‫‪Compiled and Edited by‬‬

‫جّغ ‪ٚ‬رذش‪٠‬ش‬

‫ِذسط أ‪ٚ‬ي ٌغخ إٔجٍ‪١‬ض‪٠‬خ ثّذسعخ ِطش‪ٚ‬ح اٌضبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ ثٕبد اٌمذ‪ّ٠‬خ‬

 :‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌطشق ا‬ٜ‫ش ػٓ اٌّغزمجً ثبعزخذاَ إدذ‬١‫ّىٓ اٌزؼج‬٠-
 Will+ inf.
 Be going to+inf.=(am, is, are) going+inf.
 The present Continuous= am,is,are +v....ing. ‫اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش‬
 The Present simple tense=S+ inf(s) ‫ؾ‬١‫اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬
-Uses of : Will
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ اٌذبالد ا‬ٝ‫ ف‬willَ‫رغزخذ‬
Predictions:(without any evidence) )‫لذ ال رزذمك‬ٚ ‫خ ٔظش لذ رزذمك‬ٙ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ (ِجشد‬:ً١ٌ‫ْ د‬ٚ‫ اٌزٕجؤ ثذ‬- 1
Ex: I think El Ahly team will win the match tomorrow.
Ex: I think it will rain tomorrow.
NB: to predict or guess something we use certain verbs , adverbs and phrases with ( will):
(Will) ‫ٕخ ِغ‬١‫ػجبساد ِؼ‬ٚ ‫ف‬ٚ‫ظش‬ٚ ‫ئب ِب ٔغزخذَ أفؼبي‬١‫ ٔخّٓ ش‬ٚ‫ ٔزجأ أ‬ٝ‫ٌى‬
Verbs :expect /think/ believe/ suppose/hope/ wonder/ assume.....etc.
Adverbs :perhaps/probably/ possibly/ certainly/ maybe …etc.
Phrases : /I’m sure/ I’m not sure/ I feel sure....etc.

Ex: I expect they’ll arrive back in the morning.

Ex: I wonder what will happen in the country next.

 Future facts: .‫الثذ أْ رذذس‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ١‫ ال دخً ٌإلٔغبْ ف‬:‫خ‬١ٍ‫دمبئك ِغزمج‬-2

Ex: The twins will turn 18 next year.
Ex: Today is Monday. Tomorrow will be Tuesday.
 Quick decisions: ‫ؼخ‬٠‫ لشاساد عش‬- 3
.ً‫ اٌذبي ٌذظخ اٌىالَ وشد فؼ‬ٝ‫زُ ارخبر٘ب ف‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ ‫خ‬٠‫لخ ثأ‬ٛ‫ش ِغج‬١‫غ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ش ِخطؾ‬١‫بغ‬ٙٔ‫ؼخ أ‬٠‫ؼخ اٌمشاساد اٌغش‬١‫ِٓ ؽج‬
Ex:There’s someone knocking on the door. I’ll open it.
Ex: The telephone is ringing. I’ll answer it.
Ex: I like this shirt. I’ll buy it.
ً‫ٕخ ِض‬١‫شاد ِؼ‬١‫غ رؼج‬٠‫ اٌمشاس اٌغش‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬٠ ‫لذ‬
(have/has just decided / decided just now / made a quick decision)
Ex: Mariam has just decided that she will buy this dress.
 Offers/requests/ threats/promises/ warnings…..etc. ‫اٌخ‬..‫ش‬٠‫اٌزذز‬ٚ ‫ذ‬١‫ػ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ػذ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ؽٍت اٌّغبػذح‬ٚ ‫ػشع اٌّغبػذح‬- 4
1-I'll go shopping with you if you like. (offer)
2-Will you give me your new address, please? (request)
3-I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise. ( threat)
4-I’ll get you a present if you pass your exam. (promise)
5-Take your umbrella with you, or you will get wet. (warning)
 Withtimeconnectives ‫ـخ‬١ِٕ‫اثؾ اٌض‬ٚ‫ ِغ اٌش‬-5
After
As soon as
The moment َ‫\ ِؼبسع رب‬ٚ‫ؾ أ‬١‫ِؼبسع ثغ‬ ً‫ فبػ‬+will+inf.
Before present simple/ pres. Perfect, sub. + will + inf.
By the time
When

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 ٝ‫ؾ ِٕف‬١‫ِغزمجً ثغ‬ َ‫\ ِؼبسع رب‬ٚ‫ؾ أ‬١‫ِؼبسع ثغ‬
NB: Sub+ won’t +inf. till/until present simple or present perfect.

Ex:Before Rana leaves the office, she’ll send some e-mails.

Ex: We will welcome Mr.Ali as soon as he arrives.
Ex: Rana won’t leave the office until she sends some e-mails.

Be careful: Till is used in spoken English, but Until in written English.

-Uses of : am/is/are+ going to+ inf.
predictions: (with evidence) .ً١ٌ‫ د‬ٍٝ‫ اٌزٕجؤ اٌمبئُ ػ‬-1
)‫ٓ اٌّجشدح‬١‫ ثبٌؼ‬ٜ‫ش‬٠ ْ‫ً الثذ أ‬١ٌ‫اٌذ‬ٚ(
Ex 1: There are clouds in the sky. I think it’s going to rain.
ً١ٌ‫د د‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫( ثششؽ‬going to) ‫( ِغ‬think /believe/ I’m sure/I’m afraid) َ‫ّىٓ اعزخذا‬٠ : ‫الدع‬
Ex 2:How pale that girl is! I am sure/ I believe/I think/ she is going to faint.
Ex 3: My daughter is going to get married. She is engaged.)‫ثخ‬ٛ‫(ِخط‬
)ً١ٌ‫ اٌذ‬ٝ٘ٚ ٓ١‫ اٌؼ‬ٜ‫ اٌذثٍخ سأ‬ٜ‫أٔب أس‬ٚ ‫مبي ٘زا اٌّضبي‬٠(
 plans/intentions/decisions:. ‫اٌمشاساد اٌغبثمخ‬ٚ ‫ب‬٠‫ا‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ اٌخطؾ‬-2
Ex: My brother is going to jion the faculty of medicine. That’s his plan.
Ex: She is going to be a professional teacher when she grows up. She has a strong intention.
Guiding words:‫وٍّبد ِغبػذح‬
) be going to+inf. ( ‫غخ‬١‫خ فالثذ أْ رخزبس ط‬١‫ر‬٢‫ ِٓ اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٜ‫ اٌجٍّخ أ‬ٝ‫جذد ف‬ٚ ‫ اٌطبٌت إرا‬ٜ‫ض‬٠‫ػض‬-
(intend ٜٕٛ٠ /planned ‫ خطؾ‬/decided=made a decision ‫لشس‬/ have intentions / plans..…etc..)
:ٓ١١ٌ‫ٓ اٌزب‬١ٌ‫ اٌّضب‬ٝ‫بق اٌجٍّخ وّب ف‬١‫ُ ِٓ ع‬ٙ‫ف‬٠ ‫اٌمشاس لذ‬ٚ ‫اٌخطخ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٌٕ‫أْ ا‬:‫ الدع‬-
Ex 1: I’m saving up ‫ أدخش ِبالا‬as I’m going to buy a new car.
Ex 2: Mr. Reda has furnished ‫ أصش‬a new flat. He’s going to get married again.
:ٍٝ٠ ‫زؼخ ِب‬٠ ‫ اٌّضبي اٌغبثك‬ٝ‫ف‬
‫اط‬ٚ‫ اٌض‬ٝ٘ٚ :‫خ‬١ٌٕ‫ ا‬-1
‫ش اٌشمخ‬١‫ رأص‬ٝ٘ٚ :‫ اٌخطخ‬-2
‫ظ‬١ٌ ٗٔ‫صأل‬ٛ‫خ أرج‬٠‫ىُ أٔب سا‬١ٍ‫ا ػ‬ِٛ‫ي اإلٔغبْ عال‬ٛ‫م‬٠ ْ‫ؼمً أ‬٠ ‫لذ رُ ارخبرٖ عبثمب لجً ٌذظخ اٌىالَ( فال‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٚ‫لشاس اٌض‬:‫ اٌمشاس‬-3
)‫ؾ‬١‫ذزبط رخط‬٠ ‫ؼب ثً لشاس‬٠‫لشاسا عش‬
Things which are about to happen:
:ً‫شِض‬٠‫ٓ اٌّجشدح خبطخ ِغ أفؼبي اٌزذز‬١‫ ثبٌؼ‬ٜ‫ش‬٠ ‫ؼب‬٠‫ً أ‬١ٌ‫د د‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫س ِغ‬ٚ‫شه اٌذذ‬ٚ ٍٝ‫بء ػ‬١‫أش‬-3
Be careful / watch out / take care…etc.
Ex: Watch out! A car is going to hit you.
Ex: Take care! The vase is on the edge of the table. It’s going to fall.
-ً‫فبػ‬+)am, is, are( + inf.+ing ‫اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش‬
ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٍٝ‫ذي ػ‬٠ ِٕٝ‫جذ ثبٌجٍّخ ظشف ص‬ٛ٠ ْ‫أ‬ٚ ‫ْ اٌفبػً ػبلال‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ش ػٓ اٌّغزمجً ثششؽ أ‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّشٌٍزؼج‬٠
Usage: َ‫اإلعزخذا‬
1-Future arrangements: ‫خ‬١ٍ‫جبد ِغزمج‬١‫رشر‬
‫ضا‬١‫ اٌف‬ٍٝ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫اٌذظ‬ٚ ‫صٗ وذجض اٌززاوش‬ٚ‫خ ٌذذ‬١ٍ‫رُ ارخبر إجشاءاد فؼ‬ٚ ‫ت ٌٗ ِغجمب‬١ ‫ اٌّغزمجً رُ اٌزشر‬ٝ‫زُ ف‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ دذس ع‬ٜ‫أ‬
.ْ‫فب‬ٚ‫ِىبْ اٌذذس ِؼش‬ٚ ‫ػذ‬ِٛٚ ‫جبد‬١‫ رغزٍضَ رشر‬ٝ‫اٌذشوخ اٌز‬ٚ ‫خالفٗ خبطخ ِغ أفؼبي اإلٔزمبي‬ٚ

Ex: He has arranged everything. He is spending the next summer holiday in Paris.

Guiding words: ‫ ( وٍّبد ِششذح‬arranged ‫سرت‬/ made arrangements / prepared/ packed his bags
/ luggage ‫ دضَ األِزؼخ‬/ booked a ticket / got a visa……etc.)
NB: It’s commonly used with movement verbs like:
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 :ٝ٘ٚ ‫ت اٌّغجك وّب روشٔب آٔفب‬١‫ رزطٍت اٌزشر‬ٝ‫اٌذشوخ اٌز‬ٚ ‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش ِغ أفؼبي اإلٔزمبي‬٠ ‫غبٌجب ِب‬
travel/ fly/ meet/ see= visit/drive/go/ leave/visit/ come/ have or give a party ‫ُ دفٍخ‬١‫م‬٠/stay/ ..etc.
More examples
Ex: He's travelling to Cairo tomorrow. He's got his tickets.
Ex: Our school is taking part in the sports competition next year.
Be creative:
:‫خ‬١ٌ‫زؼخ ِٓ األِضٍخ اٌزب‬٠ ‫بء وّب‬١‫غذ ِغ أش‬١ٌٚ ‫جبد ِغ أشخبص‬١‫ْ اٌزشر‬ٛ‫ دائّب ِب رى‬-
Ex:I’m playing tennis at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning with my friend.   )‫ك‬٠‫(سرجذ ٌؼت اٌزٕظ ِغ طذ‬
Ex: I’m watching TV. at 9 o’c ….. ………. )‫)خطأ‬
!‫ْ؟‬ٛ٠‫فض‬١ٍ‫ِغ ِٓ سرجذ ٘زا األِش؟!ِغ اٌز‬
ٝ‫ؾ ف‬١‫خ ِغ اخزالف ثغ‬١ٌ‫زؼخ ِٓ األِضٍخ اٌزب‬٠ ‫خ وّب‬١‫اٌؼىظ طذ‬ٚ‫) ِذً اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش‬be going to( ‫غخ‬١‫لذ رذً ط‬-
:ٕٝ‫اٌّؼ‬
Ex: What are your plans for next Friday?
: I’m going to visit my relatives. )ْٛ‫ؼشف‬٠ ‫ُ ال‬ٙٔ‫ أل‬ٝ‫ء ألبسث‬ٝ‫بسح لذ رفبج‬٠‫ خطخ ٌٍض‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٔ (
: I’m visiting my relatives. )ِٝٚ‫ْ لذ‬ٍّٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫ٕ٘ب‬ٚ ‫ ِضال‬ٝٔٛ‫ف‬١ٍ‫بسح ثبرظبي ر‬٠‫( سرجذ ٌٍض‬

‫سح‬ٛ‫ رزؼخ اٌظ‬ٝ‫ِضبي آخش دز‬

I’m going to meet Ahmed at the airport tonight. )‫ؼٍُ ثزٌه‬٠ ‫زفبجأ ألٔٗ ال‬٠ ‫لذ‬ٚ ‫ اٌّطبس‬ٝ‫ خطخ ٌٍمبء أدّذ ف‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٔ(
I’m meeting Ahmed at the airport tonight. )ِٝٚ‫ ػٍُ ثمذ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٛٙ‫ اٌّطبسٌزا ف‬ٝ‫( أٔب سرجذ ِغ أدّذ ٌٍمبئٗ ف‬
Be creative
:‫خ‬١ٌ‫ األِضٍخ اٌزب‬ٝ‫الدع اٌفشق ف‬
Ex: Ali is a fast runner. I think he will win the race.
.ٗ‫ؤخز ث‬٠ ‫ال‬١ٌ‫خ ال رؼذ د‬١‫خ ٔظش) ألْ اٌظفبد اٌشخظ‬ٙ‫ج‬ٚ ( ‫رٕجؤ‬
Ex: Ali is running fast. I think he is going to win the race.
.‫ص‬ٛ‫ ِٓ اٌف‬ٝٔ‫ أد‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١‫ع‬ٛ‫لبة ل‬ٚ ‫ ثغشػخ‬ٜ‫جش‬٠ ٍٝ‫ أْ ػ‬:ٛ٘ٚ ‫ أال‬ٕٝ١‫ْ ثأَ ػ‬٢‫ً ا‬١ٌ‫ اٌذ‬ٜ‫أٔب أس‬ٚ ً١ٌ‫ د‬ٍٝ‫رٕجؤ لبئُ ػ‬
:ٓ١١ٌ‫ٓ اٌزب‬١١ٌ‫وزٌه اٌّضب‬ٚ
Ex:Ali is a lazy student. I think he will fail the exam.
.)ً١ٌ‫ْ د‬ٚ‫خ ٔظش ثذ‬ٙ‫ج‬ٚ ‫شعت(ِجشد‬٠ ‫لذ ال‬ٚ ْ‫ اإلِزذب‬ٝ‫شعت ف‬٠ ‫لذ‬
Ex: Ali does not study at all. I think he is going to fail the exam.
.ٕٝ١‫ً ٌُ أسٖ ثؼ‬١ٌ‫٘زا د‬ٚ ‫ٕجخ إال ثبٌغش‬٠ ْ‫ؼمً أ‬٠ ًٙ‫ي اٌغٕخ ف‬ٛ‫فزخ وزب اثب ؽ‬٠ ٌُ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
‫ا‬.‫ال‬١ٌ‫ اٌطبسئخ فزؼذ د‬ٚ‫الا أِب اٌّؤلزخ أ‬١ٌ‫اٌّالصِخ ٌٍشخض ال رؼذ د‬ٚ ‫خ اٌذائّخ‬١‫زؼخ أْ اٌظفبد اٌشخظ‬٠ ‫ ِّب عجك‬: ‫الدع‬
-The use of the present simple ‫ؾ‬١‫اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬
‫ اٌّظذس‬ٝ‫اٌفؼً ف‬:ِٓ ‫ؾ‬١‫ْ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠
(ً‫ فبػ‬+Inf/ inf+s)
Usage: َ‫اإلعزخذا‬
-With fixed timetables of (planes/ trains/ films /plays/ concerts/ exams…etc,)
‫بد‬١‫اٌّغشد‬ٚ َ‫األفال‬ٚ ‫اٌمطبساد‬ٚ ‫ذ (اٌطبئشاد‬١‫اػ‬ِٛ ً‫ي اٌضبثزخ ِض‬ٚ‫اٌجذا‬ٚ ‫ذ‬١‫اػ‬ٌّٛ‫ش ٌٍّغزمجً ِغ ا‬١‫ش‬٠ ٕٝ‫ؾ ثّؼ‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬٠
.‫إٌخ‬....‫اإلِزذبٔبد‬ٚ ‫اٌذفالد‬ٚ
Ex: My plane leaves at 6 o’clock in the morning.
Ex: The film starts at 5 o’clock.
Ex: The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning.
‫ؾ‬١‫ ِغ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬ٕٝ‫زا اٌّؼ‬ٙ‫ٍخ رغزخذَ ث‬١ٍ‫ٕ٘بن أفؼبي ل‬-
Only a few verbs are used in this way: be,open, close, begin,end, start,finish,arrive, leave,
take off, land,come, return.

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 ‫ دبالد خبطخ‬:ً‫افك اٌفؼً ِغ اٌفبػ‬ٛ‫ر‬
.‫خ‬١‫اٌؼىظ طذ‬ٚ ‫ْ اٌفؼً ِفشدا‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫اٌجّغ؛ فئرا وبْ اٌفبػً ِفشدا الثذ أ‬ٚ ‫ش اإلفشاد‬١‫زجغ اٌفؼً اٌفبػً ِٓ د‬٠ ٜ‫– أ‬
.‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ اعّب ال‬ٚ‫ؼذ أ‬٠ ‫ْ اعّب‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫فبػً اٌجٍّخ لذ‬ٚ -
-He, she, it, my friend is,was, has, inf.+s.
-We,they, you , my friends are ,were, have, inf.

Ex: My father is an engineer.

Ex: My brothers are teachers.

- Countable nouns ‫دح‬ٚ‫األعّبء اٌّؼذ‬

:ْ‫ػؼب‬ٚ ٌٗٚ ، ٗ‫ّىٓ جّؼ‬٠ٚ ‫ وً اعُ ٌٗ ِفشد‬ٛ٘ :‫ؼذ‬٠ ٜ‫االعُ اٌز‬-
.‫رذزفبْ ػٕذ اٌجّغ‬ٚ )a -an( ‫ إرا وبْ ِفشدا الثذ أْ رغجمٗ أداح إٌىشح‬
A school schools. An accident accidents.
Ex: He went to a school in Cairo. Ex: There are hundreds of schools in Cairo.
Ex: The prisoner of Zenda is a novel. Ex: I read three novels last week.
)the - one( ٗ‫ؼب أْ رغجم‬٠‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ -
Ex: Where is the book I lent you last month?
Ex: There are 60 seconds in one minute.
.‫ْ جّؼب شبرا‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫لذ‬ٚ ) s-es-ies (ٌٗ ‫ف‬١‫غخ اٌجّغ ٔؼ‬١‫ ط‬ٝ‫ إرا وبْ ف‬
- (a pen...pens)- (a bus...buses) – (a story...stories) ُ‫جّغ ِٕزظ‬
-)a man... men) - (a tooth...teeth)- (a child.... children) - (an ox... oxen)...etc. ‫جّغ شبر‬
:‫غخ اٌجّغ‬١‫ ط‬ٝ‫ؼذ إرا وبْ ف‬٠ ٜ‫خ ِغ االعُ اٌز‬١‫ر‬٢‫ ِٓ اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٜ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ أ‬٠ -
some, any ,many , a lot of, lots of= plenty of , few , a few , How many,the,two,..etc.
Any ٜ‫أ‬ - Were there any mistakes in your homework?
.‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫اإلعزف‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ اٌجٍّخ إٌّف‬ٝ‫ف‬- - I don’t have any meetings today.
Some ‫ثؼغ‬ - Some children are having a picnic in the park. )‫( ِضجزخ‬
.‫اٌطٍت‬ٚ ‫جٍّخ اٌؼشع‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٝ‫ف‬- - Can I have some apples, please? (‫( جٍّخ ؽٍت‬
- would you like some oranges? (‫(جٍّخ ػشع‬
Many ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١‫وض‬ - I have got many books.
ٝ‫إٌف‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٝ‫ ف‬- - There aren’t many cars on the road this morning.
How many? ‫؟‬...‫وُ ػذد‬ - How many students are there in your class?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌغؤاي (أداح اعزف‬ٝ‫ف‬-
The - The apples were in my shopping bag.
A lot of= lots of =plenty - She has got a lot of / lots of / plenty of friends.
of... ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١‫وض‬
.‫ اإلصجبد فمؾ‬ٝ‫ ف‬-
A few ‫ً ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١ٍ‫ل‬ - There are a few loaves on the table if you want to eat.
Two , three, four,....etc. - There are six CDs and four DVDs on the table.

)few ( ٚ ) a few ( ٓ١‫اٌفشق ث‬

 a few ( ٝ‫ىف‬٠ٚ ً١ٍ‫ ) ػذد ل‬Ex: Mona has a few books, doesn’t she? ٝ‫ً ِٕف‬٠‫اٌجٍّخ ِضجزخ رذزبط عؤاي ِز‬
few (ٝ‫ىف‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫ ) ػذد ل‬Ex: Mona has few books, does she? ‫ً ِضجذ‬٠‫خ رذزبط عؤاي ِز‬١‫اٌجٍّخ ِٕف‬

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 - Uncountable nouns ‫ ال رؼذ‬ٝ‫األعّبء اٌز‬
.‫خ‬١ّ‫ و‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ ‫ػبدح ِب‬ٚ ٗ‫ّىٓ جّؼ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٜ‫ االعُ اٌز‬ٛ٘ : ‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٜ‫ االعُ اٌز‬-
.) one ( ٗ‫ ال رغجم‬ٚ )a-an ( ‫ ال رغجمٗ أداح ٔىشح‬-
. ) this- that( ‫رغزخذَ ِؼٗ ػّبئش اإلشبسح‬ٚ ) it( ‫ش‬١ّ‫ذً ِذٍٗ اٌؼ‬٠ -
: ً ‫أخز دائّب فؼالً ِفشدا‬٠ ‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٜ‫ أْ اإلعُ اٌز‬ٜ‫ أ‬: ‫ْ ِفشدا ألْ فبػٍٗ ِفشد‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ٗ الثذ أ‬١ٍ٠ ٜ‫ اٌفؼً اٌز‬-
-is, was , has , inf.+s
:‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٜ‫خ ِغ االعُ اٌز‬١‫ر‬٢‫ ِٓ اٌىٍّبد ا‬ٜ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ أ‬٠ --
some, any ,much , a lot of, lots of= plenty of , little , a little , How much,the,..etc.
Any ٜ‫أ‬ - Was there any juice in the fridge? - Have we got any bread?
.‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫اإلعزف‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ اٌجٍّخ إٌّف‬ٝ‫ف‬- - I don’t have any money.
Some ‫ثؼغ‬ - We have some bread in the freezer. )‫( ِضجزخ‬
.‫اٌطٍت‬ٚ ‫جٍّخ اٌؼشع‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٝ‫ف‬- - Can I have some water, please? (‫( جٍّخ ؽٍت‬
- would you like some coffee? (‫(جٍّخ ػشع‬
Much ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١‫وض‬ - I have drunk much tea this morning.
ٝ‫إٌف‬ٚ ‫ اإلصجبد‬ٝ‫ ف‬- - We don’t have much time left.
How much? ‫؟‬...‫وُ ػذد‬ - How much food do we need for the people?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌغؤاي (أداح اعزف‬ٝ‫ف‬- - How much money have you got?
The - The water in the river is very clean.
A lot of= lots of =plenty - She has got a lot of / lots of / plenty of money.
of... ‫خ‬١ّ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍى‬١‫وض‬ - We spent lots of money last week.
.‫ اإلصجبد فمؾ‬ٝ‫ ف‬-
A little ‫ً ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١ٍ‫ل‬ - There is a little bread on the table if you want to eat.

)little( ٚ )a little( ٓ١‫اٌفشق ث‬

 a little ( ٝ‫ىف‬٠ٚ ً١ٍ‫ ) ػذد ل‬Ex: Mona has a little money, doesn’t she? ٝ‫ً ِٕف‬٠‫اٌجٍّخ ِضجزخ رذزبط عؤاي ِز‬
 little (ٝ‫ىف‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫ ) ػذد ل‬Ex: Mona has little money, does she? ‫ً ِضجذ‬٠‫خ رذزبط عؤاي ِز‬١‫اٌجٍّخ ِٕف‬
Ex:- This sauce needs a little salt so that we can eat it.
Ex:-They have little money. They can’t buy any food.

A-Kinds of uncountable nouns

‫ ال رؼذ‬ٝ‫اع األعّبء اٌز‬ٛٔ‫أ‬
‫ش وً دشف‬١‫ش‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ ) ثذ‬ssllaammo ( ٝ٘ٚ ‫ادذح‬ٚ ‫ وٍّخ‬ٝ‫ُ ف‬ٙ‫ف ٔجّؼ‬ٛ‫ ال رؼذ فغ‬ٝ‫اع األعّبء اٌز‬ٛٔ‫ ال تنسى أ‬ٝ‫ اٌطبٌت دز‬ٜ‫ض‬٠‫ػض‬-
:ٝ٘ ‫ ال رؼذ‬ٝ‫اع األعّبء اٌز‬ٛٔ‫ أ‬ٚ ‫٘ىزا‬ٚ )Sports and Subjects( ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ ) S( ‫ٓ فّضال دشف اٌـ‬١‫ع ِؼ‬ٛٔ ٌٝ‫إ‬
 Sports :‫خ‬١‫بػ‬٠‫ األٌؼبة اٌش‬football, tennis, volleyball,...etc.
 School Subjects:‫خ‬١‫اد اٌذساع‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬History, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Biology,.......
 Languages :‫ اٌٍغبد‬Arabic,English, French, Spanish,.......
 Liquids :ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫ اٌغ‬water, oil, blood, soup, milk, coffee,....
 Activities : ‫ األٔشطخ‬reading, swimming, smoking, learnig,.....
 Abstract nouns:)‫خ( اٌّجشدح‬٠ٕٛ‫ األعّبء اٌّؼ‬freedom, love, democracy, experience, beauty, patience,
happiness, help, courage, progress, hatred, hope, luck, honesty,peace,
 Materials :َ‫اد اٌخب‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬gold, silver, glass, wood, iron, stone , paper,tea, coffee,...
 Meals and food:َ‫اٌطؼب‬ٚ ‫ججبد‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬meat, chicken, bread, butter,cheese, breakfast, lunch,diner, supper,......
 Other nouns :)‫ (رذفع‬ٜ‫ أعّبء أخش‬furniture,cash,work, clothing, news, information, traffic, equipment
machinery, jewellery, baggage=luggage, laughter,rubbish, litter,money, thunder,..etc.

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 :‫ ) إذا جء ت قبلهء الصفة‬a/an ( ‫ بعض األساء التي ال ت ُعد ياكن أن تسبقهء األداة‬-
- We had a delicious breakfast. -I spent a nice time on the beach.

Be careful
(lightscccoup( ‫ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّخ‬ٝ‫ُ ف‬ٙ‫وبٌؼبدح عٕجّؼ‬ٚ ٕٝ‫ّىٓ ال رُؼذ دغت اٌّؼ‬٠ٚ ‫ّىٓ أْ رؼذ‬٠ ٟ‫ٕ٘بن ثؼغ األعّبء اٌز‬-
..‫٘ىزا‬ٚ ) paper( ‫ وٍّخ‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ )p(‫ٕخ ؛ فّضال دشف‬١‫ وٍّخ ِؼ‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ ‫ ِغ ِالدظخ أْ وً دشف‬ٝ‫ ال ٕٔغ‬ٝ‫دز‬

light
-The light is very stong .It hurts my eyes. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ء (ال‬ٛ‫ اٌؼ‬-
-You should turn off the lights )‫ ٌّجبد‬-‫خ‬١‫اء( ِظبث‬ٛ‫ أػ‬-
iron
- This table is made of iron. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ذ خبَ (ال‬٠‫دذ‬-
-My father bought an iron yesterday. )‫ؼذ‬٠( ‫اح‬ٛ‫ ِى‬-
hair
-There’s much hair on your shoulder. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫شؼش ( ال‬-
- I have got a hair in my mouth. ) a single hair( ‫ شؼشح‬-
time
- Don’t hurry. There’s plenty of time. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫لذ ( ال‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬-
- He travelled to London three times. ‫ ِشاد‬-
Cold
-Don’t go out in the cold without coat. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ِب ( ال‬ّٛ‫ اٌجشد ػ‬-.
-I have got a bad cold )‫ؼذ‬٠ (‫ ٔضٌخ ثشد‬-
coffee
-Have you got any coffee? )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ال‬-‫ة‬ٚ‫ح ( ِشش‬ٛٙ‫ ل‬-
-Could I have two coffees, please? ) a cup of coffee ( ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫ فٕجبْ ل‬-
chicken
-Do you like chicken? )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ٌذُ اٌذجبط ( ال‬-
-He bought two chickens? )‫ؼذ‬٠ -‫س‬ٛ١‫ اٌذجبط(ؽ‬-
orange
-I don’t like orange. I prefer red. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ‫ ( ال‬ٌٝ‫ْ اٌجزمب‬ٌٍٛ‫ ا‬-
-There are two oranges on the table. )‫ؼذ‬٠ -‫ ثشرمبي (ػذد ِٓ اٌجشرمبي‬-
school
-My sister will start school tomorrow. )‫ اٌذساعخ ( الرؼذ‬-
-They are going to build a school )‫ؼذ‬٠– ٕٝ‫ اٌّذسعخ (ِج‬-
glass
-This window’s made of unbreakable glass. )‫ؼذ‬٠‫ ال‬-َ‫ اٌضجبط (ِبدح خب‬-
-Would you like a glass of water? )‫ؼذ‬٠ -‫ة ( ِٓ اٌّبء‬ٛ‫و‬-
paper
-I’d like some writing paper. )‫ؼذ‬٠‫ال‬-َ‫سق اٌىزبثخ ( ِبدح خب‬ٚ-
-I’m going to buy a paper. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ( ‫ذح‬٠‫ جش‬-
university
-I’m going to start university next year. )‫خ ( ال رؼذ‬١‫ اٌذاعخ اٌجبِؼ‬-
-The government is going to build a university. )‫ؼذ‬٠ ( ‫ اٌجبِؼخ‬ٕٝ‫ ِج‬-

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 B-Partitives
‫اد اٌزجضئخ‬ٚ‫أد‬
:ٝ‫ر‬٢‫ أعّبء رؼذ وب‬ٌٝ‫ ال رؼذ إ‬ٝ‫ً األعّبء اٌز‬٠ٛ‫ّىٓ رذ‬٠ -
.) bit – piece- item ( ً‫ ثبعزخذاَ أٌفبظ رجضئخ ػبِخ ِض‬
Ex: My father gave me a piece (abit ) of advice. )‫احذح‬ٚ ‫حخ‬١‫(ٔص‬
Ex: My father gave me two pieces (bits ) of advice. )ْ‫حزب‬١‫(ٔص‬

‫بد‬١ّ‫ و‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ رش‬ٝ٘ٚ ‫ش٘ب‬١‫ال رغزخذَ ِغ غ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٕٙ١‫ ثبعزخذاَ أٌفبظ رجضئخ خبطخ رغزخذَ ِغ وٍّبد ثؼ‬ٚ‫ أ‬
: ً‫ذا ا ِض‬٠‫أوضش رذذ‬
A sheet, a loaf , a bottle , a tube , a slice , a cup, a pair , a bar , a jar , a lump,
a grain, A spoonful , a drop , a bag , a box , a speck,......etc.
A sheet of paper ‫سق‬ٚ ‫فشخ‬ A bag of flour ‫ك‬١‫س دل‬١‫و‬
A slice of meat ُ‫حخ ٌح‬٠‫شش‬ A grain of sand ًِ‫حجخ س‬
A loaf of bread ‫ف خجض‬١‫سغ‬ A spoonful of sugar ‫ء ٍِؼمخ سىش‬ٍِٝ
A drop of water ‫لطشح ِبء‬ A bottle of milk ٓ‫صجبجخ ٌج‬
A tube of toothpaste ْ‫ْ أسٕب‬ٛ‫ثخ ِؼج‬ٛ‫أٔج‬ A bar of chocolate ‫الرخ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫لطؼخ ش‬
A bar of soap ْٛ‫لطؼخ صبث‬ A lump of sugar ‫ِىؼت سىش‬
A packet of cigarettes ‫ػٍجخ سجبئش‬ A slice of meat ُ‫حخ ٌح‬٠‫شش‬
A jar of jam ٝ‫ثشطّبْ ِشث‬ A speck of dust ‫رسح غجبس‬
A box of matches ‫علبة كبريت‬ A glass of lemonade ‫ٔبدح‬ّٛ١ٌ ‫ة‬ٛ‫و‬

Be careful

: ٗ١ٍ٠ ٜ‫ال ٔجّغ االعُ اٌز‬ٚ ٗ‫ ٔجّغ ٌفع اٌزجضئخ رار‬: ‫ ػٕذ اٌجّغ‬-

‫افــــــــــــــــرد‬ ‫جــــــــــــــــــاع‬
A loaf of bread ‫ف خجض‬١‫سغ‬ Two loaves of bread ْ‫فب‬١‫سغ‬
A slice of meat ُ‫حخ ٌح‬٠‫شش‬ Two slices of meat ُ‫حزبْ ِٓ اٌٍح‬٠‫شش‬
A bar of chocolate ‫الرخ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫لطؼخ ش‬ Two bars of chocolate ‫الرخ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫لطؼزبْ ش‬
A drop of water ‫لطشح ِبء‬ Three drops of water ‫صالس لطشاد ِبء‬

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 C-Collective nouns
‫اعُ اٌجّغ‬
ٖ‫٘ز‬ٚ ‫د‬ٛ‫ اٌّمظ‬ٕٝ‫بْ دغت اٌّؼ‬١‫ جّغ ع‬ٚ‫ب ِفشد أ‬ٙٔ‫ أ‬ٍٝ‫رؼبًِ ػ‬ٚ )groups ( ‫ػبد‬ّٛ‫ ِج‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ٕ٘بن ثؼغ األعّبء رش‬-
:ٝ٘ ‫األعّبء‬
Team, family, army, committe, staff, crew , gang, government, navy , class, university, couple

Ex: The Egyptian team is going to play in the final. ‫احذح‬ٚ ‫حذح‬ٛ‫ك و‬٠‫ٕ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ اٌفش‬
Ex: The Egyptian team are going to play in the final. ‫ حذح‬ٍٝ‫حذح وً ػ‬ٛ‫ك و‬٠‫ٕ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ وً أفشاد اٌفش‬
‫سح‬ٛ‫ رزؼخ اٌظ‬ٝ‫ ِضبي آخش دز‬ٚ

Ex: The committe has cancelled the decision taken last month. ‫ٕ٘ب ٔزحذس ػٓ اٌٍجٕخ ِجزّؼخ لذ أٌغذ لشاسا َ ِب‬
Ex: The committe are raising their hands to vote.‫ذ‬٠ٛ‫ذٖ ٌٍزص‬٠ ‫شفغ‬٠ ‫ حذح‬ٍٝ‫ش ػٓ أػضبء اٌٍجٕخ وً ػ‬٠‫أِب ٕ٘ب اٌحذ‬

Be careful

:‫ب دائّب ً جّغ‬ٙٔ‫خ أل‬١‫ر‬٢‫ الحع إٔٔب ٔسزخذَ فؼً جّغ ِغ األسّبء ا‬
People, police, cattle ‫خ‬١‫اٌّبش‬, clothes , stairs , goods ‫ اٌجؼبئغ‬, outskirts ٝ‫اد‬ٛ‫اٌؼ‬
savings ‫اٌّذخشاد‬, Greens ‫اد‬ٚ‫اٌخؼش‬, earnings ‫ األسثبح‬, belongings ‫اٌّّزٍىبد‬,......etc.
Ex The police are chasing some criminals.
Ex: The police have arrested the gang.
Ex: The outskirts of Marsa Matrouh are wonderful.
: ً‫ٕفصالْ) ِض‬٠ ‫ٓ ال‬١‫ْ ِٓ جضئ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ ُ‫ اس‬ٜ‫خ ( أ‬١‫ج‬ٚ‫ضب فؼال جّؼب َ ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌض‬٠‫ٔسزخذَ أ‬ٚ 

Glasses ‫ٔظبسح‬, scissors ‫ِمض‬, shorts , jeans , pyjamas , trousers , shoes , socks ,scales ْ‫ضا‬١ِ

Ex: My jeans are dirty. Take them to the laundry , please.

Ex: My glasses wer broken yesterday.
Be creative:
.)pair( ‫زجغ‬٠ ً‫) ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌغبثمخ فئْ اٌفؼ‬pair ( َ‫ دبٌخ اعزخذا‬ٝ‫ ف‬-
Ex: That pair of shoes is expensive.
Ex: These pairs of shoes are expensive.

a pair of / a couple of / the couple ٓ١‫اٌفشق ث‬

.‫ ) قبل االسم الجاع الذى يتكون ان جزئين ال ينفصالن ويليه فعل افرد‬a pair of ( ‫ تستخدم‬-
.‫) ويليه فعل جاع‬two( ‫) قبل االسم الجاع باعنى‬a couple of ( ‫ تستخدم‬-
(a couple of minutes, days, months,years, men,.........etc.)
.‫ ) باعنى الزوج والزوجة ويليه فعل جاع‬the couple ( ‫ تستخدم‬-
- I bought a pair of jeans which is very expensive.
- A couple of days have passed since I met my friend, Adel.
-The couple have spent their honeymoon in Sharm El Sheikh.

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 D-Special cases ‫دبالد خبطخ‬

ًِ‫ رؼب‬: ‫ثؼغ األِشاع‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫اد اٌذساع‬ٌّٛ‫ثؼغ ا‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫بػ‬٠‫) ِضً األٌؼبة اٌش‬s(‫ ثذشف اٌـ‬ٝٙ‫ رٕز‬ٝ‫ ٕ٘بن ثؼغ األعّبء اٌز‬-
:ٝ٘ٚ ) is- was- has- inf.+s( ً‫رأخز دائّب ا فؼالً ِفشدا ا ِض‬ٚ ‫٘زٖ األعّبء ِؼبٍِخ اٌّفشد‬
-Sports and games :athletics ٜٛ‫ أٌؼبة اٌم‬, gymnastics ‫اٌؼبة اٌجّجبص‬, cards ‫ٕخ‬١‫رش‬ٛ‫اٌى‬
- Subjects :physics ‫بء‬٠‫ض‬١‫ِبدح اٌف‬, classics ٝٔ‫ٔب‬ٛ١ٌ‫ األدة ا‬, economics ‫ػٍُ اإللزظبد‬
Mathematics ‫بد‬١‫بػ‬٠‫ اٌش‬Maths, ethics ‫ األخالق‬, politics ‫بعخ‬١‫ ػٍُ اٌغ‬and news
-Dieases :measles ‫اٌذظجخ‬, pumps ‫خ‬١ِ‫بة اٌغذح إٌخب‬ٙ‫اٌز‬, diabetes ‫ِشع اٌغىش‬

Ex: Politics was my best subject at university.

Ex: Athletics is my favourite sport.
‫ب‬ٙٔ‫ أ‬ٍٝ‫دسجبد اٌذشاسح رؼبًِ ػ‬ٚ ِٓ‫اٌض‬ٚ ْ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ اٌّغبفخ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٌ‫ اٌّجبٌغ اٌّب‬ٚ‫ش أ‬٠‫ اٌّمبد‬ٚ‫بد أ‬١ّ‫ اٌى‬ٍٝ‫ اٌؼجبساد اٌذاٌخ ػ‬
‫ٕخ‬١‫ ِغبفخ ِؼ‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١‫ ِجٍغ ِؼ‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١‫ادذح رّضً ِمذاس ِؼ‬ٚ ‫دذح‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙٔ‫ إ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ١ٌ‫رغزخذَ ِغ فؼً ِفشد ألٕٔب ٕٔظش إ‬ٚ ‫ِفشد‬
-Ten million pounds is a lot of money.
- Fifty litres of petrol fills my car.
- Five kilometres is a long way to walk if you are carrying a heavy bag.
- Two hours is a long time to wait.
- Fifty degrees is a very high temperature.

Be careful
:‫ي‬ٛ‫ٌىٕٕب ٔم‬ٚ
Ex- Three one-pound coins are on the desk. ‫ثالث عاالت اعدنية ان فئة الجنيه‬
‫بد‬١ّ‫ش ػٓ اٌى‬٠‫وٕب ٔزذذس ػٓ( ػذد ) فالدع ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد ػٕذ اٌذذ‬ٚ‫ ِغبفخ ) أ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ِٕ‫ فزشح ص‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٚ‫ٓ إرا ِب وٕب ٔزذذس ػٓ (ِجٍغ أ‬١‫ رفشق ث‬ٝ‫ٌى‬ٚ -
)time , way, an hour, temperature, money( ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ اٌّجبٌغ اٌّب‬ٚ‫ش أ‬٠‫ اٌّمبد‬ٚ‫أ‬
- Ten minutes have passed. Let’s wait five more. )‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ ػذد (فؼً جّغ‬-
- Ten minutes is not a long time to wait. )‫خ (فؼً ِفشد‬١ِٕ‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ فزشح ص‬-
- Seven one-pound notes are on the tables. )‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ ػذد (فؼً جّغ‬-
- Seven pounds is all (that) I have got.= All I have got is seven pounds.
)‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ ِجٍغ ِٓ اٌّبي (فؼً ِفشد‬-
-There are sixty minutes in an hour. )‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ ػذد (فؼً جّغ‬-
- Sixty minutes is an hour. )‫خ (فؼً ِفشد‬١ِٕ‫ٕ٘ب ٔزذذس ػٓ فزشح ص‬-

‫شح‬١‫ِالدظبد أخ‬

:‫ش جّغ‬١ّ‫سزخذَ ض‬٠ ‫ب‬ٙ١ٌ‫ػٕذ اإلشبسح إ‬ٚ، ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫سزخذَ فؼً ِفشد ِغ اٌىٍّبد ا‬٠ 
someone- somebody- anyone –anybody – no one –no body-everyone- everybody,.....

Ex:Everyone has taken part in the reading competition. They all enjoyed their time.
:َ‫ضب‬٠‫ش ِفشد أ‬١ّ‫سزخذَ ض‬٠ ‫ب‬ٙ١ٌ‫ػٕذ اإلشبسح إ‬ٚ، ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫سزخذَ فؼً ِفشد ِغ اٌىٍّبد ا‬٠ 
something- anything – nothing- evrything

Ex: Something has broken the window. We thought it was a stone.

.‫ب فؼً ِفشد إرا اسزخذِذ وفبػً ٌجٍّخ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ) One of.... ( 
Ex: One of my friends was injuired in an accident yesterday.

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 The number of / A number of ٓ١‫اٌفشق ث‬

.‫ب فؼً ِفشد إرا اسزخذِذ وفبػً ٌجٍّخ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ )The number of.... ( 
Ex: The number of the books on the desk is unknown.
.‫ب فؼً جّغ إرا اسزخذِذ وفبػً ٌجٍّخ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ )A number of... ( 
Ex: A number of books were left on the desk.
.‫ ) فؼً ِفشد‬each of – neither of- either of- none of ( ِٓ ً‫زجغ و‬٠ 
Ex:None of the students is here.
Ex:Neither of the students has passed the exam.
Ex:Each of my friends is here.
.‫ ) فؼً جّغ‬Both of.. ( ‫زجغ‬٠ 
Ex: Both of my brothers have travelled abraod.
:َ‫ء ػب‬ٝ‫ ش‬ٌٝ‫شإ‬١‫ش‬٠ ‫ؼذ اٌّذذد ( اٌّؼشف) ػٕذِب ال‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٜ‫االعُ اٌز‬ٚ ‫ؼذ‬٠ ٜ‫ ) ِغ االعُ اٌز‬the( َ‫ رغزخذ‬
Ex: The water of the Nile is very necessary for our life.
Ex: The people in our street are very friendly.
ً‫ؼبِاً اٌفؼا‬٠ ٓ١ٍ‫ ارا وبٔذ رشثؾ فابػ‬- ٌٝ‫ثبإلػبفخ إ‬- ‫ِؼٕب٘ب‬ٚ ) as well as / along with / together with ( ً‫اثؾ ِض‬ٚ‫اٌش‬
. ‫ي‬ٚ‫ثؼذ٘ب دغت اٌفبػً اال‬
Ex: I , as well as Ali, am clever. Ex: Ali, as well as I , is clever.

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 ‫اٌخـــــــــــــالطــــــــــــــــخ‬
Expression of quantity
‫خ‬١ّ‫شاد اٌى‬١‫رؼج‬

Expression of quqntity Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Notes

‫خ‬١ّ‫شاد اٌى‬١‫رؼج‬ ‫دح‬ٚ‫ِغ األعّبء اٌّؼذ‬ ‫دح‬ٚ‫ِغ األعّبء غجش اٌّؼذ‬ ‫ِالدظبد‬

A)
‫شاد‬١‫ ثؼغ رؼج‬-
One -one apple= an apple  ‫خ رغزخذَ ِغ‬١ّ‫اٌى‬
Each -each apple  ‫ رؼذ وّب‬ٝ‫األعّبء اٌز‬
every -every apple  ) a, b ( ٝ‫ف‬

B)

Two ,three,... -two apples 

Both ِٓ ً‫و‬ -both apples 
A couple of ِٓ ْ‫اصٕب‬ - a couple of apples 
- a number of apples 
A number of
- a few apples 
A few ‫ً ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١ٍ‫ل‬ 
Fewer ِٓ ‫ألً ػذدا ا‬ - fewer apples 
- many apples 
Many ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١‫وض‬ -several apples 
Several ِٓ ‫ذ‬٠‫ش ِٓ \ ػذ‬١‫وض‬

C)
‫خش‬٢‫اٌجؼغ ا‬ٚ -
A little ‫خ‬١ّ‫ً ِٓ ٌٍى‬١ٍ‫ل‬  -little rice ‫غزخذَ فمؾ ِغ‬٠
Less ِٓ ‫خ‬١ّ‫ألً و‬  - less rice than ‫ ال رؼذ‬ٝ‫األعّبء اٌز‬
Much ‫ش ِٓ ٌٍؼذد‬١‫وض‬  -much rice )c( ٝ‫وّب ف‬
 - agreat deal of rice
A great deal of
ِٓ ‫ش‬١‫ِمذاس وج‬

D)
‫شاد‬١‫ثؼغ رؼج‬ٚ -
No - no apples - no rice ‫خ رغزخذَ ِغ‬١ّ‫اٌى‬
Some /any - some / any apples -some / any rice ‫ رؼذ‬ٝ‫األعّبء اٌز‬
A lot of =lots of -a lot of / lots of apples -a lot of / lots of rice ‫ ال رؼذ‬ٝ‫األعّبء اٌز‬ٚ
Plenty of ِٓ ‫ش‬١‫وض‬ -plenty of apples -plenty of rice )d( ٝ‫وّب ف‬
Most ُ‫ِؼظ‬ - most apples - most rice
All - all apples -all rice

 = not used َ‫غزخذ‬٠ ‫ال‬

For example , you can say “ I ate on apple” but you can’t say “ I ate one rice”  ( wrong)

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 Form Sub. ( ً‫ )اٌفبػ‬+ inf. / (inf.+s / es / ies)
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ (I, you, We ,They) ٚ‫ي ٌٍفؼً ( اٌّظذس ) ِغ اٌجّغ أ‬ٚ‫ف األ‬٠‫ؾ ِٓ اٌزظش‬١‫ْ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ -
) He , She , It( ٚ‫) ِغ اٌّفشد اٌغبئت أ‬s / es/ ies( ً‫ؼبف ٌٍفؼ‬٠ -

-I / We / They / You / People (read / like / live /drink / see / watch.....etc.)

- He / she / It / Ali (reads / likes / lives /drinks / sees / watches......etc.)

Ex: - I watch a nice film every night.

Ex: - She reads an interesting story every week.
Negation Sub. + don’t / (does not) doesn’t + inf................
ٝ‫إٌف‬ =Sub. + never + inf.(s)................

Ex: I don’t watch a nice film every night. = I never watch....

Ex: She doesn’t read an interesting story......= She never reads.......
Yes/No Question Do+ (I / We / they / you/ (‫ (اعُ جّغ‬+ inf.....................?
)ً٘( ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ‬ Does+ (he / she / it / ‫(اعُ ِفشد‬+inf. +.........................?
Ex: Do you watch a nice film every night?
Ex: Does she read an interesting story every week?
(Wh.) Question (wh-word) َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أداح اإلعزف‬+do/ does +sub. + inf. +...................?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ (أداح اعزف‬ Ex: Where do you live? Ex: Where does Ali live?
Passive (Obj.‫ي‬ٛ‫ )ِفؼ‬+ ( am/ is/ are ) + P.P.+..........
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫اٌّج‬ Ex: Water is brought to people’s houses in large plastic bottles

Usage َ‫االسزخذا‬
:ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ؾ ٌٍزؼج‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬٠ -
Facts: .)َ ‫ش أثذا‬١‫خ اٌضبثزخ ( ال رزغ‬١ٍّ‫ اٌحمبئك اٌؼ‬
- The sun rises in the east.
- It gets hot in summer.
- Birds lay ‫ رضغ‬eggs.
 Habits and repeated actions: .‫س‬ٚ‫األفؼبي ِزىشسح اٌحذ‬ٚ ‫ اٌؼبداد‬
- I usually read in my free time.
- They often watch TV. at night.
- We use petrol in our cars.
Situations which are true for a long time: )‫ش‬١‫ّىٓ أْ رزغ‬٠ ( ‫ٍخ‬٠ٛ‫الف اٌضبثزخ ٌفزشح ط‬ٌّٛ‫ا‬
- I live in Marsa Matrouh. -My father works as a doctor.
)..َ‫ ِضال‬ٜ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ‫زمبػذ‬٠ ٚ‫ ِىبْ آخش أ‬ٝ‫ش ف‬١‫أػ‬ٚ ( ‫لف‬ٌّٛ‫ش ا‬١‫زغ‬٠ ‫ٓ لذ‬١‫ٓ اٌسبثم‬١ٌ‫ اٌّضب‬ٝ‫ الحع ف‬-
Key words ٗ١ٍ‫اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ ػ‬
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ ) ا‬Adverbs of frequency( ‫ف اٌزىشاس‬ٚ‫ؾ ِغ ظش‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬٠ ‫ غبٌجب ِب‬-

Always – sometimes – usually – often – occasionally ‫خاش‬٢ ٓ١‫ ِآ دا‬- rarely = scarcely = seldom‫– ٔابدسا ا‬
regularly - frequently ‫رىشاسا ا‬ٚ ‫ِشاسا ا‬- generally ‫ ػب اِخا‬- monthly – weekly - never……etc

)verb to be ) ‫ ثؼذ‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ لجً اٌفؼً األعبع‬ٟ‫ رأر‬: ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٝ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫ػؼ‬ِٛ -

---He always comes late. - He is always late.
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 .‫ آخش اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ‫ي أ‬ٚ‫ ) أ‬sometimes- usually ( ٝ‫بٔب رأر‬١‫أد‬ٚ -
- I usually cycle to school. = Usually, I cycle to school. = I cycle to school usually.
: ً‫خ اٌجٍّخ ِض‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٚ‫خ أ‬٠‫ ثذا‬ٟ‫) ف‬Adverbs of time ( ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ف ص‬ٚ‫غزخذَ ِغ ظش‬٠ٚ -
-Every ً‫( و‬day / night / week / month / year/ April/ Winter /Friday…….etc.)
- On َ‫ب‬٠‫ أ‬ٝ‫( ف‬Saturdays /Sundays............) - Twice a ٝ‫( ِشربْ ف‬day / week/ month..)
Ex: - My mother takes her medicine twice a day.
Ex: -We watch TV every night. - Every night, he watches TV.
: rarely/ scarcely / seldom/ never ‫ ثـ‬ٝ‫جٗ ػبَ رٕفـ‬ٛ‫ف اٌزىشاس ث‬ٚ‫ الدع أْ ظش‬-
-I always get up early. - I never get up early.
Present simple passive
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ اٌّج‬ٝ‫ؾ ف‬١‫اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬
Form: ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬
:ٝ‫ر‬٢‫ي وب‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ اٌّج‬ٝ‫ؾ ف‬١‫ْ اٌّؼبسع اٌجغ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ -
Object ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬+ am, is , are + P.P.
Ex: - People pump water to the surface and heat it again. (Active ( ٍَٛ‫ ٌٍّؼ‬ٕٝ‫ِج‬
=Water is pumped to the surface and heated again. (Passive( ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ِج‬
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ ِج‬ٜ‫أِضٍخ أخش‬
Ex: - Trees are sometimes blown down by the wind.
Ex: - Water is brought to people’s houses in large plastic bottles.
Be careful
: ً‫) ِض‬by agent( ‫ب‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ اٌّج‬ٝ‫ي ف‬ٛ‫ب ِفؼ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٝ‫ ) اٌز‬Intransitive verbs( ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ األفؼبي اٌالصِخ‬٠ ‫ ال‬-
( come , happen, arrive, smile, sleep,......etc.)
Ex : Heat and light come from the sun.
Ex: A strange thing happened to me yesterday.
‫ؾ‬١‫ ٌٍّؼبسع اٌجغ‬ٞ‫اعزخذاِبد أخش‬
:‫ش ثذال ِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌّغزّش‬١‫اٌزفى‬ٚ ‫اٌؼبؽفخ‬ٚ ‫اإلدسان‬ٚ ‫اط‬ٛ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ‫س‬ٛ‫غزخذَ ِغ أفؼبي اٌشؼ‬٠ -
like, dislike, love, think, seem, look, know, feel, understand, want, need, hate, see, remember,
forget, prefer, believe, mean, taste, hear, have, possess, own,
- I prefer his way of thinking. - He enjoys reading romantic novels.
: ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬٠ ٚ (if) ِٓ ٌٝٚ‫غزخذَ ِغ اٌذبٌخ األ‬٠ -
- If you play well, you will win.
:ً‫ اٌّغزمج‬ٍٟ‫ذي ػ‬٠ ٚ ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫اثؾ اٌض‬ٚ‫غزخذَ ِغ اٌش‬٠ -
- After he arrives, we will eat. -They will not go until he gives them money.
:‫ذ‬١‫اػ‬ٌّٛ‫ي ا‬ٚ‫غزخذَ ِغ جذا‬٠ - -
- The train arrives at 10:15 pm.
- We have English at ten every Sunday.

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 Form Sub. ً‫اٌفبػ‬+ (inf.+d / ed/ ied)...........
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ .‫( ٌأل فؼبي إٌّزظّخ‬d-ed-ied) ‫ ٌٍفؼً ثئػبفخ‬ٝٔ‫ف اٌضب‬٠‫ؾ ِٓ اٌزظشف اٌزظش‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫ْ اٌّبػ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠-
‫رذفع‬..... ‫األفؼبي اٌشبرح‬-
-I watched a nice film last night.
- She read an interesting story two days ago.
Negation Sub. + (did not) didn’t + inf................
ٝ‫إٌف‬ Ex: I didn’t watch a nice film last night.
Ex: She didn’t read an interesting story......
Yes/No Question Did+ sub. +inf.+.........................?
)ً٘( ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ‬ Ex: Did you watch a nice film last night?
Ex: Did She read an interesting story two days ago?
(Wh.) Question (Qword)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أداح اإلعزف‬+did +sub. + inf. +...................?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ (أداح اعزف‬ Ex: What did you watch last night?
Passive (Obj.‫ي‬ٛ‫ )ِفؼ‬+ ( was/ were) + P.P.+..........
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫اٌّج‬ Ex: A nice film was watched last night (by me).

Usage َ‫االسزخذا‬
:ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ؾ ٌٍزؼج‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠
.)‫ذ‬١‫ اٌجؼ‬ٚ‫ت أ‬٠‫ اٌمش‬ٝ‫اء اٌّبض‬ٛ‫لذ ِحذد(س‬ٚ ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝٙ‫ أز‬ٚ ‫ حذس ثذأ‬-
Ex: I studied French when I was in secondary school.
Ex: The Pharaohs built the pyramids millions of years ago.
).. ْ‫ وب‬ٚ‫ ) اػزبد أْ أ‬ٕٝ‫) ثّؼ‬used to + inf.( ‫ْ ِغ‬٢‫ذ ا‬ٙ‫أز‬ٚ ٟ‫ اٌّبض‬ٟ‫ ػبدح ف‬-
Used to+‫اٌّصذس‬
Ex: Mariam used to play tennis when she was young.
.‫ لصخ‬ٝ‫ ٌسشد أحذاس ف‬-
Ex: Ali found a bag, and then he went to the police station.
.ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫صف أحذاس ِززبثؼخ ف‬ٌٛ -
Ex: I woke up, dressed up, had my breakfast, and then went to school.
Ex: He bought a meal. After that, he went to his office.
Be careful

.ْ٢‫ذ ا‬ٙ‫أز‬ٚ ٝ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫ؼجش ػٓ ػبدح وبٔذ رذذس ف‬١ٌ ‫ف اٌزىشاس‬ٚ‫ؾ ِغ ظش‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ –
(always / often / usually /sometimes / every day .........etc.)
Ex: When I was on holiday, I usually walked on the beach.
Key words
:ً‫خ ِض‬١ِٕ‫ف ص‬ٚ‫ؾ ِغ ظش‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ ‫–غبٌجب ِب‬
Yesterday - ago - last -once =once upon a time- one day- in the past-in ancient times -the other
day َ‫ب‬٠‫ ِٕز ثضؼخ أ‬- in old days- in 1995- from.4002.....to 4000 ....etc.
- Last week, I went to Alexandria. - Two months ago, we flew to London. ‫رزوش‬
V. To Be in The past ................ٝ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ً‫فؼ‬...............Sub. + (was/ were)
Ex: She was at school yesterday. Was she at school yesterday? No, she wasn’t at school yesterday.
V. To have in the past...............ٗ٠‫ّزٍه\ ػٕذٖ\ ٌذ‬٠ ً‫ فؼ‬......Sub. + had ‫ّزٍه‬٠ ْ‫ٗ \ وب‬٠‫وبْ ٌذ‬
Ex: Mariam had a nice dress two years ago. Did Mariam have a nice. ........?

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 Form Sub. ( ً‫ )اٌفبػ‬+ was / were +v+ing
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ )was / were + v-ing( :ِٓ ‫ اٌّغزّش‬ٝ‫ْ صِٓ اٌّبػ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ -
- We / They / You / People + were reading / writing....

-I / He / she / It / Ali + was reading / writing......

Ex: - I was watching a nice film at 8 o’clock yesterday evening.
Ex: - She was watering the garden at 7 o’clock yesterday morning.
Negation - We / They / You / People + were not (weren’t) reading / writing....
ٝ‫إٌف‬
-I / He / she / It / Ali + was not (wasn’t) reading / writing......

Ex: - She wasn’t watering the garden at 7 o’clock yesterday morning.

Yes/No Question Were+ (I / We / they / you/ ‫ )اعُ جّغ‬+ v-ing......?
)ً٘( ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ‬ Was + (he / she / it / ‫(اعُ ِفشد‬+v- ing................?
Ex:-Were you watching the match yesterday evening?
Ex:-Was she watering the garden at 7 o’clock yesterday morning?
(Wh.) Question (Wh-word) َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أداح اإلعزف‬+(was/ were) +sub. ً‫ اٌفبػ‬+ v-ing.........?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ (أداح اعزف‬ Ex: What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
Passive (Obj.‫ي‬ٛ‫ )ِفؼ‬+ (was/ were) +being+ P.P.+..........
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫اٌّج‬ Ex: While the office was being cleaned, the staff arrived.

Usage َ‫اإلعزخذا‬
:ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ اٌّغزّش ٌٍزؼج‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ -
.ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫لذ ِحذد ف‬ٚ ٝ‫ِسزّشا ف‬
َ ْ‫ حذس وب‬-
Ex: We were having lunch at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
Ex: I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
.)ْ‫(حذصبْ ِزمبطؼب‬ )‫ظ‬١‫ ثس‬ٝ‫ش ( ِبض‬١‫ً ) ػٕذِب لطؼٗ حذس آخش لص‬٠ٛ‫ حذس وبْ ِسزّشا َ ( حذس ط‬-
Ex: I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
Ex: The car began to make a strange noise when we were driving home.
)ْ‫(حذصبْ ِزضإِب‬ .ٓ١٠‫اص‬ٛ‫ْ اٌحذصبْ ِز‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ ف‬، ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫لذ ف‬ٌٛ‫ ٔفس ا‬ٝ‫ٓ ف‬٠‫وبٔب ِسزّش‬-‫ أوضش‬ٚ‫ أ‬- ْ‫ حذصب‬-
Ex: While my dad was reading his newspaper, I was doing my homework.

Key words
) while / as / just as / when( ‫ اٌّغزّش ِغ‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ ‫ غبٌجب ا ِب‬-
While
 As / Just as ‫ ِغزّش‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬ , ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
When was/were + v-ing , V2
Ex:- While we were having dinner, Mariam phoned.
Ex:- While I was walking down the street , it began to rain.
While
 As / Just as ‫ ِغزّش‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬ , ‫ ِغزّش‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
When was/were + v-ing , was / were + v-ing
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 Ex:- While I was studying in my room, my friend was having a party in another room.
Ex:- While I was walking down the street , it was raining.
While
 ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ As / Just as ‫ ِغزّش‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
When
Ex:- Mariam phoned while we were having dinner.
Ex:- Jana fell asleep while she was watching a movie.
Ex:- The television was on, but nobody was watching.
-When ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬,‫ ِغزّش‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
-When it began to rain, I was walking down the street.
-While )ً‫ْ فبػ‬ٚ‫(ثذ‬ V-ing , ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
Ex:- While walking down the street, it began to rain.

Be careful
.‫سظ اٌجٍّخ‬ٚ ٚ‫ي أ‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٝ‫رسزخذَ ف‬ٚ ‫ب اعُ فمظ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ْ‫) ثششط أْ أ‬While ( ً‫ ) ِح‬During( ً‫ّىٓ أْ رح‬٠-
-During + noun, ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
-During (the film /(my) flight / (my) stay / (our) visit/ the journey...etc.)
Ex: During my flight to America, I felt ill. = I felt ill during my flight to America.

.)was being /were being( ‫ي‬ٛ‫ص أْ ٔم‬ٛ‫ج‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ )was /were (‫ ة‬ٝ‫) ٔىزف‬v. to Be( ٛ٘ )While( ‫ ثؼذ‬ٝ‫إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ااألسبس‬-
Ex: While Mariam was ill, a lot of her friends visited her.

.‫اٌغضت‬ٚ ‫ك‬١‫ش ػٓ اٌض‬١‫ اٌّسزّش ٌٍزؼج‬ٝ‫) ِغ اٌّبض‬always / forever /constantly‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ وً ِٓ ( ثبسزّشاس‬٠ -
Ex: I didn’t like having Ali for my roommate ‫ً غشفخ‬١ِ‫ ص‬last year. He was always leaving his
dirty clothes on the floor.

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 Form Sub. ً‫اٌفبػ‬+ had + P.P.
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ -By the age of twenty, I had learnt how to drive a car.
- She had read an interesting story before going to bed.
Negation Sub. + (had not) hadn’t + P.P...............
ٝ‫إٌف‬ Ex: I hadn’t done my homework before midnight.
Yes/No Question Had+ sub. +P.P.+.........................?
)ً٘( ‫ اٌغؤاي ثــ‬Ex: Had you had your breakfast before coming to school?
(Wh.) Question +had +sub. + P.P +...................?َ‫ب‬ٙ‫( أداح اإلعزف‬Qword)
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ اٌغؤاي ثــ (أداح اعزف‬Ex: What had you done before coming to school?
Passive (Obj.‫ي‬ٛ‫ )ِفؼ‬+ (had+ been) + P.P.+..........
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ اٌّج‬Ex: All my jobs had been done before midday.

Usage َ‫االسزخذا‬
:ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫ؾ ٌٍزؼج‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠
.ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫لذ ِؼ‬ٚ ً‫لغ لج‬ٚ ‫ دذس‬-
- Mustafa had done all his homework before midnight.
‫لغ ا‬ٚ ٜ‫ ؛ فبٌذذس اٌز‬ٝ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫لغ دذصبْ ف‬ٚ ‫ إرا‬ٜ‫ أ‬:ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫ع دذس آخش ف‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ ً‫اوزًّ لج‬ٚ ُ‫ دذس ر‬-
ِٓ‫ ص‬ٝ‫ػغ ف‬ٛ٠ )‫ي‬ٚ‫ال( دذس أ‬ٚ‫أ‬
.‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫ صِٓ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫ػغ ف‬ٛ١‫ اٌزبَ أِب اٌذذس االخش(دذس صبْ ) ف‬ٝ‫اٌّبػ‬
Ex: -After I had had my breakfast, I went to school.
After Past Perfect , Past Simple Before Future

As soon as had had breakfast , went to school By the time Now

Ex:-Before I went to school, I had had my breakfast.
‫ش اٌّجبشش‬١‫غخ غ‬١‫ ط‬ٟ‫ اٌّؼبسع اٌزبَ ف‬ٚ ‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫ اٌزبَ ثذال ِٓ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ ‫ وّب‬- 
- He told me that they had already paid the bill.
- He said that he believed that Ali had moved to Luxor
Key words ٗ١ٍ‫اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ ػ‬
:ٝ‫ر‬٢‫ وب‬ٝ٘ٚ ‫ٕخ‬١‫اثؾ ِؼ‬ٚ‫ؾ ِغ س‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫اٌّبػ‬ٚ َ‫ اٌزب‬ٝ‫غزخذَ اٌّبػ‬٠ ‫غبٌجب ِب‬
After
 As soon as ٟ‫ربَ ِبػ‬ , ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
When S.+had+P.P. , S .+V2
- After she had done the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home.
- He told me as soon as he had heard the news.
 -After )ً‫ْ فبػ‬ٚ‫)ثذ‬ + n. / v.ing , ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
- After doing the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home.
- He told me after hearing the news.
 -Having + p.p. , ‫ـؾ‬١‫ ثغـ‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
- Having done the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home.
- Having heard the news, he told me.

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 Before /
 By the time ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
When S.+V2, S.+ had+P.P.
- Before she stopped a taxi to take her home, she had done the shopping.
= He had heard the news by the time he told me.
 -Before ً‫ْ فبػ‬ٚ‫ثذ‬ + n. / v.ing , َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
- Before stopping a taxi to take her home, she had done the shopping.
After
 As soon as ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ (ٓ١‫ٓ اٌذذص‬١‫ ث‬ِٕٝ‫جذ فبسق ص‬ٛ٠ ‫(ال‬
When
- When she saw a snake in front of her, she cried.
- After she did the shopping, she stopped a taxi to take her home.
- He told me as soon as he heard the news.
‫ ِسزّش حست‬ٚ‫ ربَ ا‬ٚ‫ظ أ‬١‫ب ِبض ثس‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠ ‫) ؛ إر‬crazy when( ‫ ) ٌمت‬when( ٍٝ‫خ ػ‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫ا اٌٍغخ اإلٔج‬ٛ‫طٍك ِذسس‬٠ :‫الدع‬
)after / while / before( ٕٝ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٝ‫ ف‬ٜٚ‫ رسب‬ٝٙ‫بق ف‬١‫اٌس‬

-When ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ - When I arrived at the station, the train had left.
-When َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ - When I had arrived at the station, the train left.
-When ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ - When I arrived, the train left. )ِٕٝ‫جذ فبسق ص‬ٛ٠ ‫(ال‬
-On +ُ‫ اعـ‬/ v.ing , ‫ــؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬ - On my arrival at the station, the train left.

)‫ غبٌجب‬ٟ‫ؾ (ِٕف‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬till / until َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬

- I didn't go to school until I had had my breakfast.
-They didn't start the game until I had arrived.
‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬ because َ‫ رب‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
- Jane was not as good as them because she had come from a poorer family.
- Asmaa felt ill because she had eaten too much chocolate.
) ‫ظ‬١‫ ثس‬ٟ‫ْ (ِبض‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ٖ‫لغ ثؼذ‬ٚ ٞ‫اٌحذس اٌز‬ٚ )َ‫ رب‬ٟ‫ال (ِبض‬ٚ‫لغ أ‬ٚ ٞ‫ اٌحذس اٌز‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ ‫خ اٌسبثمخ‬١ِٕ‫اثظ اٌض‬ٚ‫الحع أٗ ِغ اٌش‬ -
First I switched on the light, and then he entered the room.
After I had switched on the light, he entered the room.
He didn't enter the room until I had switched on the light.
) ........ٝ‫دز‬........ ‫ىذ‬٠ ٌُ ( ‫ِؼٕب٘ب‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫شاد ا‬١‫ؾ ِغ اٌزؼج‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٟ‫اٌّبػ‬ٚ َ‫ اٌزب‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ –
no sooner + P.P. ………. than ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
- Subj. + had + hardly + P.P. ………. when ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
scarcely + P.P. ………. when ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
- She had scarcely left when her friends arrived.
- She had no sooner left than her friends arrived.
-She had hardly left when her friends arrived.

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 Be careful

-:‫الحظ عندما تاتي الروابط السابقة في أول الجملة فيجب أن يأتي بعدها فعــل اســــــــــــــــــءعد‬-
- No sooner + had + Subj. + P.P. than ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ِبػ‬
- No sooner had she left than her friends arrived.
- Hardly had she left when her friends arrived.
- Scarcely had she left when her friends arrived. ‫ٓ فمؾ‬١‫ٌٍفبئم‬
َ ‫إذا جء ثالثة أفعءل فى الجالة فءلحدث الذى وقع‬-
.‫أوال يوعع فى زان الاءعى التءم أاء الفعالن اآلخران فيوععءن فى زان الاءعى البسيط‬
After
As soon as ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬, ‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٟ‫ ِبػ‬that َ‫ رب‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
When
-When I returned home, I discovered that my flat had been robbed.
-After I got out, I realised that I had forgotten my wallet at home.
-After I heard that I had passed the exam, I phoned my dad.
‫ٓ فمؾ‬١‫ٌٍفبئم‬
For only toppers ‫ٓ فمؾ‬١‫ٌٍفبئم‬
It was only when َ‫ رب‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬ that .‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
= It wasn’t until َ‫ رب‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬ that .‫ؾ‬١‫ ثغ‬ٝ‫ِبػ‬
-It was only when he had watched the film that he slept.
=It wasn’t until he had watched the film that he slept.

‫اٌخـــــــــــــالطــــــــــــــــخ‬
ٓ١‫الحع اٌؼاللخ ث‬
When ‫رزجغ‬ٚ ‫األصِٕخ اٌضالصخ‬
‫ُ ِغ ِالحظخ‬ٙ‫األس‬
When= when ‫ظ‬١‫ اٌجس‬ٝ‫أْ اٌّبض‬
Before
When= after When ‫ال‬ٚ ‫لبسُ ِشزشن‬
ee
When =while By the time )When(ْ‫ أ‬ٝ‫رٕس‬
When= before ‫ب اٌضالصخ أصِٕخ‬ٙ‫زجؼ‬٠
‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫اٌّبػ‬
S.+V2

َ‫ اٌزب‬ٝ‫اٌّبػ‬ ‫ اٌّغزّش‬ٝ‫اٌّبػ‬
S.+had +P.P  S.+was/were +V-ing

After While
As soon as As / Just as
When When

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 Form Sub. ( ً‫ )اٌفبػ‬+ has / have +P.P.
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌزى‬ )has / have + P.P.( :ِٓ َ‫ْ صِٓ اٌّؼبسع اٌزب‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ -
- I / We / They / You / People + have done / read / written....
- He / she / It / Ali )‫)اعُ ِفشد‬ + has done / read / written.....
Ex: - I have done my homework.
Ex: - She has done her homework.
V. to be (َ‫ اٌّضبسع اٌزب‬ٝ‫)ف‬ have been / has been.
V. to have (َ‫ اٌّضبسع اٌزب‬ٝ‫)ف‬ have had / has had.
Ex: My father has had a car for three years.
.‫ب‬ٙ‫ّزٍى‬٠ ‫ِبصاي‬ٚ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫بسح ِٕز صالس أػ‬١‫ّزٍه ع‬٠ ٜ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ْ‫ اٌجٍّخ أ‬ٕٝ‫ِؼ‬
Negation - I / We / They / You / People + have not )haven’t) done /written....
ٝ‫إٌف‬ - He / she / It / Ali )‫)اعُ ِفشد‬ + has not )hasn’t) done /written....
Ex: - She hasn’t read the story yet.
Yes/No Question Have+ (I / We / they / you/ ‫ )اعُ جّغ‬+ P.P......?
)ً٘( ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ‬ Has+ (he / she / it / ‫(اعُ ِفشد‬+P.P..............?
Ex:- Have you ever read any of Shakespeare's plays?
(Wh.) Question (Wh-word) َ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أداح اإلعزف‬+has/ have) + sub. ( ً‫ )اٌفبػ‬+ P.P.........?
)َ‫ب‬ٙ‫اٌغؤاي ثــ (أداح اعزف‬ Ex: What have you studied so far?
Passive (Obj.‫ي‬ٛ‫ )ِفؼ‬+ (has / have) +been+ P.P.+..........
‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫اٌّج‬ Ex: Two men in connection with the robbery have been arrested.

Usage َ‫االعزخذا‬

Note that: When we use the present perfect, there is always a connection with now.
)‫لذ اٌذبػش‬ٌٛ‫ظ ٌٗ ػاللخ ثـ ( ا‬١ٌ ٜ‫ؾ اٌز‬١‫ اٌجغ‬ٝ‫ ػىظ اٌّبػ‬ٍٝ‫لذ اٌذبػشػ‬ٌٛ‫ٕبن دائّب ػاللخ ثب‬ٙ‫ ف‬، َ‫ ػٕذ اعزخذإِب ٌٍّؼبسع اٌزب‬: ٗٔ‫الدع أ‬

:ٓ‫ش ػ‬١‫غزخذَ اٌّؼبسع اٌزبَ ٌٍزؼج‬٠ -

.ْ٢‫ أْ اٌحذس اوزًّ ا‬ٕٝ‫) ثّؼ‬just( ‫شح جذا ِغ‬١‫ٌىٓ ِٕز فزشح لص‬ٚ ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫ ف‬ٝٙ‫أز‬ٚ ‫ حذس ثذأ‬-
Ex: Ahmed has just arrived. (= He arrived a short time ago)
Ex: Hello. Have you just arrived? just = a short time ago
Ex: 'Are you hungry?' - “No, I've just had lunch.”
)ْ٢‫ ٌٗ ػاللخ ثـ (ا‬ٜ‫ (أ‬ٌٝ‫لذ اٌحب‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ٌىٓ ِب صاي ٌٗ أصش ف‬ٚ ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫ ف‬ٝٙ‫أز‬ٚ ‫ حذس ثذأ‬-
Ex: 'Where's your key?' -“I don't know. I've lost it.” (=I don't have it now)
Ex: He’s told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I can't remember it now)
Ex: The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident.
Ex: I’ve cut my finger. I can't write anything now?
.ِٕٝ‫ ظشف ص‬ٜ‫ ثذأ اٌحذس ٌزٌه ٌُ ٔسزخذَ أ‬ٝ‫ األِضٍخ اٌسبثمخ ٌُ ٔحذد ِز‬ٝ‫ ف‬: ‫الدع‬
.‫ظ‬١‫ اٌجس‬ٝ‫ فالثذ أْ ٔسزخذَ اٌّبض‬، ِٕٝ‫ إرا اسزخذِٕب ظشف ص‬-
Ex: 'Where's your car?' - A thief stole it yesterday.
)since /for( ‫لذ اٌحبضش ِغ‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ِب صاي ِسزّشا َ حز‬ٚ ٝ‫ اٌّبض‬ٝ‫حذس ثذأ ف‬
Ex: I have lived in Matrouh since 2004. )ْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫ب حز‬ٙ١‫ش ف‬١‫ِبصٌذ أػ‬ٚ (
Ex: Ali has learned English for Five years )ْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫خ حز‬٠‫ض‬١ٍ‫زؼٍُ اإلٔج‬٠ ٍٝ‫ ِبصاي ػ‬ٚ (

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 )..‫ ( ِٓ لجً \ ً٘ سجك ٌه‬ٕٝ‫) ثّؼ‬ever( ‫ ٌٍسؤاي ػٓ اٌخجشاد اٌسبثمخ ِغ‬
Ex: Have you ever eaten caviar?
Ex: Have you ever been to America?'
Key words
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫سزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌزبَ ِغ اٌىٍّبد ا‬٠ ‫ غبٌجب َ ِب‬-
-just /already /ever /never /yet / since / for / so far = up till now / lately /
recently / over the years/ How long / in the last few (years)....etc.

Just َ ‫ا‬ٛ‫ حبالً \ ر‬- - They have just finished their work.
.‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫اإلسزف‬ٚ ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌّضجزخ‬ٝ‫ ف‬- - Hello. Have you just arrived?
already ً‫ ثبٌفؼ‬- - 'What time is Ali leaving?' - “He's already Left.”
- Have you repaired your car already?
‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫اإلسزف‬ٚ ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌّضجزخ‬ٝ‫ ف‬- .)‫ اٌسؤاي‬ٝ‫لغ ( ٌٍذ٘شخ ف‬ٛ‫ئب ِب حذس أسشع ِّب ٔز‬١‫ي أْ ش‬ٛ‫ذ أْ ٔم‬٠‫) ػٕذِب ٔش‬already( َ‫رسزخذ‬-
ever )‫ اٌسؤاي‬ٝ‫ ِٓ لجً( ف‬- - Have you ever visited the pyramids?
ٜٛ‫ً اٌمص‬١‫ ِغ صفبد اٌزفض‬-
- What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
)‫ اإلطالق‬ٍٝ‫ ( ػ‬ٕٝ‫ثّؼ‬
.)ٝ‫بر‬١‫ ح‬ٝ‫ اإلطالق ( ف‬ٍٝ‫ٍُ ػ‬١‫ٍّب َ أوضش ٍِالَ ِٓ ٘زا اٌف‬١‫ ٌُ أس ف‬:‫ اٌّضبي‬ٕٝ‫ِؼ‬
never ‫ أثـذَا‬- - We've never had a car.
yet )‫خ اٌسؤاي‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٝ‫ْ (ف‬٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫حز‬- Has it stopped raining yet?
)‫خ‬١‫خ اٌجٍخ إٌّف‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٝ‫ ثؼذ ( ف‬- - I've written the email, but I haven't sent it yet.
for ) ‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ ٌّذح \ ِٕز (فزشح ص‬- - She has played the piano for two hours.
since )‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ِٕز ( ٔمطخ ص‬- - I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
so far = up till now -Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
)‫ ػذد‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ّ‫ْ ( ِغ و‬٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫حز‬- - We have studied four units of English up till now.
lately /recently -Have you heard anything from Mona recently/ lately?
‫ضب‬٠‫ِؤخشا \حذ‬
َ - - My father has bought a new car lately/ recently.
- ‫خ‬١ِ‫ب‬ٙ‫اإلسزف‬ٚ ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌّضجزخ‬ٝ‫ ف‬-
Recently = in the last few days
How long..? ٝ‫ِب اٌّذح \ِٕز ِز‬ - How long have you known each other?
Over the years - Many things in Egypt have changed over the years.
‫اد‬ٕٛ‫ ِش) اٌس‬ٍٝ‫ػجش(ػ‬-
in the last few days - I've met a lot of people in the Last few days.

Be careful
ٗ‫ ) إرا وبٔذ ٘زٖ اٌفزشاد ٌُ رٕز‬today /this year / this morning( ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ اٌّضبسع اٌزبَ ِغ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد‬٠ ‫ وزٌه‬-
:‫خ‬١ٌ‫ األِضٍخ اٌزب‬ٝ‫ثؼذ وّب ف‬
Ex: I've drunk four cups of coffee today.
Ex: Have you had a holiday this year?
Ex: I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
Ex: Rana hasn't worked very hard this term.

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-Introduction ‫ِمذِخ‬-
.‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ذ اعُ عبثك‬٠‫ رذذ‬ٚ‫طف أ‬ٚ ٟ‫ رغزخذَ ف‬ٚ ً‫ط‬ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫ ػ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٜٛ‫ رذز‬ٝ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌز‬ٝ٘:ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫جٍّخ ا‬
Ex 1: I thanked the man. Ex 2: The book is Ali’s.
ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫شا‬١ّ‫ػ‬ - He helped me. - It is on the table. ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫جٍّخ ا‬
ً‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ا‬

- I thanked the man who helped me. -The book which is on the table is Ali’s.

:ٝ٘ ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ػّبئش ا‬ٚ ) Relative clause ( ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ جٍّخ ا‬ّٝ‫طً رغ‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ ػ‬ٍٝ‫ ر‬ٝ‫ أْ اٌجٍّخ اٌز‬:‫ الدع‬-

Who=that, which=that, whom=that, whose, where, when

.‫ذح‬٠‫ادذح جذ‬ٚ ‫ًٔب جٍّخ‬ٛ‫ّب اعُ ِشزشن ٌؼذَ رىشاسٖ ِى‬ٕٙ١‫ٓ ث‬١‫ٓ وبٍِز‬١‫ٓ جٍّز‬١‫شثؾ ث‬٠ ‫ش‬١ّ‫ ػ‬:ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ ػ‬-
:ً١‫ه اٌششح ثبٌزفظ‬١ٌ‫إ‬ٚ
Who=that used for people (ً‫ي اٌؼبل‬ٛ‫ اٌّفؼ‬ٚ‫)اٌفبػً أ‬
.ً‫ب فؼ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ٚ ُ‫ب اع‬ٙ‫غجم‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬ٝ‫ي ػبلً رىشسا ف‬ٛ‫ ِفؼ‬ٚ‫رذً ِذً فبػً ػبلً أ‬:)ٝ‫ اٌالئ‬-ٓ٠‫ –اٌز‬ٝ‫ اٌز‬-ٜ‫( اٌز‬ٕٝ‫ ثّؼ‬-

Ex 1:-The man was his father. - He paid for Jules’s studies.

- The man who paid for Jules’s studies was his father. ‫ٕ٘ب دٍذ ِذً فبػً ػبلً رىشس‬
=The man that paid for Jules’s studies was his father. ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬ٝ‫ف‬

Ex 2: - The boy was not at home. -I wanted to talk to him.

= The boy who (m) I wanted to talk to was not at home.
= The boy that I wanted to talk to was not at home. ً‫ي ػبل‬ٛ‫ٕ٘ب دٍذ ِذً ِفؼ‬
‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬ٝ‫رىشس ف‬
= The boy to whom I wanted to talk was not at home.

Whom=that used for people ( ً‫ي اٌؼبل‬ٛ‫)اٌّفؼ‬

Whom=that ٝ‫اٌالئ‬- ٓ٠‫ اٌز‬-ٝ‫ اٌز‬-ٜ‫ اٌز‬:ٕٝ‫طً ثّؼ‬ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫ػ‬
- The man was Mr. Elias. ٗ‫غجم‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬ٝ‫ي ػبلً رىشس ف‬ٛ‫ذً ِذً ِفؼ‬٠ -
- I met him last week. .)a( ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ٗ فبػً وّب ف‬١ٍ٠ٚ ُ‫اع‬

(a)The man who(m) I met last week was Mr. Elias. )Spoken English( ٝ‫ٍخ االعزخذاَ ف‬١ٍ‫) أطجذذ ل‬Whom( -
(b)The man that I met last week was Mr. Elias. .) b (‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ب وّب ف‬ِٕٙ ‫ ) ثذال‬that ( َ‫ّىٓ اعزخذا‬٠ -
(c)The man ø I met last week was Mr. Elias. (*) ً‫خز‬٠ ْ‫ْ أ‬ٚ‫ب د‬ٙ‫ّىٓ دزف‬٠ ‫ ثؼذ٘ب فبػً ٌزٌه‬ٝ‫أر‬٠ :‫الدع‬-
More examples ) c ( ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ وّب ف‬ٕٝ‫اٌّؼ‬
(d)The boy to whom I wanted to talk was not at ً‫فؼً اعزخذاِٗ لج‬٠ ‫د دشف جش‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ ػٕذ‬:‫ الدع‬-
home. (e) / (d) ٓ١ٌ‫ اٌّضب‬ٝ‫ ) وّب ف‬whom (
(e)The driver about whom we were talking yesterday
made an accident.

.ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ اخزفبء ػ‬ٚ‫ دزف أ‬ٕٝ‫) رؼ‬ø( ‫)*( اٌؼالِخ‬

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  When used for time (ْ‫)ٌٍضِب‬

When = on which/ at which ْ‫ّٕب ٌٍضِب‬١‫ ٌٍضِبْ – د‬ٝ‫ اٌز‬-ٜ‫ اٌز‬:ٕٝ‫طً ثّؼ‬ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫ػ‬
Ex1: I’ll never forget the day. َ‫غزخذ‬٠ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬ٝ‫ صِبْ رىشس ف‬ٚ‫لذ أ‬ٚ ً‫ذً ِذ‬٠ -
- I met you then (on that day). year, day, time ( ً‫ذ ٘زا اٌضِبْ ِض‬٠‫ٌزذذ‬
.)a( ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ ) وّب ف‬,century,..etc.
(a) I’ll never forget the day when I met you. ‫ٗ ٔشبؽ ِب‬١‫ذذس ف‬٠ ْ‫ذ صِب‬٠‫) ٌزذذ‬when( َ‫رغزخذ‬
) when( ‫ف جش ِغ‬ٚ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ دش‬٠ ‫ ال‬-
(b) I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. ً‫فؼً اعزخذاِٗ لج‬٠ ‫د دشف جش‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ ػٕذ‬:‫الدع‬-
(c) I’ll never forget the day that I met you. .(b) ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ ) وّب ف‬which (
(d) I’ll never forget the day ø I met you. ‫) ِغ‬c(‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ب وّب ف‬ِٕٙ ‫ ) ثذال‬that ( َ‫ّىٓ اعزخذا‬٠ -
- Six o'clock is the time at which I get up .‫دزف دشف اٌجش‬
-Friday is the day on which we get up late. ً‫خز‬٠ ْ‫ْ أ‬ٚ‫ب د‬ٙ‫ّىٓ دزف‬٠ ‫ ثؼذ٘ب فبػً ٌزٌه‬ٝ‫أر‬٠ :‫الدع‬-
-2011 is the year when the revolution took place. ) d ( ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ وّب ف‬ٕٝ‫اٌّؼ‬
(a) 7:15 is the time when my plane arrives. :)b( ٚ )a( ٓ١ٌ‫ اٌّضب‬ٝ‫الدع اٌفشق ف‬
(b) I don’t like August which is very hot. .)a( ‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ٗ ٔشبؽ وّب ف‬١‫ذذس ف‬٠ ‫لزًب‬ٚ ‫ذذد‬٠ٚ ‫ظف‬٠ ‫ي‬ٚ‫األ‬-

ٗ١‫ذذس ف‬٠ ‫لذ‬ٛ‫ظ و‬١ٌٚ ‫ء‬ٝ‫لزب وش‬ٚ ‫ؼشّ ف‬٠ ٚ‫ذذد أ‬٠ ٝٔ‫اٌضب‬-
.)b(‫ اٌّضبي‬ٝ‫ٔشبؽ ِب وّب ف‬
Be creative:
Prepositions before relative pronouns ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ف اٌجش لجً ػّبئش ا‬ٚ‫دش‬
Prepositions + whom / which / whose/
You can use a preposition before whom (for people) , which (for things) and whose for (possession).
.‫) فمؾ وّب ششدذ عبثمّب‬whose( ٚ )whom( ٚ )which( ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ف اٌجش لجً ػّبئش ا‬ٚ‫ّىٓ اعزخذاَ دش‬٠-
So you can say:
to whom I with whom I about which I without which I in whose etc. :

 Mr. Ahmed, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
 Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost.
 My uncle, in whose apartment we stay, travelled abroad.
Omission of relative pronouns ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ اخزفبء ػّبئش ا‬ٚ‫دز ف أ‬
:‫خ‬١ٌ‫ اٌذبالد اٌزب‬ٟ‫) ف‬who - which) ِٓ ً‫ّىٓ دزف و‬٠ -
(v. ing) ً‫ اعُ فبػ‬ٌٝ‫ً اٌفؼً إ‬٠ٛ‫ رذ‬ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫زُ دزف اٌؼ‬٠ ‫ ٘زٖ اٌذبٌخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬، ٍَٛ‫ب ٌٍّؼ‬١ٕ‫طً ِج‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ ػ‬ٍٝ٠ ٜ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً اٌز‬-
-The woman who lives next door is a doctor.  The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my son.
=(or)The woman living next door is a doctor. =(or)The boy wearing a red shirt is my son.
. ً‫ف اٌضبٌش ٌٍفؼ‬٠‫ اٌزظش‬ٟ‫جم‬٠ٚ ( verb to be ) ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫ؼب ٔذزف اٌؼ‬٠‫ ٕ٘ب أ‬، ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ب ٌٍّج‬١ٕ‫طً ِج‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١ّ‫ ػ‬ٍٝ٠ ٜ‫ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً اٌز‬-
-The criminal who was arrested yesterday stole clothes from shops.
=The criminal arrested yesterday stole clothes from shops.

Most of the books which are written by Naguib Mahfouz are read everywhere.
=Most of the books written by Naguib Mahfouz are read everywhere.
( verb to be ) ٚ ‫ش‬١ّ‫زُ دزف اٌؼ‬٠ ‫ٕ٘ب‬ٚ ٟ‫ ( وفؼً أعبع‬verb to be ) ُ٘‫ إرا جبء ثؼذ‬-
-The woman who is in this shop, lent me this pen.
=The woman in this shop lent me this pen.
:)ً‫ي(ارا جبء ثؼذُ٘ فبػ‬ٛ‫ا ِذً ِفؼ‬ٍٛ‫ذ‬٠ ‫( ػٕذِب‬who – which – whom) ِٓ ً‫زُ دزف و‬٠ -
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- This is the woman who I helped.
= This is the woman ø I helped

Kinds of relative clauses ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫اع جًّ ا‬ٛٔ‫أ‬

:ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ػبْ ِٓ جًّ ا‬ٛٔ ‫ٕ٘بن‬
Type 1 Type 2
ٚ‫ اٌشخض أ‬ٚ‫ء أ‬ٟ‫خ ػٓ اٌش‬١‫ِخ أعبع‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬ٟ‫ؼط‬٠ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ع األ‬ٌٕٛ‫ ا‬ ‫ذ‬٠‫ب ً ثزذذ‬١ٕ‫ظ ِؼ‬١ٌٚ ‫خ‬١‫ِبد إػبف‬ٍٛ‫ ِؼ‬ٝ‫ؼط‬٠ ٟٔ‫ع اٌضب‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ
who / which / ‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ ٘زا ا‬ٟ‫ٔغزخذَ ف‬ٚ ٕٗ‫ ٔزذذس ػ‬ٞ‫اٌّىبْ اٌز‬ ِٓ ‫ال ثذ‬ٚ ٕٗ‫ ٔزذذس ػ‬ٞ‫ اٌّىبْ اٌز‬ٚ‫ اٌشخض أ‬ٚ‫ء أ‬ٟ‫اٌش‬
.ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ ثؼذ ػجبسح ا‬ٚ‫ لجً أ‬comma (,) َ‫ال ٔغزخذ‬ٚ whom ٚ ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ثؼذ ػجبسح ا‬ٚ ً‫ لج‬comma (,) َ‫اعزخذا‬
.ً‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ ثذال ِٓ ػّبئش ا‬that َ‫ّىٓ اعزخذا‬٠ٚ ‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ ٘زا ا‬ٟ‫ ف‬that َ‫الرغزخذ‬

The woman who/ that lives next door is a My brother Ali, who lives in Cairo, is an
doctor. architect.
John, who (not that) speaks French and
Omar works for a company which/ that Italian, works as a tour guide.
makes furniture. This morning I met Hala, whom I
hadn't seen for ages.
We stayed at the hotel that you
recommended. The company, which is in Beijing,
employs

For only toppers ‫ٓ فمؾ‬١‫ٌٍفبئم‬

‫ش‬١ّ‫ ػ‬ٚ‫ب فؼً أ‬ٙ‫غجم‬٠ ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ ُ‫ب اع‬ٙ‫غجم‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫) وشاثؾ‬what(َ‫رغزخذ‬
What = the thing(s) that:
-Did you hear what they said? (= the things that they said).
-Tell me what you want and I’ll try to get it for you.
-I won't be able to do much, but I'll do what I can.
-I don't agree with what you've just said.
)the reason( ‫ب وٍّخ‬ٙ‫غجم‬٠ ٚ ‫) وشاثؾ‬why)َ‫رغزخذ‬
-The reason I'm phoning is to ask your advice.
= (or) The reason that I'm phoning is...../ The reason why I'm phoning is....).

All of I most of ...etc.+ whom /which

Study these examples: ‫ادسط ٘زٖ األِضٍخ‬
- Helen has three brothers. All of them are married. (2sentences) ْ‫جٍّزبْ وب ٍِزب‬
=Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. (1 sentence) ‫ادذح‬ٚ ‫جٍّخ‬

-They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (2sentences) ْ‫جٍّزبْ وب ٍِزب‬
=They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1sentence) ‫ادذح‬ٚ ‫جٍّخ‬

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In the same way you can say: :‫ي‬ٛ‫مخ ثبِىبٔه أْ رم‬٠‫ثٕفظ اٌطش‬ٚ
some of I many of I much of I few of + whom (people)
none of I neither of I any of I either of I both of + which (things)
half of I each of I one of I two of .....etc.

-Ahmed tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.

-Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
-They have three cars, two of which they rarely use.
-Sara has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

-You can also say the cause of which / the name of which ...etc.:
-The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
-We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.

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