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Worksheet A: Artial Ractions

1. The document provides examples of expressing rational functions in partial fraction decompositions. It gives the steps to find the values of constants A, B, C, etc. that express rational functions as sums of simpler fractional terms. 2. Students are asked to decompose various rational functions by finding the values of constants that express the functions as sums of simpler fractions. They also are asked to factor polynomials, divide polynomials, and solve equations involving rational functions. 3. The goal is to practice decomposing rational functions into partial fractions, which involves finding the values of constants that express the original function as a sum of simpler fractional components. Being able to perform this decomposition is an important skill in algebra and calculus.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
111 views13 pages

Worksheet A: Artial Ractions

1. The document provides examples of expressing rational functions in partial fraction decompositions. It gives the steps to find the values of constants A, B, C, etc. that express rational functions as sums of simpler fractional terms. 2. Students are asked to decompose various rational functions by finding the values of constants that express the functions as sums of simpler fractions. They also are asked to factor polynomials, divide polynomials, and solve equations involving rational functions. 3. The goal is to practice decomposing rational functions into partial fractions, which involves finding the values of constants that express the original function as a sum of simpler fractional components. Being able to perform this decomposition is an important skill in algebra and calculus.

Uploaded by

Bryan Yeoh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet A

1 Find the values of the constants A and B in each identity.


a x − 8 ≡ A(x − 2) + B(x + 4) b 6x + 7 ≡ A(2x − 1) + B(x + 2)

2 Find the values of the constants A and B in each identity.


2 A B x−3 A B
a ≡ + b ≡ +
( x + 1)( x + 3) x +1 x+3 x( x − 1) x x −1
x +1 A B x + 10 A B
c ≡ + d ≡ +
( x − 3)( x − 5) x−3 x−5 (1 + x)(2 − x) 1 + x 2− x
4x −1 A B x−9 A B
e 2
≡ + f 2
≡ +
x + x−2 x+2 x −1 x − 4x + 3 x −1 x−3

3 Express in partial fractions


8 x −1 10 x
a b c
( x − 1)( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x + 3) ( x + 4)( x − 1)
5x + 7 x+2 4x + 6
d e f
x2 + x 2
x − 5x + 4 x2 − 9
3x + 2 38 − x 4x − 5
g 2
h i
x − 2 x − 24 12 − x − x 2 (2 x + 1)( x − 3)
1 − 3x x +1 5
j k l
(3 x + 4)(2 x + 1) x − 3x 2 2
2 x + 3x − 2
2( x + 5) 3x − 7 1 − 3x
m 2
n 2
o
8 x + 10 x − 3 x − 2x − 3 1 − x − 2 x2

4 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.


a 3x2 + 17x − 32 ≡ A(x − 1)(x + 3) + B(x − 1)(x − 4) + C(x + 3)(x − 4)
b 14x + 2 ≡ A(x + 1)(x − 2) + B(x + 1)(3x − 1) + C(x − 2)(3x − 1)
c x2 + x + 12 ≡ A(x + 1)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 5) + C(x + 5)
d 4(5x2 + 4) ≡ A(2x + 1)2 + B(2x + 1)(x − 3) + C(x − 3)

5 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.


8 x + 14 A B C
a ≡ + +
( x − 2)( x + 1)( x + 3) x−2 x +1 x+3

2 x 2 − 6 x + 20 A B C
b ≡ + +
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 6) x +1 x+2 x−6
9 x − 14 A B C
c 2
≡ + +
( x + 4)( x − 1) x+4 x −1 ( x − 1)2

3x 2 − 7 x − 4 A B C
d 2
≡ + +
( x − 3)( x − 2) x−3 x−2 ( x − 2) 2

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet A continued

6 Express in partial fractions


2 x2 + 4 9 x 2 + 11x − 21
a b c
x( x − 1)( x − 4) ( x − 2)( x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)

10 x + 9 x2 + 4 x + 5 16 − 2 x
d e f
( x − 4)( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)2 ( x − 3)( x 2 − 4)

2 − 9x 3 + 24 x − 4 x 2 9 x 2 − 2 x − 12
g h i
( x − 3)(2 x − 1)2 ( x + 1)( x − 4) 2 x3 + x 2 − 6 x

5 x 2 + 3 x − 20 13 − 3 x 2 26 − x − x 2
j k l
x3 + 4 x 2 (2 x + 3)( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)( x + 3)( x + 5)

7 Find the values of the constants A, B and C in each identity.


x2 B C
a ≡A+ +
( x − 2)( x − 6) x−2 x−6

x2 + 2x + 9 B C
b 2
≡A+ +
x + 4x − 5 x − 1 x +5

8 a Find the quotient and remainder obtained in dividing (x3 + 4x2 − 2) by (x2 + x − 2).
x3 + 4 x 2 − 2
b Hence, express in partial fractions.
x2 + x − 2

9 Express in partial fractions


x2 + 3 x3 − 3 x 2 − x + 2 2 x2 + 7 x
a b c
( x − 3)( x + 1) x2 − 4 x2 + 6 x + 8

3( x + 1)( x − 1) 3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 4 4x2 − 7 x + 5
d e f
( x − 4)( x + 5) x2 + 4 x + 3 2 x2 − 7 x + 3

2 x2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x + 1 9 x 3 − 27 x − 2
g h i
x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 − 6 x + 5 3x 2 − 4 x − 4

x+5
10 f(x) = .
( x − 1)(2 x + 1)
a Express f(x) in partial fractions.
b Find the exact x-coordinates of the stationary points of the curve y = f(x).

x(4 x + 5)
11 f(x) = .
( x − 1)( x + 2) 2
a Find the values of the constants A, B and C such that
A B C
f(x) = + + .
x −1 x+2 ( x + 2) 2
b Show that the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point where x = −1 has the equation
3x − 4y + 5 = 0.

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Worksheet B

1 Given that
22 A B
≡ + ,
(2 x − 3)( x + 4) 2x − 3 x+4
find the values of the constants A and B. (3)

2 Find the values of A, B and C such that


x+5 A B C
2
≡ + + . (4)
( x + 1)( x − 3) x +1 x−3 ( x − 3) 2

3 Given that
4 x 2 − 16 x − 7 B C
2
≡A+ + ,
2x − 9x + 4 2x − 1 x−4
find the values of the constants A, B and C. (4)

4 f(x) = 3x3 + 11x2 + 8x − 4.


a Fully factorise f(x). (4)
x + 16
b Express in partial fractions. (4)
f ( x)

5 Given that
1
f(x) = ,
x(2 x − 1)2
express f(x) in partial fractions. (4)

x3 + 5 x 2 − 2 x − 19
6 f(x) = .
x 2 + 7 x + 10
Show that f(x) can be written in the form
B C
f(x) = x + A + + ,
x+2 x+5
where A, B and C are integers to be found. (5)

7 The function f is defined by


4
f(x) = 2
.
x −1
a Express f(x) in partial fractions. (3)
The function g is defined by
2 + 5x − x2
g(x) = .
( x − 4)( x − 2)( x − 1)
b Express g(x) in partial fractions. (3)
c Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation f(x) = g(x). (5)

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A

1 a x = −4 ⇒ −12 = −6A ⇒ A = 2 b x = −2 ⇒ −5 = −5A ⇒ A = 1


x=2 ⇒ −6 = 6B ⇒ B = −1 x = 12 ⇒ 10 = 52 B ⇒ B = 4

2 a 2 ≡ A(x + 3) + B(x + 1) b x − 3 ≡ A(x − 1) + Bx


x = −1 ⇒ 2 = 2A ⇒ A=1 x=0 ⇒ −3 = −A ⇒ A=3
x = −3 ⇒ 2 = −2B ⇒ B = −1 x=1 ⇒ B = −2

c x + 1 ≡ A(x − 5) + B(x − 3) d x + 10 ≡ A(2 − x) + B(1 + x)


x=3 ⇒ 4 = −2A ⇒ A = −2 x = −1 ⇒ 9 = 3A ⇒ A=3
x=5 ⇒ 6 = 2B ⇒ B=3 x=2 ⇒ 12 = 3B ⇒ B = 4
4x − 1 A B x−9 A B
e ≡ + f ≡ +
( x + 2)( x − 1) x+2 x −1 ( x − 1)( x − 3) x −1 x−3
4x − 1 ≡ A(x − 1) + B(x + 2) x − 9 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x − 1)
x = −2 ⇒ −9 = −3A ⇒ A = 3 x=1 ⇒ −8 = −2A ⇒ A = 4
x=1 ⇒ 3 = 3B ⇒ B=1 x=3 ⇒ −6 = 2B ⇒ B = −3

8 A B x −1 A B
3 a ≡ + b ≡ +
( x − 1)( x + 3) x −1 x+3 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x+2 x+3
8 ≡ A(x + 3) + B(x − 1) x − 1 ≡ A(x + 3) + B(x + 2)
x=1 ⇒ 8 = 4A ⇒ A=2 x = −2 ⇒ A = −3
x = −3 ⇒ 8 = −4B ⇒ B = −2 x = −3 ⇒ −4 = −B ⇒ B = 4
8 2 2 x −1 4 3
∴ ≡ − ∴ ≡ −
( x − 1)( x + 3) x −1 x+3 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x+3 x+2

10 x A B 5x + 7 A B
c ≡ + d ≡ +
( x + 4)( x − 1) x+4 x −1 x( x + 1) x x +1
10x ≡ A(x − 1) + B(x + 4) 5x + 7 ≡ A(x + 1) + Bx
x = −4 ⇒ −40 = −5A ⇒ A = 8 x=0 ⇒ A=7
x=1 ⇒ 10 = 5B ⇒ B = 2 x = −1 ⇒ 2 = −B ⇒ B = −2
10 x 8 2 5x + 7 7 2
∴ ≡ + ∴ ≡ −
( x + 4)( x − 1) x+4 x −1 x2 + x x x +1

x+2 A B 4x + 6 A B
e ≡ + f ≡ +
( x − 1)( x − 4) x −1 x−4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x+3 x−3
x + 2 ≡ A(x − 4) + B(x − 1) 4x + 6 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x + 3)
x=1 ⇒ 3 = −3A ⇒ A = −1 x = −3 ⇒ −6 = −6A ⇒ A = 1
x=4 ⇒ 6 = 3B ⇒ B=2 x=3 ⇒ 18 = 6B ⇒ B = 3
x+2 2 1 4x + 6 1 3
∴ 2
≡ − ∴ ≡ +
x − 5x + 4 x−4 x −1 x2 − 9 x+3 x−3

3x + 2 A B 38 − x A B
g ≡ + h ≡ +
( x − 6)( x + 4) x−6 x+4 (4 + x)(3 − x) 4+ x 3− x
3x + 2 ≡ A(x + 4) + B(x − 6) 38 − x ≡ A(3 − x) + B(4 + x)
x=6 ⇒ 20 = 10A ⇒ A=2 x = −4 ⇒ 42 = 7A ⇒ A = 6
x = −4 ⇒ −10 = −10B ⇒ B = 1 x=3 ⇒ 35 = 7B ⇒ B = 5
3x + 2 2 1 38 − x 6 5
∴ ≡ + ∴ ≡ +
x 2 − 2 x − 24 x−6 x+4 12 − x − x 2 4+ x 3− x

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 2

4x − 5 A B 1 − 3x A B
i ≡ + j ≡ +
(2 x + 1)( x − 3) 2x + 1 x−3 (3 x + 4)(2 x + 1) 3x + 4 2x + 1
4x − 5 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(2x + 1) 1 − 3x ≡ A(2x + 1) + B(3x + 4)
x = − 12 ⇒ −7 = − 72 A ⇒ A = 2 x = − 43 ⇒ 5 = − 53 A ⇒ A = −3
x=3 ⇒ 7 = 7B ⇒ B=1 x = − 12 ⇒ 5
2
= 5
2
B ⇒ B=1
4x − 5 2 1 1 − 3x 1 3
∴ ≡ + ∴ ≡ −
(2 x + 1)( x − 3) 2x + 1 x−3 (3 x + 4)(2 x + 1) 2x + 1 3x + 4

x +1 A B 5 A B
k ≡ + l ≡ +
x(1 − 3 x) x 1 − 3x (2 x − 1)( x + 2) 2x − 1 x+2
x + 1 ≡ A(1 − 3x) + Bx 5 ≡ A(x + 2) + B(2x − 1)
x=0 ⇒ A=1 x = 12 ⇒ 5 = 52 A ⇒ A=2
x= 1
3
⇒ 4
3
= 1
3
B ⇒ B=4 x = −2 ⇒ 5 = −5B ⇒ B = −1
x +1 1 4 5 2 1
∴ ≡ + ∴ ≡ −
x − 3x2 x 1 − 3x 2
2 x + 3x − 2 2x − 1 x+2

2 x + 10 A B 3x − 7 A B
m ≡ + n ≡ +
(4 x − 1)(2 x + 3) 4x − 1 2x + 3 ( x + 1)( x − 3) x +1 x−3
2x + 10 ≡ A(2x + 3) + B(4x − 1) 3x − 7 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x + 1)
x = 14 ⇒ 21 2
= 72 A ⇒ A = 3 x = −1 ⇒ −10 = −4A ⇒ A = 5
2

x = − 32 ⇒ 7 = −7B ⇒ B = −1 x=3 ⇒ 2 = 4B ⇒ B= 1
2
2( x + 5) 3 1 3x − 7 5 1
∴ ≡ − ∴ ≡ +
8 x 2 + 10 x − 3 4x − 1 2x + 3 x2 − 2x − 3 2( x + 1) 2( x − 3)

1 − 3x A B
o ≡ +
(1 + x)(1 − 2 x) 1+ x 1 − 2x
1 − 3x ≡ A(1 − 2x) + B(1 + x)
x = −1 ⇒ 4 = 3A ⇒ A= 4
3

x= 1
2
⇒ − 12 = 3
2
B ⇒ B = − 13
1 − 3x 4 1
∴ ≡ −
1 − x − 2x2 3(1 + x) 3(1 − 2 x )

4 a x=4 ⇒ 84 = 21A ⇒ A=4


x = −3 ⇒ −56 = 28B ⇒ B = −2
x=1 ⇒ −12 = −12C ⇒ C=1

b x= 1
3
⇒ 20
3
= − 209 A ⇒ A = −3
x=2 ⇒ 30 = 15B ⇒ B=2
x = −1 ⇒ −12 = 12C ⇒ C = −1

c x = −5 ⇒ 32 = 16A ⇒ A=2
x = −1 ⇒ 12 = 4C ⇒ C=3
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 1=A+B ⇒ B = −1

d x=3 ⇒ 196 = 49A ⇒ A=4


x = − 12 ⇒ 21 = − 72 C ⇒ C = −6
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 20 = 4A + 2B ⇒ B=2

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 3

5 a 8x + 14 ≡ A(x + 1)(x + 3) + B(x − 2)(x + 3) + C(x − 2)(x + 1)


x=2 ⇒ 30 = 15A ⇒ A=2
x = −1 ⇒ 6 = −6B ⇒ B = −1
x = −3 ⇒ −10 = 10C ⇒ C = −1

b 2x2 − 6x + 20 ≡ A(x + 2)(x − 6) + B(x + 1)(x − 6) + C(x + 1)(x + 2)


x = −1 ⇒ 28 = −7A ⇒ A = −4
x = −2 ⇒ 40 = 8B ⇒ B=5
x=6 ⇒ 56 = 56C ⇒ C=1

c 9x − 14 ≡ A(x − 1)2 + B(x + 4)(x − 1) + C(x + 4)


x = −4 ⇒ −50 = 25A ⇒ A = −2
x=1 ⇒ −5 = 5C ⇒ C = −1
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0=A+B ⇒ B=2

d 3x2 − 7x − 4 ≡ A(x − 2)2 + B(x − 3)(x − 2) + C(x − 3)


x=3 ⇒ A=2
x=2 ⇒ −6 = −C ⇒ C=6
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 3=A+B ⇒ B=1

2x2 + 4 A B C
6 a ≡ + +
x( x − 1)( x − 4) x x −1 x−4
2x2 + 4 ≡ A(x − 1)(x − 4) + Bx(x − 4) + Cx(x − 1)
x=0 ⇒ 4 = 4A ⇒ A=1
x=1 ⇒ 6 = −3B ⇒ B = −2
2x2 + 4 1 2 3
x=4 ⇒ 36 = 12C ⇒ C=3 ∴ ≡ − +
x( x − 1)( x − 4) x x −1 x−4

9 A B C
b ≡ + +
( x − 2)( x + 1)2 x−2 x +1 ( x + 1)2
9 ≡ A(x + 1)2 + B(x − 2)(x + 1) + C(x − 2)
x=2 ⇒ 9 = 9A ⇒ A=1
x = −1 ⇒ 9 = −3C ⇒ C = −3
9 1 1 3
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0=A+B ⇒ B = −1 ∴ ≡ − −
( x − 2)( x + 1)2 x−2 x +1 ( x + 1)2

x 2 + 11x − 21 A B C
c ≡ + +
(2 x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) 2x + 1 x−2 x−3
x2 + 11x − 21 ≡ A(x − 2)(x − 3) + B(2x + 1)(x − 3) + C(2x + 1)(x − 2)
x = − 12 ⇒ − 105
4
= 354 A ⇒ A = −3
x=2 ⇒ 5 = −5B ⇒ B = −1
x 2 + 11x − 21 3 3 1
x=3 ⇒ 21 = 7C ⇒ C=3 ∴ ≡ − −
(2 x + 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x−3 2x + 1 x−2

10 x + 9 A B C
d ≡ + +
( x − 4)( x + 3) 2 x−4 x+3 ( x + 3) 2
10x + 9 ≡ A(x + 3)2 + B(x − 4)(x + 3) + C(x − 4)
x=4 ⇒ 49 = 49A ⇒ A=1
x = −3 ⇒ −21 = −7C ⇒ C=3
10 x + 9 1 1 3
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0=A+B ⇒ B = −1 ∴ ≡ − +
( x − 4)( x + 3) 2 x−4 x+3 ( x + 3) 2

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 4


x2 + 4 x + 5 A B C
e ≡ + +
( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 x +1 x+2 ( x + 2)2
x2 + 4x + 5 ≡ A(x + 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 1)
x = −1 ⇒ A=2
x = −2 ⇒ 1 = −C ⇒ C = −1
x2 + 4 x + 5 2 1 1
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 1=A+B ⇒ B = −1 ∴ ≡ − −
( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 x +1 x+2 ( x + 2)2
16 − 2 x A B C
f ≡ + +
( x − 3)( x + 2)( x − 2) x−3 x+2 x−2
16 − 2x ≡ A(x + 2)(x − 2) + B(x − 3)(x − 2) + C(x − 3)(x + 2)
x=3 ⇒ 10 = 5A ⇒ A=2
x = −2 ⇒ 20 = 20B ⇒ B=1
16 − 2 x 2 1 3
x=2 ⇒ 12 = −4C ⇒ C = −3 ∴ ≡ + −
( x − 3)( x 2 − 4) x−3 x+2 x−2
2 − 9x A B C
g ≡ + +
( x − 3)(2 x − 1)2 x−3 2x − 1 (2 x − 1)2
2 − 9x ≡ A(2x − 1)2 + B(x − 3)(2x − 1) + C(x − 3)
x=3 ⇒ −25 = 25A ⇒ A = −1
x= 21
⇒ −2 = −2 C
5 5
⇒ C=1
2 − 9x 2 1 1
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0 = 4A + 2B ⇒ B=2 ∴ ≡ + −
( x − 3)(2 x − 1)2 2x − 1 (2 x − 1)2 x−3

3 + 24 x − 4 x 2 A B C
h ≡ + +
( x + 1)( x − 4)2 x +1 x−4 ( x − 4)2
3 + 24x − 4x2 ≡ A(x − 4)2 + B(x + 1)(x − 4) + C(x + 1)
x = −1 ⇒ −25 = 25A ⇒ A = −1
x=4 ⇒ 35 = 5C ⇒ C=7
3 + 24 x − 4 x 2 7 3 1
coeffs of x2 ⇒ −4 = A + B ⇒ B = −3 ∴ ≡ − −
( x + 1)( x − 4)2 ( x − 4)2 x−4 x +1
9 x 2 − 2 x − 12 A B C
i ≡ + +
x( x + 3)( x − 2) x x+3 x−2
9x2 − 2x − 12 ≡ A(x + 3)(x − 2) + Bx(x − 2) + Cx(x + 3)
x=0 ⇒ −12 = −6A ⇒ A=2
x = −3 ⇒ 75 = 15B ⇒ B=5
9 x 2 − 2 x − 12 2 5 2
x=2 ⇒ 20 = 10C ⇒ C=2 ∴ ≡ + +
x3 + x 2 − 6 x x x+3 x−2
5 x 2 + 3 x − 20 A B C
j ≡ + +
x 2 ( x + 4) x x2 x+4
5x2 + 3x − 20 ≡ Ax(x + 4) + B(x + 4) + Cx2
x=0 ⇒ −20 = 4B ⇒ B = −5
x = −4 ⇒ 48 = 16C ⇒ C=3
5 x 2 + 3 x − 20 2 5 3
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 5=A+C ⇒ A=2 ∴ ≡ − +
x3 + 4 x 2 x x2 x+4
13 − 3 x 2 A B C
k ≡ + +
(2 x + 3)( x − 1)2 2x + 3 x −1 ( x − 1) 2
13 − 3x2 ≡ A(x − 1)2 + B(2x + 3)(x − 1) + C(2x + 3)
x = − 32 ⇒ 25
4
= 254 A ⇒ A=1
x=1 ⇒ 10 = 5C ⇒ C=2
13 − 3 x 2 1 2 2
coeffs of x2 ⇒ −3 = A + 2B ⇒ B = −2 ∴ ≡ − +
(2 x + 3)( x − 1)2 2x + 3 x −1 ( x − 1) 2

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 5

26 − x − x 2 A B C
l ≡ + +
( x − 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) x −1 x+3 x+5
26 − x − x2 ≡ A(x + 3)(x + 5) + B(x − 1)(x + 5) + C(x − 1)(x + 3)
x=1 ⇒ 24 = 24A ⇒ A=1
x = −3 ⇒ 20 = −8B ⇒ B = − 52
26 − x − x 2 1 5 1
x = −5 ⇒ 6 = 12C ⇒ C= 1
2
∴ ≡ − +
( x − 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) x − 1 2( x + 3) 2( x + 5)

7 a x2 ≡ A(x − 2)(x − 6) + B(x − 6) + C(x − 2)


x=2 ⇒ 4 = −4B ⇒ B = −1
x=6 ⇒ 36 = 4C ⇒ C=9
coeffs of x2 ⇒ A=1
x2 + 2x + 9 B C
b ≡A+ +
( x − 1)( x + 5) x −1 x+5
x2 + 2x + 9 ≡ A(x − 1)(x + 5) + B(x + 5) + C(x − 1)
x=1 ⇒ 12 = 6B ⇒ B=2
x = −5 ⇒ 24 = −6C ⇒ C = −4
coeffs of x2 ⇒ A=1

8 a x + 3
x2 + x − 2 x3 + 4x2 + 0x − 2
x3 + x2 − 2x
3x2 + 2x − 2
3x2 + 3x − 6
− x + 4
quotient: x + 3 remainder: −x + 4
x3 + 4 x 2 − 2 4− x
b ≡x+3+
x2 + x − 2 x2 + x − 2
4− x A B
≡ +
( x + 2)( x − 1) x+2 x −1
4 − x ≡ A(x − 1) + B(x + 2)
x = −2 ⇒ 6 = −3A ⇒ A = −2
x3 + 4 x 2 − 2 2 1
x=1 ⇒ 3 = 3B ⇒ B=1 ∴ ≡x+3− +
x2 + x − 2 x+2 x −1

9 a (x − 3)(x + 1) = x2 − 2x − 3
1
2
x − 2x − 3 x2 + 0x + 3
x2 − 2x − 3
2x + 6
x2 + 3 2x + 6
∴ ≡1+
( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 1)
2x + 6 A B
≡ +
( x − 3)( x + 1) x−3 x +1
2x + 6 ≡ A(x + 1) + B(x − 3)
x=3 ⇒ 12 = 4A ⇒ A=3
x2 + 3 3 1
x = −1 ⇒ 4 = −4B ⇒ B = −1 ∴ ≡1+ −
( x − 3)( x + 1) x−3 x +1

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 6

b x − 3
x − 4 x3 − 3x2 −
2
x + 2
x3 + 0x2 − 4x
2
− 3x + 3x + 2
2
− 3x + 0x + 12
3x − 10
x3 − 3 x 2 − x + 2 3 x − 10
∴ ≡x− 3+
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
3 x − 10 A B
≡ +
( x + 2)( x − 2) x+2 x−2
3x − 10 ≡ A(x − 2) + B(x + 2)
x = −2 ⇒ −16 = −4A ⇒ A=4
x3 − 3 x 2 − x + 2 4 1
x=2 ⇒ −4 = 4B ⇒ B = −1 ∴ ≡x−3+ −
x2 − 4 x+2 x−2

c 2
x2 + 6x + 8 2x2 + 7x + 0
2x2 + 12x + 16
− 5x − 16
2x2 + 7 x −5 x − 16
∴ ≡ 2+
x2 + 6x + 8 x2 + 6x + 8
−5 x − 16 A B
≡ +
( x + 2)( x + 4) x+2 x+4
−5x − 16 ≡ A(x + 4) + B(x + 2)
x = −2 ⇒ −6 = 2A ⇒ A = −3
2x2 + 7 x 3 2
x = −4 ⇒ 4 = −2B ⇒ B = −2 ∴ ≡2− −
x2 + 6x + 8 x+2 x+4

d 3(x + 1)(x − 1) = 3x2 − 3


(x − 4)(x + 5) = x2 + x − 20
3
2 2
x + x − 20 3x + 0x − 3
3x2 + 3x − 60
− 3x + 57
3( x + 1)( x − 1) 57 − 3 x
∴ ≡3+
( x − 4)( x + 5) ( x − 4)( x + 5)
57 − 3 x A B
≡ +
( x − 4)( x + 5) x−4 x+5
57 − 3x ≡ A(x + 5) + B(x − 4)
x=4 ⇒ 45 = 9A ⇒ A=5
3( x + 1)( x − 1) 5 8
x = −5 ⇒ 72 = −9B ⇒ B = −8 ∴ ≡3+ −
( x − 4)( x + 5) x−4 x+5

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 7

e 3x − 5
x + 4x + 3 3x + 7x2 + 0x
2 3
+ 4
3x3 + 12x2 + 9x
2
− 5x − 9x + 4
2
− 5x − 20x − 15
11x + 19
3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 4 11x + 19
∴ ≡ 3x − 5 +
x2 + 4x + 3 x2 + 4x + 3
11x + 19 A B
≡ +
( x + 1)( x + 3) x +1 x+3
11x + 19 ≡ A(x + 3) + B(x + 1)
x = −1 ⇒ 8 = 2A ⇒ A=4
3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 4 4 7
x = −3 ⇒ −14 = −2B ⇒ B=7 ∴ ≡ 3x − 5 + +
x2 + 4x + 3 x +1 x+3

f 2
2x2 − 7x + 3 4x2 − 7x + 5
2x2 − 14x + 6
7x − 1
4 x2 − 7 x + 5 7x −1
∴ ≡2+ 2
2x2 − 7 x + 3 2x − 7x + 3
7x −1 A B
≡ +
(2 x − 1)( x − 3) 2x − 1 x−3
7x − 1 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(2x − 1)
x = 12 ⇒ 5
2
= − 52 A ⇒ A = −1
4 x2 − 7 x + 5 1 4
x=3 ⇒ 20 = 5B ⇒ B=4 ∴ ≡2− +
2x2 − 7 x + 3 2x − 1 x−3

g 2
2
x2 − 2x − 3 2x + 0x + 0
2x2 − 4x − 6
4x + 6
2x2 4x + 6
∴ 2
≡2+ 2
x − 2x − 3 x − 2x − 3
4x + 6 A B
≡ +
( x + 1)( x − 3) x +1 x−3
4x + 6 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x + 1)
x = −1 ⇒ 2 = −4A ⇒ A = − 12
2x2 1 9
x=3 ⇒ 18 = 4B ⇒ B= 9
2
∴ 2
≡2− +
x − 2x − 3 2( x + 1) 2( x − 3)

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet A page 8

h x
2
x − 6x + 5 x3 − 6x2 + 6x + 1
x3 − 6x2 + 5x
x + 1
x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x + 1 x +1
∴ 2
≡x+ 2
x − 6x + 5 x − 6x + 5
x +1 A B
≡ +
( x − 1)( x − 5) x −1 x−5
x + 1 ≡ A(x − 5) + B(x − 1)
x=1 ⇒ 2 = −4A ⇒ A = − 12
x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x + 1 1 3
x=5 ⇒ 6 = 4B ⇒ B= 3
2
∴ ≡x− +
x2 − 6x + 5 2( x − 1) 2( x − 5)

i 3x + 4
3x2 − 4x − 4 9x3 + 0x2 − 27x − 2
9x3 − 12x2 − 12x
12x2 − 15x − 2
12x2 − 16x − 16
x + 14
9 x3 − 27 x − 2 x + 14
∴ 2
≡ 3x + 4 + 2
3x − 4 x − 4 3x − 4 x − 4
x + 14 A B
≡ +
(3 x + 2)( x − 2) 3x + 2 x−2
x + 14 ≡ A(x − 2) + B(3x + 2)
x = − 23 ⇒ 40
3
= − 83 A ⇒ A = −5
9 x3 − 27 x − 2 5 2
x=2 ⇒ 16 = 8B ⇒ B=2 ∴ ≡ 3x + 4 − +
3x 2 − 4 x − 4 3x + 2 x−2

x+5 A B
10 a ≡ + 11 a x(4x + 5) ≡ A(x + 2)2 + B(x − 1)(x + 2) + C(x − 1)
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x −1 2x + 1
x + 5 ≡ A(2x + 1) + B(x − 1) x=1 ⇒ 9 = 9A ⇒ A=1
x=1 ⇒ 6 = 3A ⇒ A=2 x = −2 ⇒ 6 = −3C ⇒ C = −2
x = − 12 ⇒ 92 = − 32 B ⇒ B = −3 coeffs x2 ⇒ 4 = A + B ⇒ B = 3
2 3
∴ f(x) = − b x = −1 ∴ y = 1
2
x −1 2x + 1
b f ′(x) = −2(x − 1)−2 + 3(2x + 1)−2 × 2 f(x) = (x − 1)−1 + 3(x + 2)−1 − 2(x + 2)−2
6 2
= − f ′(x) = −(x − 1)−2 − 3(x + 2)−2 + 4(x + 2)−3
(2 x + 1)2 ( x − 1) 2
6 2
SP: − =0 grad = − 14 − 3 + 4 = 3
4
(2 x + 1)2 ( x − 1) 2
6(x − 1)2 − 2(2x + 1)2 = 0 ∴ y− 1
2
= 3
4
(x + 1)
2
x + 10x − 2 = 0 4y − 2 = 3x + 3
−10 ± 100 + 8
x= 3x − 4y + 5 = 0
2
x = −5 ± 3 3

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet B

1 22 ≡ A(x + 4) + B(2x − 3)
x = 32 ⇒ 22 = 112 A ⇒ A=4
x = −4 ⇒ 22 = −11B ⇒ B = −2

2 x + 5 ≡ A(x − 3)2 + B(x + 1)(x − 3) + C(x + 1)


x = −1 ⇒ 4 = 16A ⇒ A= 1
4
x=3 ⇒ 8 = 4C ⇒ C=2
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0=A+B ⇒ B = − 14

3 4x2 − 16x − 7 ≡ A(2x − 1)(x − 4) + B(x − 4) + C(2x − 1)


x=4 ⇒ −7 = 7C ⇒ C = −1
x= 21
⇒ −14 = − 2 B
7
⇒ B=4
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 4 = 2A ⇒ A=2

4 a f(1) = 3 + 11 + 8 − 4 = 18
f(−1) = −3 + 11 − 8 − 4 = −4
f(2) = 24 + 44 + 16 − 4 = 80
f(−2) = −24 + 44 − 16 − 4 = 0
∴ (x + 2) is a factor
3x2 + 5x − 2
x + 2 3x3 + 11x2 + 8x − 4
3x3 + 6x2
5x2 + 8x
5x2 + 10x
− 2x − 4
− 2x − 4

∴ f(x) = (x + 2)(3x2 + 5x − 2)
= (3x − 1)(x + 2)2
x + 16 A B C
b ≡ + +
f ( x) 3x − 1 x+2 ( x + 2)2
x + 16 ≡ A(x + 2)2 + B(3x − 1)(x + 2) + C(3x − 1)
x = 13 ⇒ 49
3
= 499 A ⇒ A=3
x = −2 ⇒ 14 = −7C ⇒ C = −2
2
coeffs of x ⇒ 0 = A + 3B ⇒ B = −1
x + 16 3 1 2
∴ ≡ − −
f ( x) 3x − 1 x+2 ( x + 2)2

1 A B C
5 ≡ + +
x(2 x − 1)2 x 2x − 1 (2 x − 1)2
1 ≡ A(2x − 1)2 + Bx(2x − 1) + Cx
x=0 ⇒ A=1
x= 21
⇒ 1
1= 2C ⇒ C=2
coeffs of x2 ⇒ 0 = 4A + 2B ⇒ B = −2
1 2 2
∴ f(x) = − +
x 2x − 1 (2 x − 1)2

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C4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS Answers - Worksheet B page 2

6
x − 2
x2 + 7x + 10 x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 19
x3 + 7x2 + 10x
2
− 2x − 12x − 19
2
− 2x − 14x − 20
2x + 1

2x + 1
∴ f(x) ≡ x − 2 + 2
x + 7 x + 10
2x + 1 B C
≡ +
( x + 2)( x + 5) x+2 x+5
2x + 1 ≡ B(x + 5) + C(x + 2)
x = −2 ⇒ −3 = 3B ⇒ B = −1
x = −5 ⇒ −9 = −3C ⇒ C=3
1 3
∴ f(x) ≡ x − 2 − + [ A = −2, B = −1, C = 3 ]
x+2 x+5

4 A B
7 a ≡ +
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1
4 ≡ A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)
x = −1 ⇒ 4 = −2A ⇒ A = −2
x=1 ⇒ 4 = 2B ⇒ B=2
2 2
∴ f(x) ≡ −
x −1 x +1

2 + 5x − x2 A B C
b ≡ + +
( x − 4)( x − 2)( x − 1) x−4 x−2 x −1
2 + 5x − x2 ≡ A(x − 2)(x − 1) + B(x − 4)(x − 1) + C(x − 4)(x − 2)
x=4 ⇒ 6 = 6A ⇒ A=1
x=2 ⇒ 8 = −2B ⇒ B = −4
x=1 ⇒ 6 = 3C ⇒ C=2
1 4 2
∴ g(x) ≡ − +
x−4 x−2 x −1
2 2 1 4 2
c − = − +
x −1 x +1 x−4 x−2 x −1
4 1 2
− − =0
x−2 x−4 x +1
4( x − 4)( x + 1) − ( x − 2)( x + 1) − 2( x − 2)( x − 4)
=0
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x + 1)
4(x2 − 3x − 4) − (x2 − x − 2) − 2(x2 − 6x + 8) = 0
x2 + x − 30 = 0
(x + 6)(x − 5) = 0
x = −6, 5

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