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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: Term Paper Entitled On

The document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a digital multi-carrier modulation technique. It describes how OFDM works, transmitting data over multiple orthogonal subcarriers. The key benefits of OFDM are its robustness against interference and its ability to adapt to severe channel conditions. However, issues like inter-carrier interference and high peak-to-average power ratio must be addressed. Common applications of OFDM include digital audio/video broadcasting, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX networks.

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37 views

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: Term Paper Entitled On

The document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a digital multi-carrier modulation technique. It describes how OFDM works, transmitting data over multiple orthogonal subcarriers. The key benefits of OFDM are its robustness against interference and its ability to adapt to severe channel conditions. However, issues like inter-carrier interference and high peak-to-average power ratio must be addressed. Common applications of OFDM include digital audio/video broadcasting, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX networks.

Uploaded by

maheshwarivikas1982
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Term Paper Entitled on

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

SUBMITTED BY:
GAGANDEEP SINGH RANDHAWA
M.TECH 2nd SEM.
2014ECB1006
INTRODUCTION
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital
multi-carrier modulation method.
 A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to
carry data.
 The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one
for each sub-carrier.
 Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation
scheme (such as QAM or PSK) at a low symbol rate, maintaining
total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation
schemes in the same bandwidth.
 OFDM has developed into a popular scheme used in applications
such as digital video and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and
WiMAX.
FDM vs OFDM
WHY OFDM?
 Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-
domain equalization.
 Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.
 Robust against inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by
multipath propagation.
 High spectral efficiency as compared to conventional modulation
schemes, spread spectrum, etc.
 Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
 Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.
Principle of OFDM

 Data to be transmitted is spreaded over a large number of


carriers.
 Each carrier modulated at a low rate.
 Carriers are orthogonal to each other.
 Divides the total available bandwidth in the spectrum into
sub-bands for multiple carriers to transmit in parallel.
 Combines a large number of low data rate carriers to
construct a composite high data rate communication system.
Basic OFDM system
Features of OFDM
 Symbols are modulated onto orthogonal sub-carriers.
 Modulation is done by using IFFT.
 Orthogonality is maintained during channel transmission by adding a
cyclic prefix to the OFDM frame.
 Synchronization: Cyclic prefix can be used to detect the start of each
frame.
 Demodulation of the received signal by using FFT.
 Channel equalization: By using a training sequence or sending pilot
symbols at predefined sub-carriers.
 Decoding and de-interleaving.
ISSUES WITH OFDM
 Inter-carrier Interference between the subcarriers.
 High Peak to average power ratio (PAPR).
 Sensitivity to Doppler Effect.
 Distortion problem due to Large peak-to-mean power ratio.
 Very sensitive to frequency errors.
 Sensitive to carrier frequency offsets.
Inter-carrier Interference
 Factors Inducing ICI:
 Doppler Effect
 Synchronization Error
 Multipath Fading

 Solutions for ICI:


 CFO Estimation
 Windowing
 Inter-carrier Interference Self-cancellation
CFO Estimation
 Firstly CFO must be estimated.
 Then a perfect equalizer then can
be designed to eliminate ICI.
 Signal processing methods are
applied.
 Liu’s & Tureli’s MUSIC-based
and ESPRIT-based algorithms
estimate CFO. Relationship of CFO and ICI

 Other CFO estimation methods


involve with training sequences.
WINDOWING
 Receiver remains the same as the principal OFDM receiver.
 Multiplication operation in the frequency domain is equivalent to
the circular convolution in the time domain.
 Many kinds of windowing schemes:
 Hanning window
 Nyquist window
 Kaiser window Windowing in the transmitter

 MMSE Nyquist window is used to mitigate the white noise.


PAPR Problem
 Input symbol stream of the IFFT should possess a uniform power
spectrum.
 Output of the IFFT may result in a non-uniform or spiky power
spectrum.
 Transmission energy would be allocated for a few instead of the
majority subcarriers.
 Mathematically PAPR is given as:
PAPR Reduction Techniques
 Clipping and Filtering
 Selected Mapping (SLM)
 Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)
 Tone Reservation
 Active Set Extension
 Tone Injection
 Coding And Companding Approaches A PAPR example
Selective mapping approach
 Transmitted symbols multiplied by predetermined sequence.
 Obtained signal converted into OFDM signals by inverse FFTs.
 Signal with a minimum PAPR transmitted.

SLM approach
CONTD.
 Predetermined sequences are known to the transmitter and the
receiver.
 Only the index of the predetermined sequence sent to the
receiver for each OFDM signal.
 A modified SLM scheme is also proposed to reduce the
complexity of the original SLM scheme.
Partial transmit sequence approach
 Transmitted symbols for an OFDM block partitioned into M
disjoint sub-blocks.
 PTS approach finds bm ∈ {−1, 1} such that the PAPR for n = 0. . . .
. N − 1 is minimized.

PTS approach
CONTD.
 Similar to the SLM approach.
 Sequence to optimize the PAPR needs to be sent to the receiver for
the receiver to detect the transmitted symbols.
 At the cost of a minor performance degradation the computational
complexity of the PTS is reduced.
ADVANTAGES OF OFDM
 Multipath delay spread tolerance
 Immunity to frequency selective fading channels
 Efficient modulation and demodulation
 High transmission bitrates
 Flexibility
 Easy equalization
 High spectral efficiency
 Resiliency to RF interference
 Lower multi-path distortion
DISADVANTAGES OF OFDM
 Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is high.
 Inter-carrier Interference (ICI) between the subcarriers.
 Very sensitive to frequency errors.
 High power transmitter amplifiers need linearization.
 Sensitive to carrier frequency offsets.
 More complex than single-carrier Modulation.
 High synchronism accuracy.
 Distortion problem due to Large peak-to-mean power ratio.
APPLICATIONS OF OFDM
 Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
 HDTV
 Wireless LAN Networks
 HIPERLAN/2
 IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access System (WiMAX)
 Wireless ATM transmission system
 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

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