Major Rivers

N am e Continent Out fl o w T o tal Lengt h (mi.)

Nile Africa Mediterran ean Sea 4,1 60
Am azo n South Am erica Atlantic Oce an 4,000
Ch ang (Yangtze) Asia East China Sea 3,964
M ississippi-M iss o u ri N o rt h Am eri ca Gul f of Mexico 3,710

Major Deserts
Name Continent Area (sq. m i.)
Sa hara Africa 3,500 ,000
Gobi Asia 500,000
Libya n Africa 450,000
Sono ran No rt h Ameri ca 120,000

Oceans
Arct ic Ocean Atlantic Ocean
Area: 5,426 ,000 sq. mi . Area: 3 1,73 6,000 sq . mi .
Coastline: 28 ,209 mi . Coastl ine: 69 ,525 m i.
Average De p t h: 3,407 ft. Average De p t h: 11,730 ft.
Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean
Area: 28,410,000 sq. mi . Area: 63,838,00 0 sq. m i.
Coas tli ne: 4 1,346 m i. Coas tl ine : 84,315 m i.
Average Depth: 12,598 ft Average De p th: 12,925 ft.

Highest Elevations
M o untain Peak Name Place Height (ft.) Con tinen t
Kilimanja ro Tanzani a 19,340 Africa
Vinson Massif Antarctica 16,864 An tarctica
Everest Nepal-Tibet 29,035 Asia
Kosciu sk o Australia 7,3 10 Au stral ia
Elb rus Russia 18,5 10 Europe
Mc Kin ley Alask a, U.S. 20,320 N orth Am erica
Aconcagua Argentina 22 ,834 South America

Lowest Elevations

Lo west P o in t Name Place Dep th Below Sea Lev el (ft .) Continen t

Lake AssaI Djib outi 512 Afri ca
Bentl ey Subgla cial T re nc h Antarctica 8,327* Antarctica
Dead Sea Israel-Jo rdan 1,3 10 Asia
Lak e Eyre Aust ralia 52 Aus trali a
Cas p ia n Sea Rus sia - Azerbaijan 92 Europe
Death Valley Califo rn ia, U.S. 282 North America
Vald es Pen in su la Argentina 13 1 South America
' Estimated

Copynght © 2005
by MapQue st. Inc
All rig~ t s reserved
-
World Facts and Figures Inside front cover
Using This Atlas .4- 5

Legend 6

Map Scale 7

Latitude and Longitude 8- 9

Different Kinds of Maps 10-11

Our Solar System 12- 13

World Physical 14- 15

World Political 16- 17

Ocean Floor 18- 19

Dynamic Earth

Earthquakes 20

Volcanoes 21

Continental Drift 22-23

Published by World Climate 24-25

World Vegetation 26- 27

World Environment

Copynght © 2005

World Forest Cover 28

by Meprxest. Inc.

All nqhts reserved.

Tropical Ra in Forests 29

World Population

While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy­ Population Density 30-3 1

right, the publishers tender their apologies for any accidental

infringement where copynqht hasproved untraceable. Population Projections 30

Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans­ World Population

mitt ed In any fo rm by any means electronic, mechanical, or other ­

Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying, Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025 32

recording, or by any Information and retrieval system, without

espress writt en prio r pe rm ission from the Publisher. Youthful Population 33

Acknowledgements.
Food and Nutrition 33

"How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock

World Culture

MeXICO Statecoat of arms on page 76. © 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com

Languages 34

Photographs on pages 24-25 (Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska,

Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59

Literacy 34

(rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic)

Copynqbt © 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers.

Religions 35

Photographs on pages 26-2 7 1V01.16, 44, 74), 60- 61 1V01. 16, 44).
Historical Spread of Religions 35

62-<>3 1V01. 16, 44)

Copyright © 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc.

World Land Use , 36- 37

Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight)

Copynght © 2005 NASA
Industrial Employment 36

Photographs on pages 58, 62- 63 (Southern California) Agricultural ,Employment 37

Ccpynqbt © 2005 Drqital Stock Corp.

World Resources

Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring)

Copynghl © 2005 Freestockphotos ccm Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal 38-39

Pnotcqraphs on pages 68--69 No!. 194 ) Major Minerals 38-39

Copynqbr © 2005 Corbrs Corp.

Electrical Energy Production 39

World Communications

Television Receivers .40

Newspaper Circulation .41

Personal Computers .41

Cellular Communications .41

World Transportation

Time Zones .42

Major Airports .43

 ..

North America Political .44

South America Themes, continued

North America Physica l .45

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification
83

North America Themes

Europe Political
84

Population Density .46

Europe Physical
85

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) .47

Europe Themes

Land Use 47
Population Density
86

Climate .48
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
87

Precipitation .48
Land Use 87

Vegetat ion .49

Climate 88

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification,

Precipitation 88

Acid Rain .49

Vegetat ion 89

Un ited States Political 50-51

Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

United States Political Facts 52-53

Acid Rain 89

Un ited State s Physical 54-55

Africa Political 90

Un ited States Physical Facts 56-57

Africa Physical 91

Geographic Featu res

Africa Themes

Continental Divide 58
Population Density 92

U.S. Earthquakes 58
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 93

Fall Line 59
Land Use 93

Faults 59
Climate 94

United States Cli mate 60-61

Precipitation 94

United States Vegetation 62-63

Vegetation 95

United States Land Use 64-65

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 95

United State s Resources 66-67

Asia Political 96

United State s Transportation: Road, Ra ilroads, Airports . .68-69

Asia Physical 97

United States Population

Asia Themes

Population Density 70-71

Population Density 98

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000 70

Gross Domestic Product (GDPr 99

Center of Population 71
Land Use 99

Percent Change in State Population, 1990-2000 .71

Climate 100

United States Economy

Precipitation 100

Per Capita Income 72.-73

Veqetatio n> 101

-,
Persons Below the Poverty Level .73
Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

Canada Political 74
Acid Ra in ; 101

Canada Physical .75

Australia and. Oceania Political
...r"
102

Mexico Political 76
Australia and Oceania Physical 103

Mexico Physical 77
Australia and-Oceania Themes

South America Political .78

Population Density
104

South America Physical 79

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
105

South America Themes

Land Use 105

Population Density 80
Climate 106

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 81

Precipitation 106

Land Use 81
Vegetation 107

Climate 82
Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation , Desertification 107

Precipitation 82
Index 108- 112

Vegetat ion 83 Geographic Glossary Inside back cover

 •

is a collectio n of Finding Di rection

AN ATLAS m ap s that can be
us ed to find information abo ut your world. The
To find directi ons use th e m ap's compass rose.
You can also lise lines oflati tude an d longi tude
very latest data has been collected to mak e these
maps. Hundred s of sat ellite im ages were used to
map th e dramatic sh rin king of Eart h 's for est s.
-w
4
5
E
to find directio n . Every line oflongi tude points
n orth a nd so uth. Every lin e oflati tud e points
east and west. You can learn m ore abo u t la titude
The latest cens us data from each a nd every coun­ and longitud e on pages 8-9.
tr y was used to build a picture of Eart h's current
population. T he m ost recent scienti fic research Readin g Map Symbols
was used to crea te th em atic map s of continental Every m ap sym bo l shows the locati o n of some­
drift, th e ocea n floor, th e envi ro nme n t and our thing. It could be so m ething as large as a conti­
natural resources. Look closely an d yo u will see nent o r as sm all as a bird-house. A dot
that th e informat ion fo r th e map s comes from sh ows th e locat ion of a city. A blu e line
many di fferent so urces suc h as NASA, th e U.S. shows the co urse of a river. Bu t map
Department of th e Inter ior or th e Wo rld Bank. sym bols are not t he same on all maps.
You can use th ese map s to explo re yo u r world, One map m ight sho w a city with a
discover co n nec tions bet ween places, and see sq uare. Map legends or keys help
relation ships between places a nd peoples. explain t he symbols used on a map.
But thi s a tlas is m o re than ju st a wealth of You ca n find o ut m o re abou t legends
information . It is fun to look a t to o. You will an d th e m a p sym bo ls used in this atlas
find th at th ese ma ps an d ph o to graphs can evo ke on page 6.
im ages of far away pla ces. T hey in vite you to
pause an d to dream . With a m ap you can journey
th e world without ever getting wet, cold, tir ed or Special Features o f this Atlas
hungry. You ca n im agine grea t adven tu res an d
not leave th e co m fort of your favorite ch air! Th is atl as has been designed and organi zed to be
easy fo r you to use. Here is a "ro ad map" to your
To get th e most o ut of this a tlas you need to atlas .
know how to read maps. Just as you learned to
read wo rds like th e o nes on thi s page, you can The Blu e T ab Ba r
learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. The So mewhere along the top blue tab ba r of each
map skills yo u need to kn ow ar e: sp read yo u will see a dark er blu e tab . It tells you
1. locating pla ces
2. measuring di stance
3. finding directi on
4. read ing m ap sym bols

Locating Places
To find pla ces in thi s a tlas, you can begin with th e subject of th e map or ma ps you are look in g
th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps . at. The ligh t blue ta bs tell you the subjects of the
CUlCO, Peru 78 13'3 2'5 71'S6'W 1. Look up Dallas in th e index a t th e sur ro un ding m ap spreads. If, for example, you
Cyclades,Islands 85 37'OO'N 2S'OO'E
Cyprus,country, 96 3S'OO'N 33' OO'E en d of thi s book. are loo king at the World Clim ate map and would
Cyprus, Island 97 3S'OO'N 33'OO'E
Cyrenaica,region 91 2S'OO'N 24'OO'E 2. T he index tells you th at D alla s is a lik e to co mpare it to th e World Vegeta tio n m ap,
Czech Reo.. country 84 49'OO'N lS'OO'E
city in Texas and that it can be you can use the tabs to find that map q uickly
found on page 50. You will also and easily.
Dakar, Senega! 90 14' 42'N 17'27'W learn that Dallas is located at
Dallas, TX 50 32' 47' N 96' 48'W

Dalmatia, region
Dernareland, region
85
91
44' 00'N 16'0 0'E
21'00'5 19'OO'E

32 °4 7'N (32 de gr ees 47 minutes Map Skills

Damascus, SYria
d'Ambre, Cap,cape
96
91
3J'J l' N 36' 18'E
12' 00'5 48'0 0'E

north) and 96° 48' W (96 degr ees 48 Look at t he blu e tab bar above and you will see
Da Nang,Vietnam
Danube, nver
96
85
16' OJ'N 108' 12'E
49' OO'N 10' OO'E

minutes wesr.) that you a re in t he m a p skills sectio n. This sec­

DanubeDelta, delta
Derdeoel'es.st-e«
85
85
4S' OO'N 29'OO'E

40'OO'N 27'OO'E
3. Go to page 50 and find th e lin e of tion should be called "Read Me First " beca use it
Dares Salaam, Tanzania
Darling, fiver
90
103
6'49 '5 39' 17'E
Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E
latitude nearest to th e number is here that you will fin d all sorts of helpful
32 ° N and th e lin e oflongitude inform a tio n about maps and how to read them.
nea rest to th e number 96 °W. You will find Even if yo u are a p racticed m ap reader, read t his
Da llas close to wh ere th ose two lin es m eet. You sect ion !
can learn more ab out latitude a nd longitude o n
pages 8- 9. The Wo rl d
• reneda
In th is section you will find a world poli tical
Measuring Distance map, a wo rld physical m ap, an d 35 world the­
To m easure di stance most maps have a distan ce matic m aps. T he world political m ap shows the
o 200 400 mi
scale. You can learn more abo u t m easuring di s­ most u p to date na tional boundaries. On the
6 260 ' 400 km '
tan ce on pa ge 7. wo rld physical m ap yo u can see huge desert s,
 great moun tai n ran ges, a n d even th e sea ice Canada and Mexico
that covers much of th e Arcti c. The th ematic Ca n ada and Mexico b oth h ave t h eir own
maps inclu d e t he most up to date mforrnanon spread s that include a political and phys ical
on everything from the world di stribunon of m ap.
com p u ters and televisions to life expectancy,
religion an d literacy. If you want to see the Geographic Features
ocean floo r, o r to find wh er e 111 the world vol­ Th ere are two sp ecial "Geogr ap hic
canoes fo rm , th is IS the sec tio n to look in. Feature s" mcluded in this atl as. To
find out how th e co n t ine n ts, Earth 's
Co n tin en t s \1. greatest land features, have been
The co ntin ent u n its are de sign ed to all have drifnng a ro u n d the glo be, turn to
t h e same kin ds o f m ap s. This will en able yo u pages 22 -23 . To t ake an 1t1 de p th
to compare and contrast one continenr with look at fall line s, d ivid es, and fau lts
an o t he r with ease an d accuracy. There IS a turn to the United States Geograp h ic
political map, a ph ysical map, and a to tal o f Features sp read o n pages 58 -59 .
seven them ati c maps p er co n tinen t.
Used individ u ally each map can provide Charts and Graphs
answers to m any q u es tio n s. But all together , This atlas IS filled With ch arts, graphs an d d ia­
each set of m aps can be used to tell a story. grams. They are used to gIve m ore information

Fi e!
.\ N
Van c o~
~~;~; :
._ 1
*
0"
about su bject s shown on th e maps. To make
these charts and grap h s, long list s of th e m ost
up to date data was gathered. Then al l th ose
T"c~ " . •
.( Portlafld. number s were o rganized into gr aphic d isp lays
- ..."1:: th at ca n be read sim p ly and acc u ra tely.
- - Consumpt ion

20
-----~

i;­
l 15 Line graphs are u sed to sh ow
change in amounts over time.
] 10 f-- -:7"'S,£-- """"= '----.:::>---.-E.
o
Im agine a jo u rn ey cro ssmg a contin en t . You ~ 5 f'-----+-~"'-----
can see t h e regio n s vrsi red , the rnounrams
climbed, or t h e de serts crossed. You can tell if 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
many peo pl e are passed al ong the way o r few.
You ca n d escr ib e th e acnvin cs of th e people.
Will yo u see nun ers o r ranc he rs o r farmer s? IA $2.679
An d yo u can tell about the different climates NC $1 ,624 Bar gr aphs ar e used to co m ­
exp erienced alon g th e way. All o f rhrs informa­ MN $1,083 pare amoun ts.
tion an d m ore is on th e maps for every conn­ IL $762

nent but An tarct ica. NE $640

IN $545
Enviro n m en t al Issues
T h ere IS a sp ecial "E nv ironmen tal
Issu es" feature for each continent Pie chart s show percentages of
an d o ne for the wo rld. To cr eate a total.
th ese features the latest SCIen tific
in fo rm a n o n wa s gath ered an d orga­
ni zed for yo u. The topiC S cover th e
three major en vironmental Issues
faced by crn zcn s today, desertific a­
tio n , d eforestati on, an d acid ram. Glossary
Ther e are many geographic terms fo u n d on
The United Sta t es maps such as fjord, isthmus, or plateau. Yo u can
L.- oston In th e sectio n o n the Umred States find th e m eaning o f th ese and ot h er t erm s in
NY
t MA
T 1 \
P
you will find a pol itical map WIth
tw o pag es o f poliucal fact s, a physi­
cal map With two pages o f physic al
the geographic glossary located on t he in sid e
back cover.

facts, an d seven themanc map The staffat Mapquest worked hard to make this atlas
sp reads . a referencebook that is bothfull ofinformation and
fun and ea.ry to use. We hopethaty ou enjoy your copy.
 T he fo llowi ng sym bo ls are used her e for gen eral referen ce m ap s. Map s
Legend with spec ial su bjec ts (thematic m ap s) have their own ul1lqu e legends.

*
General Reference Maps
National capita l
Other capita l
D Nonsubject area
Mou ntain peak
Physical Maps Legend
Pack ice --Ft3==~----::;?("---;;;;:r\l , .0 Ice caps
Oth er city Lowest p oint
M o unt ain s-+-----"~
International boundary = Perennial lake or: -7~~'"-:---t-- Tundra
(pol iti cal map) Intermitt ent lake
Internati onal bou ndary in Oceans and
Perennial river seas --'=+~+-f-- Forests
d ispute/und efined (polit ical map)
Falls
State or provincial boundary
.~£-..:..~__;=.",.:r_---+- Grassl ands
International boundary Arid lands - +--."".,.v
(physical map)
International boundary in d ispu te
(physical map)

A glo be IS the m ost accu ra te picture of the Earth. Onl y a glo be ca n show di st an ce, directi on,
Projections an d the t ru e sha pe a nd area o fl and and sea. Map m akers st ruggle with how to sho w th e
ro und world on a fla t map .

Mercator Projection
Gerardus Merca tor, a Du tc h
map ma ker, wanted a map
proj ection th at sho wed directi on
and shape accurately. T he
prob lem s with drst o rr ron s are
mo re ob vIOUS o n rlu s p rojecti on.
Yo u can see th at the lan d ar eas
a re very d istorted the clo ser to th e
pol es th a t yo u ge t. So, thi s
Imagine the Earth as projecti on ende d up grearly
a large balloon. distorting d ist an ce a nd size.
\ Cut it apart, and flatten it
~\ to make a map.
To show th e ro und Ear rh o n flat pap er , m apm ak ers used d ifferent
projections , o r ways o fjsho wm g a ro u n d sha pe o n a flat su rface .
Thisdiagram shows how a
Mercator projection distortsthe
With every proj ection the sha pes o f places a re cha nged so m ewhat.
sizes ofplaces. Compare
This IS ca lled di stortion . To find distorti on, you can co m pa re the
Greenland on the map and the
la tit ud e and lon gitude lines of a map to th ose same lines o n a glo be.
globe.

Projections - Making the Round World Flat

Robinson Projection
Arthur Rob in son, an American m ap m ak er , wanted to d evelop a
ma p proj ect IOn that "loo ked" n ght. T hi s projecti on uses ma ny
di sto rti ons bu t none are
Sign ifica n t. You can see rhi s
by co m pa n n g o ne o f th e Azimuthal Projection
la rge scale Wo rld m ap s m T h is IS a projecti on used to sh ow
th is atlas to a glo be. Antarctica and th e Arctic . Azim uthal
map s show d irecti o n a nd dis tan ce
acc u ra tely, if m easured from th e
center of the map. Bu t, o ther
d istances, sha pe and size ar e distorted.
 •

Ocean Floor

ASIA
NO RTH ' \
AM E RICA

Surroun ding most o f th e co n rme n rs a re ge mly slo p mg areas called co n rm enral sh elves ,
wh ich reac h depth s of a bo u t 650 ft. (200 m) . At th e edges of the connn cnral shelves lie
steepe r connnental slopes lead m g down [0 th e de ep ocean basin, o r ab yss. The ab yss co n ­
ta in s m any o f th e same features we see o n lan d , mcludmg p lains, moun tams ranges
(rid ges), iso la ted mountains (k n own as sea mounts or guyots), and tr en ch es. The Mi d ­
Ocean fudge syste m m arks th e ar eas wh ere crus ta l p lat es are movm g ap art , and is very
ac tive geol ogICally, as m olten rock n ses a nd eru p ts [0 crea te new crust. Eart hq uakes an d
volcanoes are common alo ng man y u n d ersea t renc hes a nd rid ges.
 ASIA

A FR ICA

0"
~ Q
SOUTH 0 t~
AMERICA }> ~
-I Cl
r­

....

Unde rsea
Volcanoes
 · .

Plate Boundaries and

Earthquakes
,. Earthq uake region

Location of major earthq uake

Plate boundary
Major Earthquakes since 1900
- ­ Direction of plate movement
Richter Scale
Date Location Magnitude
April 4, 1905 Kangra, India B.6
The move me nt o f Earth's cr us tal pl at es causes th e ph en omena kn own as ea rthq ua kes.
April 18, 1906 San Francisco, California 7.8
The surface of th e Eart h ac tually mo ves o r qu ak es. An earthquake ca n have th e
Dec. 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 7.5
destructive energy o f an a tomi c bo m b. However, tho usa nds of ea rt hquakes occur eac h
Dec 16, 1920 Gansu Province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . B.6
day a ll over th e world Without most peo pl e reali zin g I t.
Sept. 1, 1923 Sagami Bay (near Yokohama), Japan . . B.3
T he maJonty o f earthq uakes occ u r alo ng a fault. A faul t IS u sually a weak or broken
May 22,1927 Xining, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.3
area 111 th e rocks beneath th e surface o f th e Earth , but some, like th e San AndreasFault
Dec. 25, 1932 Gansu Province, China 7.6
in Califo rrua, ca n be seen o n th e surface. See pages 58-59 to learn m or e a bo ut fa ults .
March 2, 1933 off northeast coast of Honshu, Japan .. 8.9
T he Richter Scale meas u res th e ene rgy of an earthq uake. T his measu rem ent IS
Jan. 15, 1934 Bihar, India/Nepal B.4
ob tai ned fro m t he foc us , or hypocenter, th e spot where the firs t break In the roc k lay­
May30,1935 Quetta , Pakistan 7.5
ers occ urs . The spo t on th e surface of the Eart h, d ire ctly above th e foc us a nd near est
Jan. 25, 1939 Chillan, Chile 8.3
to the so u rce of ene rgy IS called th e ep icen ter.
Dec. 26, 1939 Erzincan, Turkey B,O
Eart hq ua ke damage IS ca use d by rhrs energy, called seismic ene rgy, moving th ro ug h
Dec. 21,1946 Honshu, Japan B.4
th e roc ks or alo ng th e surface. Many geograp hic facto rs, both ph ysical an d hu m a n,
Oct. 5, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 7.3
d etermine how much d amage IS do ne by th ese seis m ic waves of energy.
Aug. 15, 1950 Assam, India B.7
May22,1960 Arauco, Chile 9.5
March 27,1964 Anchorage, Alaska 9.2
May31,1970 Northern Peru, near Chimbote 7,8
SOUTH Feb. 4, 1976 Guatemala City, Guatemala 7.5
AMERICA July 28, 1976 Tangshan, China 8.0
Oct. 10, 1980 EI Asnam, Algeria 7.7
Sept. 19, 1985 Mexico City, Mexico B.l
June 20, 1990 Western Iran, near Qazvin 7.7
Dec. 12, 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia 7.5
Jan. 17, 1995 Kobe,Japan 6.9
Aug. 17, 1999 Istanbul, Turkey 7.4
-- Oceanic Crust . .
Jan.26,2001 Ahmadabad, India 7.7
Lithosphere
Source: National Earthquake Information Center, U.S.G.S
Subduction _

Asthenosphere
 PACIFIC
' -t-~.'-...,-,
EOIJATOR_ PLA
::..:..:T-=E,---+ ~_---..+----/

Plate Boundaries and

Volcanoes
.. Volcano

Plate boundary Some Notable Volcanic Eruptions

- - Direct ion of plate movement
Date Locat ion
1500 s.c, Thira (Santorini), Greece
A vo lc an o IS an op enmg 10 th e Earth's cru se o fte n capped by a co ne -shaped h ill or Aug. 24, A.D. 79 Vesuvius, Italy
m o un ta in fo rmed from e ru p te d lava and ash . 1169 Mt. Etna, Italy
Volcanoes are associa ted with plate bound ari es. Powerful forc es occurrin g fa r 1586 Mt. Ke lut, Java, Indonesia
beneath rhe su rface ar the edges o f plates cause roc k to m elt and, at th e same time, Dec. 15, 1631 Vesuvius, Italy
open crac ks in rhe crus e. An eru p tion occurs whe n magma (melted ro ck) flows, and March-July, 1669 Mt. Etna, Italy
many t imes explodes, throu gh a weakness, suc h as a crac k in the Eart h's crus e. Once Aug. 12, 1772 Mt. Papandayan, Java, Indonesia
magma is flowin g o n the Ea rt h's sur face it is called lava. Flowing lava ca n be several June 8, 1783 Laki, Iceland
th ousan d degr ees Fah ren hei e. May 21,1 792 Mt. Unzen, Japan
In a few cases , volca noes exist without bein g near the edge o f a place. In th ese cases , Apr. 10-12 , 1815 Mt. Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia
such as the H awa iian Islands, a powerful and persistent fl ow o f ma gma has broken Oct. 8, 1822 Galunggung, Java, Indonesia
thr ough the cruse. Aug. 26-28, 1883 Krakatau, Indonesia
Apr. 24, 1902 Santa Maria, Guatemala
May 8, 1902 Mt. Pelee, Martinique
Jan. 30, 1911 Mt. Taal, Philippines
May 19, 1919 Mt. Kelut, Java, Indonesia
Jan. 17-2 1, 1951 Mt. Lamington, New Guinea
Lava Flow May 18, 1980 Mt. St. Helens, United States
Fissure Flows
Mar. 28, 1982 EI Chichon, Mexico
Nov. 13, 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
5 Aug. 21, 1986 Lake Nyos, Cameroon
J June 15, 1991 Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
June-Sept. , 1997 Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
1
7
5
9
4
7
 · ­

237 Million Years Ago

PANTHALASSIC

OCEAN

This peculiar-to ou r eyes-a rrangeme nt of continents with and reco gni zable, and the continents, excep t for Australia
its unfamiliar oceans and seas , mountains and plains, and and Antarctica, were nearing th eir present latitudes. Within
peninsulas and islands reminds us that th e dinosaurs lived the last 65 million years, most contine n ts nestl ed unhur­
in a far different landscape th an our own . As the last riedly into th eir current pos iti ons. However, th e Indian
dinosaurs receded into memory, the future Atlantic Ocean su b-co ntine nt "s printed" north, crashing into Asia and bull­
and Mediterranean Sea were becomin g more su bs tan tial dozing up the Himalayas. earth 's loftiest mountain range.

237 94 65

A e of Dinosaurs

300 250 200 150 100

Millions of Years Ago
DECEMBER

10 " 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
 94 Million Years Ago The highly controversia l theory of
.-::--=::;.;c::::::;.. . .....
Continental Drift was proposed in 1915 by
Alfred Wegen er to explain both geo logic and
AS IA fossil di scoveri es. Altho ugh su p po rt ed by
str o ng data and seemingly o bvio us visual
evrd ence -crnos t no tabl y, the close fit of the
coasrlmes of Afr ica an d So uth Am erica- the
th eory was rejected by o ther scien tists. By
/ PACIFIC
PACIFIC
OCEAN
the 1960 s, fur the r studies, especially those
th at di scovered that some rock s co ntained a
OCEAN record of th e al ignmem of th e Earth's mag­
neti c field , resurrecte d the theo ry, which was
red efined under t he te rm Plate Tec tonics.
Few scien tis ts now d isp u te its gen eral pr em­
ise, that continental and oceanic plates
mov e a to p a layer of hot an d sem i-so lid rock
below them , alt ho ug h many detail s, particu­
larly the cau ses and mechan ics of the
motio n , ar e still not well un derstood.

65 Million Years Ago

(\

PACIFIC
OCEAN

ANTARCTICA

Present Present Day

~5 day

Humans

o PACIFIC
OCEAN

If a year (365 d ays) represented the app roxim ate

age of the Earth (4.5 b illio n years). then the hrst
mapwhich shows the Eart h 237 million years ago.
would have occurred ab out December 13t h. 94
and 65 million years ago would have occurred
about Decembe r 25th and 27th respectively.
\ )
Recorded history started about 5.500 years
ago: on this calendar . that would have bee n
about 21 seconds be for e the New Year
 . ­ •

Climate
• Tropical wet
D Tropical wet and dry
_ Arid
D Semiarid
D Med iterranea n

D Hum id subt rop ical

• M arine
Humid cont inental

D Subarctic

D Tundra

D
•,
Ice cap
Hig hland

High est average

annual precipitat ion

Lowes! average
6 annual precip tat ion

i Highest recorded
tempe rature

~
Lowest recorded
temperature

Major Ocean Currents

........ Cool
~ currents
Warm
currents
20'W
\
 ..
Vegetat ion
Unclassified high lands or ice cap
Tundra and alp ine tundra
Coniferous forest
Midlatitude deciduous forest
Subtropical broadleaf evergreen
fo rest
Mixed forest
Midlatitude scrubland
Midlatitude grassland
Desert
Tropical seasonal and scrub
D Tropical rain forest
D Tropical savanna

PACIFIC
I
OCEAN

0' -­ EQUATOR -+---- --+_------+-------+-------,..--- ----.f ....:lO :;n .----~- ...::: -_+--_:f _n_ ""-+_-- -

Recife"

Con ifero us for est

Deciduous for est Desert

M io latit ud e scru b land Mixed for est Sub tr op ical b road leaf eve rgr een forest Tro p ical rain fo rest
mr--- +--­ -

-- l\oolf--~-~'------' --t------+------f----+-----f----+-----f~::;"_--+_-
1,000
1,000

2,000 km
Scale01 the Equator
, rcjecucn: Robinson

ANTARCTICA
20" 40"E

Midlatitude grassland

Tropical savanna Tropical seasonal and scrub Tundra and alpine tund ra Unclassified highlands or ice cap
 .....
. .

World Forest Cover

Fo rests he lp regulate climate by sto n ng hu ge am ounts voiced co ncern over a lon g-t erm decrease in forest cover,
of carbon di oxide , whil e providing habitats for co un t­ as forest lands have been cleared for such purposes as
less animal and plant species. Environmentalist s have farnung, loggl11g, ml11mg, and urban expans IO n.

-=

Forest Cover
Forest cover 8,000 years ago
that has been lost
D Remaining forest cover
(much of it frag mented)
SOurce ':or e Sl FrontIers jn, rJa t,lIe .
Wo rld Reso urces r-isutute. I QQ8

-,.

- -­ - - - -­ --­
Annual Deforestat ion
Rates
More than D.9% de fo rested
D.l to D.9% defo rested
Stable or increased forest area
No current data available

Source World Resources rosntc te

Tropical Rain Forests
Trop ical rain for ests, found aro und the Earth wit h in 10 balance of nature . In the past 40 years alone, ab o ut o ne­
degrees of the equa to r, co ntain m or e than hal f of all fifth of the acreage has been cleared fo r logging a nd
the world's p lants and anima l species, beside s to bein g other pu rp oses. T hese rain fo rest s, incl ud in g th e majo r
home to man y Indi genou s peop les. Th ey are vit al to th e fo rests pin po in ted here, rem ain un der serious threat.

Threats to Tropical Sundarbans (Bangladesh /India)

Rain Forests Bolivar State (Venezuela) Threat diJff'
Threat If!) Q Risks: The world's largest mangrove forest.
Agricultural Risks: Habitat s for several indigenous Habit at for the world's largest Ratanari Province (Cambodia)
clearing peop les/ cultures. pop ulatio n of Bengal tigers. Threat: (illegal)
Highway Rich biodiversity Economy for 300,000 local families Risks: Habitats for several minority peop les.
con structi on End angered species of animals.
Logging

Mining Western and Gulf Provinces

(Papua New Guinea)
Threat ~
Pipel ine
development
o:?
Risks: Exceptional area fo r richness of
Source: Fares! Frontler 5 InItiatIve, diverse and rare animal species.
Wor ld Resour ces Instrtute. 1998
Habit ats for several indigenous
peoples/cultures.

Forests of Darien Gap

(Colombia/Panama)
Threat It> ~
Risks: Habitat s for three indig enous ,

peoples /cul tures. A

Rich biodiversity
,;>
f - -­ - - - - - - - --..::
Eastern Congo Forests
(Oem. Rep. of the Congo)
The Atlantic Rain Forest
(Coastal Brazil) Threat: t.ltl
Threat r.i$l Risks: Greatest bio logica l diversity of any
Risks: Biodiv ersity-70% of the plants and forest on the conti nent of Africa.
20% of the primate species are Many of Africa's remaining Pygmy
found nowhere else in the world . peoples .

Tai Nat ional Park and surrounding for ests Cross River and Korup National Park
(Cote d'ivoire!"" (Cameroon/Nigeria)
Threat GII)J Threat ttP (by European and Asian companies)
Risks: Rich biod iversity Risks: Rich in plant species-potent ial wealth of new
drugs and industrial products.
Possib le cure to deadly diseases.

Acco rding to the Wo rld Resou rces Inst itute, frontierf orests. T hese for est s a re big eno ug h to
Percentage of Frontier Forest only about one -fifth of th e Eart h's fo rest provide sta ble habi rars for a rich d ivers ity of
Under Moderate or High cover of 8,000 year s ago su rvives unfragm ent­ plant a nd an im al speCI es.
Threat of Destruction ed , in the large un spo iled tracts it calls
(through 2030)
SOurce Fares! Fronti ers Inltlatlve.
W o rld Resources lnsntute 1998

WO RLD A FRI CA N OR TH AM ERICA CE N T RA L AM ERI CA SOUTH AMER I CA

EU RO PE A SI A RUSS IA OC EA N I A
 -

Population Density
2002
Perso ns per Perso ns pe r
sq . mile sq. km
Over 520 Over 200
260 to 519 100to 199
130 to 259 50 to 99
25 to 129 10 t0 49
1 to 24 1 t0 9
o 0

• Urban agg lomerat ions with

ove r 10.000.000 inhabitants
World population total as of March 1. 2003:

6.277.603,768

(Every da y it Incr eases by abo ut 202 .500)

Soc-cet-te-oenooar Prog ram$ ( en te r.

u.s Burea u 01 th e Census

Largest Cities (urban agglomerations)

2000
2015 (projected)

1 Tokyo 26,444 ,000 1 Tokyo 26,444 ,000

2 MexicoCity 18,131.000 2 Mumbai 26.138.000
3 Mumbai 18.066,000 3 Lagos 23.173,000
4 SaoPaulo 17,755,000 4 Dhaka 21.119.000
5 New York 16.640.000 5 SaoPaulo 20,397,000
6 Lagos . . . .• . . . . 13,427.000 6 Karachi 19.211.000
7 Los Angeles 13.140,000 7 Mexico City 19,180.000
8 Kolkata 12.918.000 8 New York 17,432.000
Sao Paulo •
9
10
Shanghai
Buenos Aires
12,887,000
12.560,000
9
10
Jakarta
Kolkata
17,256,000
17,252,000
0/ Rio de J,,,;,,
11
12
13
Dhaka
Karachi
Delhi
12,317,000
11,794.000
11.695.000
11
12
13
Delhi
Manila
Shanghai
16,808,000
14,825,000
14.575,000 \
Buenos
Aires .
y,
14 Jakarta . • . . ... . 11,0 18,000 14 Los Angeles 14,080,000
15 Osaka 11,013.000 15 Buenos Aires 14,076.000

Source: Unit ed Nations Population Division

DO

(0' r-+-­
Populat ion Projections I \ "J'!
by Continent I . ...' - - ---t-­ --I'-----'{ I 2 . ()12, 5 ~ , O OO ~.+-----\ ---+--~""
1.317,493.000'
A TLANTlC 805,243,000
OCEAN

SOurce U S Bureau of the Census.

Inte ' l1(ltiona' Data Dvrs.cn
 Lagos

o
/ 0; o
o
"
'0

Population Density
by Country
Persons pe r Persons per
sq . mile sq. km Populati on Density of the

Ti'e world will becom e mor e crowded in the 21st

century. In mid -2000, China alread y had the 1170 and over 450 and over Current Most Populous Count ries

highest popu lat ion in the world , with an estimated 780 to 1169 300 to 449 2000 Per sons pe r 2050 (projected) Persons per
square mile square mile
1.3 billion inhabitant s, one -firth of the world to tal. 390 to 779 150 to 299
India had reached 1 bi llion, while the United States 195 to 389 75 to 149 China 330 China .. , . . , .. , , ' , 360
had the wor ld's third-largest population , with 65 to 194 25 to 74 India 800 India .. .. .. .. ... 1,450
about 275 million, followed by Indo nesia, Brazil, Unde r 65 Under 25
United States 70 United States , . . , . , 100
and Russia. Indonesia 290 Indonesia , .. , . , , . . 450
O ther countrie s
Brazil 50 Brazil .. ... , , . , , .. , 70
Scc-ce U S. Bc-ee...of tt'le Ceoscs Russia 20 Russia , .. , . , ' . , . ,.. 20
U.S Dep t. 01 Commerce

2050
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy at birth is a co m mo n measu re of the ing counrnes, life expectancy there sho uld Inc rea se. Bu t
number of years a perso n may expect to live. T her e are m ost of su b-Saharan Afnca will have less tha n average
many factors, su ch as nutritio n , sanitatio n , hea lt h a nd life expectancies.
medi cal services, that co ntribute to hel ping people live Alt ho ug h it is no t in clu ded here, fem ales almost
longer. always have a lo nger life expectancy than males.
As so me of th e abo ve factors Imp rove In the develop­

2000

\'
r \'

j"

Life Expectancy Highest Anticipated Lif e Expectancies, 2025

(in years) World Average 71
75(084 1 Andorra 84 11 Italy 82
65 to 74 2 Macau 83 12 Liechte nste in 82
50 to 64 3 Japan 83 13 Monaco 82

R 40 (0

Source: U,S. CensusBureau

49
Less than 40
No data
4
5
6
7
8
Singapore
Australia
Switzerland
Canada
Sweden
83
82
82
82
82
14
15
16
17
18
Spain
Norway
Gree ce
Israe l
Netherlands
82
82
82
82
82
9 Ice land 82
10 France 82 30 United States 81
Source: u.s. Census Bureau

2025

.~ . ....".,.
Youthful Population

A count ry with a yo uth fu l population o fte n reflects a high in g fin ancial and so cial su ppo rt for th e o lder members of
birthrate and a shor t life expectancy. T he yo uth ful com po­ the pop ula tion . Unfortunately, a co unt ry's eco no m ic and
nent of a country's populati on sho u ld be th e healthiest physi cal resou rces may not be able to ab sorb a ballooning
and the mo st energetic. In co u ntries wh ere there is a good youth fu l population. A lack of o ppo rt u nity in rural
system of educa tio n, the sta ndards of livmg can onl y benefit regions enco urages m igration to over-cro wde d citi es where ,
from a large, educated you th ful population . furth ermore, in turn, a lack of jo bs or space in schoo ls leads to swelling
large nu m bers of you ng wo rkers offer a means fo r provid ­ numbers of un employed .

Perce nt of population age

14 years and younger
More than 45%
40 to 45%
0­
30 to 40%
20 to 30%
Less than 20%

2001 Est imates

Source: World Factbook, CIA, 2001

Food and Nutrition

There ha s been a gene ral tr end tow ards better O n a worldwide basis, th e food su pply seems
nutrition, but su b-Saharan Afnca rem ain s a probl em adeq uate. Un fortuna tely th e ava ilability of food and
area: increasing numbers o f people will be su ffen ng th e di stribution of people don't always match up.
from un dern utrit io n.

Undernutrition in Developing
Countries, 1969-2010
5001-- - -- - -- - - - ­
c
o

<JI :5 400 f-- ---.; ; : - - - - -- -- ­

c=>
o c
e Qj

k:;;~~::~:~5~~~:

..,.
BOLl ~
L~ GYPT
3,346

,
,

I)
,
7-
REPUBLIC OF
~ THECONGO
0
D E M OC RAT1 C
.d
o
\J,..PAPUA
~ ·~ NEW GUINEA
'fi3f~
\r'~~J.,
-v-
<=>...
2,175

.~
-°1t.1E"?
g.g 200
=0)
:!'!
iil
300

~ .§ foo 1"""= - - - - - - - - - -=

O1969-71
~~~~
\

~ ~}N~

2,218)
f U 1,514
1979-81 1990-92

NEAR EAST &

2010

NORTH AF RI CA

, . ZEALAND
Average Daily per Capita
3,252
Calorie Supply, 1998-2000

Within each cont inent, the countries with the

highest pe r cap ita calorie suppl y are labeled
in green, while the countr ies with the lowesl
per cap ital calorie supply are labe led in red . The colors of the regions correspond to the
colors in the graph.
Source: UN food and Agricultllre Organization
 Hausa
Fulani
Akan Yorurabo A FRICA Somali

Luba l ulua Gikuyu Swa~i .r ;;' ••~ ;.-.....

" ·~~P'a ~.,J' ,
Kongo Rwand8
•

Languages
D
D
African (includi ng Yorub a. Swahili)

Afro-Asiat ic (inclu d ing Hebr ew, Arabic ) •D

Malaya -Polynesian (includi ng Hawaiian, Prlipmo)

•
Sino -Tibetan (incl uding Chine se, Burmese)

Ame rindi an (Includin g Inuit, lroquoian. O uechua) Ural-Asiat ic (incl ud ing Finnish, Hungana n, Turkrsh)

Dravidian
D O the r

Ind o-European (includ ing English, Span ish, Hind i) D Uninhabi t ed

Japa nese and Korean French Primary reg iona l lang uage

Literacy
2001 Estim at es
97 to 100%
81 to 96%
61 to 80%
30 t o 60% 1"
Less than 30%
No current data
availab le

World hteracy rates are based on

the percentage of the popu latio n
who can read the ir native lang uage.
The data varies between t he years
of 1989 to 2000.

Source World Pectoooe. CIA. 2001

 Religions
Roman Catholic • HindUism

Prot estant • Buddh ism

Eastern Orth od ox ~ Judaism
Islam D Local relig ions

Japanese religions ($h·

Chinese reli . mtctsm . Buddh ism)
D Uninhabited
glons (Buddhism, Tdoism . Co nt ocianism)
.

Historical
Spread of Religions
--e Budd hrsm

--e Chnstraruty
-­ Islam

A
Judaism (Jew ish d iaspo ra)

Prese nt-da y b oundanes

)
 Land Use
D Commercial ag riculture

D Dairy ing
Livestock ranching

Nomadic he rd ing

Subsisten ce ag riculture

Primarily fo restland

D Limited agricultu ral act ivity

• Major manufactu ring and
trade centers

ATLANTIC
Shares of the World's GOP --­6 CEAN-­--
2001
SOurce: World Facrboolc. CIA. 2001 PACIFIC
Canada 2%
OCEAN

-o·-----------t--- EQUATOR ---+---------.f:------...­"iiiil':!l.

- ,

Belo
Horizonte•
• Rio deJm..
- TROPICOFCAPRICORN­ ---------­
· Sao P ~u ~ - - -

- Buenos
~Ai r e s

T he Gross Do mes tic Product

(GO P) is the value of goods and
services produced by a pol iti cal
ent ity In any given period . T hese
valu es help ind icat e how well th e
econo my is doing.

Industrial

Employment

More than 40%

30 to 40%
lS to 29.9%
Less than 1S%
No current data
available

Percentage of total labor force

employed in industry.
Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001
-

5? TO kYOIYOkOpha ~ C IFI C
~ Osaka/
'1Jl OCEAN

0°

INDIAN
OCEAN

------4- w
- : _-
-- w • ~
5 Cape Town -
I
1,qOO 2,0,00 mi
oI ,
1 000 2,000 km
Scale at the Eq ~a t or
Projection : Robinson

-+--r= 60'S

ANTA~ C T I C~OO E
30 0E
/ 90' E 120'E
/ /'

Agricultural
Employment

~
More than 80%
60 to 80%
30 to 59.9%
10 to 29.9%
Lessthan 10%
N o current da ta
available

t of tot al labor force

Percen d i agriculture.
emplo ye m k CIA 2001
Source: World Factboo . .
 "
I
•
7­

PACIFIC OCEAN
EQUATOR --+- - - - -j-- - - - -+- - - - -+- --,r.-- -F

Oil, Natural Gas,

and Coal
Major oil fields

• Other oil fields

c::::::> Natural gas fields

D Coal deposits

EQUATOR

:.11 Bauxite

Chrom ium

Copp er

B Diamonds
&-, Gol d
M Iron
@ Lead
Manganese

&ill. Nickel
Platin um

!SJll Silver

.
/l!U Tin

Titan ium
Zinc
 "
,,'
Electrical Energy
Productio n
Billions of kilowatt hours, 1999
3,705 (United State s)
500 to 1,175
100 to 499
50 to 99
20 to 49
Less than 20
No current data available

SOurce U S Depe -troeor of E.nergy

Intern ati on al Ene rgy Annu al. 2000
 --

Television Receivers
Number of television receivers
per 100 popu lation
\
More than 50
30 to 50
10 to 30
5 to 10
Less than 5 Although there a re so me unexp ect edl y upp er-ca tegor y
N o current data available co un tries on this ma p, televisions , a relatively inexp ensive
consumer ite m in all but th e poo rest nations, predominate
SOurce. UNESCO Institute for Statistics whe re broadcast and cab le tech no logy is modern an d avail­
able and where popular cu lture has made television th e
pnmar y medi um of marketi ng, news, and enrerrain menr.

= ­

N ewspaper Circulation
Daily new spa pe r circulation »:
~ U ST R A L I A
per 100 populat ion

More than 40
20 to 40
10 to 20
2.5 to 10
Obvious ly, newspaper Circul atio n IS partially associated

Less than 2.5

No current data available
with nati onal literacy. In addi tio n, th e relative co untry

rank ings m ay illustrate th e ra nge of cu ltural vitality and

1996 Estimates
th e freedom-or lack of- in th e ability to express and

Source: UNESCOInstitute tor Statistics

share ideas, opi n ions , and critical co m me ntary.

 Personal Computers
Personal computers per
100 populat ion

M ore than 40
30 to 40
20 to 30
10 to 20
5 to 10
Less [han 5
No data ava ila ble
Perso nal co m p u te r owners h ip IS ge nera lly m sign rficanr 111 ASia , if
Eas tern Eu ro pe, and Africa. So m e o r all o f t he following reasons m ay

2001 Estimat e s
app ly: expe nse, illite racy, lack of techn o logy, and lit tle o r no eco no m ­

Source IM I Telecommunicat ion Unton

IC n eed . Also , au thoritaria n govern me nts may anem p[ to lirrur [h e

use o f co m puters, feanng the un resrrtcred acc ess to glo bal in fo rm s­

n on [ ha c email and [he Intern et offer.

Internet Users, 2001

u.s. 142,823,000
J ap an 57,900,000
China 33,700 ,000
Germ any 30,000,000
South Korea 24,380 ,000
United Ki ngdom 24,000,000
Italy 16,000,000
France 15,653,000

'f
Canada 13,500,000
Braz il 8,000,000
Source Inte rnati o na l Teleco mmun icat ion Un ion
1

Cellular
Communications
Ce llula r t el ephone subsc rib e rs
per 100 populat ion

More than 60
45 to 60
30 to 45
15 to 30
5 to 15
Less tha n 5
Cellu lar telep hon es m ay be affor dable and Viab le a lrerna nves where
No da ta available
teleph o ne Ian d im es ar e non exist en t , rcchnolo gica lly ba ckwards, expensive,
2001 Est;mate ,
or overlo ade d. Co nversely, where land lin es are m od ern and p rofi cien t, [he
Source In1"lI eleco mmunicatron Union
demand fo r cellu lar telep hon es may be less [han expected.
Time Zones D Non-standard time;

2 A.M. 3 A.M. 4 A.M. 5 A.M. 1 P.M. 2 P.M. 3 P.M. 4 P.M. 5 P.M. 6 P.M. 7 P.M. 8 P.M. 9 P.M. 10Pi

" +6

Hours
I
+11 12 -12 - 11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -1 o +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8

The World IS drvidcd inro 24 tim e zo nes , beg in ­ Trave lin g It1 an easte rly drr ecnon , the time of Note that th e run es shown a re "standard time."
ning at th e Prim e Meridian, whi ch ru ns th rough d ay m oves ahead o ne hour for eac h zo ne Adjustm en ts a re necessary when "d aylight
Green wich , Eng land. T he twelve zo nes eas t and cros sed . T ravelm g west , n rne falls beh ind o ne saving ti me " IS use d.
twelve zo nes west of the Prim e M errdian meer hou r per zo ne . At the Intern ati on al Da te L1Ile a
halfway aro und the glo be at the Intern ati on al tr aveler gall1s o ne day croSSIl1g It III an eas te rly
Date Lin e. d irection, and loses one day rraveli ng west.

Average Speeds of
Some Passenger Transportation

Walking 3-4 mph/ 5-6 kph

Bicycle 10 mph/16 kph
Ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 1/ 33 mph/53 kph
Intercity bus, Greyhound ; u.s . 54 mph/87 kph
Air cushion vehicle, United Kingdom 69 mph/111 kph
Electric tr ain, Amtrak Ace la Express; East ern U.s. 150 mph/241 kph (top speed)
High-speed t rain, Shinkansen (Bullet Train); Japan 164 mph/263 kph (average speed between stations)
Jet airliner, Boeing 737 500 mph/80S kph
 Ocean Travel, New York City to London
nes

P.M.
=- 1883 , Steamsh ip 6 days ~m.

2000 , Ocean line r, Q ueen Elizabeth II, 5 days ~

AirTravel, New York City to Paris

t:,_,~> -.c2~~~f)~") 1927, Spirit of St. Louis, sing le-engine propeller plane 33 hours 30 minutes ~

' '-.o S ), 1958, Boe ing 707, fo ur-e ng ine jet 8 hours 41 minutes - 'i.~

£: 1977, Concorde SST, superson ic jet 3 hours 44 minutes -L._';::====~

Famous Airplane Flights

1903 1932
Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first engine-powered Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the
flight in a heavier-than-aircraft at Kitty Hawk, NC.The Atlantic Ocean. She flewfrom Harbour Grace,
fiight lasted less than 12 seconds. Newfoundland to Northern Ireland, a distance of 2,026
1908 miles (3,260 kilometers) in 15 hours 18 minutes.
Glenn Curtiss made the first official flight of more than 1933
1 kilometer (0.62 miles). Wiley Post made the first solo, round-the-world flight. He
1926 flewfrom Floyd Bennett Fieldin Brooklyn, NY and covered
Floyd Bennett (pilot) and Richard E. Byrd (navigator) 15,596 miles (25,099 kilometers) in 7 days 18 hours 49
A'I claimed to have circled the North Pole. minutes.
'd ne y 1927 1949
~
• Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop, trans­ AnAirForce crew made the first nonstop, round-the-world
:;i atlantic flight. He flewfrom Garden City, NY to Paris in 33 flight. Using a B-50Abomber, they traveled 23,452 miles
hours 30 minutes. (37,742 kilometers) in 3 days 22 hours 1 minute,
1929 1992
Richard E. Byrd estab lishedan Antarctic base at Little French pilotsflew the supersonic Concorde around the
America. On November 28 and 29, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt world, east-to-west, in a record setting 32 hours 49 minutes
Passengers at Balchen, left the base and flew to the South Pole. 3 seconds.
+10 M ajor Airports
2001
~ More than 40 million
~ 30 to 40 milli on
~ 20 to 30 million
Source Airports Coonctt International
 Internat ion al boun dary
State or prov incial boundary

ARCTIC
National capital

OCEAN
Symbol and label sizes
indicate relative sizes 0/ cities:
• New York

Berin g Balt imore

Sea
Cbartotte

400
, 800m;

400 800 km

n's
\
PACIFIC
{,~

OCEAN

Bermuda
_(U.K.)

,0°""

• Area: 9,36 1,791 square miles

(24,247,038 square kilomete rs)

• Highest Point: Mt. McKinley, United States,

20,32 0 h . (6,194 m)

• Lowest Point: Death Valley, United States,

282 h . (86 m) below sea level I
600 W
Puerto Af19U~ 20oN
• Longest River: Mississippi-M issour i-Red Rock, IOOJ~U. K.}-St. Martin
3,710 mi. (5,971 km) (U.S.) .J~~~ . Iv
(Fr . and N erh.)
~-I
•
..,, ?':. ANTIGUA
B1RBUDA
AND
• Largest Lake: Lake Supe rior , United States! Nat ions of the Lesser Antilles Virgin Islands / ._ Montserrat (U.K.)
Canada, 31,700 sq. mi. (82,103 sq. km) (U.S. and U.K.) Ii': Gua~eloupe (Fr .)
Count ry Capital Count ry Capit al ST . KIrrS " DO ~tI NI CA

AND NEVIS '1\ Martinique (Fr .)

• Largest Country : Canada, 3,85 1,809 sq. mi. Antigua and Barbuda St. John's St. Vi ncent and the Kingstown ~OO mi d S~. LUCIA

(9,976,140 sq . km) 51. Kitts and Nevis

Dominica
Basseterre
Roseau
Grenadines
Grenada 51. George's
a 200km ~ I C) BA RB/\ D OS

• Larg est City: New York City , United State s, Castries Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain GRENADA " ~~~~~i>~~~
51. Lucia
21,200,000 (metrop olitan popu lation) TRINIDAD AND
Barbados Bridgetown T OB AGO
IO'N
 · ..
--------.;
BO'N North
+ Pole

ARCTIC
OCEAN

,'I§S

,~
,:," "\­

'00,. tkcr~ /

ATLANTIC
\
OCEAN
., Bermuda

800 mi
f--~7-'-----'-----" /
800 km

B
I '"
V
International bo undary
Mountain peak
Lowest point
Falls

[ Elevation Profile J 100"W 70'W

.
I I , "' •_ _,, _

': :J~~~ _ --_ GroT~ ~··T~~k~H"=-.=~==--=l~

Sea A B
 Major Metropolitan
Areas
Antigua & Barbu da
St. John 's 22,000
r Population
Pe rso ns pe r Pe rso ns per
Bahama s sq . mile sq . km
Nassau 211,000
Over 520 Over 200
Barbados 260 t0 5 19 100 to 199
Bridgetown 6,000 130 to 259 50 to 99
Belize 25 to 29 10 to 49
Belize City 49,000 1 to 24 1 to 9
Belmopan 8,000
o o
Canada
Toronto 5,030,000 Major me tr opolitan ar ea s
Montr eal 3,549,000
Vancouver 2,123,000 • Ove r 2 million
Ottawa 1,129,000 • 1 million to 2 million
Calgary 993,000
Edmonton 967,000 • Und e r 1 million
Quebec 698,000
Hamilton 687,000
Winnipeg 686,000 .Edmonton
Costa Rica ~anco u ver . Calgary
San Jose 1,305 ,000

Cuba
~Se att l e- Quebec.
Havana 2,192,000 Port land. Tacoma Montreal.
Minneapo lis- awa •
Dominica 51. Paul. am1t0 11... e Toro nto ost on
Roseau 16,000 , Detroltlil ~ .
( Sacrame nto . Sa lt Lake City MllCwha,ukee 4t'jeveland ew York-Newark
Dominican Republic • rcaqo , • ephilade lphia
SantoDomingo 2,677 ,000 San Francisco-. . I n d l a n ~ p,? I IS. ,. ~. ~sh ington , D,C.-Baltimore
Oak land­ .Fresno Denve re Kansas City Cincinnatie ('of, tts5~fg h
EISalvador San Jose Las Vegas • · St Louis "mbus rf Ik V' . , B h
San Salvador 1,909 ,000
• UN I T ED S T ATE S 'Nashville .,.,,0 0 • "g'OIa ea c
Los Angeles • . ?
San Diego. Oklahomae . Me mphis Charlott e
Grenada TIjuana· City Dallas- · At lant a
St. Geo rge 's 5,000 EI Paso Ft. Worth
ad Ju arez" , New . Jac ksonville
Guatem ala AustlO. . .Orlea ns Orland o
Guat emala City 1,007 ,000 San Antonio· ( 1-i~ Tampa-. · TH~~MIAM \S
Haiti
Port-au-Prince 99 1,000
Mont er rey.
51. Petersburg

Havana
Mffifl'I')
~ N~a u ST , KITTS" NE VIS
? ~ . "Puerto Rico \
j Bassete rre
ANTIGUA"
,,(BARRUIM
~-:~~
. ~_, _ " , (u .S ) ~ ~ t . Jo hn's
Honduras
Guad alajara. • Leon l A • • ,.........­ San Ju an . DOMI NI CA
Tegucigalpa 835,000
n Port,'a U­ \' Santo ST , LUC IA': • BARRAD OS
United States lP Prince \ Do rninqo ~ ST, VI NC ENT"
Jamaica New York-Newark 21,200,000 Mexico ·
DO MI N ICAN GRE N ADA' TI lE G RENADI NES
Kingston 578,000 Los Ange les 16,374,000 City
Chicago 9,158,000 RE Pu nl ~ C. -Port-ol-Sparr · I";~ ~,t6~
Mexico Washington -Baltimore 7.608,000
Mexico City 16,203.000 San Francisco-
Guadalajara 3,349 ,000 Oakland-San Jose 7.039,000
Monterrey 3,131 ,000 Philadelph ia 6,188 ,000
Pueb la 1,272.000 Boston 5,819,000
Ciudad J uarez 1,187,000 Detroit 5.456,000
Tijuana 1,149,000 Dallas-Ft. Worth 5,222,000
leon 1,021,000 Houston 4,670,000
Atlanta 4,112,000
Nicarag ua Miami 3,876,000
Managua 1,148,000 Seattle-Tacom a 3,555,000
Phoe nix 3,252,000
Panama Minneapolis-St. Paul 2,969,000
Panama City 1,002,000 Cleveland -Akron 2,946,000
San Diego 2,81 4,000
Puerto Rico St, Louis 2,604,000 Estimated 2002 Population (in millions)
San Juan 2,450,000 Denve r 2,582 ,000
Tampe -St. Petersburg 2,396 ,000 United States 281
St. Kitts & Nevis Pitts burgh 2,359 ,000
Basseterre
Mexico 103
13,000 Portland 2,265,000
Cincinnati 1,979,000 Canada 32
St. lucia Sacramento 1,797,000
Castries 11,000 Kansas City 1.776 ,000 Guatemala 13
Milwaukee 1,690,000
St. Vincent & Grenad ines Interna tiona l compa rabifi ty of
Cuba 11
Kingstown 15,000 popolarion data is limited by varying
All other count ries 51
census methods. VVhere metropolitan
Trinidad & Tobago popvfation is unavailable, cor e city
Port of Spain 48,000 population is sho wn.
Source: u.s. Census BureaIJ
 ...
Electricity Use
Ca nada 15,748

Un ite d St at es
Gross Domestic Product IS a meas­ 12,407
u re of th e to tal goods and services
genera ted by a cmIntry. Ge ne ra lly,
manu facturing, hi gh-tech services,
a nd specialized agri cultu ral prod­
Virgi n
uct s ad d m or e value th an raw mate­
Island s
rial s and baSIC food sruffs. 7,762
Mexico p rofits from o il p roduc­
tion and a major manufa ct urm g
zo ne adjace n t to th e U.S. bo rd er ,
whi le Cos ta Rica ha s becom e a sig­
ru fica n r to unst desti nation. Hai ti IS
the poo rest co u ntry In the West ern
Hemi sp here. Ja ma ica 2,278
M exic o 1,676

EI Salv ador 583

Gross Domestic
KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year
Product So urce World Factbook CIA 2001
GOP per capita
Over 520,000
$10,000 to 520.000
$5,000 to 59,999
$2,500 to 54.999
Under 52.500 Land Use and

No data
Resources

SOurce World Facrbook. CIA. 2001 Predom inant land use

D Commer cial agriculture

D Dairying
livestock ranChing
D Subsistence agriculture
• Primarily forestland

There is a p rofo un d nort h-south d ifferen ce

D Limited agricultural activity

in No rt h Am erica , Can ada and the u.s. a re Major resou rces

models o f high -tech , glo bally co n nec ted Q Coal

econom ies- largely urba n and service OrI­ Cl Natural gas

ented SOCieties wh ere a relative ha ndful o f iA Oil

farmers pr oduces a su rplus of food stu ffs • Forest products

and every lan d use, from the irngared field s @ Gold
of the West to the d air y belt of th e ~ Silver
Nor theas t to th e for est s of th e No rth , ~ Iron ore

seems to be mol de d by marker effic iency , ill Uranium

Withou t a d ou b t, th is eco nom ic prowess ® Bauxite

has been encouraged by Imm en se su p plies n Ot her rnmerals

San Francisco ..:::;:xc Fishing
of coal, oil, nat ural gas, wood, gold, iro n
• Major manufacturing
ore, and othe r min era l reso u rces. and trade centers
Altho ugh MeXICO has sub stantial oil and
mineral resources and ag ncul tu ral pr oducti on
thar succ essfully stru ggles agaIns r cha lleng ing
enviro n m en ral lirru ta rio ns , much o f irs growing
prospen ty IS lm ked to increased tr ad e with th e U.s.,
reflected in a major m anu factunng zo ne alo ng ItS
northern borderlands. Central Am er ica and th e
Carib bean co n ti n ue to wrestl e Wit h th e legacy of co m me r­
cial planta tion agrIcult u re and su bsiste nce agrI culture, bur
tour ism, espec ially in the Ca rib bea n , a nd sma ll-scale assembly
and m an u factunn g have become eco no m ic backb o nes, as well.

H SAl.V ADO R
 Climate

• Tropical wet
Tropical wet and dry
And
Semiarid

D Med iterranean
,",
D
••
Humid subtropical
Marine
Humid continental

D Subarctic

D Tundra
Highland

D Ice cap

Su rroun ded and envelo ped by warm water, th e co u n­

tries of so u the rn North America ar e warm and wet.
T he Eas te rn U.S. and most of Ca nada a re striped by
clim ate zones offering ad equ ate pr ecip iran on and
progressively lower tem perarures as o ne travels north,
but the pat tcrn go es tops y-rurvy m the West , wh ere
swirling an d a nd se rn ran d zo nes abut coasta l regIOn s
in fluenced by bot h ram-bean ng wind s and cool ocean
currents.
See photograp hs taken in di fferenr kinds of eli­
mates on pages 24- 25.

Hend erso n Lake ­ C A N A DA

Highest averag e annua l

pr ecipitation: 256 " {650 c st. John's

Annual Precipitation
Cent imet ers Inches
Over 203 Over 80
U N IT E D 152to 203 60 to 80
San Francisco •
102 to 152 40 to 60
STATES 51 to 102 20 to 40
Bat ag ues 25 to 51 10 to 20
Lowest average annu al Atlanta . J ust as moisture-rich rrade winds
precipita tion : 1.2 " (3.0 cm) Under 25 Under 10 sweep th ro ugh the Caribbean to
st rike a nd soak Cen tral Am erica,
p revailing westerly win ds eme rge
fro m th e No rth Pacific to collide
with the coastal mounrain s of
Ca na da a nd th e U.S. Leache d of rain
and snow, the movin g air remains
dry unril it once again ap proaches
warm war er-rhe Gulf of Mexico
and th e Gu lf Str ea m enrich ed
Atlanri c O cea n.
 , ..

Climat e Graphs Vege tation

Average daily Average monthly

•
temperature preci pitation Unclassifiedhighlands or ice cap Mixed forest
range(InoF) (in inches)
Tundra and alpine tundra Midlatitude scrubland

' ~l ~~~h l[~:

Coniferous forest 0 Midlatitude grassland

D Midlatitude deciduous forest 0 Desert

D Subtropicalbroadleaf evergreen Tropical seasonal and scrub

':j _ ::::::::_ [20'

ATlANTA. USA forest
0 Tropical rain forest

:1 --

Jan Apr
1 1
Jul Oct
-

.
10'

0,
Deserts span n ing the U.5./Mexico bo rd er join
FAIRBANKS. USA the tropica l pla nt life o f Central Ame rica and
so uthe rn Mexico to the te mper ate and arctic
100"]
65° ~~ __
l210'o' vegetatIO n o f Canada and the U.S.- vegetatio n
32".21 to - ­
00 -, - • - - 0'
predominat ely for est lan d bu t spli t by the arc of
Jan Apr Jul Oct
the Grea t Plains and in ter wo ven with scrub­
MEXICO CITY, Mexico lands able to end u re infreq uent ra in fall.
See p ho to gra ph s o f d iffer ent the kin d s of veg­
':j==- =[::

0" I . O·
eta tion o n page 26 - 27.

Jan Apt Jul Oct AN llGUA&

BARHUOA
MINNEAPOUS, USA

'~l-=:=-:-~ [~:

Jan Apr Jul Oct

NUUK, Greenland
In the U.S. and
Ca nada, heavy con ­
'~:j - -
[20'
10'
su mption of en ergy
12' ---- =
and other resou rces
0" - - - •• O·
is a sou rce o f m an y
Jan Apr Jul Oct
en vironmental prob­
NEWYORK CITY. USA

':j _--[20'

ll' ~
_ _ - - 10 '
lem s. Enviro n m ental
laws and regulatio ns
have help ed , but air
0" •
Jan •
Apr •
Jul •
Oct O· pollutants and gases
con tinue to cau se
PHOENIX. USA

'OO'
65' j ­
12' ­
_=_[20

-- - - 10'
health problem s and
may contribute to
global warming.
0"
Jan AfJr Jul Oct
O·
In the west ern
U.S. and parts of
ST. JOHN'S, Canada
Mexic o , large areas
100'
W j - l2o' a re suscep tible to
- - -- 10' desertificat ion from
12'
0" =t=, .-

Jan Apr Jul

-­
1
Oct
O· overgrazing and
ag ricul ture.
SAN FRANOSCO. USA

l~: l -
11' ­
-__[20'
_ _ - - - - 10'
Deforestation is a
m ajor issue in Lat in
Am erica and th e
0" 1
Jan Apr Jut Oct
~ Caribbean . In Hai ti,
for example, all th e
SAN JOSE, Cost a Rica native rain for est s
have been dest royed ,
': j=== ==::::::::r [:: Environmental Issues
causing irrev ersible
l~ I • O.
harm to ecosystems.
Jan Apr Jul Oct

• Currentforest _") TH E BAHAMAS

SANJUAN, Puerto Rico
D Cleared forest ~, ST KITTS &. NEVIS A."IT1GUA e

====[::
# ..

-'.; # . ... ~eno ~ro \ /BARBUDA

~ Area at highest risk of dese rtification 6 - .....;;;;;:'.....~_ ..; (u .s .) J '.
':
1:1 1 1 1 1 0'
o Areas most affected by acid rain
AD'
..
,pi- # co, DO Mf N TC".A
... .

ST . tUCIA~ • BARBADO..CO
::=::-ST. VINCENT e
Jan Apr Jul Oct • Poor air quality' GREN AD A; TIn GRF.NADlN[S
~ TR1NmAO
VANCOUVER. Canada "Cities exceed ing at least one of the World Hea lth
& T O BAGO
OrganIzation's (WHO ) annual mean guidelines for ai,

'~: l
12'
r-r--:
-
-
-­
[20'
10'
qualit}'

SOurces: Global Distribution of Originaland Remaining Forests,

2002
0" .1: • Ja" Apr Jul
1
Oct
O·
UNEPW CMC.
World Soil Resources Map Index, USDAlNRCS. 2002
World De velo pment Indicarors. World Bank. 1999
United States Alabama
. ..
.. .
Alaska
* ~~
- } {" - -

Arizona
•..
... ...
....
Arkansas
~

CAUFORNIA REPUB UC

California

95'

Hawaii Idaho

o ~

~ MONTANA
I
Billings.
:i ~\lOWstone \l .
KANSAS
Iowa Kansas

Maine Maryland

Minnesota Mississip pi

NEW/MEXICO

RoswL · Fort
I Worth
Abilene.
Dall
• Odessa t Wac
Nebraska Nevada TEXAS
Be

IOS'W
I
Laredo. Corpus
ChnS1l
New Mexico New York
160'W

,pIG
I
lWW
Brownsville V

'~ !f Honolulu
Q = I
15S'W
' l! !' HAWAII 'D D
OKLAHOMA
o lOOmi
f-----r---'
Ohio Oklahoma 13O'W
\
o 100km

Rhode Island South Carolina Sou th Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah

 Temperature of Annual Precipitation
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
State Land Area and Rank Highest Point Recorded
Recorded
Recorded
Recorded
50,750 sq mi 2,405 ft _27 0
Alabama 28th Cheaha Mtn. 112 0 106.57" 22.00'
131,443 sq km
777 m

570,374 sq mi
20,320 ft _80 0
Alaska 1st Mt. McKinley 100 0 332 .29 " 1.61 "
1,477,268 sq km 6,194 m

113,642 sq mi 12,633 ft 128 0 -40 0 58.92 " 0.07"

Arizona 6th Humphreys Peak
294,334 sq km
3,851 m

52,075 sq mi
2,753 ft 120 0 -29 0 98.55 " 19.11"
Arkansas 27th Maga zine Mtn.
134,875 sq km
839 m

155,973 sq mi
14,494 ft 134 0 -45 0 153.54 " 0.00 "
California 3rd Mt. Whitney
403,970 sq km
4,418 m

103,730 sq mi
14,433 ft 118 0 -61 0 92 .84 " 1.69 "
Colorado 8th Mt. Elbert
268 ,660 sq km
4,399 m

4,845 sq mi
south slope of 2,380 ft 105 0 _32 0 78.53" 23.60 "
Connecticut 48th
12,550 sq km
Mt. Frissell 725 m

1,955 sq mi
Ebright Road at 448 ft
Delaware 49th DE-PA border 110 0 -1r 72.75" 21.38"
5,063 sq km
137 m

53,997 sq mi
Sec. 30, T.6N, R.20W 345 ft _2 0
Florida 26t h 109 0 112.43" 21.16'
139,85 2 sq km
in Walton Co. 105 m

57,919 sq mi
4,784 ft
Georgia 21st Brasstown Bald 112 0 -17 0 112.16" 17.14"
150,010 sq km
1,458 m

6,423 sq mi
Pu'u We kiu, 13,796 ft
Hawaii 47th 100 0 120 704 .83" 0.19"
16,637 sq km
Mauna Kea 4,205 m

82,751 sq mi
12,662 ft
Idaho 11th Borah Peak 118 0 -60 0 81.05 " 2.09 '
214 ,325 sq km
3,859 m

55,593 sq mi
1,235 ft 117 0 _35 0 74.58" 16.59"
Illinois 24th Charles Mound
143,987 sq km
376 m

35,870 sq mi
Franklin Township 1,257 ft _35 0
Indiana 38th 116 0 97.38 " 18.67"
92,904 sq km
in Wayne County 383 m

55,875 sq mi
Sec . 29, T.100N, R.41W 1,670 ft 118 0 _47 0 74.50 " 12.11"
Iowa 23rd
144,716 sq km
in Osc eola Co. 509 m

81,823 sq mi
4,039 ft 4.77"
Kansas 13th Mt. Sunflower 121 0 -40 0 67 .02 "
211 ,922 sq km
1,231 m

39,732 sq mi
4,139 ft
Kent ucky 36th Black Mtn. 114 0 -34 0 79 .68 " 14.51"
102,907 sq km
1,262 m

43,566 sq mi
535 ft _16 0 113.74 " 26.44"
Louisiana 33rd Driskill Mtn. 114 0
112,836 sq km
163 m

30,865 sq mi
5,267 ft _48 0 75.64 " 23.06"
Maine 39th Mt. Katahd in 105 0
79,939 sq km
1,605 m

9,775 sq mi
3,360 ft 109 0 _40 0 72.59" 17.76"
Maryland 42nd Backbo ne Mtn.
25,316 sq km
1,024 m

7,838 sq mi
3,487 ft 21.76"
Massachusett s 45th Mt. Greylock 10r -35 0 72. 19 "
20,300 sq km
1,063 m

56,809 sq mi
1,979 ft 112 0 _51 0 64 .01" 15.64"
Michigan 22nd Mt. Arvon
147,135 sq km
603 m
79,617 sq mi
2,301 ft
Minnesota 14th Eagle Mtn. 114 0 -59 0 51.53 " 7.81"
206,207 sq km
701 m

46,9 14 sq mi
806 ft _19 0 104.36 " 25.97"
Mississippi 31st Woodall Mtn. 1150
121,506 sq km
246 m

68,898 sq mi
1,772 ft 118 0 _40 0 92.77 " 16.14'
Missouri 18th Taum Sauk Mtn.
178,446 sq km 540 m
 · ..

Temperature OF Annual Precipitation

Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
State Land Area and Rank Highest Point Recorded Recorded Recorded Recorded
145,556 sq mi 12,799 ft _70 0
Montana 4th Granite Peak 117 0 55.51 " 2.97 "
376,991 sq km 3,901 m

~ Nebraska
76,878 sq mi
199,113 sq km
15th Johnson Township
in Kimball County
5,424 ft
1,653 m
118 0 _47 0 64. 52 " 6.30 "

109,806 sq mi 13,140 ft
Nevada 7th Boundary Peak 125 0 -50 0 59.03" Trace
284,397 sq km 4,005 m

8,969 sq mi 6,288 ft
New Hampshire 44th Mt. Washington 106 0 _46 0 130.14" 22.31"
23,231 sq km 1,917 m

7,419sqmi 1,803 ft
New Jersey 46th High Point 110 0 - 34 0 85.99" 19.85"
19,215 sq km 550 m

121,365 sq mi 13,161 ft
New Mexico 314,334 sq km
5th Wheeler Peak
4,011 m
122 0 -50 0 62.45" 1.00 "

47,224 sq mi 5,344 ft
NewYork 30th Mt. Marcy 108 0 -52 0 82.06" 17.64 "
122,310 sq km 1,629 m

48,718 sq mi 6,684 ft _34 0

North Carolina 29th Mt. Mitchell 110 0 129.60" 22.69 "
126,180 sq km 2,037 m

68,994 sq mi 3,506 ft
North Dakota 17th White Butte 121 0 -60 0 37.98" 4.0 2 "
178,695 sq km 1,069 m

40,953 sq mi 1,549 ft _39 0

Ohio 35th Campbell Hill 113 0 70.82" 16.96"
106,067 sq km 472 m

68,679 sq mi 4,973 ft
Oklahoma 19th Black Mesa 120 0 -270 84.47" 6.53 "
J 177,878 sq km 1,516 m

96,003 sq mi 11,239 ft _54 0

Oregon 10th Mt. Hood 119 0 168.88" 3.33"
248,647 sq km 3,426 m

44,820 sq mi 3,213 ft
Pennsylvania 32nd Mt. Davis 111 0 -42 0 81.6 4" 15.71"
116,083 sq km 979 m

1,045 sq mi 812 ft
Rh ode Island 2,707 sq km
50th Jerimoth Hill 104 0 -23 0 70.21 " 24.08"
247 m

30,111 sq mi
Sassafras Mtn. 3,560 ft
South Carolina 40th 111 0 -19 0 101 .65 " 20.73"
77,988 sq km 1,085 m

75,891 sq mi Harney Peak 7,242 ft _58 0

South Dakota 16th 120 0 48.42" 2.89"
196,575 sq km 2,207 m

41,220 sq mi Clingmans Dome 6,643 ft _32 0

Tennessee 34th 113 0 114.88" 25.23"
106,759 sq km 2,025 m

261,914 sq mi
Guadalupe Peak 8,749 ft 1.64"
Texas 2nd 120 0 -23 0 109.38"
678,358 sq km 2,667 m

82,168 sq mi Kings Peak 13,528 ft _69 0

Utah 12th 1170 108.54" 1.34 "
212,816 sq km 4,123 m
9,249 sq mi 4,393 ft _50 0
Vermont 43rd Mt. Mansfield 105 0 92.88" 22.98 "
23,956 sq km 1,339 m

35,598 sq mi 5,729 ft
f Virginia
102,558 sq km
37th Mt. Rogers
1.746 m
1100 -30 0 81.78" 12.52 "

66,582 sq mi
Mt. Rainier 14,410 ft
Washington 20th 118 0 -48 0 184.56" 2.61"
172,447 sq km 4,392 m

24,087 sq mi
Spruce Knob 4,861 ft
West Virginia 41st 112 0 -370 94.01" 9.50 "
62,384 sq km 1,481 m

Wisconsin 54,314 sq mi 25th Timms Hill 1,951 ft 114 0 _54 0 62.07" 12.00 "
104,673 sq km 595 m

Wyoming 97,105 sq mi 9th Gannett Peak 13,804 ft 114 0 _63 0 55.46" 1.28"
251,501 sq km 4,207 m
 Divide

CANADA

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

PACIFIC
OCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

DIVIDE: The boundary or high ground between river systems, Srr eams In North Am erica a conrinenral divide called the Great Di vide
o n one side of rh e divide flow in a different direcrion and into a runs along th e crest of th e Rocky Mounrains, d ividin g rivers that
d ifferent drainage basin from th e strea ms on the other side. A flow ro the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean fro m th ose
continental divide is the boundary that separates the rivers th at flow into the Pacific Oc ea n . An o rhe r much lower d ivide
flowing roward opposite sid es of a continent. sep ar at es those rivers that flow north through Hudson Bay to the
Arctic Oc ean . T riple Divide Peak m Montana IS located on bo rh
these divides. Water from one side of rhis mountain flows eas r to
th e Atlantic; from ano ther side water flo ws west ro rhe Pacific;
and from th e norrh face , water flow s ro the Arcti c Oc ean.

rthquakes
. ::',
• Major earthquake .....
.....
. ...:-.:..:.
MT ND
,-,
• Other earthquake OR
....
. ··I ~·. .
.. .
MN

....: .. ,- . . .
i. . . . .
. ~.!"
~:
..
• WY •
"
IA
.:
...•.
: .. " . NV
:...
,', NE
. . . .. wv
.. ': · ..
IL IN
I:: . .
.. CA

-:. " .. . .... :"

• :. 'UT
. CO
'
KS · : .' ':;'" . ...
"

.. . .. .
'" MO
.. •"
. .
.:. .
.... .
KY '

.. :. ~~:.
'. I
~ NC
,':
AZ
'.
.:: . \' NM
OK
". . . .'. -r." .. .':::.:::'
AR
TN

.. · :. . . '. ..' The major earthquake!

TX
.
.. '
MS AL
that have occurred in
Californ ia are d istrib­
,0 uted along the major
<:;
fault lines depicted on
HI ~:::J .
the California map to
. ~ th e right.

e
, ~ 58
.l. ,
 Fall Line Fall Li ne

FALL LINE: A geologic feature where uplands meet lowlands and a § State boundary

series of waterfallsand rapids occur. Fall lin es are fo rm ed whe re a @ National capital
regio n of ha rd roc k borders softe r rock, and th e softer rock has 9 ft. Cityelevation
erode d away. The eros ion creates a led ge t hat wate r flows over. (3 m)

Feet Meters
A maj o r fall hne exists in t he easte rn Un ited States. It ma rks the
bou n da ry betw een th e Coastal Plain a nd t he Piedmont an d runs Above
.
1~
40 - - Above
200
500
between New Yo rk an d Ala bama. Ci ties have gro wn into 655-
ind us tri al an d co m mercial h ub s aro und eac h waterfall on th e 0- -0
fall line for tw o reaso ns . First , t he energy o f the fa llin g wate r ca n
be captured an d used by in d u stry. Secon d , the fa ll lin e IS o fte n
the far t hest pomt reac hab le by sh ips carrying goods u p river,
which m ean s t hat goods a re transferred to lan d -based tr a nsp ort
at tha t po int. So me fa ll lin e cities on the East Coast incl ude
Trenton, Ph iladelp h ia, Baltimore. Washington , D.C., Richmond,
Petersbu rg, Co lu mb ia, Macon, an d Montgomery. If you d ra w a
line o n a m ap co n necting th ese city d o ts, yo u will h ave d rawn
the Eas tern Fall Line.

ATLANTIC
Fall Line
OCEAN
State boundary

@ National capital
a 100 200 mi
(j ~) I " I

City elevation a 100 200 km

GULF OF MEXICO

It TN

Fault
he
FAULT: A break in the Earth's crustcausedby movement. So lid rock on one
side of the fa u lt no lo nger match es the so lid roc k o n t he o t h er side. T h e
:0
moveme n t may tak e place in any d irecn onc-u p, down, or side ways . T h e
m ovement may be a few in ches o r t housands o f feet.
[ - - Fault line ]
A fau lt that m oves u p o r down IS calle d a dip-sli p fault. Ni agara Falls
cascades over an esca rpment ca use d by rlus kin d o f
m ovem en t.

A fau lt th at moves sideways is call ed a strike-sli p fa ult. T h e San

Andreas fault IS an exa m p le of t h is ki n d . Ho rizo ntal m ovem ent along
rlu s fa u lt cau sed th e devas ta ting Sa n Fra n cisco earthqu ak e in 1906 and
hquakes
will cause more earthquakes in t he fu ture. T h is h ap pen s bec ause th is
rred in fault marks t he bo und ar y bet ween the Pacific Plate and the No rrh
listrib- PAC IFIC American Plate (see page 20).
major
(ted on OCEAN Wh ere two parallel fa u lt s pu ll away fro m each other, th ey create a long,
map to su n ke n va lley be tween t he m ca lled a ri ft. T he G reat Rift Valley in Africa
a IS th e wo rld's most visi b le exa mple (see page 9 1). Un derwater, t h e h u ge
I I
a 100 km Mid-O cean Ridge IS th e lo n gest rift on Earth (see pages 18- 19).
 · ..

Wo rld 's Leading Energy Producers, 1999

NEWJERSEY U.S. 71.98
Russia 41.54
China 30.87
INDIA
ILLINOIS Saudi Arabia 19.64
Canada 17.71

-s> Unit ed Ki ngdo m 12.01 Quadrillion BTU,

MISSOURI Pb
~
~
KENTUCKY
•
9'
7 SOurc e International Energy Database. U S Energy Inform ati on Adm,n,stratiOf'l

Pb
Pb F.
cu
: V~ , ,.,y World 's Leading Energy Consumers, 1999

I' j TENN: -SEE v' China 31.88

Russia 26.01
u.s. 92.87

ARKA: : ; ~ Japan 21.71

Germany 13.98
Canada 12.52 Quadrillion BTU,
GEORGIA
.. , \M ISSISSIP PI
Q>
SOurce. Int ernati o nal Energy Databas e, U.S. Energy Infor mation Ad m in istrat io n

,~ ALABAMA
U.S. Percentag e of World Fuel Production, 2000
o ~
~ Unit ed
\S LOUISI ANA St ates World

~ Coal 23.2%

Pet roleum 8.9%

Nat ural gas 22.0%

SOurce' M inerals Yearbook. U S, Geolo gic al Survey:

Inte rnatio nal Energy Annual.
U.S Energy Infor mation Adrr\in,sv ation

Leadin g Petroleum Producing States, 1999 Leading Natural Gas Producing States, 1999 Leading Coal Producing States, 2000
TX $7,767 TX $14,106 WY 338.9
AK$4,829 LA $11,649 WV 158.3
CA $3,844 OK $3,223 KY 104.9

LA $2,128
NM $3,191 PA 74.6

OK $1,254
WY $1,621 TX 18.2
NM $1,124 Va l ue in-"'~,",,'=~' CO $1,436 MT 38.4 Million short t ons

Source: Na tural Gas Annual, U,S. E:.ne rgy InforlT'ation Ad ministra tion SOurce ' Coa l Ind ustry Annual 2000. U.S. E:.nergy Informat ion Ad ministrat ion
Source' Pet ro leum Supp ly Annual, U S, E:.ner gy lofceroeticn Ad n"lf1istrat io n
,r)P' 0

Transport at ion
Limited access (free)

Limit ed access (tol l)

Primary highway

Amtrak

Time zone boundary

~ Int erstate hig hway

® U.S. highway

® St at e hig hway

@ Nat ional capita l

St at e capital
*
@ O the r city

~
 Population
Pe rsons pe r
Pe rso ns pe r
sq . mile
sq . km
a ve' 1040
Over 400
520 to 1039
200 to 399
WA
260 to 519
100 to 199
130 to 259
SO to 99
25 to 129
10to 49 MT ND
1 to 24 1 to 9
Under 1 Under 1
OR I-- _
Major cit ies
• Ov er 1 million ID
• 500.000 to 1 million
• 250,000 to 500,000
SD

WY
U.S. Resident Population
300 __

J
'E
250 - -- ---c:>.e=-- - - ­ - --,
NE

c
g 200
.~

'S
a.
d" 150 --
. , ,­

- - - - - -- -
I
I
Denver

CO
A urora

I
~
• Co lorado

-----
Spring s KS
100 I I I I
I I Las Veg as
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
- I Wie
I -

>
Population per Square Mile

I
I
80 - - -- -- -- - ..... ,Oklahoma

I
AZ Ibuq uerque

,; Phoeni
l Cit\"
San Diego NM
I
esa

Ft. Wort a
Arlin
TX

10 -- ---=->;;., . . - - -­ - - Austin

o I I' I' 1"

'1 " '1 ' AK
1790 1830 1870 1910
1950 1990

Source: U 5 Ce nsus Bureau "

Honolulu·

HI a
\ "

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950, 2000

1900 1950 2000

Source ; u.s. Cens us Bureau

 20 Largest Cities, 2000
Population
City 2000 1990 Change
1 New York 8,008,2 78 7,322,564 9.4%
2 Los Angeles 3,694,820 3,48 5,398 6.0%
3 Chicago 2,896 ,016 2,783 ,726 4.0%
4 Houston 1,953,631 1,630 ,553 19.8%
5 Philadelphia 1,517,550 1,585,577 -4.3%
6 Phoenix 1,321,045 983,403 34.3%
7 San Diego 1,223,400 1,110,549 10.2%
8 Dallas 1,188,580 1,006,877 18.0%
9 San Antonio 1,144 ,646 935,933 22 .3%
10 Detroit 951 ,270 1,027,974 -7.5%
11 San Jose 894,943 782,248 14.4
12 Indianapolis 79 1,926 74 1,952 6.7%
KS 13 San Francisco 776,733 723,959 7.3%
14 Jacksonville 735,617 635,230 15.8%
Nichit a . 15 Columbus 71 1,470 632,910 12.4%
16 Austin 656,562 465,622 41%
17 Baltimore 65 1,154 736,014 -11.5%
18 Memphis 650, 100 610,337 6.5%
,Tulsa
oma 19 Milwaukee 596,974 628 ,088 -5.0%
City 20 Boston 589,141 574,283 2.6%
OK AR Source: u.s. Census Bureau

alias MS AL
Vort
Arl ingto

LA Percent Change in State Population

ti n 1990-2000

~
More than 30% inc rease 10.0 to 14.9% Increase
25.0 to 30% increase 5.0 to 9.9% increase
20.0 to 24.9% increase a to 4.9% Increase
U.S. Center of Population 15.0 to 19.9% increase Decrease

The center of u.s. populati on IS the cen te r o f "po p ulatio n

gr211fy, " or [he po int o n wh ich [he U. S. wo uld bal ance If ir
were a rigi d plan e, assu nll ng all mdividuals weigh the same
and exert influenc e p rop orti onal to [h eir di stance from a
cen tr al P0l!1 L

2000

FL

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Source U.S. Census Bureau
 Mexico Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Su r Campeche " Area: 742,490 square miles
(1,923,040 square kilometers)

" Highest Point: Pico de Orizaba,

18,405 ft. (5,610 m)

Chiapas Chihuahua Coah uil a " Lowest Point: Laguna Sala da,
33 ft. (10 m) below sea level

" Longest River: Rio Bravo del Norte,

1,240 mi. (1,996 krn), along U.S. border

30"N Colima Distrito Federal " Largest Lake: La ke Chapala,

417 sq. mi. (1,080 sq. km)
Ciu~ad Acu fia .:~
Piedras Negras. , •. " Largest City: Mexico City,
-;::\:-p Distrito Federal, 8,489,007
Nueva Rosita. ~-"
~~ ~~ ~~~
~'":o •.~ ...
COAHUILA • ~ 1" ~"'Nu e vo Lar~ Gu anajuato
\\ .
Mo nclova " Anaihuac 0 i
Du rango San Pedro. NUEVO '~
de las Colon las LE6N Re y n oRsa . ~
Torreon . 0 * Monterrey "Matamor os

DURANGO Saltillo* . • Hidalgo ] ali sco

- - - Z S'N Mexico
1 Concepcion de l Oro. Liner 5 AULIPAS
SINALOA our 9o TAM ~

Gu err ero
*
Mazatlan: - - - - ----- -- - -F~e-;n"J lo--
ZACATECAS
Matehuale,
---- *Ciudad Victo ria i
1 _
oI
o 200
200
'
400 krn
400 rni
,

·· Zacatecas• San
L . CiudadMahte
I
~ • UI5 • 90'W
Aca pon~l:' · Pot osi SAN LUI!, ~a mpic o 9S'W Nayarit
°0 N~YA RJT
1 AGUASCAUENTES * POTOSI
\;t;,' Aguascalientes *
Tep lc
Ciudad de Valles·
!
.
e-
,.
.~ ~
, .
I J;~C''7", _
'7....

0-6
Michoacan Morelos ·~'u a " " Leon . GUANA~~~T,O , ......;> Tuxpan
Bay of I '?? ?
Puerto valiartf · 1 da1iljiJ/'iJ *.Guanajuato:~.,~~\l Q,!ER~TtA~O ~oza Rica N
("" Ameca"' .. .~ 8S'W "'.....
ZO' N___ \ . 'ALISCO I HIDar;'L.GO h . . Campeche
~ Y rma ilo "!ce"y~. • . * Quere
-, . --·'- Laki --..vco a ~--' . AE:am baro -4-- , *fa~c~
utlan Chapala ~Ia * MEl<ICO MexicoCity Xalapa
. W
4 E zooN -+
" Colima Uru a p a n , lJI ST RIT O FED EJ{Al , @ T~x4T~~l a *, S
Manzanlllo * 0 , Toluca * , * P bla ~, ,
COU~
. M JC H OAC AN .C.uem avaca e '-, ue . . v~~E~.z
Nuevo Leo n Oaxaca .. '\a.. . ..... I M ORl-:l OS ~ Orizaba ~
I f--R.i~
- :;-- ' Tax*:o · . PUEBLA . ' ", VERACRUZ Caribbean
. ' ...
.".9 Iguala Tehuac",n I
10S"W Lazaro Cardena, ,,,", -rk Tuxtepec"
v, aco~\CO~.
I Ixta pa"~. U &E RRER
=I 0* . Huajuapan Coa t 7. I S ea
PACIFIC ..~ . Chilpanclnqo \ de Leo~ Oaxaca
o International boundary
AcapUIc°I'~ OAXACA Juchitisn. .
o State boundary Puebla OCEAN
l00"W Salina Cruz. .
® National captial
I
Other capital
*
Symbol and label sizes 9O"W
indicate relative sizes of cities:
Mexico City Q uin ta na Roo Queretaro San Luis Potosi Sin aloa
•
Veracruz
Cancun

So n ora Tabasco T am auli pa s Tl axcala Veracruz Yucatan Zacatecas

 ASIA
3S'N 10S'W l00"W 9S'W 90'W

AUSTRALIA

UNITED STATES
o
,
200
, I
400 mi
,

o 200 400km

-30'N

I
Guadalupe f.

-:::?
-:--­

-2S 'N
Gulf of l M exico

d' := .2 rf/ lH aa re lA goon I 1 \ 'I 25PN .

- TROPIC OFCANCER __

- - TROPIC o.FCANCER­

A
~£'
o
Marias Is. 0 () Cape 9~~
Catoche -:­
0N N
20 ~ c;}
Bayaf ?-:­
W
-*E <-um " "," , 'tl Camp eche
Revillagigedo Islands IJCozumel to .­
~
5
e

PACIFIC

OCEAN

-lS'N
8S'W

I--;---+-~~~~ International bou ndary

Mountain peak
Lowest point
11S'W 110'W 10S'W 10\l'W 9S'W
South America 700N
Caribb ean
Sea
@
International boundary
National capit al
I * Other capital
8O"W
Symbol and label sizes
Caracas
indicate relative sizes of cities:
;::;:[a1~~~~~Lf-------- 1 0"N -
I
so"w
• Rio de Jan eiro
Santos

I
I
400W
90"W

0° _
EQUATOR

. '.
Ga 'pagos
,
Isla ds . Fo rt ale za
(Ec ador}
reTeresina
FI ~. > Juaze ~o . Natal
jJ 0 do Norte .
/' d ampina Grandee
Petrolina.

_ 10°5 laos

PACIFIC
I
OCEAN

_ 20"5 20°5 _

San Felix Island

(Ch ile)
ATLANTIC

OCEAN

_ 30°5 30°5_

40"W

• Area: 6,900,000 square miles

40°5 (17,800,000 square kilom eters)

• Highe st Point: Mt. Aconc agu a, Arg ent ina,

22,834 ft (6,960 m)

• Lowest Point: Valdes Peninsula, Argentina ,

o 300
, omod ceo Rvadavi 131 ft (40 m) below sea level
I
o 300 600 km
• Longe st River: Amazon, 4,000 mi (6,400 km)

\ _~~~~r'---1----+- 50"S - ~St a n ley

• Largest Lake: Lake Titic aca, Peru/Bol ivia,
3,200 sq. mi (8,300 sq. km)
Falkland
IslandS (U .K .) • Largest Cou ntry: Brazil, 6,880,000 sq. mi
(Islas Malvinas) SooW (17,8 19,000 sq. km) (slightly smaller than
I the United States)

• Largest Cit y: Sao P~~o , Brazil, 17,834,000

60"W
I
 40"W

ATLANTIC
I
OCEAN
EQUATOR

~"
Ga ) agos
Islands

ssoa

PACIFIC

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

I
OCEAN

\ B Internat ional boundary

... Mountain peak
V Lowest po int
300 600km
Falls

~ Fa /klan d (

lOQ"W
~i;%.'-/ I'F~__ """'iI

Elevation Profile
,
60"W ,
50"W

Paraeas Peninsula Andes Mountains Mato Grosso Plateau

1IJ,lXXJh -t - - - - - - - - -- 1-------------------------- ---------­
IO,lXXJh
 Major Metropolitan
..•
Areas .'
Maraca;b6
Argent ina Barranquillae ' (
Buenos Aires 11,298,000 \ \)
Cordoba 1,209,000 • I

"l!;
•Georgetown
Rosario 1,119,000 • Medellin GUYAN A • Paramaribo

.Bogota SURINAME
.Cayenne

Bolivia • CO LO M B IA FRENCH

La Paz 1,484,000 Cali GUIANA

Santa Cruz 1,136,000 (Fr.)

Cochabamba 517,000

Brazil .Manaus
Sao Paulo 17,834,000
. Fortaleza •
Rio de Janeiro 10,612,000
Belo Horizonte 4,800,000
Porto Alegre 3,655,000
Recife 3,332,000
Salvador 3,018,000 BR AZIL Recife
Fortaleza 2,975,000
• Li ma
Brasilia 2,942,000
Curitiba 2,726,000 BOLIVIA Salvador
Belem 1,816,000 La Paz

)
Manaus 1,011,000 • Cochabamb
• •
Santa Cruz
Chile
Belo Horizonte .
Santiago
4,647,000
Viiia de l Mar
299,000 L-,
PARAGUAY" Sao Paulo -./
Colombia
Population
~
Asun ci o ~
(~ hI Cuntiitiba.

Rio de Janeiro
Bogota 6,422,000 CHILE ~)

Cali
Medellin
2,129,000
1,885,000
Pe rsons per
sq. mile
Persons per
sq. km ?
Barranquilla 1,549,000 Over 520
260 to 519
Over 200
100to 199 ( Cordoba.
, Porto Alegre.

I~

".,d. 7"''"' ' B:::~J':U::,,","

Ecuador 130 to 259 50 to 99
Guayaquil 2,118,000 25 to 129 10to 49
Quito 1,616,000
1 to 24 1 to 9

French Guiana
o o
Cayenne 50,000
Major metropolitan areas
Guyana • Over 2 million
Georgetown 187,000 • 1 million to 2 million
.~
/ ~
• Under 1 million
Paraguay
Asuncion 513,000 )
Peru I
Lima 6,988,000 t/ I

•
\
Arequipa 830,000
Chidayo 766,000 f
Suriname
Paramaribo 291,000
I'
r: -,..,...
Uruguay
Montevideo

Venezuela
1,303,000
Estimated 2002 Population (in millions)

- -....- - - - - - - - - - ­
Colombia 39
wI Brazil 172 I>
1!
I,
I)
<,
-~
r
-'

//
r
Caracas 3,061,000
Maracaibo 1,220,000
Barquisimeto 896,000
Valencia 742,000
Internationalcomparability of
population data is lImited by varying
censusmethods. Where metro­
poliran population is unavaifabfe,
core city population is shown.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

 · ..
Electricity Use
Un ite d St at es 12,407

Gross Domestic
Product
GDP pe r capita

Over $20,000
$10,000 to $20,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Less than $2,500
No data

Source: WorldFacrbook, CIA, 2001

Su rinam e 4,1 SO

Gr oss Domest ic Product is a

measure of th e to ta l goods and
serv ices gene ra ted by a cou ntry. Ch ile 2,311

Gene ra lly, m an ufacturing, hi gh-tech

services, and specia lized ag ncu lrural C o lu m b ia 1,00S
products add m o re value th an raw Par agu ay 334
ma ter ials and basic food stuffs.
KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year
Source: WorldFaetbook, CIA. 2001

(
+!RJ.
£f0.
BRA Z I L

Non-ma nu factunng eco no m ic <;(J Gl

act ivity IS generated prim arily by
commercial plantation agric u ltu re, 0.
Belo Horizonte.
llii
D.
J
fA
livesto ck raisin g, and th e har vest of
~
/" Rio de Janeiro
forest products, plus the extractio n
CH ILE
of oil and mi nerals. Man ufacturing,
@
like pop u latio n, is co nce ntrated in
th e co ntine n t's coastal areas.
Valparaiso fA GJ.ffi
1 Santiago

~P 0.
Q fA
Land Use and Resources
Predom inant land use Major resource s

D Commerc ial agricult ure Q Coal ill Uranium

Livestock ranching GJ Natura l gas @ Bauxite

Subsistence agriculture fA Oil ~ Diamo nds

Primarily forestland +
lii!:J.
Forest prod ucts
Gold ~
0. Oth er minerals
Fishing

D Limit ed agricult ural act ivity @ Silver CD

Major manufacturing
and trad e cente rs
!RJ. Iron ore
 Mo st of the co mme nt IS u nder th e
influen ce o f wet and rropi cal air.
Warm curren rs III the Arlan nc
O cean as well as wet lowla nd
elevati o ns Iym g w rrlu n th e con fines
of th e rropi cal lariru des d irectl y
affect th e clim a te of th e majority of
th e land area. T he And es Mounrains -Recife
an d col d cu rrents thai hu g th e
Pacific coas t keep th e West ern and
South ern region s o f the co m m ent
tem pera te bu t dry.
See photograph s tak en in

d ifferent kind s of chrna res o n pages

24-25

Climate

•• Tropical wet
Tro pical wet and dry

.. /
••
Arid
Sem iarid
\
D Med iterranean

D Humid subtropical
FREN Cll
GU IAN A .JI''''
•
D
Mann e

•
(Fr.) Subarctic
Highland

Recife

Arica

l owest average annual

preeiptation: 0.03" (0.08 em) Moist and unstable ai r above th e

Equa to r-as well as hi gh lan d s th at

wrin g o u t wa terlogged clo ud s­

pr od uce heavy rain fall , bur alo ng

the coa st of Ch ile a nd else whe re,

cold ocean wate r and m ountaino us

barriers keep rainfall a r a mi n imu m .

Annual Precipitation
Cent imet ers Inches
Over 200 Over 80
1S0 to 200 60 to 80
100 to 150 40 to 60
50 to 100 20 to 40
25 to 50 10 to 20
Under 25 Under 10
 .. .

Climate Graphs
Average daily Ave rage mon thly
temperature preci pitati on
range (in ' F) (in inch esJ

'~j ~ l:
South Am en ca IS dommated by
tr opi cal vegeta tlo n, including
Earth 's m ost extensive rain for est.
ASUNCION, Paraguay Farther so u th, a vast grassland, the

. -I [:
Pampa, fad es grad ually in to t h e dr y
and m eager vegeratlo n of Para gonia.
See ph otographs o f th e different
BRAZIL )
0
Jao Apr J,I Oct kin ds o f vegetation on pages 26 -2 7.
BOGOTA.Colombia
,ecife
IW
j
65'
[20
10 Vegetation
32'~ .
Jan Apr
I .
J, I
I
O ct 0' Unclassified highlands
or ice cap
D
D
Midlat it ude grassland
Desert
BUENOS AIRES, Arg ent ina
Midlatitude decid uo us D Tropi cal seasonal and scrub
lorest
1WI [20
65 ­
m D Tropical rain forest

•
32' - = : - - 10' Mixed forest

0" Jan
• Apr
• •
Jul • t
Oc On Mid lat itu de scrubland D Trop ical savanna

CARACAS, Venezuela

'~j Jan Apr

I
Jul
I
Oc t
l::
CAYENNE,French Guiana
lry

'~ j
~
--f:::
0'
Jan Apr Jul Oct

LA PAZ, Bolivia

lOOj
61' _
J2'
~ I .
[::
Jan Apr J, I O ct 0' T he d estru ction o f for est
a reas- especially in the
UMA,Peru
Amazon Basin - is one o f th e

:­
I~j

Jan Ap, J,I

_ [20

Oct
10

0
leadin g en viro n m ental
issu es in South Am erica. In
Brazil , ir is estimated rhar an
average of 15 ,000 ac res of
t.lANAUS, Brazil
forest ar e lost each d ay as
I65lX'l'j [20, peop le clea r lan d fo r tim ber
32' I I 10' and to gro w cro ps. Human
~ ~ O' ac tiviti es have im pacted
Jan Apr Jul O ct
other rypes o f vegerarion, as
PUNTA ARENAS, Chile well. Fo r example, over­

':j~-
! ! ! ! ! -=
l ::

g razin g has caused d amage

en E to grassla n ds in many areas,
~ • 0' p utti ng th em ar ris k of
Jan Ap' Jul O CI
beco mi ng in ferti le de serts.
REC IFE,Brazil Poor urban air q uali ty is
ano th er serio us co nc ern in
IIXl']
65' _ [20,'
10' th e regio n, with nearly 80
J2' I I
~ ~ O percent o f the pop ulati on
Jan Apr Ju l Oct
Environmenta l Issues living in citi es.
RIODEJANEIRO, Brazil

---[:
• Current fo rest
I~)
65' D Cleared forest
32'
I • • O.
~ Area at highest risk of desertificat ion
" Jao
I Ap r Jul Oe 1
• Poor air q uality'
SANTIAGO, Chile
' Cures exceeamq at leas! one of the Wo rld Health

100']
65:
32
0'
_1[:,.
O'ganlzavon·s (WHO) onnual mean gUidelines fo,. dll
qualrry

Source s Glob al Dls rnb utlon 01 Ongmal a nd Remaining ro-esr s.

UNEPWC MC.2002
Jan Ap' •
Jul OCl 0 World 50 ,1Resources Map rndell. USDAl NRCS. 2002
World Developmenllndicarors. World Bank. 1999
 60'E

S<J<E

30' E • Area : 4,032,000 square mi.

20"W 20'E
(10,443,000 squar e kilo met ers)

• Highest Point: Mt. Elbrus ,

10"W Russia, 18,510 ft. (5,642 m)
. . ... ... . .
• Lowest Poi nt : Caspian Sea
92 ft. (28 m) bel ow sea level

• Longest River: Vol ga,

Norwegian 2,290 mi. (3,685 km)
0'
Faroe Is. • Largest Lake: Caspian Sea,
,~ ( D e n. ) 143,244 sq . mi.
I (371 ,000 sq. km)

• Larg est Co untry : Russia

(European), 1,663,870 sq. mi .
(4,309,400 sq. km)

• Largest City : Paris, France

9,645,000 (met ropol ita n pop .)

60"E
.,rs'"
So"~

ATLANTI~
OCEAN

Bay of
Di sc" y
-,
.G ij6n
Vigo_.
BJlbao .cr'"
40o~
Porto. ".
V.lla~ol id ''\.-l-
61t1ck. Sea
S PA I N . Z. r~ g oza

~ Ma d r id 40'E
Valencia- Balearic Sea
. Cordoba • M.ijortoj;-q SO'E
. ) .PalmaO MiooJra.
. Allcante. de M..llorca Balearic Is. Sardinia
Malag.a «Grenade I (S p.) {It.} •.
10' W SlTolj(Of
§] Int ernat ional bo und ary
Gil"'all,Jr ' GI BRALTAR (U.K.) /
Medit erra n e an ® N ational cap it al

* Oth er capital
0'
Pan;elleria
Symbol and label sizes
1<J<E indicate rela tive sizes of cities:
~t. ) ®Vallen a
o 250 500 mi J
MALT A
I . ' • • London
3<J<E
o 250 500 km 20'E Crete
.
lrakfio
Helsinki
Varna
 l )

NORTH
AMERICA A SIA
30"W

B Inte rnati onal bou nd a ry

Ca nal
It. Mounta in pea k
\l Lowe st p o int

'60~

'Faroe Is ~~
I

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

"-S°itt.

20' W

' 400""

's~ " ' -~

.. . ," "J
' 9' i 2~0 i Sporn;
~.c;"~la1es.,., '"" . ', ,, . " . ,. .... . ... . . '... .... 0\ 250 500 krn
~S,,;oI' • -"
ewe J Rhodes ~
.-ttl' '.
Crete ~ 30'E . 400E
\ . - _ .\
Carpathian Mountains Black Sea Sea of Azov Caspian Depression Caspian Sea
M'TW' "' f"OC T
. _. . -_._------
i;,~, ~ = ~=1 =--=~_~~~~ -_: ==-~, -~=~~ ~~= ~} . I-------I=-::::~-~
. . J::::=~ ~~-:-~~==-= ~~~:,
 Major Metropolitan
Areas
Albania

Tirana 244,000

Ando rra
Andorra la Vella 21,000
u s S I A

Armenia ,~
Yerevan 1,247,000
• Perm'
Aust ria
Vienna 1,562,000
t
Ufa-

Azerb aija n
8a ku

Belarus
1.792,000

Mosco w
Kaza n'

- Niznij
Novgorod
- . Samara
Minsk 1,68 1,000 an
g O(
8e lgium
Brussels 978,000 ed
Antwerp 449,000
rn a
Bosnia & Herzegovina sen
Sarajevo 529,000 Volgograd_
Kiev. Kharkiv ­ agr
Bulga ria
Sofia 1.191.000 UK N me
ria!
Croat ia
Zagreb 692,000

Czech Republic
Prag ue 1,179,000
PORTU L
Denm ark
Cop enhage n 1,085,000 / Madrid
Lisbon-
Eston ia

Tallinn 398,000
· Vale nc· ...
Finland

Helsinki 965,000
Population
France
Persons pe r Pe rs o ns p er Major
Paris 9,645 ,000

s q . mi le s q . km m et rop o lit a n
Marseille 1,350,000
MALTA. Vallett a
Lyon 1,349,000
areas
O ve r 52 0 Ov e r 20 0
Lill. 1,001,000

260 to 519 10 0 to 199 • Ov e r

2 m illion
Geo rg ia

-
13 0 to 2 59 50 to 99
Tbilisi 1,399,000
1 mi llio n to
25 to 129 10 to 49 2 million
Germ any
Berlin
Hamburg
(core city only)
3,382,000
1,715,000
Malta
Valle tta 8.000
Slovak ia
Bratislava 429,000
1 to 24
0
1 to 9
0
. Under
1 million
Munich 1,210,000
Co log ne 963,000 Moldova Slovenia
Frankfurt 647,000 Chi:;inau 658 .000 Ljubljana 264.000
Essen 595,000
Dortmund 589,000 Mon aco Spain
Stuttgart 584,000 M ona co 27.000 Madrid 2,939,000
Dusseldorf 569,000 Barcelona
1,504,000
Ne t her la nds Valencia
738,000
Gree ce Amste rdam 1,207,000 Seville
685,000
Athens 3,073,000 Rotte rda m 1.161,000
Sweden
Hungary Norw ay Stockholm 1,665,000
Budap e st 1,825,000 Oslo 513,000
Switzerland
Iceland Polan d Zurich
933,000
Reykjavik 175,000 Warsaw 1,610,000 Gen eva
451.000
t6di 787,000
Ireland Krakow 741,000 Turkey (European)
Dublin 1,123,000 Wrodaw 634,000 Istanbu l 8,803,000
Italy Portugal Ukraine
Ro me 2,460,000 Lisbon 1,947,000 Kiev 2,590,000 Estimated 2002

Milan 1,183,000 Kharkiv 1,494,000 Population (in millions)

Naples 993,000 Romania Dnipr o pet rovs'k 1,109,000

Turin 857,000 Bucharest 2,009,000 Don et s'k 1.050,000 Ru s s ia 145

Palermo 653,000 Odesa 1,002.000

Ge noa 604,000 Russia (Eur o p ean) G erman y 83

Moscow 8,538 ,000 United Kingdom

Latvia St. Petersburg 4,678,000 London 7,652,000 Unit ed Kingdom 60

Riga 793,000 Niznij No vg orod 1,366,000 Birmingham 2,296,000

Samara 1.183,000 Manchest er 2,277,000 F ra n c e 60

Liechtenst e in Kazan' 1,092,000 Leeds-Bradford 1,446,000

Vaduz 5,000 Ufa 1,094,000 Ne wcastle
886,000 It a ly 58

Volg~g r ad 1,025,000 Glasg ow

867,000
Ut huania Perm 1.024,000 Liverpool
838,000 Uk rai ne 48

Vilni us 578,000 Rostov -na-Donu 1,004 ,000 Sheffield 633,000

S p a in 40

fnrernaMoal comparabi lity of

Luxembo urg San Ma rino
population dara IS limIted by P o la n d 39

l uxembourg 77,000 San Marino 5,000

varying census me thod s.
Whe re met rop olitan po pu la tion Ro m an ia 22

F.Y.R. Macedonia Ser bia & Montenegro is unavailable, core city population
Skopje 545,000 Belgrade 1.619,000 ts sbo wo.
All other c o u nt rie s 36'
Source: u.s. Cens us Berea»
 ...

Electricity Use
Gross Domestic Icel an d 23,655
Product
GOP per capit a
R U S S A
Over 520,000
5 10,000 to 520,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Finla nd 15,768
Under $2,500
No data
Unite d St at e s
Source. Wo rld Facrboo~ . CIA. 2001 12,407

Gross Domestic Prod u ct IS

ameasure of th e to tal

France
goods and services gen era t­
6,696
ed by a count ry, Ge nerally, G e rm any 5,964
manufacturing, h igh -tcc h Unit ed Kin g d om 5,583
s.:rl'ices, and specialized
agricultural products ad d
morevalue than raw ma te­ M o ldova 1,304

nals and basic food st u ffs.

KWh (kilowat t ho urs) per person per year

So urce ' World f-actbOOlo:. CIA. 200 1
Land Use and

Resources

Predominant land use

Comrneroa! ag riculture
Da"ylng
Livestock. ranching

Nomadic berd mq A
Subsistence agncu lture

D
Primanly forestland

Limited agncultural activity

",
Major reso urces

Q Coal Niznij
~ Natural gas • Novgorod
~ ali Moscow.

f£J. Gold

@ Iron are

[f;ll Silver Minsk

@ Uranium
BELARUS

@ Bauxite

o Other minerals
FishIng
• Major rnaouiactunnq

and trade centers

AZERBAIJAN

period o f ad j usment. Despite centuries o f

Eu ro pe, parti cu la rly West crn Euro pe, is a expl ora tio n an d exp lo itatio n ,
'::IMALTA
co nsolida no n o f h igh- tech , m a rket ­ co mme rcially -valuab le mineral resources
driven , glo ba lly co n nected eco no m ies, mem ber na tio n s whose co m bin ed conti n u e to be m in ed , notably in Russia ,
wh ere m an u factunng and co m me rcial eco no m ic clo ut rivals th e U.S. RUSSIa a n d th e Ukra in e, an d Scandinavia. The
ag riculture pr ed onuna cc. C ruc ial to form er Soviet-sa tellite natio ns ar e, in large bo u ntifu l oi l and ga s fields of the North
s 365 con tmc n tal eco no m ic Il1 tegr atl on IS t he
pan , reachmg ha rm on y with th e rest o f Sea are o ne o f the most im portant and
Eur opean UnIOn , a par tn ershi p o f 15
Eu ro pe afte r a n iru u al and un serrlin g m ost recent dis coveries.
 Climate y~t'~ ch u 9 0 r
~ Lowest recorded
0 Semiarid Reykjavik Tro ms ~. temperatUi;;f67'F (-55' C). n
date unknown Ii
D Mediterranean

D Humid subtropical u S S A

•
D
Marine
Humid continental
Subarctic

D Tundra

D
•
Ice cap
Highland

The far-reachmg influence and effects

of warm ocean curren ts cannot be
over stated . The ceaseless torren t d is­
tributed by the Gu lf Stream along the
coasts o f Western Eu ro pe, even ro the
sho res o f Iceland and Norway, pro­
duces much milder wea ther than
would be expected a t Its la titud es and
provides a ready so u rce of m o isture.
Along th e Mediterranean margin of
Eur op e th e typ ical weathe r-mild, wet
wmters and hot, dry su m me rs- has
been d efined as a climate category that
IS now used worldwide.
See photographs taken in different
kinds o f climates on pa ges 24 -25 .

Reykjavik.
,­ -----. (CElANO

Annual Precipitation u S S A
Centimet ers Inches
Over 200 Over 80
l S0 to 200 60 to 80
100to lS0 40 to 60
50 to 100 20 to 40
25 to 50 10 to 20 • Moscow Though regionally form idable
Under 2S Under 10 mo untains rise to ext ract sn ow and
ram, no co ntinental-scale alpine
barrier extsts-v rh ereby perm itt ing
m o istu re-lad en , weste rly winds
sp n ng ing from warm ocea n ic waters
to di st ribute pr ecipitation uniform­
ly across Europe. However, by the
tim e th ese currents of air reach the
lan dl ocked heart of Eastern Eu rope,
northeast of th e Black Sea , much of
the mo ist u re has already been spent.

· MAl TA
 Climate Graphs
Average dally Average monthly
temperature precipitation
range(ln oFl (in inches) Vegetation JCE IAN

lOO'Wl= '9h- t[20'

lev. D Unclassified hig hland s or ice cap A
Jr
~
10'

O·
D Tund ra and alpine t und ra
• Coniferous forest
ARKHANGELSK, Russia D Midlat it ude dec iduous forest
165
00'1
' ­ [20' L:J Mixed fo rest
- 10'
Jr - = • Mid lat itude scrub land
0' ----w-
Jan Apr Jul Oct
_. O·
D Midlat itud e g rassland

ATHENS, Greece

':1= :_===
Jr
- [20 10
Fo rests, nounsh ed by plentiful pre­
cipita tio n , domina te in Eu ro pe, but
(l' • • 0
Jan Ap. J",I Ocr grass lan d and scrubland thrive where
COPENHAGEN, Denmark ramfall becomes sparse o r IS seaso na l.
D eciduous trees disappear as the win­
':1 -
Jr - = - =
[20'
10'
ters grow harsh , rep laced by vast and
0' • • • • 0'
hard y sra nd s of coniferou s forest that
Jan Apr Jul O ct
are merely the west ern end of an
DOBUN,Ireland unrnen se belt srrerching across RUSSia
':1 -
3r = = - =
[20,"
10'
to rh e Pacific O cean.
See ph otogr aphs o f th e different
D" Jan
• Apr
• • • 0
kind s o f vegetation on pages 26 -27.
Jul Oct

USBON, Portugal

':1 ==-=[::
3~ I.
Jan Apr Jul
•
Oct
0"

MOSCOW, Russia

':j -=-[:
Jr
0' :::;:: .
-
•
­
• O·

Jan Apr l ui Oct

NAPLES,ltaly

':j __ =- -
[2100''
: --;- . I 0'
Jan Apr l ui OCI

ODESA. Ukraine

:j ---=[::
':= .. O·
Jan Apr l uI Oct

PARIS, France
d
PO R

~ rs
REYIUAVIK.lceland
n­
100'] [20'
e 65' _ = _ 10'
Jr - - ­
ie , 0' I • • • 0'
Jan Apr Jul Oct
of
nt. TROMS0, Norway Area at hig hest risk of desert ificat ion
Em issio ns from th e many ca rs, trucks, and facro ries in Eu ro pe have led
Areas mo st affected by acid rain
': ] _ [2100'' to prob lem s with air po llu tion and acid ram over a la rge parr o f rhe
r --;- . =I
-
• Poor air qu ality'
Jr - co ntm ent. Land and water po llution (fro m ferri lizers, pesticides, and
~ O·
Jan Apr lu i Oct industrial wast e) lS also widespread . Since the 1960 's, th e am ounr o f "Cutes exceed ing at leasl one of the Wo rld Healt h
O rganizatio n's (WHO ) annua l mean gu ide hnes for a ir

VlENNA, Austria
fore sr ar ea in West ern and Central Eu ro pe has acru ally increased , but qu ality
many for esrs (nearl y 60%) ar e d am aged due ro acidification , po llution,
': j - ==== [20'
1r - ­
10 '
dro ug hr , o r fir es. Overfi shmg-vesp ecial ly 111 rh e North Sea-is a serious
problem for m arine ecos ystems.
So urces: Glob al D'st rib utlOn o f Or lgma l a r'td Remaining Fo res ts.
UNE P-WCM C.2oo2
World 5011Resources Map Index. USDAlNRCS,2002
World Develop ment Indicators. World Bank. 1999

0" • • • • 0'
Jan Apr l ui O ct
Africa @
Internationa l bou ndary
Nat ional capi al
* Oth er capital
Symbo l and label sizes
indicate relative sizesof cities;
10' E
ATLANTIC
4O'N • Johannesburg
Dar es Salaam
OCEAN
Malabo
30'E

Canar}' Islands
,~~-- 30'N -r
(Spa in) \
\

20'N - - -1--_ _

_-l-~-- l O' N

~ 0' - EQUATOR ---h-~~ .u-+-,-~-.IL----+--- 0'

0' INDIAN
I
OCEAN
Victorla @

) m, ,,,~
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
• ntsir anana

Facts

• Area: 11,677,239 square mi les

(30,244,049 square kilome ters)
& Port
F'anarant soa Reunion Leers
• Highest Point: Mt. Kilimanjaro , Tanzania
19,340 h . (5,895 m) . - j - - -(~:'~ -
Iola nar J
• Lowest Point : Lake Assai, Djibout i
WE
512 h . (156 m) below sea level
40'E

• Long est River: Nile

4.160 mi. (6,695 km)

• Largest Lake: Lake Victoria, Uganda/Kenya/ Cape Town

Tanzania 26,828 sq. mi. (69,484 sq . km) 500
,

20'E
500 1.000 km
• Largest Coun try : Sud an 967,500 sq. mi
(2,505,8 13 sq . km)

• Largest City: Cairo , Egypt 6,801.0 00

 • Area: 17,139,000 square miles
(44,390,000 square kilometers)
AR CTI C O CEAN
• Highest Point: Mt. Everest, China/ Nepal
29,035 ft. (8,850 m)

• Lowest Point: Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan

1,310 ft. (399 m) below sea level

• Longest River: Chang (Yangtze), China

3,964 mi. (6,379 km)
aI 500 1,000 mi
' ,
a 500 1,000 km • Largest Lake: Caspian Sea
143,244 sq. mi. (371,000 sq. km)

-t>~
• Largest Country: Russia (Asian)
~~
4,928,980 sq. mi. (12,766,000sq. km)

v'o~

,,/
'>°lto .(>"'"

PACIFIC
OCEAN

6O'E

-.'
International boundary @ M, le
\()""
EJ MALDIVES

@ National capital

0'
Other capital
*
Symbol and lab el sizes

indica te relative sizes of cities:

INDIAN OCEAN N
• Bangalore
Chengdu E 10'5

Maqeda n
w
4 5 l00 'E
12O"E
 40~N 50~N W <N 7lYN
3erN

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
7
I
I
I
1/
\
\

?o~

(i'

INDIAN IOCEAN
800E

0E
60
I I I e. -. ._
30,000 It --~!df: s e a ---------~!~~~
~:.::.::. -- ~a g rol~~ ts---J .~ 'c'. -..!~~.: ~~-- -----~~~"!..~-~':~':~-~l/~~a ~------------------------------------------ ~:~w_~=~ South -~1~==
25,000It.­ -­ - - ----.------­ - - - ------- ­ - -­ -­----­ ---­ - ------- .-­ --] . "hI'", ------- - -------­-­----------\-----------­ ----­--­-- ---------------------- --- --­ - - - -­--------------­ -- - -- Korea -­- E
~mJ A
. ~~~-=~::;~;~ :~~-- ~_:_~~~~-.~~~~:== ==-.:..~~~=~~~=~=_~~~==:;:~ === =i~_B
 G
Po pulat io n ar
Major Metropolitan fa
Persons per Persons per
Areas sq. mile sq . km Majo r metropolitan tu
Afghanistan Over 520 Ove r 200
areas al
Kabul 2,029,000 • Ove r 2 million 01
260 to 519 100 to 199
Bahrain • 1 million to A~
130 to 259 50 to 99
Manama 151,000 2 million al
25 to 129 10 to 4 9
Bangladesh
Dhaka 6,487 ,000
1 to 24 1 to 9
o o
Bhuta n
Thimphu 8,900

Brunei
Bandar Seri
Begawan 50,000

Cambodia
PhnomPenh 1,000,000

China
Shanghai 12,910,000
Beijing 10,820,000
Tianjin 8,970,000
Hong Kong 6,708,000
Shenyang 4,740,000
Wuhan 4,450,000
Chongqing 4,070,000
Guangzhou 3,910,000
Chengdu 3,120,000
Xi'an 2,990,000
Harbin 2,960,000
Nanjing 2,670,000

Cyprus
Nicosia 273,000

East Timor
Dili 140,000 A
India a
Mu mba i
(Bombay) 16,368,000
c
Kolkata
(
(Calcutta) 13,217,000

Delhi 12,791,000
h
Chennai
'Male
(Madras) 6,425,000
d
~LALI> JVE S
Bangalore 5,687,000
n
Hyderabad 5,534,000

];
Indonesia
Jakarta 9,374,000

s
Bandung 5,919,000

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions) l:

Bogor 5,000,000
China 1,284
Malang 3,174,000
t
India 1,046
Iran
Tehran 6,759,000
_ _ _ ._._ _...... ...__ ,.,J Indonesia 232
Mashhad 1,887,000

\ Pakist an 148
Iraq
Baghdad 4,336,000 Banglade sh 133
Israel J apan 127
Tel Aviv-Jaffa 2,595,000
Jerusalem 628,000 Philippin es 85
Japan _ _ _- ' Vietnam 81
Tokyo 12,059,000
Yokohama 3,427 ,000
Osaka 2,599,000
Nagoya 2,171,000
Sapporo 1,822,000
Kobe 1,494,000 Thailan d 62
Kyoto 1,468,000
Pukuoka 1,341,000 South Korea 48
Kawasaki 1,250,000
Hiroshima 1,126,000 All oth er coun tr ies 365

Jordan Sou rce: If.S. Cens us Bueau

Amman 1,147,000

Kazakhstan
Almaty 1,129,000 laos Myanmar (Burma) Philippines Singapore Thailand Uzbekistan
Vientiane 331,000 Yango n Manila 9,933,000 Singapo re 4,131,000 Bangkok 6,320,000 Tashkent 2,142,000
North Korea (Rangoon) 4,101,000
P'yongyang 2,741,000 Lebanon Qatar SriLanka Turkey (Asian) Vietnam
Beirut 1,500,000 Nepal Doha 264,000 Colombo 642 ,000 Ankara 3,203,000 HoChi Minh
SouthKorea (core city only) Kathmandu 421,000 lzrnir 2,232,000 City 4,990,000
Seoul 9,854,000 Malaysia Russia(Asian) Syria Hanoi 2,464,000
Susan 3,655 ,000 Kuala Lumpur 1,379,000 Oman Novosibirsk 1,400,000 Halab (Aleppo) 1,813,000 Turkmenistan
Daegu 2,474,000 Muscat 477,000 Yekaterinburg 1,314,000 Damascus 1,394,000 Ashgabat 407,000 Yemen
Maldives Omsk 1,177,000 Sanaa 927,000
Kuwait Male 74,000 Pakistan Chelyabinsk 1,111,000 Taiwan United Arab Intemationalcomparabilityofpop­
Kuwait 193,000 Karachi 9,339,000 Taipei 2,720,000 Emirates ulation data is limited by varying
Mongolia Lahore 5,143,000 Saudi Arabia Abu Dhabi 904,000 censusmethods. VVhere metro­
Kyrgyzstan Ulaanbaatar 760,000 Faisalabad 2,009,000 Riyadh 2,776,000 Tajikistan poUtan population is unavailable,
Bishkek 753,000 Islamabad 529,000 Jeddah 2,046,000 Dushanbe 529,000 core city population;s shown.
 .. .

Gross Domestic Pro duc t is a m ea sure o f rh e total goo ds Electricity Use

Kuwait
and services generated by a country. Gen era lly, manu­ Gross Domestic
imuring, high-tech services, an d specialized agricu l- United Arab Emirates 14,177 14,377
Product
rural producrs add mo re value t h an raw m ateri-
GDP per capita Unit e d Stat e s
~san d basic food sru ffs. T he hi gh -rec h and
12,407
oilproducing cou ntries o n t he frin ges o f Over $20,000
Asia are the excep tio n s in rhi s gener­ $10,000 to $20,000
~Iy poor contine n t. $5,000 to $9,999
R u A
$2,500 to $4,999
Less than $2,500
No data
Japan
Source: World Factbook. CtA. 2001 7,470

Israe l 5,372

China
Ind ia 851
MALDI VES
442
Laos 31_
KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year
Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001

Agriculture is the p redo m in ant lan d use In Asia , rhou gh on ly o ne-sixth of th e land IS
arable. Wer grain s, such as ne e, are t he pnncipal crops of China an d South east Asian
A'
Q ~
R •

r
Y..
countries. Dry gr ai ns, su ch as wh eat, are gro wn In lim ited ar eas o f Ru ssia and Land Use and
China. A lack of m ode rn farm in g m et h ods , exce p r In j apan, Ru ssia , an d Israel,
Resources
I ~;\!,~rica lly lim ited food production. Ho wever, pro- .' ~ . LJ . ,. Pred ominant land use
ducrion is increas in g in so m e co u n t ries as govern - p. ' . '17­
menrs supply rhe needed rechn ology. T he ru gged ~ .- ~. .
D Commercialagriculture
landand climate in Northe rn , Centra l an d ([ ~ .;.f' ~
Nomadic herding
Southwesr Asia Iim irs lan d use ro n omad ic
Subsistence agriculture
herding. Here, ani m als sup ply food, sh el­
Primarily forestland
flD,

ler, clothing, and rra n sp orra rio n.

R Q u s s A D Limited agricultural activity
~ Q A Major resources
Q Coal
to! Natural gas
A Oil

okyc
•
M Gold
Forest products

§J. Silver
ili::, Iron ore
ill Uranium
@ Bauxite
9 Diamonds
cs Other minerals
~ Fishing

• Major manufacturing
and trade cente rs

Most Asian count ries ha ve an

Insignificant num ber of man u fac­

lUringjobs relarive ro o th er occu pa­ •

•
nons.Japan, Sou th Ko rea, Taiwan,

MALD rvES
China,and Singa pore are excep ti o ns.
Natural resou rces ar e Asia's m ost
Iffiportant export. The o il fiel ds of Southwesr ASia su p p ly much o f th e
~'o rld' s energy needs. Sou t he ast Asia su p p lies t h e World wit h ItS un , an d
coal is plentiful in are as o f Russia , Ch ina and India. The lack of processin g
tacilities limirs many Asian co u ntries in th e use of th eir resources.
Asia has many clima res. T his ca n be expec red on a
land m ass rha r covers an area fro m below rhe Equ ator Climate Graphs
co rh e Arcric O cea n and from rhe Medirerr anean Sea co Averag e d aily Average mo nthly
te mper ature precip itation
rhe Pacific Oce an . Wearher co nd irions flu cruate from range {in "Fl (in inches)

~~~h
rhe su b-freezin g remperarures and sno w of rh e run dr a
climare in No rr he rn Russia, rh rough rhe m o re rem per­ ';::] ( [:::
are h umid con n nen rai climate, pasr rh e arid co ndi ­ 0' O'
nons of Sou rh wesr a nd Cen tral ASia, a nd finally co rhe
warm an d wet zo nes of So ur h an d Southeast Asia. AlMATY. Kazakhstan
See ph ocogr ap hs rak en In d ifferenr kin ds of clima tes 0
=. =[::
o n pages 24-25 . 10os'']
R Jr -­
D· • O'
Jan Ap' Jul Oct

BEIRUT, Lebanon

okyo
I ~l l -:- Jan Ap, Jul
=[::
•
Oct
O'

COLOMBO, Sri Lanka

,'/ 100'j _ _ ==[20'

os . ~ 10'
J2'
D· O'
Jan Apr J ul Oct

DHAKA, Bangladesh

100'j T"'"'l z::::::;: ­

[20'
Climate I II 10'
•
J2'

OS"
0' O'

D
• f
Trop ical wet Humid subt rop ical Jan Apr Jul Oct

Tro pical wet and d ry Hum id cont inental

r4f;"" J' HONG KONG. China

Arid
Semiarid
D
D
Subarctic D
'
~;~ST
.
. E S
...
' o/-
I
" '-"..
A,

ft.
('
l:J2' j . --
I I I [20'
10'

•
Tund ra
•
TI MO R r
• ..".-... •

D Med iterranean High land D·

Jan Apr Jul Oct
O'

JAKARTA. Indonesia

1 ~~: l J _ = [20'
J~: I • • :~ .
Annual Precipitation Jan Apr Jul Oct

Centimeters Inches
NEW DELHI, India
The co unr nes of Sour h and
203 80

1~~: 1 _ _ _
Over Over
152 to 203 60 to 80

So u theast Asia expe rienc e rhe

mosr rainfall. T his ra in fall occurs
r=l= [20' 10'

102 to 152
40 to 60
primarily between rhe monr hs of
J2'
I
00 - O·
S1 to 102
20 to 40
April a nd O ct ob er. Warm , moisr
Ja n Apr J ul Oct

25 to 51
10 to 20
winds from rh e so urh, called RIYADH, Saudi Arabia
Under 25
Und er 10

R u
Mon soo ns, bnn g rhe rain to t his
part of rh e co nr ine nr and also 1::1 _- --[:
::
32'
pil e snow deepl y upo n rhe pe aks D· O'
Jan Apr Jul Oct
of rh e Himalayas. T he Mo nsoons
d o nor reach rh e inrerior of rhe TEHRAN, Iran

co nri ne n r, which remains d ry

rhro ug ho u r rh e year. T he dri esr
co unr ries are III rh e so u thwest.

TIANJIN, China
,"

10ss-0'] _
,--" [20' - 10'
32' ­ I
00 - O·
Jan Apr Jul Oct

TOKYO, Japa n

1~~ 1 __ -I [20'10'
J2' ,,--,
00 ---:-
Ja n
I I
Apr J ul Oct
O·

YAKUTSK, Russia

1~~3 2 :~ j ~;Jf~
T,m p ---, [:: :
_
00 _4 5,-=~~~__---,_ O.
Jan Api Jul Oct
 " ..

Ith ly T he contin en r's vegera rion is as

ti on
hes) Veget at ion vaned as irs clim are, ranging
fro m rh e lush rropi cal vegera­

[ ~: :
O·
• Unclassified highland s or ice cap

Tundra and alpin e tund ra

rion of rhe Sour h , Sourheas r,
and Easr Asian co untries co rh e
Coniferous forest sparse vegera rion of Russia's
Mid latltude decid uous for est
vast areric t u n d ra,
r20 " See phorographs of rhe di ffer­
Subtro pical broad leaf everg reen
~ 10 · forest ent kinds of vegerarion on pages
Mixed forest
26 -27.
Mid lant ude scrub

Mldl at itu de grassland

Desert

Tropical seasonal and scrub

D Tropical rain for est

'20 "
D Tropical savanna

10·

'0"

'20 ·

10"

·0 ·

' 20·
Environment al Issues
' 10 ·
• Current forest
O·
o Cleared forest
~ Area at high est risk of desert ificati on
20·

10·
D Areas most affe cted by acid rain
• Poor air q uality '
0" ,. Asia's h igh popu lat ion dens iries
'Cue s exceed mg ar reast one 0'
th e Wo rld He alth
have led co a mulrirude of env i­
OrganJzanon s (WHO) a nnua l m ean g u rd e lmes for dlr
quality ronm ental problem s, includi n g
20 "
Sources Global Dlstrrbutlo n of 0 6gmal and Remaining Forests, polluti on , d eforestation, over fish­
UNEP·WCMC, 2002
10 · World Sorl Resources Map Ind ex, USDAJNRCS, 2002 ing , and war er sho rt ages. Wirh
World Developme nTIndicato rs, World Bank. 1999
0"
rapid po pulation growrh , pr es­
su res o n land and war er resources
will o nly conrinue co in creas e. In
!O. wesrern Asia, desertificari on and
0" gro un d warer issu es are rh e mo sr
pr essm g co ncerns. Mo st land in
rhe region IS eirher cur renrly
des ert o r IS vulnerable co beco m­
)" m g desert in rh e fu ru re, and
)" wat er IS bein g wit hdrawn mo re
quickly rhan ir can be rep laced.

./

1"

n .'HILIPPIN ES
M an jl~~~

i~
MA l D IVES ..
 150"E 165°W
165"E .. .
Hawaiian I~
180° (U.S.)
Wake/.
oV 150'W
Northe (U.S.)
Mariana Is. Johnsto n I.
(U.S.) (U.S.)

15" N - 1 • ~ i I .1 I 15'N
r ur
Guam­ Z 0

135°E MARSHALL ::J Allislands east of 180 with in the

(u.S.) I I w
Philippin '!...I , Republic of Kiribati observethe same
IS'L ANDS date as the Islands west of 180·, eve n
~
Sea o PACIFIC OCEAN thou gh t hey are posit ioned on
<!. Opposite sides of the Internatio nal
z Date Line.
..: I . Palikir~ a
F E DERATE ~ S T A"TES ~ Palmyra Is, (U.S.)
b r MI CRO N ESI A' ~
c-
O<'
® Tarawa (Bairiki) Hoy-land I, (U.S.)
oI 500 1,000 m i I I \ : Baker/. (U.S.)
' , Jarvis I.
o 500 1,000 km K IIRIB A' TI (U.S.)

\
TINALU \
F unaf~ ti ® 't I T_L_ I U u-l _ I I I

American
Samoa
(U.S.)
:~~
, T
Coral Sea ~ <: 0 ~~. .. • .....
f: .~ -~ "I I I,n.} I I '. ';] " H I I '
.- ., ' 15'S
I
Cook Islands ~_. ,..."
I
I (N.Z.) \ Fr en ch"' :Po· IJne~ ia
Tahiti (Fr.) "
T~!fG~ Niue I.
(N.Z.)
® :
Nukua loja
-- ~-f--~----­ - - - , - - ­ - 1- - - - - - ­ " ­ -; .TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -
. Carnarvon ~WES TE RN I
'" . , J
AUS T~LI A Fiji I
I
N NorfolkIsland
Sea I 165'W
I
", - -:"\.. ~';, : : rJ : ! 1(; Old Coast . (Australia) l S0'W
r~i ~ i. I
300S 'j t"" I '" .., , 1\ " - .' \AI ~ C ! ,
., . . .. , t .o ~
• Kalgoorhe - - ~ : Kermadec Is. I
LordHowe /.
(Australia) • (N.Z.) wi
S
:Newcastle 51
wi
:,Sydney ~I
01 • Area: 3,300,000 square miles
r~'e' iWo li o n g o n g ;;'1
AUSTRALIAN CA PITA L T ERRITORY 61 (8,547,000 square kilometers)
INDIAN FI
Tasman ~I • Highest Point: Mt. Wilhelm,
120 E 0 OCEAN Sea ffi l
~I Pa pua New Guinea 15,400 ft. (4,694 m)
- I
I
• Lowest Point: Lake Eyre,
Chatham Is, I
(N.Z.) I 52 ft. (1 6 m) below sea level
'll I
International boundary • I
• Longest River: Murray-Darling,
/
§ State boundary /
2,510 mi. (4,039 km)
/
National capital lS0 ' E 180" /
® / • Largest Lake: Lake Eyre,
Symbol and label sizes 3,500 sq. mi. (6,475 sq. km)
ind icate re la tive sizes of cities:
165'E • Largest Country: Australia, 2,967,909 sq. mi.
• Sydney
(7,686,850 sq. km)
Perth
Hon iara • Largest City: Sydney, Australia, 3,997,000
 N O RTH
A MERIC A 1 3S~E 16 5 "'E HiO' 16 S--N
15 0 "E
K aUil'
. .. O ahu
" ~ Ma u i
Hawai ian 15. _ Hawaii
. Wake I.
: Northern

. Mariana I:

.Johnston I.

i" P I I I I I I lS'N-
Guam- ·

M Marshall
PACIFIC OCEAN
Babe lth ua~ •C _r 0
Islands
'" J f]
Caroline Is"/ nd; . e '. '
s p
/
o
~
'" Howland I. /
Tarawa , I
Gilbert Is. : Saker I. .J­

" ..Phoenix Is.

Tuvalu
Tongareva Is. ~
Marque s~; .
Manihiki I. . ~ Flint I. Islands

:'''';0
CookIslands .
JOel"'o,$l'~ " '<.
Fre nch' -; <, ~-:s:
I. Niue I. :~~
Tonga Polynes ia ~ . ~.....,..
" , ~
Rarotonga I. •

. - -; - TROPIC OF CAPRICORN" - ­

Fiji
Sea N
.Norfolk Island
_ 3005 1-.. ~ -~ ~-' " ~ I ut:" /u w :tt:"d i1~/ ::~ . I 30'S
: Kermadec Is.
E
.LordHowe I.
w4
5 1,000 mi
0 5
I , 90 1,
0 500 1,000 km

I
Tas ma n
B International boundary
Sea
El State boundary
INDIAN
"- Mountain peak
OCEAN Chatham Is \l Lowest point
. South Ea$t 7.,. )
120'E Cape
45'S
I
16S'W
I

13S'E IS0'E lWE 180' lS0'W

I I I I I
Mount
Kosciuszko
"'\.
: ~~~ ~: =:~=-'---~~~~~='='~~'=='
' I ~ ~=~ ~"-"- "- - - -'~-' ·=-~~~f~e"z~_,__'. '._. ._.---'_-'-_.-_.=_-_'-._-.-.~~-~1.~~:=~~~-.~3~t~::---. ~-·
3,000 ft . - - -....- - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - .- - - . - . - - - - - . -..- - - - - -....- - - ..- - - - -
­-f"·
--~= "'====="-.
I --­
5~:~~v: i ~ ' 7- - .- .- .... """"'--'cO'=- - - r - .. . - - - - - . - - -...- . _ B
.­
...
 Major Metropolitan
Areas
Australia
Sydney 3,997,000
Melbourne 3,367,000
Brisbane 1,628,000
Perth 1,340,000
Adelaide 1,073,000 , ...
Newcastle 471,000
Gold Coast
Popu lation
(Southport) 397,000 Persons pe r Persons per
Ashmore and sq. mile sq. km
Canberra 312,000 Cartier Is. •
Over 520 Over 200
Coral Sea
Fiji , Islands 260 to 519 100 to 199
Suva 167,000 130 to 259 50 to 99
Lautaka 29,000 25 to 129 10 to 49
1 to 24 1 to 9
Kiribati o o
Tarawa (Bairiki) 25,000
I Major met ropolitan areas
MarshallIslands ~U S TRA L IA
!---_ ._~- • Over 1 million
Majuro 18,000
Brisbane S h • 250,000 to 1 million
' out port
Gold Coast • 100,000 to 250,000
Micronesia I--- --­
Wena 15,000
Colonia 3,000

Nauru ;Newcastle
Yaren 4,000 Sydney
·Canberra
New Zealand Melbourne
Auckland 1,075,000
Wellington 340,000
Christchurch 334,000

Palau Tasmania
Karar 13,000 Hobart

Papua New Guinea

Port Moresby 332,000
Lae 81,000
Madang 27,000
Wewak 23,000

Samoa
Apia 34,000

Solomon Islands
Honiara 61,000

Tonga Estimated

Nuku 'alafa 30,000 2002 Population (in millions)

Aust ralia 20

Tuvalu
Funafuti 4,000 Papu a New Guinea 5

New Zealand 4

Vanuatu
All other countries 2

Port-Vila 30,000
Source: u.s. CensusBureau
InrernarlOOal comparabIlity of
popu/arlon d.na is limited by varying
census methods. Where metropolitan
population IS unavailable, core city
popula tIon IS shown.
 Gross Demes ne Product IS a m easure o f the total Electricity Use
Un ited St at es 12,407
goods and services ge ne ra te d by a co u mry.
Generally, m anufactunng, hi gh -tech serv ices, and
specialized ag ric ultural product s add m o re value
than raw m aterials and basi c food stuffs.
Australia de rives its wea lth and h igh standard o f
livin g fro m service indust ries an d m in eral ext rac­
ti on a nd p rocessing. New Zea lan d 's eco no my IS
orien ted to wa rds th e export of an imal product s.
Papua New GUine a's su bsiste nce eco no my ge ner ­
at es lit tle excess wealth.

Gross Domestic
Product

O ver $20.000

".
t "-\. $10,000 to $20,000
GDP of Island Nati o ns $5,000 t o $9,999
Fiji Samoa D
$2,500 to a$4,999
Kiribati D Solomon Islands D
Pap ua New Gu inea 3S3
Less tha n $2,500
M,rshallisiands D Tonga D

MICronesia D Tuvalu D
No data
KW h (kilowatt hours) per pe rson per year
Nauru Vanuatu D
Source: World Factbook. CIA, 2001 Source; WorldFacroooe . CIA, 2001
0
Palau

Land Use and Resources

on
~.

,
.• '
D
D
Predomina nt lan d use

Commercial agr icult ure

••
Dairying
~~i\. Livestock ranching

Primarily fo restla nd
Ashmore and fA D Limite d agricult ural act ivity
Carti er Is. G>
Majo r reso urces

Q Co al
CJ Natural gas
fA
•
Oil
Fo rest prod uct s
&J. Gold
!HJ. Silver
IE:::. Iron ore
,. ill Uraniu m
®
@
as fA
G>
9
Bauxite
Diamond s
Q Ot her min erals

Q ==< Fishing

• Maj or manufact uring

and trade cente rs

Australia is rich in mineral su p port shee p and ca ttle grazing.

resources. It ranks first 111 th e min­ The New Zealand eco no my IS
mg ofbauxite, dia mo nds , lead, and buil t o n livestock, raisin g more am ­
zac while being a lead ing pr odu cer mals per person then an y other
ofcoal, gold, and Iron ore . Its ura­ co u n try In th e world. Meat and
mum deposits are th e largest In the dairy prod uc ts are important Tasm ania
u'o rld, though largely un d evelop ed. exports.
.iedern methods of farm in g and The eco nom ies o f Papu a New
rrigation allow a very limited area GUinea and the o th er Island

ofcommercial agricultu re to be natio ns In the regIOn rely pr imarily

highlyproductive. Despite a rid co n­ o n su bs iste nce ag nculture a nd

ditions,vastareas of the mr eri o r tounsm .

Australia's climate IS pr edominately

wa rm an d dr y. The northern half of
the co untry lies within th e tr opi cs
and has very warm condit ion s year
ro un d. The so uthern half of th e
country lies below th e tropics and
expe ne nces a warm su m m er and a
cool winter. Ashmore and

Climat e

•
Cartier/so •

New Zealand 's climate IS like th at

Coral Sea Tropical wet
of th e U.S. Pacific No rt hwe st- mi ld , Islands
and moist. Papua New Guinea and Tropical wet and dry
o the r Island nations su rrou nd ing th e
equato r have climates th at are m ain­
ly very warm and moi st year rou nd .
See ph otographs taken in di fferent
•
D
D
Arid
Semiarid
Mediterranean

D
••
Humid subtropical
kinds of climates on pag es 24-25.
Marine
Highland

pert~

Charlotte Pass
Lowest recorded te mperat ure,
-9.4'F (-23°C), 1994
•

Tasmania

Ashmore and
Cart/er Is. •

Annual Precipitation
Centimeters Inches
Over 200 Over 80 While Papua New Gu inea and
150 to 200 60 to 80 o the r island nations within the
100 to 150 40 to 60 tropi cs receive plentiful an d reli
AUSTRALIA
50 to 100
20 to 40 abl e rai nfall, rai n can be a prob­
25 to 50
10 to 20 lem in Australia- rypically a case
Mulka 6 Under 25
Under10 of feast o r famine or bad timing
Lowest average annual
precip itation: 4" (10.3 em) West erly winds off of the
Perth... Tasm an Sea deposit precipita­

~. Adelaide • Sydney
n on o n th e mo un tain ra nges of
New Zealand , often in th e form
o f snow th at can be seen on
so me pea ks year ro u nd.

• ."
.,...
Tasmania ~f
 Climate Graphs
Abundant Australian for est­ Veget at ion
,l,ver~ dai ly Average monthly
temperaillre
rallge(in "Fj
precipit ation lan d s ar e lirru red to relatively ,.
(in in ches)
narrow coastal regIon s where -,
EA D Subtropical broadleaf
evergreen forest
m oistu re, even if seas o n al, IS
D Mixed forest

BRISBANE,A ustralia
adeq uate. Mo st o f th e rest of
th e contin en t is cove red by
s pecIes of tr ees, bush, and
grass es adapted to arid condi­
Ashmore and
Cartie r Is.

~
CoralSea
Islands •
D
D
Midlatitude scrubland
Midlatitude grassland
Desert

':1_=__
[20' - 10·
tions. Eucalyptus are th e m ost
common t rees 111 Australia.
D
o
Tropical seasonal and scrub
Tropical rain forest
17'
~
Jan
I • .
Apr Jul
II
Oct
O. Pa p u a New GUlI1ea has
d en se tropical ra m fore sts,
o Tropical savanna

and New Zea la nd has m ixed

forests and g rassla n ds anslI1 g
PERTH, Australia from ItS temperate ch rnare.

'~I -------,I - - -.
, - [:
See photographs of differ­
o ,
ent kmds of vege ta ti o n on
Jail Apr lu i DC!
pages 26- 27 . TdsmaniaV
SOU~
h . NE W
Island .
Z EALA ND

"
AUCKLAND,New Zealand

65' _=_- [20'

11lI'1
Ir -­
io-

~ •
Jan
I
Apr
I
Jul Oct
I 0'

PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea

':'1_ : : : : _ ==[20 10 '

Ashmo re and
1~ 1 1 • • o Ca-ner Is.
Jan Apr Jul Oct
Coral Sea Environ ment al Issues
, Islands
Current forest
o Cleared forest
AOeL:JDE,Austrafia
I22a Area at highest risk of desertification

'~l' ====[:.

v • O'
• Poor air quality*
"Dries exceeomq at least one of the World Health

Or ganization'S (WHO) annual mean gUidelines for air

Jan Apr Jul Oct

quality
Sources: Global Distribution of Ori ginal and Remaining Forests.
UNEP·WCMC.2OO2
World Soil Resources Map Index. USOAlNRCS, 2002
d World Deve lopme nt Indicato rs. World Baok. 1m
he MEtBOURNE.Australia

reli­ MI::::-
IIlI'
_-_
- [20'
TO'
:>b-
rase : . . --=- .
Jan Apr Jul Oct
o·
in g.

of
rm
SYDNEY,Austraiia Biod iver sity loss (a de cr ease It1 t he vanety of life
forms a n d ecos yste ms ) IS a lead in g enviro n m en tal
• '..,
.
p rob lem In both Australia and New Zealand. Ov er
th e pa st two h u n d red years, vast areas have been Tasmani a
clea red for set tle me nts an d far m land. ThIS land
clean n g, along WIth th e mrrodu cnon of n on -native
p lan t and an imal spe CIes, has permanently alte red
OiRISTCHURCH, New Zealand the ecological balance. In New Zealan d , It IS
est imate d t hat eig hty-five percen t of t he o rigmal
J1l]
6S
~ r--"""':
_ [20' 10' lowla n d fo rests and wetlands have been lost du e to
II - ­
tI" •• O'
human in fl u en ces. D esertification, often brought
Jan Apr Jul Oct
o n by over grazmg, IS anoth er serio u s en vironmen ­
tal threat in many parts of Aus t ralia.
ngitude
IS"OS'E Page Latitude l ongitude Page LatitudeLongitude Page Latitude Longitude Page LatitudeLongitude Page Latitude Longitude
ll"OO'W <"wrbta Mts" mountalns . 15 S1°00'N 11'rOO'W Denekil,region 91 13"00'N 41"00'E George, fiver. 75 S7"OO' N II "OOW Halifax Bay, bay 103 19"00'5 147'OO'E
'roow ~a Plat. , pla tea u 54 4s ooo'N 118°eX)'W Denmark, country 84 S6'OO'N lO"OO'E Georgetown, Guyana 78 6"41N 58"01W Hall Pen , peninsula. 75 65"00'N 66"00W
4S"00'E ,,",M. GA. 51 32"28'N B4°S9'W Denmerk Str., strait 45 6S"00'N 31'OO'W Georgia, country 84 43°00'N 43"00'E Hamburg, Germany . 84 53"33'N 10'01'E
;2°19'W ra.-. OH . 51 39°S8'N 83"00W Denver, CO 50 39°44'N 104°S9W Fairbanks,AK 50 64"SO'N 141'43W Georgia, state, U.s 51 33"00'N 83"00W Hamersley Range,

n-oow ~. Mexico . . . 76 16°1S'N srsr« Dese, Ethiopia. 90 11°10'N 39"311 Farsalebad. Pakistan 96 31°24'N 73'On Germany, country 84 S2'00 'N 11"oo'E mocn tems 103 23'00'5 118'OO' E

l1"OO'W
23"S4'E
.ooa ,
~ RlVadav la ,
78 45"51'5 67"29W
Des Memes, IA
Des MOines. nver
51
55
41' 36N
43' ooN
93' 31W
94°OOW
Falcon Res" lake
Falkland Is.•
77 21'OON 99' OOW Ghedamrs.libya
Ghana. country
90 30'08 'N
90 9'OO'N 2"00W
9'3 0'E Hamilton. Canada
Hamilton. New Zealand
. 74
102
43' I6N
31'415
19'5I W
175'18'E
'2°00 'W
c..m.C.Cd!" . 97 8"00'N 78'oo'E Desne, nver 85 S2'OON 32' oo'E dependency, UK 78 52"00'5 59'OOW Gbardae . Algena 90 32'30'N 3'40'E Hernrnertest. Norway . 84 70'40N 23'42'E
Caooros.country .. 90 12"00'5 43'OO'E Detroit, MI 51 42°20'N 83' 03W Falkland Is., Islands 79 52'00'5 S9'OOW Gibraltar, dependency, U.K 84 37"00'N 5'OOW Hannover, Germany . 84 S2'22'N 9'4S'E
'1°39'W Caroms Is.. islands . 91 11'00'5 43' oo'E Devon I , Isla nd 75 16'OON 85'OOW Farewell, C , cape 45 60' OO'N 44°OOW Gibraltar. Str.of, strait 85 36' OO'N 6'OOW HanOI, Vietnam . 96 21'02'N 105' 49'E
S' OO'W Cooairy,Guinea ... 90 9°31'N 13'42W Dhaka, Bangladesh 96 23'43N 9O"26'E Fargo, ND 50 46'S3'N 96' 41W Gibson Desert, desert 103 25' 00'5 12I'OO'E Happy Valley-Goose Bay.
'(J°49'W

_
~, Chl le . " .. 78 36' 48'5 13'02W Dretenbaker, L. fake 75 SO'oo'N 10l ' OOW Faro. Canada 74 62'1 6'N 133'24W Gllon, Spam 84 43'32 'N S041W Canada . 74 S3' 20'N 60'23W
22' OO'E CcrcepciOn.Paraguay . 78 23' 23'5 SI'2SW 84 47"20'N S' 02'E Faroe ls., dependen cy, Den. 84 62'OO'N 7"OOW Gila, fiver 54 33'oo'N 112'OOW Harare, Zimbabwe . . 90 11'49'5 31"03'E
DIJon, France
""""" ,,,IOro. Dill. EastTImor 96 8'35'5 12S'36 'E Faroe ts..Islands 85 62' OO'N r ar« Gilbert ls., ,slands 103 0'00' 173'oo'E Harbin, China . 96 4S'4 3N 126'43 E
22'oo 'E ..........
76 24°36'N 101°26W Dmanc Alps. mountams 85 44' OON 17"00'E Faya-Largeau, Chad 90 1I' 56N 19' OI E Giza, Egypt 90 30'01'N 31' 13'E Hargeysa, SomalIa . 90 9°31'N 44"03'E
S'OO'W Ccrapb:n, Pt., cape. . 54 34' oo'N 120'OOW Dire Dews, Ethiopia 90 9'36N 41' 52'E Fear, C , cape 55 34'OO'N 18'OOW Glama.flver 85 60' OO'N l1'OO'E Harnsourg , PA . 51 40' I6N 16'S3W
O"OO'W Cmx:nos,rr.'t'f. . 77 29'OO'N 10S"OOW DirkHartog I., ,sland 103 26' 00'5 I13' oo'E Federated States Glasgow.United Kmgdom 84 5S'51'N 4°16W Hartford. CT . 51 41°46'N 72'41'W
59' oo'E UJwd. NH,. 51 43°12'N 1I' 32W Drstnto Federal, of Mrconesra,country 102 6' oo'N ISO'oo'E Gobi, desert 97 43' oo'N ' OS' OO'E Hatteras, C. cape . 55 35'OO 'N IS'OOW
43'OO'E Cltgo,nver. 91 2'oo'N 22'oo'E fed dlst., Mex 76 19' OON 1OI'ooW Feee de Santana. Braz,1 78 12"15'5 38'S8W Gcdaven. fiver 97 19' OO'N 78'OO'E Havana, Cuba 44 23'09'N 82'23'W
l#Igo Sasln, basrn.. 91 1' 00'5 23' OO'E DJibouti. country 90 l1'oo' N 4I' OO'E Fes. Morocco 90 34'04'N 4'58W GoliIOla, Braz,/. 78 16' 42'5 49°1SW Havre-St-Piene. Canada 74 SO'IS'N 63'36W
37'oo' E '1l'I«tICUt,nver .. 55 42' OO'N 13'OOW Djibouti, DJibouti. 90 11°34'N 43'08 'E Feuriles. Raux, fiver 75 S8'OO'N 73'OOW Gold Coast, Australia 102 27'57'5 IS3' 23'E Hawaii, Isla nd . 54 20'oo'N ISS'OO'W
-.::Kut.state, IJ S 51 42' oo'N 13' OOW Dnieper. flvel 85 4I' OO'N 33'OO'E Fe narantsoa. Madagascar. 90 21'2 7'5 41' 04'E Gold Coast, region 91 S' oo'N roow Hawaii, state, US . SO 2I'OO' N IS8'OOW
36'OO'E --.ce,L., lake .. 85 48' oo'N 9' OO'E Dnieper Upland, highlands 85 49°00'N 32'OO'E FiJI, country 102 19'00'5 118' OO'E Gonder, Ethiopia. 90 12' 34'N 37'26'E Hawauan Is.. ,slands . 54 2I'OO'N ISI "OOW
l'OO'W mtta , Romanl<l . 84 44°11'N 28'39'E Druester, river 85 49'OO'N 26' oo'E FijiSea, sea 103 21'00'5 177'OO'E Good Hope. C of, cape 91 35'00'5 18'oo'E Hay, fiver . 75 58'00 N 118' OOW
O'OO'W '~,A lge Fla .. 90 36' 22'N 6' 36'E Drupropetrovs'k. Ukraine 84 48°27'N 34' S9'E Filchner Ice Shelf, ICe shelf 15 80'00'5 40'OOW 84 S7"42'N 11' 56'E Hay River, Canada 74 60' 49'N 115'46W
Goteborg. Sweden
19'oo'E S'OO'W 49°42'N 83'40W
',def""d",cy. NZ 102 20'00'5 IS8'OOW Dcd oma. Tanzania 90 6' 09'5 3S'4 2'E Fnobulke Shelf, Ice shelf 15 10'00'5 Gotland, Island 85 S7'OO'N 18' OO'E Hearst, Canada . 74
14'oo' E ott ls.. I $i'~ nds . 103 20'00'5 IS8'ooW Doha, Datar 96 2S'lS 'N SI' 26'E Fsusterre . C; cape 85 43'oo'N 9'OOW Govemedor valadares. Hecate Str., strait . 75 S3'OO'N 13I'ooW
4'OO'W lI1. Mt,peak . 103 44' 00'5 170'OO'E Dommca. country 44 16°00'N 61' OOW Finland, country 84 66"OO'N 26'OO' E Brazll 78 18'51 '5 41'S9W Helena. MT . 50 46'36N 112'02W
25°18'E Str"strait .. 103 41' 00 5 174°00'E Dominican Rep, country 44 20'oo'N 10' OOW Finland, G of, gulf 85 60'OO' N 26'OO' E Grain Coast, region 91 6°oo'N 10'OOW Helsnkr,FInland 84 6O'11'N 24'56'E
13' On ~ , Denmark . 84 S5°41'N 12' 35'E Don. river 85 48°00'N 40' OO'E Fitzroy, river 103 18°OO 'S 12S' oo'E Granada, Spain 84 37c ll 'N 3'3 6W Hermosillo, MeXICO . 76 29' 04'N 110'SSW
12' oo 'E ~,cn ,Je .. 78 21'2 3'5 IO' I8W Dc nets. fiver 85 49°00'N 38'OO 'E Flagstaff, AZ 50 3S' 12'N 111'39 W Gran Chaco. plain 79 23' 00'5 62' OO'W Herrero, Pt., cape . 77 19'00 N 81'OOW
0'00 'W Unyon, canyon 77 27'ooN 108' OO'W Donets Basm. basm 85 48°00'N 38' oo'E Flattery. C. cape 54 48'OO'N 125'OO W Grand, fiver. 55 43°00'N 86' OOW HIdalgo, state. Mex . 76 21'OO'N 99'OOW
SeJ,sea. . 103 15'00'5 ISS'oo'E Donets'k. Ukrame 84 48' 01'N 37'48'E Fhoders, fiver 103 19'00'5 141°00'E Grand Canyon, canyon 54 36'OO'N 113'OOW Hidalgo del Parra', MeXICO . 76 26'S6'N IOS'41W
9'09 'W Se.1 Is1ands Ierr., Douala. Cameroon 90 4°03'N 9'4 3'E Fhnders I., Island 103 40'00'5 148' OO'E Grande, river. 79 20' 00'5 48'OO W Highlands, mountams . 85 SI'OO'N S'OO'W
s-cow ~, AustJ . 102 11'00'5 ISO'OO'E Douredos, BrazJl 78 22"14'5 54"48W Flinders Ranges, rnounran s 103 32' 00'5 139' OO'E Grande Prame. Canada 74 Ss011'N llB 048W High Level. Canada 74 S8'31' N 117'06W
18' oo 'E 'lCob.1.Argerltina . 78 31' 23'5 64°11W Dourc , nvet . 85 43°0l)'N r or« FlmHen Canada 74 S4°48'N 101°S2W Grand Erg OCCidental, Hnumea I.. ,sland . 85 S9' OO'N 22'OO'E
1'S6'W 'lIilba, Spaln.. 84 37'S3'N 4°47W 39'09'N 7S' 31W Flmt,MI 43'OI'N 83c4 1'W 91 31°00'N 2'O~'E Hilo, HI 19°44'N 15S·0S'W
Dover,DE 51 51 desert 50
1'3 8'W Irela nd.. 84 S1'S4N 8'28W Dover.Str of, strait 51'OO'N I'OO'E Flmt.nver 55 31' oo'N 84°00W 91 31' 00'N 8' OO'E HImalayas, mountains 97 27'00'N 86'oo'E
85 Grand Erg Onental. desert
)'S l'W Brook Canada . 74 48' S7'N 57'51W Drakensberq, mountains 30' 00'5 30'OO 'E Flint Hills. hIlls 55 38'OO'N 97'00W Grand Falls-wmdsor. Hindu Kush, mountains . 97 3S'OO N 71'OO'E
91
3"08'W .Ceaca. 74 45' 02N 74°45'W Drake Passage. strait 14 60'00'5 10'OOW Fllntl, Island. 103 11' 00'5 IS2' OOW Canada 74 49' OO'N SS' 3SW HIspaniola. ,sland . 45 18'OON 69'OO'W
''OO'W 1rjM 000stl.TX ... 50 27°48'N 97"24W Dresden, Germany 84 SI' 03'N 13'44'E Florence. Italy 84 43'46'N 11°15'E Grand Forks,ND 50 41' S6'N 97'02W Hobart. Australia 102 42'48 '5 14r18'E
s-cow ",les, Atgentma .. 78 27'30'5 S8'49W Dryden, Canada 74 49°47'N 92°49W Florence . Colombia 78 l'36 'N IS'3SW Grand Rapids. MI 51 42°58'N 85' 40W Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam . 96 IO' 43'N 106' 43'E
S'19'W 'flle!1t~.c. ,ca pe . 77 2O'OON 100"OOW Dobawnt. fiver 75 63'OON 104'OOW Floneno. BrazJI 78 6'4 7'5 43' ooW Granrte Peak. peak 54 45'OO 'N 110'OOW Hokkao o. Island . 97 44°00'N 143' oo'E
l1°26' E \.O'SQ.lsland,. 85 43'OO'N 9' oo'E Dubawot L, lake 75 63' oo'N teo-cow Plonanopohs.Brazil 78 21' 36'5 4B034W Graz,A ustfla 84 47"OSN IS'21'E Holman,Canada . 74 70043'N llr41'W
W 06'E ~, Braz il .... 78 S2' 29N 31'oo'E
19'01'5 SI'38 W Dublin, Ireland 84 S3' 21'N 6' I6W Honda. state, U.S 51 29'OO'N 82"OOW Great ArtesianBasin, baSin 103 22'0 0'5 141'oo'E Homel', Belarus . 84
~' 16 'E
44 10'OON 85'OOW 84 42' 39'N 18'OS'E 2S'oo'N 82' OOW 34'00'5 130' OO'E . 44 1rOO'1\I 8S'OOW

_.ea_..
'15laRica.counrry . Dubrovmk.Croatia Honda Keys, Islands 55 Great Australian Sight. bay 103 Honduras, corJfltry
!5°S9'E CDlf d'''''OIre, counrry.. 90 S'OO'N s-cow Duluth, MN 51 46°47'N n'06W Honda, Straits of, strait 45 24' OO'N 82'OOW 36' 00'5 175'OO'E Hong. rwer 97 23'oo'N 100'oo'E
Great BarnerI, 'sland. 103
11' oo 'E ___ I. ..", .. 77 20'OON 81' 00W Dund-Us. Mongolia 41' S9N 9,'39 'E Former Yugoslav Rep. Great BarnerReef, reef 15'00'5 146' OO'E Hong Kong. Chrna . 96 22'1SN 114°11'E
96 103
/' oo'W 14 49"31"N 11S046W Dunedin, New Zealand 102 45'52'5 110'28'E of Macedonia. country. 84 4I' OO'N 22'OO'E 54 40' OO'N II I'OOW Home-a,Solomon Islands 9'19'5 :W·44·E
Great Bassi. baSin '02
1' 17'W Crtt L,Jake .. 75 SI'OO'N 108'OOW Durango, Mex!Co 24' 02'N 104'39W Fortaleza. BraZIl 78 3' 46'5 38'33W Great Bear l. . /ake 75 6S' OO'N 120' OOW Honolulu. HI 21°18'N 157°Sl' W
76 . 50
roow U!I!,i5Jar,d .. . . . . . 85 3S'OO'N 2S'00'E Durango, state, Mex 76 24'OO' N 100'OOW Fort Collms. CO 50 40'3S'N 10S'OSW Great Dlvldmg Range, Honshu. Island . 97 31'OON 140' OO'E

I ~OO 'W
tftt!.Seaof.sea .... 85 36' oo'N 2S'oo'E Durban. S Afflca 90 29'5 0'5 31' 01'E Fort Frances, Canada 74 48'38'N 93'23W mountams 103 22'00'5 149'OO'E Hood. Mt., peak . 54 45' OON 122'OOW
" 49'W Crmea, peninsu!a , . 85 45°00'N 34'OO'E Dushanbe, Tajikistan 96 38'34'N 68'48 'E Fort l auderdale, Fl 51 26' Ol'N 80'00W Greater Antilles, Islands 45 18'OON I S'OOW Hormuz. Str of, strait . 97 26' OO' N S6'OO'E
roow Uo.Jt.a,coontry .. . . . . 84 45'OO'N 15' OO'E Dzonqanen Basn . basm 97 45'OO'N 88' OO'E Fort McMurray,Canada 74 S6°41'N 111°22'W Greater Khmgan Range, Horn, C. cape . 79 56' 00'5 68°00W
~021 'W
CslizefodoSul,BraziJ.. 78 7' 38'5 72°40'W Fort McPherson, Canada 74 67'26 'N 134' S2W mountainS 97 4s 000'N 118' OO'E Hornof Afnca, regIon . 91 9'oo'N 4r OO'E
IOJ 9'W S8·4] ·N 122' 42W
Cuwldo,river . 91 15'00'5 22'OO'E Fort Nelson, Canada 74 Greater Sunde ts., ,slands 97 5'00 '5 110' OO'E Horen. China . 96 3I'OS'N 19' 54'E
~ 049 'W
uatltemoc.Me...cc . 76 28'2S'N 106'SIW Fort Peck L, lake. 54 48' OO'N 101'00W Great Falls, MT 50 4r 30'N 111°18'W Houston, TX . 51 29' 46'N 9S'22W
I'OS'W Ula"""tty....... 44 22"00' N 8O'OOW FortSt John, Canada 74 S6'13 'N 120' Sl W Great Plalns,plaln 45 4S' OO'N 105'OOW Howland I,

jOOO'w l' oo'N 177'OOW

C......'" ..... 45 22"OON 80' OOW Esst Cbma Sea. sea 97 29' oo'N I24'OO'E FortSrmpson, Canada 74 61°50'N 121°21W Great Salt L, lake 54 4I' OO'N 113'OO W dependency, U S 102
j003'W
Ubango,llV{'r ...... 91 15' 00'5 18°oo'E Easter ' , dependency 16 21'07'5 109' 22W Fort Smith, AR. 51 3S'23N 94°24W Great Salt Lake Desert, Howland I., Island 103 I' OO'N 177'OOW
,0OO'W
GIMa, Colombia . . 78 1'53" 12'29W Easter I ,I sland 14 21' 07'5 109'22W FortSmith, Canada 74 6O'00'N 111' SIW desert 54 41°00N 114°00'W Hrodna. Belarus 84 53'41'N 23'Sn
I'OO'W GJenca,Ecuador. ..... 78 2'54'5 79°01W Eastern Desert, desert. 91 26'OO'N 32' oo'E FortWorth, TX 50 32' 44'N 97c19W Great Sandy Desert, desert . 103 21'0 0'5 12S'OO'E HuaJuapan de Leon, Mex!Co 76 11'48'N 91'41'W
" oo'W ~aca, Mex ico .. 76 18' SS'N 99'14W Eastern Ghats. mountarns 97 lS'OO'N 82' OO'E Poxe Basin, bay 75 66'OON 79"OOW Great Slsve L, lake 75 63' OO'N 115'OOW Huambo, Angola . 90 12'46'5 IS'44'E
!OO6'W 15'35'5 S6'OlW 6S' oo'N 78°00W
Gaba.8laziI.. 78 East London. 5 Afflca 90 33'00'5 21'5 4'E Foxe Pen.. penmsula 75 Great VletOna Desert, Huancayo, Peru 78 12'05'5 7S°13'W
l'oo'W Ub. Mexico........ 76 24°47'N 10r 23W East Sibenan Sea, sea 97 73'OO'N 165'OO'E France. country 84 4I' OO'N 2' OO'E desert 28'0 0'5 I28'OO'E Huang (Yellow), fiver 97 37'OO N 111"OO'E

103
"'31'W IiJl'lJ'Ia,VenellJela . .. 78 10'27" 64' I1W East Timor, country 9'00'5 12S'oo'E Franceville, Gabon 90 1'39'5 13'34'E 39'OO'N 22' OO'E Huanuco, Peru 78 9' 54'5 76' I6W
l03S'W 96 Greece, country 84
·J'l'tlerland, river , ........ 55 37'OO' N 88'OOW Ebro, fIVer 85 43·00'N 2' OOW FranCistown, Botswana 90 21'12'5 27'32'E Green, fiver 55 38'OO'N 8I' OO'W Huascaran. MI.. peak 79 9' 00'5 18'OOW

8' oo'E ItIOerland Pen.• penmsula . 75 66'ooN 6S'ooW Ecuador, country 78 2'00'5 80'00W Frankfort, KY 51 3Bo12'N 84°52W Green, fiver 42' OO'N 110'OOW Hudson, fiver 55 42' OO'N 14'OOW
54
7' SO'E ~and PlaL. pla tea u , . 55 3S' oo'N 8S'OOW Edinburgh, United Kingdom . 84 SS'S7'N 3'11W Frankfurt, Germany 84 SO'07' N 8°41'E Green Bay,WI 51 44°31'N 88' 01W Hudson Bay, bay 75 S9'OON 8S'ooW
"02 'W ~nd Sound , bay .... 75 6S'oo'N 6S' OOW Edmonton. Canada 74 S3'3S'N 113'31'W Franz Josef lan d, ,slands. 97 81'OO'N SS'oo'E Greenland. ,sland 45 I S' OON 40' OOW Hudson Str, strait 75 63'OON 73'OOW
B051'E
lQliO. isJand... . , ...... 45 12°10'N 69'OOW Edwards Plat.. plateau 54 31'oo'N 10l'ooW Fraser, nver 75 S2' OON 123'OOW Greenland (Kalaalht Nunaat), Hull, Canada 74 4S' 26'N 7s044'W
1'26 'E BrazIJ............ 7B 25'215 49·16W Egypt, country. 90 26'OO'N 29'OO'E Fraser L,,sland 103 25' 00'5 IS3'OO'E dependency, Den. 44 IS' ooN 40'00W Humphreys Peak, peak 54 3S'00'N I1I "OOW

,'29'E Pou .. 78 13'32 5 71"S6W Elba, Island 43°00'N 10' OO 'E Fredericton. Canada 74 4S' S7'N 66°40W 6S' OON 84 47'0 0'N 19'OO'E
85 GreenlandSea, sea 15 IO'OOW Hungary. country
:lldes. l5lands. . .. 85 31'OO' N 2S'oo'E Elbe, fiver 85 S4°00'N l1'oo 'E Freetown. SIerra leo ne 90 8'27N 13' 13W Green Mts., mountains . 55 44°00'N 73'OOW HuntSVille. Al 51 34°44'N 86'3SW
2' 37'E :l!i.rounuy .......... 96 3S'OO'N 33' oo'E Elbert,Mt., peak 54 39' OO'N 106'OOW French GUiana. Greensboro, NC 36°04'N 79°48W Huron. L, lake 45 41'oo'N 82'OOW

51
'OO'W lIJI6,iSlatTd . , . 97 3S'OO'N 33' oo'E Elbrus. Mt., peak 43' oo'N 42' oo'E dependency, Fr 78 4'OO'N S2'OOW Grenada, country 44 12'OON 62'OOW Hyderabad, India 96 11' 20'N 78°31'E
85
' OO'W Q, reglon........ . 91 2S'OO'N 24' OO'E Elburz Mts., mountams 97 36'0 0'N S3' oo'E French PolyneSia. II'OON 93'OOW

GnJalva, fIVer 77
' 09'W UJdl Rep., country ., . . . . . 84 49000'N lS'OO'E Eldoret, Kenya 90 O'32'N 3S' 16'E dependency,Fr 15'00'5 140'OOW Groote I., Island 103 14'00'5 137'OOE
102
' oo'W EI Fashlr. Sudan 90 13' 38'N 2S'21'E French Polynesra. ,slands 103 15'00'5 140' OOW 84 43°24'N 45'41'E
800'W Groznyy, RUSSia
EI Kharga. Egypt 90 2S'27'N 30'33 'E Fresndlo. Mex!Co 76 23'10'N 102'SIW Guadalaj31a, MeXICO 76 20'4~'N 103'21'W
'OO'W Ellesmere I, Island 75 83' OO'N 16' OOW Fresno.CA 50 36' 45'N 119' 46W Guadalcanal l , ls/and 103 10'00'5 160'oo'E lasl. Romania 84 41' ION 21'36'E
827'W
EllJo t Lake, Canada 74 46' 23'N 82'39W Frla. C , cape 91 18' 00'5 12' OO'E Guadalupe I, Island 77 29' OO'N 118'00'W Ibadan, N'gefla 90 7' 24N 3'S3'E
' S6'W s..g.1 .......... 90 14°42'N lr27W Ellsworth Land, region 76'00'5 90'OOW FriSian Is,. islands 85 54'OON 6'OO'E Guadalupe Peak. peak . 54 32' OON 104' OOW
Ibague, Colombia 78 4°24'N 7S01SW
' 32'W '5
JX . ........ 50 32'4/'N 96°48W Ellsworth Mts., mountains 15 80' 00'5 8S' OOW FrODlsher Bay, bay 75 64'OO'N 66'OOW Guadeloupe,
Iberian Pen , peninsula 85 41'OO'N 4'OOW
' 10'W .reglon. .. . ..... 85 44' ooN 16"00'E EIObeld, Sudan 90 13°l 1'N 3O'13'E Front Range, mountains 54 40' OO'N 10S'OO'W dependency, Fr. 44 18'OO'N 62' OOW
Iblza, Island 85 39'OO'N I' OO'E
_ Iand. legion, . . 91 21'00'5 19' OO'E EIPaso, TX 50 31'46 'N 106'29'W Fuerte , fiver 77 26'oo'N 109' OOW Guadlana, fiver 85 39"00'N 8"OOW Ica, Peru 78 14'03'5 I S' 4SW
'42 'W ~scus, Syria . ..... 96 33'31'N 36' 18'E EISalvador, country 44 14'OON 89'OOW 3S'21'N 138°44'E 10'48'5 6S'2 2W Iceland, country 84 6S'ooN 18' OOW
FUJI, Mt., peak 97 Guaw a-Mlnm, BraZil 78
:!~. Cap , cape ... 91 12' 00'5 48' 00'E EITigre, Venezuela 78 8'S3'N 64'16W Funafuti, Tuvalu 102 8' 37'5 m ' 07'E Guam, dependency, U.S. 102 13'OO'N 14S'OO'E Iceland, ,sland 85 6S' oo'N 1B"OOW
'49' W OtNallg,Vretnam . . 96 16"03'N 108"2 'E Eml Koussl, peak 19' OO'N 2I'OO'E Fundy. Bayof, bay 75 45' OON 67'00W Guam, lsland 13°00'N 14S'OO' E Idaho, state, US SO 44"OO'N 114°00'W
91 103
'01'W .rlVer.• . 85 49000'N 10' oo'E EncarnaCio n. Paraguay 78 27'20'5 SS' S2W Fuzhou. China 96 26'04N 119' 18'E GuanaJuato, MeXICO 76 21°00'N 101°17W Iguala, MexICO 76 18'21N 9'I'32W
'38'W DnbeDeita,deita. . .. 85 45'OO'N 29'OO'E Encounter Bay, bay 103 31'00'5 139'00'E 22'OO'N 101'OOW Iguazu Falls. falls 79 26' 00'5 S5'OOW
Guanajuato, state. Mex 76
'27W ~, s rrait ........ 85 .lO"OO'N 21'OO'E Enderby Land, region 15 70'00'5 40'00'E Guangzhou, China 23'08N 113'18'E lIebo. Dem. Rep of Congo 90 4' 20'5 20' 38'E

96
'S6'W ts Sa~ am. Tanzania . .. 90 6'495 39' 17'E 52' OO'N 2"OOW 14°47'5 39'03W
England. dIVISIon, U.K 84 Guapore, liver. 79 '3'00'5 63'OOW Ilheus, BraZil 78
'S6'W .. 103 31'00'5 144'oo'E English Channel, strait SO' OON 4'OOW Guasave, MeXICO. 2S'34 'N 108' 29W IIhmanl. MI., peak 79 1rO O'S 68' OO'W
OIrimg, river" . 85 76
'08'W !¥wrJ,Australia ...... .. 102 12"2S'S 130' S3'E Ensenada, MeXICO 76 31' S2'N 116' 31W Gabes. G of, gulf 91 34'OO'N 12'0 0'E Guatemala, country. 44 16"OO' N 91'OOW illinOIS. fiver. 55 4I'OO'N 90'OOW
tTw t:til1+Kavir. desert ...... 97 3S'OO'N S4°00'E Equatonal GUinea, country 90 2'OO'N ll 'OO'E Gabon. country 90 0'00' 12'OO'E Guatemala CIty.Guatemala 44 14°37'N 90' 31W illinOIS, state, U.s. 51 4I' OO'N 89'OOW
OO'W o..g."".L.,.•.. . 84 SS'53'N 26'32'E Erg Chech, desert 91 24' OON 3'OOW Gaborone, Botswana 90 24'38'5 2S'SS'E GuayaqUIl, Ecuador. 78 2' 12'5 79°54W 1I0rln, Mgefla 90 8' 29'N 4' 33'E
42 'W ~1Il . Can adJ ....... 74 51"10'N l 00"04W Ene, PA 1'00'5 91°00W 3'0 0'5 80'OOW Imperatnz, Brazr! 78 5'29'5 47' 30'W

51 42'08N 80'05W Galapagos Is" Islands 79 GuayaqUILG of, gulf 79

OO'W Dfoo.Philippines . ...... 96 1'04'N 125'36'E Ene, L., lake 45 43'OON 83' OOW Galdh0plggen, peak 85 62'OO'N 8' OO'E Guaymas, MeXICO 76 27'5S'N 110' S3W I.n-Amenas,Algena 90 28'03'N 9'34'E
llO'W o...,.n, lA .......... 51 41°31'N 9O'3SW Entrea, country 90 18'OO'N 38'OO'E Galveston Bay, bay 55 29'OO'N 95' OOW Guernsey, ,sland 85 49' OO'N 3'OOW India. country 96 23'oo'N 79'oo'E

OO'W r.vtsSea. sea . .. . . . 15 65'005 9S'OO'E Esfahan, Iran 96 32' 39'N SI'3 9'E Gambia. country 90 12'oo' N 18'oo'E Guerrero, state. Mex 76 1I' OO'N 10l'OOW Indiana. state, US 51 4I' OO'N 86' OOW
SOW Of..Is S:r.,walt . ...... .. . 45 66'ooN S8' ooW Esmeraldas, Ecuador 78 O'SI N 79°40W Gander, Canada 74 48' S7'N 54'36'W Guerrero Negro, MexICO 76 21' S8'N 114'0 3W Indianapolis, iN 51 39'46'N 86' 09W
08'W ~. CJna da ........ . 74 64°04'N 139°24W Esplntu Santo, ,sland 103 15'00'5 167"00'E Ganges, river 97 2S'OO' N 80' OO'E GUIana Hrghlands, plateau 79 S'OO'N 62'OOW Indian Ocean, ocean 15 10'00'5 80'00'E
OO'W Oiwlon Creek. Canada .... 74 55"4S'N 12001SW Esquel, Argentina 78 42' 55'5 1I' 20W Gangetic Plain, plain 97 28'oo'N 81' oo'E GUinea, country. 90 l1' OO'N 12'OOW Indochina Pen , penmsula 97 16' oo'N 10S' oo'E
4j 'W
1It,Ioo. 0H . .. . . . . . . . . . . 51 39'46'N 84°12W Essen. Germany 84 51'2 1N 7'03'E Gao,Mali 90 16'16'N O' OO'E GUinea·BISsaU, country 90 12'OO'N 16'OOW IndoneSia, country 96 2'00'5 119'oo' E

OO'W ~Sea, depressIon ..... 97 31'oo'N 3S'oo'E Estevan. Canada 74 49'08N 103' OOW Garonne, nver 85 4S' OO' N 0'00' GUinea. G of, gulf 91 2' OO'N 3' OO'E Indus, fiver 97 31'OO'N 71'OO'E
S6'E Val., dE'fJl'f.'S sion 54 36'00'N 117'OOW Estonia, country 84 59'OO'N 29'OO'E Garoua, Cameroon 90 9' 18'N 13'231 GUlyang, China 96 26'36 'N 106'41'E Infie rnilioRes., lake 77 19'oo'N 102"OO'W
OO'W r.t.ao,H ""9' ~ ....... 84 47'32N 21'39'E Ethiopia, country 90 8' OO'N 40"00'E GarryL., lake 75 WOO'N 100'OOW GulfCoastal Plain. plain 55 30'OO'N 93'OOW I-n-Salah, Algena. 90 21'12'N 2"31'E

S2'E '\aIa.I1....... ...... 51 39°50'N 88' SIW Ethio pian Highlands, plateau. 91 9' OO'N 39'oo'E Gary, IN 51 41' 36'N 87'2 1W Gurupl. BraZIl 78 11°46'5 49' OS W Inuvlk, Canada 74 68'22'N 133'42W

'W im.r1P1al, plateau ...... 97 23'ooN 79'OO'E Etna, Mt., peak 85 38'OO'N IS'oo'E Gaspe, Canada 74 48' SO'N 64"30W Guyana, country 78 7'OO'N S9'OOW Ionian Sea. sea 85 37'00N 19'00'E
OO'W r-uware,nver . . .. .. .. 55 42'00'N 75'OOW Eugene, OR 50 44'0 3'N 123'OSW Gaspe Pen., pe ninsula. 75 49'OO'N 63' OOW Gwardafuy, C, cape 91 12' OO'N SI' OO'E Iowa. liver 55 43' OON 93'OOW
DO'W _are, slate, U.S,. . 51 39'00'N 74' OOW Eugenia Pt., cape 77 28' OO'N 115'OOW Gdansk, Poland. 84 S4'22'N 18'38'E Gweru, Z,mbabwe. 90 19'28'5 29'49 'E Iowa, state, U S 51 43'ooN 94'OOW
OO'W I'IoIIm Bay, bay ........ 55 39'OO'N 75°00W Euphrates, river 97 33'ooN 42'OO'E Gedaref, Sudan 90 14"02'N 3S' 23'E Iqalutt, Canada 74 63'4S'N 68'26W
~:~ 1Igm.c..cape.
.... . 91
. 96
10'00'5 41' oo'E
28'41'N 1I'1 2'E
Europe. continent
EvanSVille, IN
15
51
SO'OO'N 10' OO'E
31'58'N 81'33 W
Geelong, AustraiJa
Genesee. fiver
102
55
38'11'5 144' 23'E
43'OO'N 18'OOW
IqUlque, Ch,le
IqUitos, Peru
78
78
20°14'5 70'07W
3'45'5 73' 11W
DO'W , Me ~ ico ........ 76 28°12'N lOs028W Everest, Mt., peak 97 27'S9'N 86'S6'E Geneva. SWitzerland 84 46°12'N 6' 09'E Irakho, Greece 84 3S'20N 2S'08'E

2'W c..",,*, .......... 74 6S012'N 123°2TW Eyre, L., lake 103 29"00'5 137'00'E Geneva, L., lake 85 46°00'N 7'OO'E Harnan, Island . 97 19'OO'N 110'OO'E Iran, country 96 3I'OO'N S7'oo 'E

'W -n:ra!lc Rep Eyre Pen , peninsula 103 33'00'5 I36'oo'E Genoa, Italy 84 44°2S'N 8' S6'E Hartl, country 44 19'OO'N 73'OOW Irapuato. MeXICO 76 20' 39'N 10l' 22W
~the Coo go. country ." 90 1'00'5 21' oo'E Geog rapfle Bay, bay 103 33' 00'5 I1S'OO' E Halifax,Canada 74 44°38'N 63'36W Iraq, country 96 32'00'N 4I' OO'E
Igitude
'OO'W
i"OO'W
1"43'W
' oo'W
' oo'W
' oo'W
;o39 'W
°04'W
' OO'W
l'oo'E
\'OO'E
' oo'W
' oo'W
/' 34'E
' 20'W
iOOO' E
roos
' 09'W
' oo'W
°33'W
r"D4'E
' 02'W
-oow
'oo'W
­""­
D ese rt
'09'W
' 00'W
' 00'W
l15'W
'OO'W river
'00'W
>OO'W ' _O asis
" SO' E
'OO'W
'48'W
:0' 00' Peninsula
'OO'W Arch ipel ago J
'0 2'E
" 8'E
' 08'E
Point
DO'W S e a

' 39'E
S4'W
"OO' E
' S6'E
OO'W
Glossary .
Archip elago a group of islands M esa a tlat up land area wit h steep sid es, sm aller than a plateau
' oo'E
' 44 'E
Basin an area surro unded by hi gh er land; an ar ea d ra in ed by a Mountain an ar ea o fland n sing m uch higher tha n the land
' S'W riverand its trib utaries ar ound u , with steep slo pes and po inted or rounded tops
'08'E
' 31'E Bay a coastal ind entatio n of [h e sea or a lak e in to [he la nd Mouth, of river th e pom t where a river empties into an o ther
)(l'W
'S4'E
J7'W Canal a man-ma de wa[erway. for Irn gatl on o r t rans po rtatio n body of wat er
' S3'E
'XJ'W
Canyon a deep valley wit h steep Sides, usually wu h a n ver Oasis a place rn the desen with en o ugh water to suppo n
'36'E
12'W flowi ng through it vegetation
'OO'E
'XJ'W
'YJ'W Cape a point ofl an d extend in g ou t m to a bo dy of water Peak [he po in ted top of a mou ntain
W E
WE
28'E Channel a narrow stretch of water co n nec tin g two larger bodies Peninsula a lon g piece of lan d surrounded on three sides by
37'E of water wa ter
oo's
~8 ' W
KJ'W Cliff a high, steep rock-face Plain a la rge a rea of flat o r gen tly ro lling land
KJ'W
KJ'W
KJ'W Coast a strip ofl and bo rdering t he sea Plateau a la rge elevated area of fla t land
(l 'W
'W Continental D ivide a rid ge ofland (d ivide) th a t separa tes th e Point a na rrow piece of la nd juttin g O llt into a body of wat er,
l4'E
great drainage basins of a co n tinent, eac h ba sin em ptying into a usu ally low-lym g
separate body of water Range a ch ain of mountains
S'W
O'W Delta an area ofland formed by deposit s at th e mo u th of a river Reef an und erwat er ndge, lying near the surface of the water
i9'E
IO'E
IO'E
Desert an area ofland with littl e ra infall or veget ati on Re se rvoir a man -made lake, sometimes formed by a river dam
IO'E
2'E Fjord a narrow inlet of the sea, with st eep slop es, form ed by a Riv er any strea m of fresh water flowing by gravity from an
'E
'E glacier up land source into a body of wa ter or anoth er river. Perennial
lOW
lOW
4' E Glacier a large mas s of ice th at m oves slowl y, fr om high er to rivers flow all year ; interm itt ent ar e dry pa rt o f the year
'E
O'E

lower ground Sea a large bo dy of salt wa ter, smaller than an ocean

O'E

OE Gulf an extension of the sea partly sur ro un ded by land, lar ger Sound a stretc h of water betw een an island and t he mainland
2'E
than a bay
Strait a stretch of water joining two larg er bodies of water,
Harbor a sheltered area along a coa st wh ere sh ips can safely narrower th an a chan nel
anchor
Swam p low-lying land perma nently waterlogged
Hills an upland area, sm aller than m ountains, with gentle slo pes
ra
Tributary a river tha t flo ws into a larger river
Island a body ofland com pletely sur ro u nded by wat er
Valley a lo ng, low a rea, usually with a river flowing through it,
Isthmus a narrow strip ofl and t hat co n nec ts two la rger bodi es and often lying between m o u ntain s or hills
of land
Vo lca no a cone-shape d hill or m ou ntain form ed by lava an d ash;
Lake a body of water com pletely surro und ed by lan d may be acti ve o r exti nc t