memory
n Acts like a Blackboard!

¨ ROM: Read-Only memory;

n It is typically non-volatile (permanent) – can be
erasable
n It is similar to a Page from your textbook
 Microprocessor-based Systems
Memory Classification
Basic Technologies:
Semiconductor
Magnetic
Optical
(or combination)

Expensive Cheap
Onetime programmable
Fast/ Slow
Electronically Erasable
PROM
 Microprocessor-based
-one transistor and one Systems
Memory Classification
capacitor to store a bit
-Leakage problem, thus
requires refreshing
-Used for dynamic
data/program storage
-Cheap and slow!

-4/6 transistor to
save a single bit
- Volatile
- Fast but
expensive

Expensive Cheap
Onetime programmable
Fast/ Slow
Electronically Erasable
PROM
Erasable ROMs
n Marked Programmed ROM
¨ Programmed by the manufacturer
n Programmable ROM (PROM)
¨ Can be programmed in the field via the programmer
n Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
¨ Uses ultraviolet light to erase (through a quartz window)
¨ OTP refers to one-time programmable
n Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)
¨ Each program location can be individually erased
¨ Expensive
¨ Requires programmer
n FLASH
¨ Can be programmed in-circuit (in-system)
¨ Easy to erase (no programmer)
¨ Only one section can be erased/written at a time (typically 64 bytes at a time)
Microprocessor-based Systems
I/O Ports

n The way the computer communicates with the

outside world devices
n I/O ports are connected to Peripherals
¨ Peripherals are I/O devices
n Input devices
n Output devices
¨ Examples
n Printers and modems,
n keyboard and mouse
n scanner
n Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Microprocessor-based
Systems - BUS
n The three components – MPU, memory, and I/O – are connected by a
group of wires called the BUS

n Address bus
n consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines (wires) - unidirectional
n these lines contain the address of the memory location to read or written
n Control bus
¨ consists of 4 to 10 (or more) parallel signal lines
¨ CPU sends signals along these lines to memory and to I/O ports
n examples: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, I/O Write

n Data bus
¨ consists of 8,16, or 32 parallel signal lines
¨ bi-directional
¨ only one device at a time can have its outputs enabled,
¨ this requires the devices to have three-state output
 Remember: 111 1111 1111 = 7FF = 2^11-1 = 2047
2^11=2K=2048
2^11 Requires 11 bits

Expanded Microprocessor-Based System

1. Note the directions
of busses

2. What is the width of

the address bus?

3. What is the value of

the Address but to
access the first
register of the
R/WM?

You must know how to

draw it!
 Example
800
000
801
001

2K
2K
Registers or bytes of
Registers or bytes of
memory
memory

What?
What? How many bits
How many bits

How much memory do we have?

 Example
800
000
801
001

2K
2K
(2^11 = 2048)
(2^11 = 2048)
Registers or bytes of
Registers or bytes of
memory
memory

FFF
2^11 -1=7FF
Requires 12 bits
Requires 11 bits
For a total of 4095 bytes

Total of 4K bytes of memory: 2^12 (FFF) à 12 bits ; last values 2^12-1 = 4096-1
 Example
8 bits

000
001

1G bytes of memory

30 bits!

2^30 -1=3FFF FFFF

Next number: 4000 0000 (in Hex)

Example of an 8-bit MPU
A15

A0

800
ROM RAM
2K 2K

FFF

D7
8-bit
D0
So what are
microcontrollers?
What is a Microcontroller?
n A microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing
¨ processor core,
¨ memory,
¨ programmable input/output peripherals
n Used for specific (embedded) applications
Embedded controllers

n Used to control smart machines

n Examples: printers, auto braking systems
n Also called microcontrollers or
microcontroller units (MCU)
Embedded controllers
Software Characteristics
n No operating systems
n Execute a single program, tailored exactly to the
controller hardware
n Assembly language (vs. High-level language)
¨ Not transportable, machine specific
¨ Programmer need to know CPU architecture
¨ Speed
¨ Program size
¨ Uniqueness
Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
Block Diagram

n An integrated electronic computing and logic device that

includes three major components on a single chip
¨ Microprocessor
¨ Memory
¨ I/O ports
n Includes support devices
¨ Timers
¨ A/D converter
¨ Serial I/O
¨ Parallel Slave Port
n All components connected by common communication
lines called the system bus.
First Microcontrollers
n IBM started using Intel processors in its PC
¨ Intel started its 8042 and 8048 (8-bit
microcontroller) – using in printers
n Apple Macintosh used Motorola
n 1980 Intel abandoned microcontroller business
n By 1989 Microchip was a major player in
designing microcontrollers
¨ PIC: Peripheral Interface Controller
 What is the
Different Microcontrollers (MCU) difference?
8/16/24/32 bits
Architecture
Package
Capability
Memory
Software (IDE)/cloud
ADC (10-12 bit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller A more complete list is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Microcontrollers

 MCU Architecture
n RISC
¨ Reduced instruction set computer
¨ Simple operations
¨ Simple addressing modes
¨ Longer compiled program but faster to execute
¨ Uses pipelining
¨ Most embedded system
n CISC
¨ Complex instruction set computer
¨ More complex instructions (closer to high-level language
support)
¨ x86 standard (Intel, AMD, etc.), but even in the mainframe
territory CISC is dominant via the IBM/390 chip

Bench marks: How to compare MCUs together

MIPS: Million Instructions / second (Useful when the compilers are the same)
CISC vs RISC
CISC RISC
Pentium/x86 are CISC-based ARM-based
Most mobile-phones
Complex instructions require Reduced instructions take 1
multiple cycles cycle

Many instructions can reference Only Load and Store instructions

memory can reference memory

Instructions are executed one at Uses pipelining to execute

a time instructions

Few general registers Many general registers

RISC and CISC architectures are becoming more and more alike.
*Read the LINK on the web site!*
 The CISC approach
attempts to minimize the
CISC vs RISC number of instructions per
program, sacrificing the
The Performance Equation
number of cycles per
The following equation is commonly
instruction.
used for expressing a computer's
performance ability:

RISC does the opposite, reducing the

cycles per instruction at the cost of
the number of instructions per
program.

RISC and CISC architectures are becoming more and more alike.
*Read the LINK on the web site!*
8-bit Controllers…
(Main Players)
n Microchip
¨ RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer)
What is the
¨ Has sold over 2 billion as of 2002 difference?
¨ Cost effective and rich in peripherals Speed
n Motorola Package
¨ CISC architecture
¨ Has hundreds of instructions
Power
¨ Examples: 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11 RAM/ROM
n Intel IO Pins
¨ CISC architecture Software (IDE)/cloud
¨ Has hundreds of instructions
¨ Examples: 8051, 8052
¨ Many difference manufacturers: Philips, Dallas/MAXIM Semiconductor, etc.
n Atmel
¨ RISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer) – with CISC instruction set!
¨ Cost effective and rich in peripherals
¨ Claims to be very code efficient – less memory for the same code!
¨ AVR (Advanced Virtual RISC): TunyAVR, MegAVR, XmegaAVR
n Freescale
n Ziglog (Z8)
 A Bit About ARMs
Architecture (Advanced RISC Machine)
n ARM design takes the RISC based computer design
approach – Linux –like architecture
n ARM is a British semiconductor (and software) design
company that designs and licenses ARM processor
cores to semiconductor manufacturers
¨ They just sell the ARM core
¨ Other manufacturers license the core from them and then design
microcontrollers around that core by adding in peripherals and
memory to suit their design goals
n There are different cores for different applications
¨ Cortex-M0/M0+, Cortex-M3, or Cortex-M4.
ARM Processor IP
Applications of ARM-Based
Microcontrollers
Who is using ARM? Check this out!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_applications_of_ARM_cores

Most Cellphones!
Design Examples …..

Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

MPU-Based Time
and Temperature System
MCU-Based Time
and Temperature System
References
n Computer History Museum: http://www.computerhistory.org/
n Read about microcontrollers:
http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/2_01chapter.htm
n Lots of good information exist on Wikipedia about microcontrollers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
n History of transistors:
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa061698.htm
n Nice transistor timeline by Intel:
http://www.intel.com/technology/timeline.pdf
n I used a few slides from here:
http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/courses/ceng336/_documents/introduct
ion.pdf
n ARM related references:
¨ http://mc2.unl.edu/2013/10/03/getting-started-with-arm-microcontrollers/
¨ http://www4.cs.fau.de/Lehre/SS06/HS_AKES/slides/ARM.pdf - Very good reference !
References - RISC
n http://cse.stanford.edu/class/sophomore-
college/projects-00/risc/
n http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_co
mputer
n http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC
n http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/pipelining-
1.ars/4