COMPLEX ANALYSIS-I

Introduction:
A basic understanding of complex variable theory will be useful in diverse branches of science
and engineering. Here we will define functions of complex variable and then introduce the
concepts of analytic function, Harmonic function, Cauchy’s Riemann equations and construction
of analytic function. Analytic functions can be widely applied in real–valued integrals are sometimes
easily solvable by complex function, Heat conduction, Fluid flows, Electrostatics fields. Moreover,
analytic functions have a variety of natural properties which make them the ideal objects for
applications.
A complex number Z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers and is written as Z=x+iy i= − 1
.Where x & y are called the real and imaginary parts of Z.
If x, y are variables then z = x + iy is complex variable.

Complex Variable Function: Suppose that D and D’ are set of complex numbers. If
corresponding to each value of a complex variable z(=x+iy) in a given domain D in z-plane,
there correspond one or more values of another complex variable w(=u+iv) then w is called a
function of complex variable z and it is denoted by w=f(z) =u(x,y)+iv(x,y).
Thus u, v are real and imaginary parts of w=f(z).The set of all w=f(z), where 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷 is called the
range of f.

Analytic Function:
Definition: Let a function f(z) be derivable at every point z in an 𝜀- neighbourhood of 𝑧0
i.e. 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists for all z such that |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝜖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜀 > 0. Then f(z) is said to be analytic at
𝑧0
OR
A function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if
i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) is exists and
ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists at every point z in a neighbourhood of 𝑧0 .

Ex 1: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 is analytic function at the point z=1 because it is differentiable i.e. 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2𝑧
is exists at z=1 and differentiable (i.e.𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists) at every point z in a neighborhood of z=1
1 −1
Ex2: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 is not analytic function at z=0 since 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = does not exists at z=0.
𝑧2

Note: Analytic function is also known as regular or holomorphic function.

Definition: Let D be a domain of complex numbers. If f(z) is analytic at every 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷, f(z) is said
to be analytic in the domain D.

Definition: If the function f(z) is analytic at every point z in complex plane then f(z) is said to be
entire function or intrgral function.
Note: Exponential functions and polynomial are entire functions since these functions are
derivable at everywhere.
Properties of Analytic Function:
𝑓
1) If f(z) and g(z) are analytic functions then 𝑓 ± 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔, 𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑔 ≠ 0 are also analytic.
2) Analytic function of an analytic function is analytic.
3) An entire function of an entire function is an entire.
4) Derivative of an analytic function is itself analytic.

Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) Equations:

Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for the derivative of the function
f(z)=w=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) to exist for all values of z in domain R are
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
i) , , , are continuous functions of x &y in R.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
ii) = 𝜕𝑦 & 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝜕𝑥 which are known as C-R euations.
𝜕𝑥
NOTE: 1) If f(z)=u+iv be analytic function then it satisfies C-R equations.
2) I f C-R equations 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 &𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 are not satisfied then f(z)=u+iv is not an
analytic function.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
3) If f(z) is an analytic function then 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 − 𝑖 𝜕𝑦

PROBLEMS

1) Prove that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 is an analytic function.

Sol: given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3

= 𝑥 3 − 𝑖𝑦 3 + 𝑖3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
= (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )=u(x,y)+I v(x,y) (say)
∴ 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3

Now 𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑣𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2

The C-R equations 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 &𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 are satisfied and the partial derivatives are continuous
functions then the given function is an analytic.

2) Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 + 2𝑧̅ is not an analytic function.

3) Find all values of k, such that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑦).
4) Determine whether the function 2xy+i(x2-y2) is analytic.

Harmonic Function: The function 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) having continuous second order partial derivatives
𝜕2 𝜑 𝜕2 𝜑
satisfies Laplace equation i.e. 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0 is called harmonic function.

Thus ∇2 𝜑 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜑 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐

Conjugate Harmonic Function: If f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function then u,v are harmonic
conjugate functions of each other.

Note: If f(z)=u+iv is analytic function then its real part u and imaginary part v are harmonic
functions.

PROBLEMS

1) Show that the function u(x,y)= ex cosy is harmonic.

2) Find k such that f(x,y)=x3+3kxy2 may be harmonic.
3) Show that u= e-x (x siny-y cosy) is Harmonic.

CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION (MILNE-THOMSON’S METHOD):

Case1: When real part is given

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Since real part u of analytic function f(z)=u+iv is known ,by C-R equations = − 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Replace x by z and y by 0 in above and integrate on both sides then we get analytic function f(z).

Case1: When imaginary part is given

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = + 𝑖 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Since imaginary part v of analytic function f(z)=u + iv is known ,by C-R equations = 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Replace x by z and y by 0 in above and integrate on both sides then we get analytic function f(z).

Complex potential function:

If complex function 𝑤 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) is analytic function then it is called complex

potential function. Its real part 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦) is called velocity potential function and imaginary part
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called stream (or flux) function in the context of fluid mechanism.
 PROBLEMS

1) Find analytic function whose real part is y+ex cosy.

𝑥
2) Find analytic function whose imaginary par is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2+𝑦2 .
3) If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝜑 + 𝑖𝜓 represents the complex potential for an electric field and the stream
𝑥
function 𝜓 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 determine the velocity potential function𝜑.
Complex Integration

Definitions:
Simple curve: A curve which is not intersecting itself is called simple curve.

A simple closed cure is called Jordon curve.

Simply connected Domain: A domain (region) which is bounded by a simple closed curve is
called simply connected domain.
Multiple connected domain: A region which is bounded by a two or more simple closed cures
Is called multiple connected domain.
Line Integral: Any integral which is evaluated along the curve is said to be line integral of f(z)
along the curve c is 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐 ∫(𝑢+𝑖𝑣)(𝑑𝑥+𝑖𝑑𝑦) .
Problems
2
1) Evaluate 𝑐 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 where c is the straight line segment from O(z=0) to A(z=2+i).
2) Evaluate ∫(2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 along the parabola x-2t,y=t2+3 joining the points
(0,3) and (2,4).

The Cauchy’s –Goursat Theorem(Cauchy’s Integral Theorem))

Statement: Let f(z)-u+iv be analytic on and with in a simple closed curve (contour) c. Let f(z)
be continuous there. Then 𝑐 ∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧=0

Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Statement: Let f(z) be an analytic function everywhere on and within a closed curve c. If z=a is
any point within c, then

1 ∫𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑐 𝑧−𝑎
2𝜋𝑖

Generalization of Cauchy’s integral formula

Statement: : Let f(z) be an analytic function everywhere on and within a closed curve c. If z=a is any
point within c, then

𝑓(𝑧)
𝑛! ∫(𝑧−𝑎) 𝑛 𝑑𝑧
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎) = 𝑐
2𝜋𝑖
 Problems

𝑧 3𝑒𝑧 1
1) Evaluate using Cauchy’s integral formula ∫ (𝑧−1)3 𝑑𝑧 along the curve 𝑐: |𝑧 − 1| = 2
𝑒𝑧 𝑧4
2) Evaluate ∫[𝑧 3 + (𝑧+𝑖)2 ] dz
𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑧 2
3) Evaluate ∫ (𝑧−1)3(𝑧+2).