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TOPIC
For Agricultural
Engineering
Review in Allied Licensure
Subjects Examination CROP SCIENCE
CROP SCIENCE
(AGRONOMY)
(Agronomy)
Year 2018
HISTORY &
INTRODUCTION
Donna Ria Josue-Canacan, Ph.D.
Professor, Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City,
Philippines

Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Agriculture 2 main branches of Agriculture

from the Latin word agricultūra  Crop Production
 ager = “field”  art and science
of producing
 cultūra = “cultivation or growing” plants
 Domestication of plants and  Animal Production
animals for human consumption  art and science
of producing
animals

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Horticulture
2 main divisions of Crop Production  Latin word hortus (garden) and the
Agronomy English word agriculture
 greek words agros (field) - nomos  intensive culture

(arranging)  products usually utilized in the

 extensive” or large-scale culture “living-state” with high moisture

content, thus highly perishable
 products usually utilized in high dry
matter form or in a “non-living
state”

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 Branches of Horticulture
Floriculture: for ornamental crops
Olericulture: for vegetable crops
Pomology: for fruit crops
Landscape horticulture: for
aesthetics

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Cole crops (Crucifers): family Brassicaceae

Classifications of Crops (also called Cruciferae)

Horticultural Crops
 Vegetables: for culinary purposes

Leafy
vegetables

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Root and bulb crops Legumes or pulses

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Solanaceous vegetables Cucurbits

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 Fruits:fleshy seed-associated Nut fruits

structures of a plant that are sweet
or sour, and edible in the raw state

Tree fruits

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Crop Science/ Agronomy

Small fruits Small fruits are named from the fact that edible
fruit is produced on a small perennial plant.

Why are they called “small fruits”?

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Ornamentals Foliage

Cutflowers

Flowering pot plants

Turf
Landscape

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Plantationcrops
Spice Fiber
Oil crops
Beverage

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Medicinal Agronomic crops

Cereals

Seed legumes
Latex or resin (pulses)

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Forage Fiber Drug and beverage

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Sugar Oil Special Purpose Crops

Green manure
- Legumes that are
incorporated into the
soil to improve soil
fertility, especially
nitrogen content

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Silage - cut and preserved in succulent Green crop – cut when green and
condition succulent then fed to livestock without
curing

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Catch or emergency crop – short-season Cover crops – grown for erosion control
crops grown as fill in when regular crop
failed or planting is delayed

40 to 45 days after sowing

25 to 30 days after sowing
(early maturing varieties)

30 to 40 days after sowing

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Supplement crop – secondary crop Domestication

grown to provide grazing when other
 the process of bringing wild species
pastures are not available or not (plants or animals) under the
sufficient management of man
 First domesticated plants:
 Rye: 11,050 BC, Epi-
Paleolithic Era at Abu
Hureyra in Syria
 Bottle gourd: 10,000 BC,
Asia and brought from
the Americas
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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Cereal crops (e.g. Wheat and Barley) Mesopotamia: between the Tigris and Euphrates
and Pulses (e.g. Lentils and peas): rivers (in Fertile Crescent) including the now
10,000-9,000 BC in Mesopotamia modern countries of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria
(Middle East)

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 First
domesticated animals:
 Dog (household): 15,000 BC, multiple sites Development of Philippine Agriculture
 Goat (agriculture): 10,000 BC, Asia and
the Middle East Pre-colonial period
 Indo-malayan (wet-rice)
 Carabao
 Nearbodies of water
 Slash-and-burn (Kaingin)
 Non-plow farming
 Nomadic (Shifting Agriculture)

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Colonial period
 Non-producing class
 Surpluses
 Haciendas
 Technology
 Processing

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Post-war period
 Technology
Major Crops in the Philippines
 Modern farm  Cereals
inputs  Paddy Rice/ Palay
 Mechanization (Oryza sativa)
 Tractors and
powertillers  Corn/Maize/ Mais
(Zea mays)
 IRRI
 HYV
 Agri Trading
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 Vegetables
 Onion/ Sibuyas
 Cabbage/ Repolyo (Allium cepa)
(Brassica oleracea)

 Mungbean/ Mongo  Garlic/ Bawang

(Vigna radiata) (Allium sativum)

 Eggplant/
Talong
(Solanum melongena)  Peanut/ Mani
(Arachis hypogea)
 Tomato/ Kamatis
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Rootcrops  Fruit crops

 Sweet potato/ Kamote  Banana/ Saging
(Ipomoea batatas ) (Musa sapientum)

 Pineapple/ Pinya
(Ananas comosus)
 Cassava/ Kamoteng kahoy
(Manihot esculenta)  Calamansi/ Kalamansi
(Citrus madurensis)

 Mango/ Mangga
(Mangifera indica)

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

 Non-food & Industrial crops  Tobacco/ Tabako

 Abaca/ Abaka (Nicotiana tabacum)
(Musa textiles)

 Coffee/ Kape

 Rubber/Raber (Coffea sp.)

(Hevea brasiliensis)

 Sugarcane/ Tubo

 Coconut/ Niyog
(Saccharum officinarum)
(Cocos nucifera)
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Coconut
Origin and Domestication of some
 Pacific coconut:
important Philippine crops originate from
Southeast Asia
Peanut
continent including
 Origin: South America (Peru) the Philippines,
 Introduced into Africa Malaysia and
Indonesia
 Indian coconut:
southern periphery of
India including Sri
Lanka, the Maldives
and the Laccadives
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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Beans, snap or green and lima

beans
 Origin: Tropical America
 Phaseolus vulgaris (Green beans):
most widely grown for human
consumption

Source: Kenneth M. Olsen, PhD (Washington University in St. Louis)

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Eggplant (Eggfruit, Aubergine or Muskmelon

Guinea squash)  Origin: Asia (Iran and Iraq)
 Native to South and Eastern Asia
(including India and China)

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Okra (Gumbo, gombo, gobo or Tomato

lady’s finger)  Origin:
Tropical Central and South
 Origin: Asia or Africa America

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

History of Tomato domestication in Asparagus

the world  Origin:
Southern Russia
 Spread: Europe (England, Poland and
Mediterranean Sea)

Route since 16th Century (Esquinas-Alcazar and Nuez, 1995)

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Onion  Center of origin of some vegetable crops

 Origin: Central Asia

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Chili (Capsicum) Brassicas

 Origin: South America  Origin: Europe
 Cauliflower and Broccoli: Italy
 Cabbage: Europe

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Potato
 Origin: South America

Source: Dixon, 2007

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Watermelon
 Origin: Africa

Source: Singh and Rana, 2014

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Banana
 Origin:
Southeast Asia (India, Africa
and Tropical America)

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Citrus Mango
 Origin: Southeast Asia  Origin: India-Bangladesh-Burma
Region

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Pineapple Papaya
 Origin: South America  Origin: Central America

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Chrysanthemum Carnation (Dianthus, “divine flower”)

 Origin: China  Origin: Mediterranean area

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Rose Gladiolus (“corn lilies”)

 Origin: Northern temperate zone  Origin: Asia minor

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum)

 Origin: Japan
Plant versus Crop (Terminology)
 Plants
– photoautotrophs:
 phototroph (takes energy from light) and
 autotroph (take carbon from
carbondioxide, CO2);

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 photosynthetic due to chlorophyll and  Crop – a domesticated plant (not all plants
other pigments are crops)
 organisms capable of synthesizing  a population of domesticated plants
organic compounds from inorganic  plants grown for human consumption
materials, of undergoing growth, (directly to eat or indirectly for other
differentiation and reproduction; have purposes)
cell wall  plants that are grown to meet human
requirements for food, shelter and
clothing, as well as, other needs and
luxury

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TOPIC Crop Science/ Agronomy

CROP SCIENCE Plant Growth and Development

(AGRONOMY)  Development - the change in size, shape,
form, degree of differentiation and state of
complexity
PLANT  Growth: the irreversible increase in size,
including length and volume
PHYSIOLOGY  Differentiation: the progressive change
from simple meristematic (actively
dividing) tissue to complex/ variable/
combinations of tissues in the adult plant
body
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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

S-shaped (Sigmoid) Growth Curve Organizational Structure of a Plant

 Growthcurve exhibited by numerous
annual plants and individual parts of both
annual and perennial plants
 Lagging
 Logarithmic/ Exponential
 Declining
 Linear/ Grand/ Stationary/
Climateric
 Steady/ Stationary/
Death

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The Plant Cell

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 Endoplasmic reticulum: cell’s “highway”

Parts of the Plant Cell system (transport)
 Golgi apparatus: packages materials for
 Cell wall: for rigidity export
 Cytoplasm: liquid/gel-like part containing  Vacoule: “trashcan”; “storage room”
the organelles
 Plasmodesmata: “bridge” between cells
 Nucleus: carries most of the genetic
 Chloroplast: for photosynthesis
materials
 Plasma membrane: regulates entry and
exit of materials; “checkpoint”
 Mitochondria: powerhouse
 Ribosomes: for protein synthesis

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 Meristem: actively dividing/ differentiating

Plant Tissue System  Complex tissue: more than 1 type of cell
(xylem and phloem)
 Simpletissue: one type of cell
 Parenchyma - seat of most activities
 Collenchyma - mechanical support
 Sclerenchyma - highly specialized

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Plant Types (Monocot and Dicot)

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Life Cycle Plant Processes

of a Plant
 Photosynthesis – food production
Germination (1-5)
Radicle  Respiration – food breakdown for
development (3) growth and development
 Translocation – distribution of water,
Vegetative (6) nutrients and other molecules
throughout the plant body
Reproductive (7-9)
Anthesis (8)  Transpiration – drives translocation and
Fruiting (9) regulates plant body’s temperature
 Photorespiration – C2 photosynthesis;
Senescence wasteful process
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Photosynthesis
manufacture of food
CO2 + H2O + light → CH2O + O2
 Light reaction
 Dark reaction

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Respiration Translocation

Phloem (living tissue)

Phytohormones Amino acids
Nucleic acid Proteins
translocates organic
Plant grows & Cellulose Enzymes compounds including
develops
Many more. . . . sucrose (photosynthates).

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Transpiration Photorespiration
Plants close their stomata for
process where plants absorb water several reasons such as a hot dry
day, thus carbon dioxide cannot
through the roots and then give off enter the leaves. For most plants
such as C3, oxygen is used instead
water vapor through their stomata in which causes the production of a
phosphoglycolate, a toxic
their leaves substance, and no ATP is produced,
as well.

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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Plant Positioning System Tropisms Phototropism

Plant
movement = Plant positioning  unidirectional
responses that
Sequenceof action during plant are related to the
movement direction of
Signal (e.g. light) stimulus (positive
- toward stimulus;
Receptor (e.g. pigment) negative – away;
angio - at an
Transducing mechanism angle), e.g.
(Amplification of signal)
phototropism and
Physiological response (e.g. gravitropism Gravitropism
bending towards light)
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Heliotropism (solar tracking):

directional growth of a plant in Nastic responses
response to sunlight (e.g. sunflower)
the response is not related to the
direction of the stimulus, e.g.
thigmonasty (response to touch),
epinasty (downward bending),
seismonasty (response to shaking),
nyctinasty (sleep movement)

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Nutations
 rotary type movements of
plant structures,
particularly the shoot tip
 This is in response to
internal rather than
external stimuli
Thigmonasty  For climbing plants, it
increases the chance of
making contact with a
supporting structure
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Crop Science/ Agronomy Crop Science/ Agronomy

Five major classes of hormones

 Auxins (AUX)
 Gibberellins orGibberellic acids (GA)
 Cytokinin (CK)
 Abscisic acid (ABA)
 Ethylene

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TOPIC Crop Science/ Agronomy

The word “ager”, the root word for the

word agriculture, means:
a. Earth
b. Soil
PRACTICE c. Garden
QUESTIONS d. Field

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The word “ager”, the root word for the Legumes grown and incorporated
word agriculture, means: back into the soil to provide
a. Earth nitrogen to succeeding crops are
b. Soil called
c. Garden a. Green manure
d. Field b. Cash crop
C. Cover crop
d. Biocidal crop

Time’s up!

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Legumes grown and incorporated Pomology is a branch of horticulture

back into the soil to provide mainly concerned with the
nitrogen to succeeding crops are production of:
called a. Vegetables
a. Green manure b. Cereal grains
b. Cash crop c. Fruits
c. Cover crop d. Landscape crops
d. Biocidal crop

Time’s up!

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Pomology is a branch of horticulture Oryza sativa is commonly known as:

mainly concerned with the a. Wheat
production of: b. Rye
a. Vegetables c. Rice
b. Cereal grains d. Corn
c. Fruits
d. Landscape crops

Time’s up!

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Oryza sativa is commonly known as: Plant process with the reaction
a. Wheat CO2 + H2O + light → CH2O + O2
b. Rye a. Transpiration
c. Rice b. Translocation
d. Corn c. Respiration
d. Photosynthesis

Time’s up!

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Plant process with the reaction The change in size, shape, form,
CO2 + H2O + light → CH2O + O2 degree of differentiation and state of
a. Transpiration complexity
b. Translocation a. Germination
c. Respiration b. Growth
d. Photosynthesis c. Differentiation
d. Development

Time’s up!

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The change in size, shape, form, The process where plants absorb
degree of differentiation and state of water through the roots and then
complexity give off water vapor through their
a. Germination stomata in their leaves
b. Growth a. Transpiration
c. Differentiation b. Translocation
d. Development c. Respiration
d. Photosynthesis

Time’s up!

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The process where plants absorb The response to shaking that is not
water through the roots and then related to the direction of the
give off water vapor through their stimulus
stomata in their leaves a. thigmonasty
a. Transpiration b. epinasty
b. Translocation c. seismonasty
c. Respiration d. nyctinasty
d. Photosynthesis

Time’s up!

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The response to shaking that is not A simple tissue which is the seat of
related to the direction of the most activities in plants
stimulus a. Parenchyma
a. thigmonasty b. Collenchyma
b. epinasty c. Sclerenchyma
c. seismonasty d. Lignin
d. nyctinasty

Time’s up!

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A simple tissue which is the seat of Part of the cell that carries most of the
most activities in plants genetic materials of the plant
a. Parenchyma a. Cell wall
b. Collenchyma b. Ribosome
c. Sclerenchyma c. Nucleus
d. Lignin d. Plasmodesmata

Time’s up!

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Crop Science/ Agronomy TOPIC

Part of the cell that carries most of the

genetic materials of the plant
a. Cell wall
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleus
-END OF PART 1 -
d. Plasmodesmata

Time’s up!

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