Mekelle university

EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works

→ Design a Vertical drop weir using Bligh’s theory and check the thickness of floor, and
exit gradient by Khosla’s theory for the following data:

 Design flood discharge = 3000m3/s

 High flood level before construction = 200.00
 F.S.L of canal = 199.00
 Average bed level = 193.00
 Retrogression of bed = 0.50m
 Lacey’s silt factor = 1.00
 Safe exit gradient = 1/6
 Bligh’s creep coefficient, = 10
 Minimum downstream water level = bed level = 193.00m
 Allowable afflux = 1.0m
 Sp. gravity of the material, G = 2.24
 River bed slope, So = 0.002

Solution:

1. Clear Waterway (L)

Lacey’s wetted perimeter, √ √
( )
2. Crest levels
a) Crest level of weir (fix starting from HFL or FSL of canal) and weir height:
Discharge intensity,

Normal scour depth, ( ) ( )

Regime velocity,
( )
Velocity head,
D/s HFL = River HFL before construction = 200m

–
Assume broad-crested weir, ( )
–
– –
(Crest level of weir can be also fixed by starting from FSL of canal, H = FSL of canal+ Working head)

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works
b) Pond level and height of shutter (if provided):
( )

Pond level is higher than crest level of the weir; this difference will be controlled by crest
shutter:
– –

c) Under sluice crest level (it is lower than crest level of weir by 1-1.5m)
, [Further under sluice design for (10-20%)Qd]
3. Design of Weir Wall
a) Top width of the weir crest level (a);
–
( )
(√ √ ) (√ √ )
b) Bottom width (B):
( )
Preliminary design,
√ √
Provide 2.3 m and 6 m top and bottom width respectively, which will be tested for adequacy
during stability analysis.

4. Flow condition: HFL flow with 0.5m retrogression

Water levels:
a) Backwater curve: water surface profile u/s of the weir; Y=(XS-2Δo)2/4Δo
Broad-crested weir, ( )
Hd = He- Ha = 3.58 - 0.14=3.44m, NWD = u/s HFL-River bed level = 201 – 193 =8m
Δo= (H+S+Hd) - NWD = (4.56+1.94+3.44) – 8 = 1.94m,
At Y=0, X =2Δo/s =2*1.94/0.002 = 1940m

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works

X (m) Y(m) X (m) Y (m)

0 1.94 900 0.56
50 1.84 1400 0.15
100 1.75 1500 0.10
300 1.39 1600 0.06
500 1.07 1700 0.03
600 0.93 1800 0.01
700 0.79 1900 0.001
800 0.67 1940 0

b) Water surface profile d/s of the weir:

U/s HFL = 201m, D/s HFL = 199.5m,
U/s TEL = 201.14m, D/s TEL= D/s HFL + Ha= 199.5+0.14=199.64m
HL = U/s TEL–D/s TEL = U/s HFL - D/s HFL = 1.5m, and q = 11.54m3/s/m
 Read E2 from hydraulic jump curves/tables for q & HL and E1 = E2+ HL; then calculate
D1&D2 from the specific energy equation, E1,2= D1,2 +V21,2/2g, or
 Applying the energy equation b/n the U/s & D/s points: H= 4.56m, He =3.58m, HL=1.5m
( )
( ) ( )

=> )
√(

√ √

( √ ) ( √ )
( ) ( )
1.85m
D/s floor length (pucca floor) from the pre-jump point = (5 to 6) * (D1-D2) =5(4.42-1.11)
=16.55m, say 16m
[Fix D3 and design stilling basin]

5. Depth of sheet piles: ( ) ( )

– –

– –

6. Impervious floor: Seepage head, Hs = pond level – bed level = 199.5-193 = 6.5 m
 Total creep length, L = C. Hs = 10 * 6.50 = 65.00 m
 Length of d/s impervious floor (pucca floor or d/s apron) for weir having crest shutter,

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works
√ √ [Compare with 5(D2-D1)]
 Length of u/s impervious floor, [ ( ) ( )]

7. Uplift pressure and thickness of impervious floor by Bligh’s theory:

Hs = 6.5m, L = 65 m
 Residual head at point A, at the toe of the weir, ( )
(( ) )
 Floor thickness at A, ( ) ( )
 Provide a thickness of 3.5 for a length of 6 m.
 Residual head at point B at a distance of 6 m from the toe of the weir wall,
(( ) )
 ( ) ( )
 Provide a thickness of 2.8 m for the next 6m length (from 6 to 12 m from the toe)
 Residual head at point C at a distance of 12 m from the toe of the weir,
( )
 ( ) ( )
 Provide a thickness of 2.15m for next 4m (12 to 16m from toe)
 Provide u/s floor thickness 1.0 m.
Check by Khosla’s theory:
Exit gradient (GE): length of impervious floor,
√ √

( )
√ √
Uplift pressure at key points:
i) U/s pile, b = 43m,

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works
( )
( )

Note: the values of ( )& ( ) is in radian.

Corrections for ϕC1:
a) Correction for thickness: assume thickness of u/s floor end 1m as minimum thickness
because of water weight; d1 = 3m
Thickness correction, ( ) ( )
b) Correction for mutual interference:
d = (193-1)-190 = 2m, D = (193-1) – 185 = 7m, b’= b = 43m

√ ( )

( ) √ ( )
Corrected pressure
ii) D/s pile: design considering max static head (no flow),

( )
( ) ,

Corrections for ϕE:

a) Correction for thickness: t = 2.15m, d2 = 8m
Thickness correction, ( ) ( )
b) Correction for mutual interference,
d = (193-2.15)-185 = 5.85m, D = (193-2.15) – 190 = 0.85m, b’= b = 43m

√ ( )

( ) √ ( )
Corrected pressure

Uplift pressure and checking thickness of impervious floor by Khosla’s theory:

 Percentage pressure at A (toe of weir),

( ) ( )

 Residual head at A,

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works
 Thickness of floor, ( )
( )
 Percentage pressure at B,
 Residual head at B (hB)
 Thickness of floor, ( )
( )
 Percentage pressure at C,
 Residual head at C,
 Thickness of floor, ( )
Therefore, the floor is safe by Khosla’s theory.

8. Protection works: required on the u/s and d/s of the concrete apron to prevent scour hole
travelling close to the concrete floor of the weir and to relieve any residual uplift pressure
through the filter.
a) D/s protection
 Total length of d/s protection & impervious floor for weir with shutter,
√ √
 Length of d/s protection
 Minimum length of d/s concrete block = length of inverted filter = 1.5d2 = 1.5*8=12m
 Provide (1 to 1.2m) deep concrete blocks; use 1x1x1m thick with open joints laid over
0.6m thick graded gravel inverted filter material and provide (70-100mm), take
100mm open joints b/n blocks filled with broken stones or filter material.
 Total thickness of concrete block and filter material = 1+ 0.6 = 1.6m;
 No of block rows required=12/ (1+0.1) =10.91m, use 11 rows =>actual length
=11(1+0.1) =12.1m
 Length of d/s launching apron after inverted filter
√
 Thickness of launching apron for a slope of 3:1, √
 The required launching apron volume of stone per meter width
=√ √ ; and provide 1.6m thickness in the horizontal
position the same as inverted filter thickness, length = 28.6/1.6 = 17.89m
 Provide 0.4m wide masonry toe wall over 0.8x0.5m (1:2:4) plain concrete footing.
b) U/s protection
 Minimum length of concrete blocks = 1.0*d1 = 3m.
 Provide 1*1*1m concrete blocks over 0.6 m thick gravel packed stone or loose stone.
 Minimum length of u/s launching apron = 2 d1 = 2*3 = 6m
√ √
 Thickness of the lunching apron in horizontal for a slope of 3:1, .
 No of block rows required=3/1= 3 rows, and actual length = 3*1 = 3m

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works

The required launching apron volume of stone per meter width = √ √
; and provide 1.6m thickness the same as the block protection
thickness, length = 10.73/1.6 = 6.70m
9. Wing walls
a) U/s wing walls:
The height of walls, H = U/s HFL + Free board (1m) - River bed level = 201 + 1 -193= 9m
Therefore; the top level of the u/s retaining wall is 202m and provide a min. footing depth of 0.60m.
b) D/s wing wall: the height of the wall , H = D/s HFL + Free board – River bed level,
H = 199.5 +1 -193 = 7.5m
The top level of the wall at 200.5m & a min. footing depth of 0.50m is provided.
10. Structural stability analysis of weir wall: ,

Type of load Vertical force, V(kN) Horizontal force,

H Moment arm Moment (kN-
(kN) (m)* m)@toe
(+) (-)
2
Horizontal Pw=1/2*10*6.5 =211.25 1/3*6.5=2.17 457.7
hydrostatic
pressure
Weight of weir W1 2.3/2+3.7= 1139.4
body (W) = 22.4*2.3*4.56=234.93 4.85
W2 2/3*3.7= 933.49
=½*22.4*3.7*4.56=377.93 2.47
Uplift pressure U=½*10*6.5*6= -195 2/3*6 = 4 780
(U)

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works
Friction force f(234.93+377.93-195) 0 0
(Ff)
Soil reaction R1=1/2*6 (P1-P2) 1/3*6 2(P1-P2)
R2 = 6 *P2 ½*6 3P2

∑ ; ∑
∑ ( ) ; ∑ ( )
i) Factor of safety against overturning ( )
∑ ( )
∑ ( )
ii) Factor of safety against sliding ( )
∑
∑
(Fs is not less than fo, what is your recommendation?)
iii) Check for tension (i.e., wether the resultant force lies within the middle third)
The location of the resultant force from the toe is given by
̅ ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
∑

The eccentricity (e) ̅

The resultant lies within the middle third

iv) Contact pressure and soil reaction force:

∑ ∑

Or P1&P2 can be solved by applying the stability conditions (ΣV=0 & ΣM=0) and the result is same.
(Solve for R1, R2 & Ff)
P1 should be less than the bearing capacity of the foundation.

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 Mekelle university
EIT-M
School of Civil Engineering
PG, Year – I, Hydraulic Engineering and Irrigation Engineering, Semester-II, 2020
Hydraulic structures - II & Design of diversion and canal structures
Chapter two
Tutorial on diversion head works

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