Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

COMPREHENSIVE EXAM IN

ADVANCE CURRICULUM AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Provide the salient point in the historical context of curriculum development in the different era of
the history. What stage of our history could be considered significant in the area of curriculum
development? Provide the necessary justification
Answer
Curriculum is dynamic over time thus, as John Dewey say “If we teach today’s student’s as we
taught yesterdays, we rob them of tomorrow”. Throughout history, various curriculum innovations were
implemented in our search for more effective and efficient type of education, we continue to bettering the
way we teach, the way we give access to education since the demands also alters over time. Curriculum is
not a new concept; it had been there since 1918 where a lot of scholars would place its beginning.
Philippine education came from various foreign influence, but the most significant area of curriculum
development begins in American educational system which, also considered to be the greatest influence of
our educational system in the country.
In addition, curriculum development started to bloom with the help of several curriculum theorist
and how they view the curriculum. Historical development shows the different changes in the purposes,
principles and content of the curriculum. The different changes are influenced by educational philosophy,
psychology and pedagogical theories. This implies that curriculum is ever changing putting in knowledge
and content from many fields of discipline.
Curriculum theorist contributed so much in the field of education like Franklin Bobbit, Charters,
Kilpatrick, Rugg, Tyler, Dewey etc, who stated that curriculum is a science where emphasis is on students
need, and that should develop the whole child. The historical foundations were useful in identifying the
problems, issues, and perspective. History’s contribution to curriculum development provided opportunities
to refine methods that have been used in the past to be applied in the current trends of curriculum
development.

2. Curriculum program are considered products of higher educational institutions HEIs that distinctly
separate and classify state universities and colleges (SUC’s) in this globalizing era of development,
what curricular offerings our school must open to meet the demand of cross-border education? Why?
Answer
Curriculum innovation drastically changed the whole educational system of the Philippines in its
aspiration to achieving global integration for the purpose of progress acceleration in the country. The new
implementation of the K+12 curriculum, started the engine for a more competitive education across
borders. Compensating the number of basic education by adopting what the other countries offer paved the
way for the Philippines to see its future standing amidst competition.
Our school should modify necessities for curriculum development to match that of the other
developing countries, for us to keep up with the dynamism in the educational system. Our school should
promote and coordinate with different agencies in the government in its goal of producing productive
graduates. For example, a certain SUC’s should extend its effort of providing the basic needs during
education. Curriculum offered should be modified in accordance to need for globalization, trainings,
seminars and workshops should be done before the student’s step foot to the world of employment, making
them ready and conquer service competition in the context of both national and international demands.
Providing hands on trainings and workshops to undergraduate would make them effective and
productive workers in the future. , .

3. The philosophical, theological, psychological, social, as well as the present realities and dimensions
in curriculum development are basic guidelines in curricular revisions. Develop the theoretical
framework in coming up with clientele-based curriculum
Answer
Learners is at the heart of every educational institution, the philosophical, historical, psychological
and social foundation of curriculum are intertwined in crafting the basic foundation of every curriculum in
its goal of developing the holistic individual of the learner. Afterall, any modifications made were done to
meet the type of clientele-based curriculum. Philosophical foundation of curriculum is essential because its
principles have united historical, psychological foundations together as unifying body to meet the social,
emotional and moral needs of students, school and teachers. Psychological foundation on the other hand,
provides a basis for understanding on how students learn and understood a body of knowledge and answer
on how a curriculum be organized in order to achieved student’s learning at the optimum level, and as to
what amount of information they can absorb in learning the various contents of the curriculum.
Furthermore, sociological foundation of the school curriculum affects the development of the curriculum in
the sense that there are certain factors which intervenes in the curriculum development process due to
cultural beliefs, societal expectations, values, norms and traditions emanating from the background of
stakeholders.
Thus, in creating a theoretical framework for a clientele-based curriculum one should have strong
principles that would speak out its goals and objective, considering the need of the learners, teacher and the
whole aspect of education. Second, a clientele based-curriculum should be crafted in consonance to what
the teachers, students, instructions need to better understand on how the three relevant to each other. A
clientle based curriculum should not only focus on the learners but one should also consider the
stakeholders in the community, a curriculum should trigger community participation and stakeholders’
empowerment. Stakeholders will certainly bring a huge resource in an education institution as long as we
develop and learn how to utilized them in at expense of serving and giving quality education.

4. How do you operationalize the opening of community school education in the province of Northern
Samar? Develop the scheme to make to make it motivationally attractive and beneficial to the
stakeholders
Answer
Opening a community school education in the province would mean giving more access to
education, more learners to indulge and more funds to sustain. But how do we operationalized such
program? we don’t just give access to education for all but we should give the quality of education they
deserve while giving it to them. How do we make it more attractive and beneficial to stakeholders? We
simply have to include them starting from planning phase. As I have mentioned above, stakeholders in the
community has a huge resource to offer as long as we, as future administrator would bring out its
effectiveness. Manpower, resources and others can be provided as long we empowered as stakeholders.
How do we motivate them? Let us try compromise and understand their core. For example, let us
involve them in some school activities where they can participate, like organizing PTA, stakeholders
meeting etc., let us be responsible and accountable in terms of giving feedback to their learners while in our
care. Let the community feel that the school would never stand without their enormous efforts of bringing
education to their children
5. In the process of revising the structure of curricular design, discuss how to operationalized the
following
a. Subject-centered design model
Among the different of curriculum design this is by far the most perineal. This is a curriculum
design that focuses on the content of the curriculum and corresponds mostly to the textbook
because textbooks are usually written based the specific subject or course. Subject-centered
design may come as subject, discipline, correlation and interdisciplinary design. Today, this
could still be applied since it is very easy to deliver but the drawback is that learnings are
compartmentalized which can late cause problem with student engagement and motivation and
may even cause students to fall behind in class.
b. Learner-centered design
Here, the learners are the center of the educative process. The emphasis is very strong in the
elementary level, however, more concerns has been placed in the secondary and even in the
tertiary levels. Although in high school, the subject or content has become the focus and in
the college level, the discipline is the center. Learner centered design revolves around the
student needs, interest and goals. Examples of this curriculum design is the child-centered,
experience centered and humanistic design. Learning would be more meaningful if learners
where given emphases and they create their own learning experiences, in that way learning
would be lasting. How do we do this? let us allow our student find and discover in their own
creative way by facilitating and just leading them to their fortress.
 c. Problem-centered design
Generally, this design draws on social problems, needs and interest and abilities of the
learners. Various problems are given emphasis. It teaches students how to look at a problem
and formulate a solution, students are the exposed to real life issues, which helps them
develop skills that are transferable to the real world. Examples of problem centered design
the life-situation and core problem design. This design, teach students how to respond and
solve a problem in a more creative way.

6. Present the Seven (7) types of curricula being used in schools today. Discuss/and justify the rationale
for its adoption. Why?
Answer
Curriculum does not come handy, it is broader than we think it is, but today, in the Philippine setting
there are seven types of curriculum being implemented in every educational institution in the country. They
are; recommend, written, taught, supported, assessed, learned and hidden.
Recommended curriculum were proposed by scholars and professional organizations. This type is
the one recommended by the individual scholars, professionals associations, and reform commissions; it
also encompasses the curriculum requirements of policy making groups, such as federal and state
governments. Why do we have such type of curriculum? Recommended curriculum contains the skills and
concepts that ought to be emphasized, according to the perceptions and value systems of the sources. On the
contrary, Written curriculum is intended primarily to ensure that the educational goals of the system are
being accomplished or the so called curriculum of control. Typically written curriculum is more specific
and comprehensive containing the rationale that supports the curriculum, the general goals to be
accomplished, the specific objectives to be mastered, the sequence in which those objectives be studied, and
the kinds of learning activities that should be used. Taught curriculum on the other hand, is what the
teachers implement or deliver in their classroom and schools, this includes the different planned activities
which are put into actions in the classroom. Why do have such type of curriculum? Simply because this will
contain varied activities that should be implemented in order to arrive at the objectives or purpose of the
written curriculum. In addition, supported curriculum are resources-textbooks, computers, audio-visual
materials which supports and help the implementation of the curriculum. Supported curriculum leads to a
more successful instruction, it makes the learning more meaningful, and more interactive. Assessed
curriculum on the other hand, are the tested evaluated curriculum during and at the end of the teaching
episodes. Assessed curriculum keeps track as to the learners learning ability, it is made to measure if the
learner is acquiring during instruction, these would be a concrete evidence of the performance of each
students. While learned curriculum means the learning outcomes achieved by the students. This are
indicated by the results of the test and changes in behavior which can either be cognitive, affective or
psychomotor. Finally, the hidden curriculum, which expresses the idea that schools do more than simply
transmit knowledge. This are sometimes called as the “unstudied curriculum” or the “implicit curriculum”.
Why hidden? Because they are aspects of schooling, other than the intentional curriculum, that seem to
produce changes in student’s values, perceptions and behaviors.

7. The commonly used approaches to curriculum design include the following

a. Subject centered approach c. Problem centered approach
b. Child or learner centered approach d. Human relation approach
With this classification, describe the approach/es during the undergraduate curriculum program
that you went through in obtaining your respective baccalaureate degree
Answer
During my undergraduate, I was able to witnessed a lot of teaching modalities employed by my
mentors in accordance to what we need as a learner. I think, what calls for an effective teaching is giving
the right treatment or respond to the needs of the student. Teacher utilizes a lot of approaches depending
our needs. They resort to become subject centered, child centered and problem centered, but what steals my
interest is when I felt I sail may own ship. Therefore, to what learning approach was effective for me in
gaining my baccalaureate degree was the child or learner centered approach. This approach was based in
the philosophy that the child or the learners is the center of the educational process.
Our teachers especially the ones handling major subject in science they were those teachers whose
approach start on the learners. For example, in certain science laboratory activities, we are the ones who
manipulate all apparatuses, instruments etc. utilized in the activity, in that way the learning become more
interactive, hands on and meaningful, while the teacher supervises and facilitate the process. Learners
enjoy when they discover new thing, when they are interested, when they feel comfortable at their own pace.
By doing so, learners were able to experience firsthand what it’s like to feel that learning can be witnessed
on their own hands and become the master of their learnings.

8. Accreditation is a validating process of submitting a curricular program to an external working body

to review in any level of education in order to assure standard of excellence by the purpose and
understanding, present and discuss the six areas for accreditation under curriculum and construction
Answer
Accreditation is both a process and a result it is a form of review and a certification granted in
which an association of schools and colleges establishes a set of criteria and procedures to encourage high
maintenance of standards of education among its affiliate members. But what are the six areas of
curriculum construction that undergoes such complex process?
1. Overall mission of the college
2. Objectives and Goals
3. Students requirement for admission
4. Service available to students
5. Quality Education
6. Reputation of Faculty

In improving the curriculum through research and evaluation, answer the following
a. Provide the three areas of paramount concern in the evaluation of curricula ends
b. Present the principles in the selection and evaluation of instructional materials
9. Differentiate between formative and summative Evaluation
10. Present some curricular issues and concern and the corresponding recommendation/s which need to
be addressed in order to be successful in the aspect of curricular innovation