F L I G HT S A F ETY F O U N D AT I O N

CABIN CREW SAFETY

Vol. 40 No. 1 For Everyone Concerned With the Safety of Flight January–February 2005

Generic Checklists Focus Response to

In-flight Dangerous-goods Incidents
Public education and airline procedures reduce the likelihood of passengers
carrying prohibited items that could cause harm by spilling, leaking, igniting a fire
or releasing fumes in the cabin. Emergency-response guidance helps airlines to update
training, procedures and tactics for flight attendants facing these situations.

FSF Editorial Staff

If all airline passengers knew and complied with using an item which is not permitted in the cabin,”
restrictions on checking or carrying dangerous goods, the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) said in 2004
flight attendants would have one less issue requiring advisory material for airlines.5 “Also, there have been
in-flight vigilance and emergency preparation. In incidents caused by items which passengers can
reality, the cabin crew must be prepared for accidents/ legitimately take on aircraft but which developed
incidents1 in which prohibited items brought into faults during flight. If it appears that the item is not
the cabin create risks of injury or damage that could likely to cause a problem, it might be better for the
compromise the safety of a flight. passenger to be allowed to keep it; although a watch
should be kept for any sign of leakage or fuming.”
The Emergency Response Guidance for Aircraft
Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods by the Known or suspected dangerous goods typically
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) involve the cabin crew either in enforcing prohibitions/
was designed for civil aviation authorities and restrictions on specific items or in responding to
airlines to use as a basis for updating related cabin breakage, spillage or leakage of liquids, powders or
crew training, checklists and procedures to handle in-flight gases that could cause injury or damage. Emergency Response
situations involving accessible dangerous goods.2 Guidance includes two lists of more than 2,500 dangerous
goods (articles or substances sorted alphabetically by proper
ICAO defines dangerous goods as “articles or substances which shipping name in one list and sorted by United Nations [UN]
are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the number on another list). The guidance also contains a table
environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods of 11 emergency-response drills and 14 “additional-risk” drill
in the [ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of variations for use after the flight crew conducts aircraft-specific
Dangerous Goods by Air] or which are classified according to those emergency checklists and considers landing as soon as practical.
instructions.”3 The Technical Instructions are used by airlines to A generic checklist for cabin crews handling dangerous-goods
control the air transport of dangerous goods (also called “hazardous incidents also is part of the guidance (see “Basic Principles Apply
material [hazmat]”4 in some countries) as cargo in cargo aircraft to Dangerous-goods Response,” page 2).
and/or passenger aircraft and in checked/carry-on baggage.
Conducting actions on the generic checklist requires an initial
“The first indication of a potential [dangerous-goods] incident decision: either to leave undisturbed the affected area of the
could be a passenger becoming concerned about an item in their cabin (i.e., not apply fire-extinguishing agent or water) then to
cabin baggage which is leaking or giving off fumes (this can keep it isolated and covered with polyethylene bags and blankets
happen because of the reduced pressure); or a passenger seen until ground personnel can respond after landing, or to remove
 Basic Principles Apply to Dangerous-goods Response

The International Civil Aviation Organization has • Provide wet towels or cloths to passengers with
recommended the following guiding principles for a cabin instructions on how to cover the nose and mouth to
crew responding to a suspected in-flight dangerous-goods breathe filtered air;
incident:1
• Do not provide therapeutic oxygen or activate drop-
• Notify the captain, coordinate actions with the flight down oxygen-mask systems because contaminated
crew and keep the flight crew informed about cabin air would be breathed with the low flow of oxygen;
crew intentions and results of actions taken;
• If appropriate under the circumstances, place the
• Identify the specific dangerous-goods item involved dangerous-goods item in polyethylene bags and
and ensure that the captain has complete and accurate securely stow the polyethylene bags in a location
facts; selected for safety (such as the farthest lavatory from
the flight deck);
• Fight any fire that occurs using standard procedures;
• Handle seat cushions and seat covers that have been
• Assess potential consequences, such as a hazardous in contact with the dangerous-goods substance with
chemical reaction, before applying water to a spilled the same precautions as when handling the dangerous
dangerous-goods item or if fumes are present; goods;

• Use polyethylene bags, other plastic bags and blankets

• Relocate passengers away from the affected area;
to cover the carpet/floor where a dangerous-goods
substance leaked or spilled;
• If the airline policy normally allows smoking in
the cabin, require all passengers to stop smoking • Before landing, check regularly the status of the stowed
whenever fumes or vapors from hazardous goods dangerous-goods item and aircraft furnishings that
are present; were contaminated;

• Obtain the dangerous-goods emergency-response • After landing, notify responding ground personnel
kit (if equipped) for response to spillage/leakage about the dangerous-goods item, all known facts
situations; about the item and where the item was stowed; and,

• Obtain useful items (such as required aircraft • Ensure that details about the dangerous-goods
emergency equipment, eye protection, overalls incident are entered in the aircraft-maintenance log
and galley equipment/supplies) that safely could be to prompt replacement of the emergency-response kit
adapted to spillage/leakage situations; and any other aircraft maintenance required because
of the dangerous-goods incident.♦
• Don portable breathing equipment when fumes are
present and protect the face with a smoke hood or — FSF Editorial Staff
gas-tight smoke mask;
Note
• Cover the hands with rubber gloves if possible and/or
with fire-resistant gloves/oven mitts (covered by a 1. ICAO. Doc 9481 AN/928, Emergency Response
polyethylene bag if the gloves/mitts otherwise would Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous
absorb liquid); Goods, 2005–2006 Edition. November 2004.

the substance with absorbent materials, stow the contaminated U.K. CAA said, “The decision to try to remove the residue of
materials in polyethylene bags and then cover the affected area a spillage, or leave it in [place] and cover, may depend on the
with polyethylene bags and blankets until after landing. (If these extent of that spillage and the effect it is having on passengers
are not available, alternative covers include airsickness bags and crew.”
opened with the plastic-covered side down, and plastic-covered
passenger-briefing cards.) Known or suspected dangerous goods The Emergency Response Guidance was designed for in-flight
in powder form may suggest the first choice, ICAO said. dangerous-goods accidents/incidents — not those that occur
while the aircraft is on the ground — on the assumption that
“If it is absolutely certain that the [dangerous-goods] item aircraft rescue and fire fighting personnel and/or other hazmat
will not create a problem, the decision may be made not to specialists typically would respond on the ground.
move it,” ICAO said. “In most circumstances, however, it will
be better to move the item [by the recommended methods].” Civil aviation authorities worldwide typically provide
(See “Techniques for Using Polyethylene Bags, Gloves Protect regulations and guidance for preventing dangerous-goods
Hands,” page 3.) accidents/incidents in the cabin. For example, the U.K. CAA

2 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2005

 said that prevention of dangerous-goods incidents requires protect the aircraft structure as far as possible from damage;
continual education and reminders for airline passengers. and to control the potential for the dangerous goods to cause
any further harmful effect.”
Investigation of a U.S. dangerous-goods incident in 1998 found
that a passenger had checked an ice chest that held plastic bottles In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration
containing 2.0 gallons (7.6 liters) of a 35-percent hydrogen- (FAA) has published information for airline passengers about
peroxide solution — an oxidizer with corrosive properties that prohibited items and exceptions to U.S. hazmat regulations.7
can cause chemical reaction and fire. The bottles split, and the
solution leaked into checked baggage and mail sacks inside a “Many common items used every day in the home or
cargo compartment while the passenger aircraft was en route.6 workplace may seem harmless; however, when transported
by [aircraft], they can be very dangerous,” FAA said. “In
“One of the biggest problems faced by operators is passengers flight, variations in temperature and pressure can cause items
who take, or try to take, on an aircraft items of dangerous to leak, generate toxic fumes or start a fire. … Do not pack in
goods to which they are not entitled,” U.K. CAA said. “In luggage or carry on board fireworks (signal flares, sparklers or
these circumstances, there is the potential for an incident to other explosives);8 flammable solids or liquids (fuel, paints,
occur in flight, with disastrous results; and there have been lighter refills, matches); household items (drain cleaners and
such events in the past. … The primary consideration in any solvents); pressure containers (spray cans, butane fuel, scuba
[dangerous-goods] incident should be to preserve the ability tanks, propane tanks, carbon-dioxide cartridges, self-inflating
of the crew to fly the aircraft. The other considerations are: to rafts); weapons (firearms, ammunition, gunpowder, Mace, tear
safeguard all other persons on board from the effects of any gas or pepper spray [Title 49, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations,
fumes or liquid from leaking packages of dangerous goods; to contains specific restrictions that allow one small ‘self-defense

Techniques for Using Polyethylene Bags, Gloves Protect Hands

If the cabin crew has access to a dangerous-goods emergency- • “[Obtain portable breathing equipment, eye protection and
response kit during flight, and the decision has been taken supplies including] oven gloves or fire-resistant gloves
to remove a spilled/leaked substance, the International Civil [from the galley], if available; at least two large polyethylene
Aviation Organization said that the following method of double- waste-bin bags; and, at least three smaller polyethylene
bagging dangerous goods may be appropriate:1 bags, such as those used for duty-free [sales] or bar sales
or, if none [are] available, airsickness bags;
• “Prepare two [polyethylene] bags by rolling up the sides
and placing [the bags] on the floor; • “Pick up the item [with gloves covered by small polyethylene
bags] and place it in a polyethylene bag. Ensure [that]
• “Place the item [and contaminated furnishings such as the receptacle containing the dangerous goods is kept
seat covers and sections of carpet] inside the first bag upright or the area of leakage is at the top;
with the closure of the item, or the point from which it
is leaking from its container, at the top; • “Using paper towels, newspaper, etc., [as appropriate
for the substance to] mop up the spillage …. Place the
• “Take off the rubber gloves while avoiding skin contact soiled towels, etc. in another polyethylene bag;
with any [contaminant] on them;
• “Place the gloves and bags used to protect the hands
• “Place the rubber gloves in the second bag; either in a separate small polyethylene bag or with the
soiled [paper] towels;
• “Close the first bag while [expelling] the excess air;
• “If extra bags are not available, place the [paper] towels,
• “Twist the open end of the first bag and use a bag tie gloves, etc. in the same bag as the [dangerous-goods]
to tie it sufficiently tight to be secure, but not so tight item; [and,]
that pressure-equalization cannot take place; [and,]
• “Expel excess air from the bags and close [them]
• “Place the first bag (containing the item) in the second tightly so as to be secure but not so tight that pressure
bag, which already contains the rubber gloves, and equalization cannot take place.”♦
secure the open end in the same manner as that used
for the first bag.” Note

If the aircraft is not equipped with a dangerous-goods 1. ICAO. Doc 9481 AN/928, Emergency Response
emergency-response kit, flight attendants can improvise in Guidance for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous
the following manner, ICAO said: Goods, 2005–2006 Edition. November 2004.

FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2005 3

 spray’ in checked luggage only]; [or] other hazardous materials cylinders/canisters; unapproved lighters for use or sale by the
(dry ice, gasoline-powered tools, wet-cell batteries, camping airline; gas refills (spare butane cartridges) for hair curlers; and
equipment with fuel, radioactive materials [except limited alcoholic beverages with more than 70 percent alcohol (140
quantities], poisons, infectious substances).” proof) including 95-percent grain alcohol and 150-proof rum.

Although U.S. hazmat regulations prohibit general types of The generic cabin crew checklist in Emergency Response
dangerous goods in checked baggage or carry-on baggage, Guidance is intended to be adapted for use by airlines “in
exceptions allow passengers/crewmembers to carry specific association with existing emergency procedures established
items in the cabin subject to approval by individual airlines, in the aircraft flight manual,” ICAO said.
restrictions on quantities and compliance with requirements.
“The document may also be used in the required dangerous-
“Personal-care items [nonradioactive medicinal/toilet articles] goods training program for crewmembers,” ICAO said. “Some
containing hazardous materials (e.g., flammable perfume operators provide dangerous-goods emergency-response kits12
[including duty-free perfume and cologne], aerosols [such as hair for use aboard aircraft and also provide training to crewmembers
spray and shaving cream]) totaling no more than 70 ounces [two regarding the use of the kit in dangerous-goods incidents.”
kilograms] may be carried on board,” FAA said. “Contents of each
container may not exceed 16 fluid ounces [470 milliliters]. Matches Identifying an unknown dangerous-goods item and any specific
and lighters may only be carried on your person. However, ‘strike- risk may be possible by asking the passenger who brought the
anywhere matches,’ lighters with flammable-liquid reservoirs and item aboard the aircraft. A well-informed passenger also may
lighter fluid [and lighter refills] are forbidden. … Dry ice (4.0 know appropriate methods of handling the dangerous-goods
pounds [1.8 kilograms] or less) for packing perishables may be situation. A passenger may be able to assist, for example, in
carried [aboard] an aircraft provided [that] the package is vented.” translating label information into the language of the crew.
Carbon-dioxide cylinders for the operation of mechanical limbs
and spare cylinders of similar size required for the duration of Alternatively, finding a shipping name, UN number or other
travel also can be carried in the cabin.9 label information on the container may be possible. Knowing
the shipping name or UN number may enable the flight crew
Some regulated items — such as battery-powered heat- and/or ground personnel to identify the dangerous-goods item
producing tools (from which the energy source or heat- in the Emergency Response Guidance or a national database
producing component is removed),10 a mercury thermometer or and to determine which ICAO-recommended drill to use.
barometer carried by a government official (subject to specific
provisions for packaging and notification of the airline and pilot- “If the passenger can identify the item, refer to … the appropriate
in-command) — only can be transported in carry-on baggage in emergency-response drill,” ICAO said. “On aircraft with only
compliance with the applicable U.S. hazmat regulations. one cabin crewmember, consult with the pilot-in-command as
to whether the aid of a passenger should be sought in dealing
Some regulated items — such as non-toiletry aerosols that with the incident.”
contain nonflammable–nontoxic gas, small-arms ammunition
for personal use, battery-powered wheelchairs/mobility aids Frequent communication between the cabin and flight deck will
(subject to specific provisions for nonspillable batteries and be required. With adequate information, the flight crew may
spillable batteries) — only can be transported in checked baggage decide to select settings on the environmental control system to
in compliance with the applicable U.S. hazmat regulations. maximize cabin ventilation and to vent all cabin air outside the
aircraft (rather than recirculating cabin air). This is appropriate
Other regulated items — such as nonradioactive medicinal/toilet in some scenarios to prevent recirculation of contaminated air
articles; up to 5.0 liters (1.3 gallons) of alcoholic beverages and to reduce the concentration of airborne particles, fumes or
containing more than 24 percent alcohol but not more than other contaminants from dangerous goods, ICAO said.
70 percent alcohol by volume in retail packaging; one small
medical/clinical thermometer in a protective case for passenger/ The cabin crew cannot assume that normal methods of
crewmember use; and a maximum of two nonflammable-gas removing spills and leaks — such as wetting, wiping, blotting
inflation cartridges fitted into a self-inflating life jacket and and/or brushing — will be safe or effective for dangerous
two spare cartridges — can be carried in checked baggage goods. Significant differences include the appropriateness of
or as carry-on baggage by each passenger/crewmember in applying water to an unknown spilled/leaked substance and the
compliance with applicable U.S. hazmat regulations. (Alcoholic appropriateness of using products made of organic materials such
beverages containing not more than 24 percent alcohol by as paper or cloth to absorb the substance. Water may cause the
volume are not subject to these regulations.) spillage/leakage to spread, initiate a severe chemical reaction or
increase the rate of generation of fumes in some situations.13
Prohibited items include some non-toiletry aerosol products
(e.g., spray paints, aerosol laundry starch and spray insecticides); Normal methods of absorbing liquids during cleanup also could
corrosive drain cleaners; oxygen-generating equipment;11 oxygen be hazardous if they cause a chemical reaction.

4 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2005

 “Care should always be taken when mopping up any spillage established procedures and training rather than relying on their
or leakage to ensure there will be no reaction between what is “instinctive reaction to a situation,” U.K. CAA said.♦
to be used for mopping up and the dangerous goods,” ICAO
said. The alternative in this situation is to cover the substance Notes
with no attempt to mop up the substance.
1. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Annex 18, The
After the dangerous-goods item has been double-bagged, one Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. Third edition, July 2001.
Annex 18 defines a dangerous-goods accident as “an occurrence
stowage option is to use a catering box or a bar box — placed
associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air
on the floor so that the door opens upward — like a closed chest
which results in fatal or serious injury to a person or major property
to hold the bags for the remainder of the flight. A rear galley or damage.” A dangerous-goods incident is defined as: “An occurrence,
lavatory may be the best location to store the box and/or loose other than a dangerous-goods accident, associated with and related
bags because it is farthest from the flight deck. to the transport of dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring
on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person, property
Monitoring the situation for the remainder of the flight calls for damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other
attention to the position of the stowed bags. Otherwise, aircraft evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained.
maneuvering could cause a container of dangerous goods inside Any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which
a bag to again tip over, spill, leak or release fumes. seriously jeopardizes the aircraft or its occupants is also deemed to
constitute a dangerous-goods incident.”
“Wherever the box or bag(s) have been located, wedge them 2. ICAO. Doc 9481 AN/928, Emergency Response Guidance for
firmly in place to prevent them from moving and to keep the Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods, 2005–2006 Edition.
item upright,” ICAO said. “Ensure that the position of the box November 2004.
or bags will not impede disembarkation from the aircraft. … If
a galley is used, the box or bag(s) can be stowed in an empty 3. ICAO. Annex 18.
waste-bin container. If a [lavatory] is used, the box can be placed 4. U.S. hazardous-materials regulations (49 Code of Federal Regulations
on the floor or the bag(s) [can be] stowed in an empty waste Parts 100–185) are written, issued and officially interpreted by the
container. The [lavatory] door should be locked from the outside. Office of Hazardous Materials Safety, Research and Special Programs
In a pressurized aircraft, if a [lavatory] is used, any fumes will Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. They are enforced in
be vented away from passengers. However, if the aircraft is air transportation by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
unpressurized, there may not be positive pressure in a [lavatory]
5. Safety Regulation Group, U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Civil
to prevent fumes from entering the passenger cabin.
Aviation Publication 668, Transport by Air of Dangerous Goods,
Munitions of War, Sporting Weapons and Animals: Guidance Material
“If the [contaminated] carpet cannot be removed [and rolled on the Operator’s Responsibilities. September 2004.
up inside in a polyethylene bag], it should remain covered by
a large bin bag or polyethylene bags, etc. and additional bags 6. FAA Civil Aviation Security. “Transportation of Hydrogen Peroxide
should be used to reduce the fumes.” (H2O2).” Dangerous Goods Advisory Bulletin no. DGAB-01-01, Nov. 28,
2001. This document provides one example of a dangerous-goods item
that, if spilled in the cabin, would require personal protective measures
U.K. CAA has amplified the ICAO recommendations on
and counterintuitive actions. FAA said that airline personnel should be
cabin crew response to dangerous-goods incidents to include
aware that “special care must be taken when leakage of baggage or cargo
the following: is discovered, even when the liquid is clear, colorless and odorless. Do
not assume it is water. If you encounter hydrogen peroxide, special care
• “If dangerous goods can be identified by [shipping] name should be taken. … Due to its water-like appearance, it is difficult to
or UN number, it may be possible to obtain information distinguish hydrogen peroxide from water by sight and/or smell [and
about them from the flight crew if a copy of the [ICAO] use of hydrogen-peroxide-test strips may be required]. … Residual
Emergency Response Guidance document is carried [on hydrogen peroxide that is allowed to dry (evaporation of water causes
the flight deck]; hydrogen-peroxide solution to concentrate) on organic materials such as
paper, fabric, cotton, leather, wood or other combustible materials can
• “Cabin equipment made from polyethylene or a similar cause the material to ignite. Hydrogen peroxide may cause irreversible
tissue damage to the eyes, including blindness. Hydrogen-peroxide
plastic material can be utilized to pick up and contain any
solutions are corrosive to eyes, nose, throat, lungs and skin. Also,
spillage, if this is needed; [and,]
hydrogen-peroxide vapors are corrosive to eyes, throat and lungs.”

• “The spillage of a flammable liquid onto fabric may 7. Office of Security and Hazardous Materials, FAA. These Fly … These
increase the release of a flammable vapor, making the May Not. Dec. 21, 2004.
possibility of a fire more likely if an ignition source (e.g.
8. FAA. Fireworks: Dangerous Cargo. Dec. 21, 2004.
a lighted cigarette) is present.”
9. Office of Security and Hazardous Materials, FAA. Hazardous
In summary, flight attendants are most likely to bring an in- Materials Carried by Passengers and Crewmembers. March 2004.
flight dangerous-goods incident to a safe conclusion by following <ash.faa.gov>

FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2005 5

 10. FAA. Don’t Pack Light for Your Next Flight: Torch Flames on Airplanes 12. ICAO said that its recommendations assume that a typical dangerous-
Don’t Fly. Dec. 21, 2004. Various small devices known as torches/micro goods emergency-response kit contains “large, good-quality
torches, utility lighters and gas-powered soldering tools — typically polyethylene bags; bag ties; and long rubber gloves.” U.K. CAA
powered by flammable gas and ignited by an electronic starter — create said that airlines should consider adding to this kit small packages
a hazard if packed in baggage by an airline passenger. “The FAA has of sand, which typically does not react chemically with dangerous-
investigated several incidents recently where these micro torches either goods items, and sodium bicarbonate, which will neutralize many
caught fire or exploded during loading aboard passenger aircraft,” FAA acids and only should be applied to acid spills. Paper towels and other
said. “In two recent incidents involving a fire, these cylinders were paper products intentionally have been omitted from recommended
packed or shipped with the torch head attached, and the electronic kits because of the risk of a reaction with some dangerous-goods
igniter switch was found in the ON position. … One passenger checked substances. “It should be noted that polyethylene is reasonably
a toolbox containing a micro torch. The toolbox exploded during resistant to all dangerous goods, at least for a short while,” U.K.
loading and injured two airline employees. The passenger claimed CAA said. “Sand is inert and can be used safely, except when there
he had emptied the torch by [operating] it on [the HIGH setting] for are products containing hydrofluoric acid; these are identified [in
four hours. … Do not pack any flammable-gas torches in any checked the ICAO Emergency Response Guidance] by UN numbers UN
[baggage] or carry-on baggage.” 1786 and [UN] 1790. Sodium bicarbonate can be used safely with
all acids, but there may be some bubbling and carbon dioxide may
11. FAA Civil Aviation Security. “Passenger Personal Liquid Oxygen be given off. … Despite passenger reaction, it might be preferable
Canister.” Dangerous Goods Advisory Bulletin no. DGAB-00-01, Aug. not to attempt to remove the residue but leave it covered by sand or
31, 2000. The document said, “[FAA] recently received information from sodium bicarbonate.”
an air carrier concerning a passenger who attempted to carry a personal
oxygen canister containing oxygen, refrigerated liquid (commonly 13. U.K. CAA said that some dangerous goods react severely with water.
described as liquid oxygen) on board the aircraft as a spare oxygen “Usually, where there is a severe reaction, the classification assigned
source. … The passenger was using a compressed-oxygen cylinder to the goods is that of having either a primary hazard or subsidiary
supplied by the airline …. Another passenger heard a hissing sound risk of being water-reactive,” U.K. CAA said. “However, there
[while the aircraft crew was preparing for departure] and notified the are other dangerous goods which react with water, but this is not
flight attendant, who then notified the captain. The captain informed the immediately apparent from the classification.” U.K. CAA guidance
passenger that she could not fly with the spare liquid-oxygen canister, material lists UN numbers for dangerous goods that either have
which was stowed in an improper orientation in an overhead bin. … Liquid been designated as water-reactive substances in ICAO Emergency
oxygen may explode on contact with heat or oxidizing materials and is Response Guidance or otherwise are known to be water-reactive
strictly forbidden on both passenger [aircraft] and cargo aircraft.” substances.

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6 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • CABIN CREW SAFETY • JANUARY–FEBRUARY 2005