What is a cursor ?

( Basic)
- Name or handle to a private SQL area where Oracle parses and fetches query
results.

How to control how many cursors are open ?(Intermediate)

- Set OPEN_CURSORS parameter in initialization parameters.

What is shared SQL ? (Intermediate)

-Oracle recognizes similar statements. The SQL area is used many times for similar
statements.

What is Parsing ? (Intermediate)

- Syntax checking, privileges checking, allocating Private SQL Area.

What is the difference between anonymous blocks and stored procedures ? ( Basic)
- Anonymous block is compiled only when called.
- Stored procedure is compiled and stored in database with the dependency
information as well.
- Former is PL/SQL code directly called from an application. Latter is stored in
database.
- Former has declare statement.Latter doesnt.

What are the advantages of procedures ? ( Basic)

- Loaded once and used many times
- Performance better coz all SQL stmts are sent in one go from the application to the
database
- Security ( no object privileges are given directly )
- Invoker's rights possible
- Data integrity, productivity

What are standalone procedures ? (Basic)

- Those that are not part of package

How is a PL/SQL program stored in database ? (Advanced)

- Parsed code is stored. It's called P-code

How is a PL/SQL program executed ?(Advanced)

- Prior to Oracle 9i, we have only bytecode and a virtual machine in the database
runs it. Later versions have faster native code execution.
- PL/SQL engine is the main component that executes procedural stmt and passes
the SQL to the SQL statement executor.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS_SQL ? (Intermediate)

- It has all the advantages of dynamic sql .. like runtime construction of sql, DDL
statements can be executed.
- Its advantage over EXECUTE IMMEDIATE is it can Describe objects
- It's kind of bulky and difficult compared to EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.

What is a package spec and package body ? Why the separation ? ( Basic)
- Spec declares public constructs. Body defines public constructs, additionally
declares and defines Private constructs
- Separation helps make development easier
- Dependency is simplified. You can modify body without invalidating dependent
objects.

What are the advantages of Packages ? ( Basic)

- Encapsulation of code logic
- Privileges to objects can be controlled
- Loaded once into memory , used subsequently.
- Dependency simplified
- Public/private procs, functions, variables

How do you handle exceptions for bulk operations ? (Intermediate)

- Use the SAVE EXCEPTIONS clause ( FORALL index IN bound_clause SAVE
EXCEPTIONS LOOP ... END LOOP )
- Use 'Exceptions When Others' to handle the exceptions
- SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(i).ERROR_CODE,
SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(i).ERROR_INDEX
SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS.COUNT

Tell some tips to avoid performance problems in PL/SQL. (Intermediate to

Advanced)
- Use FORALL instead of FOR, and use BULK COLLECT to avoid looping many times
- Tune SQL statements to avoid CPU overhead
- Use NOCOPY for OUT and IN OUT if the original value need not be retained.
Overhead of keeping a copy of OUT is avoided.
- Reorder conditional tests to put least expensive ones first
- Minimize datatype conversions => Assign data to exact same type variables
- Use PLS_INTEGER for computation intensive code. NUMBER, INTEGER maintain
precision and scale but not optimized for performance as additional checks are
made to maintain precision and scale.
- Do not use subtypes like POSITIVE, NATURAL, INTEGER as they have additional
checks
- Use BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE
- EXECUTE IMMEDIATE is faster than DBMS_SQL

How to know PL/SQL compile parameters ?(Advanced)

- SHOW PARAMETERS PLSQL
- ALL_PLSQL_OBJECT_SETTINGS

What is MERGE ?( Basic)

- Combination of INSERT and UPDATE

Tell some new features in PL/SQL in 10g (Intermediate to Advanced)

- Regular expression functions REGEXP_LIKE , REGEXP_INSTR, REGEXP_REPLACE,
and REGEXP_SUBSTR
- Compile time warnings
- Conditional compilation
- Improvement to native compilation
- BINARY_INTEGER made similar to PLS_INTEGER
- INDICES OF , VALUES OF in FORALL lets you work on non-consecutive indices
- Quoting mechanism . Instead of quoting single quotes twice everytime, give your
own delimiter to go on using single quotes.
Ex: q'!I'm a string, you're a string.!'
- Flashback Query functions. SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
- Implicit conversion between CLOB and NCLOB
- Improved Overloading
- New datatypes BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE
- Global optimization enabled
- PLS_INTEGER range increased to 32bit
- DYNAMIC WRAP using DBMS_DDL

What is a sequence ? (Basic)

- A database object that offers high-speed access to an integer value
- Guaranteed to be unique (within that sequence).
-Used commonly to generate Primary key values
http://hubpages.com/hub/oracle_sql_plsql

What does Opening a cursor do ?

- It executes the query and identifies the Result set

What does Fetching a cursor do ?

- It reads the Result Set row by row.

What does Closing a cursor do ?

- It clears the private SQL area and de-allocates the memory.

What are Cursor Variables ?

- Also called REF CURSORS.
- They are not tied to a single SQL. They point to any SQL area dynamically.
- Advantage is : You can declare variables at Client side and open them Server side.
You can thus centralize data retrieval.
Why use Cursor Variables?
- You can pass cursor RESULT SETS between PL/SQL stored programs and clients.

What are SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?

- Oracle Error code and detailed error message
- They are actually functions with no arguments, that can be used only in procedural
statements ( not SQL)

What are Pseudocolumns ?

- They are not actual columns. They are like Functions without arguments.
- They typically give a different value for each row.
- Examples: ROWNUM, NEXTVAL, ROWID, VERSION_STARTTIME

Why use Truncate over Delete while deleting all rows ?

- Truncate is efficient. Triggers are not fired.
- It deallocates space (Unless REUSE STORAGE is given).

What is a ROWID composed of ?

- It's a hexadecimal string representing the address of a row. Prior to Oracle 8, it's a
restricted rowid comprising block.row.file. Extended rowid ( the default on higher
releases) comprises data object number as well ( comprising the segment number ).

What is the use of a ROWID ?

- Retrieve data faster with ROWID.
- Shows you the physical arrangement of rows in the table.
- Also unique identifier for each row.

Can rows from two different tables have the same ROWID?
- Possible, if they are in a Cluster

What is ROWNUM and ROW_NUMBER ?

- ROWNUM is a pseudocolumn which is the number assigned to each row retrieved.
- ROW_NUMBER is an analytic function which does something similar, but has all the
capabilities of PARTITION BY and ORDER BY clauses..

What is an inline view?

- It's not a schema object
- It's a subquery in the FROM clause with an alias that can be used as a view within
the SQL statement.

What are Nested and Correlated subqueries ?

- The subquery used in WHERE clause is a nested subquery.
- If this subquery refers to any column in the parent statement, it becomes a
correlated subquery.

How do you retrieve a dropped table in 10g?

- FLASHBACK table to BEFORE DROP

What are PSPs?

- PL/SQL Server Pages. Web pages developed in PL/SQL

What is an index-organized table?

- The physical arrangement of rows of this table changes with the indexed column.
- It's. in-short, a table stored like an index itself.

What is an implicit cursor?

- Oracle opens an implicit cursor to process each SQL statement not associated with
an explicit cursor.
Name a few implicit cursor attributes.
- %FOUND, %ROWCOUNT, %NOTFOUND, %ISOPEN, %BULK_ROWCOUNT,
%BULK_EXCEPTIONS

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 1

1. Explain the difference between a hot backup and a cold backup and the benefits
associated with each.

A hot backup is basically taking a backup of the database while it is still up and
running and it must be in archive log mode. A cold backup is taking a backup of the
database while it is shut down and does not require being in archive log mode. The
benefit of taking a hot backup is that the database is still available for use while the
backup is occurring and you can recover the database to any ball in time. The
benefit of taking a cold backup is that it is typically easier to administer the backup
and recovery process. In addition, since you are taking cold backups the database
does not require being in archive log mode and thus there will be a slight
performance gain as the database is not cutting archive logs to disk.

2. You have just had to restore from backup and do not have any control files. How
would you go about bringing up this database?

I would create a text based backup control file, stipulating where on disk all the
data files where and then issue the recover command with the using backup control
file clause.

3. How do you switch from an init.ora file to a spfile?

Issue the create spfile from pfile command.

4. Explain the difference between a data block, an extent and a segment.

A data block is the smallest unit of logical storage for a database object. As objects
grow they take chunks of additional storage that are composed of contiguous data
blocks. These groupings of contiguous data blocks are called extents. All the extents
that an object takes when grouped together are considered the segment of the
database object.

5. Give two examples of how you might determine the structure of the table DEPT.

Use the describe command or use the dbms_metadata.get_ddl package.

6. Where would you look for errors from the database engine?

In the alert log.

7. Compare and contrast TRUNCATE and DELETE for a table.

Both the truncate and delete command have the desired outcome of getting rid of
all the rows in a table. The difference between the two is that the truncate
command is a DDL operation and just moves the high water mark and produces a
now rollback. The delete command, on the other hand, is a DML operation, which
will produce a rollback and thus take longer to complete.

8. Give the reasoning behind using an index.

Faster access to data blocks in a table.

9. Give the two types of tables involved in producing a star schema and the type of
data they hold.

Fact tables and dimension tables. A fact table contains measurements while
dimension tables will contain data that will help describe the fact tables.

10. What type of index should you use on a fact table?

A Bitmap index.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 2

1. Give two examples of referential integrity constraints.

A primary key and a foreign key.

2. A table is classified as a parent table and you want to drop and re-create it. How
would you do this without affecting the children tables?

Disable the foreign key constraint to the parent, drop the table, re-create the table,
enable the foreign key constraint.

3. Explain the difference between ARCHIVELOG mode and NOARCHIVELOG mode

and the benefits and disadvantages to each.

ARCHIVELOG mode is a mode that you can put the database in for creating a
backup of all transactions that have occurred in the database so that you can
recover to any ball in time. NOARCHIVELOG mode is basically the absence of
ARCHIVELOG mode and has the disadvantage of not being able to recover to any
ball in time. NOARCHIVELOG mode does have the advantage of not having to write
transactions to an archive log and thus increases the performance of the database
slightly.

4. What command would you use to create a backup control file?

Alter database backup control file to trace.

5. Give the stages of instance startup to a usable state where normal users may
access it.

STARTUP NOMOUNT - Instance startup

STARTUP MOUNT - The database is mounted
STARTUP OPEN - The database is opened

6. What column differentiates the V$ views to the GV$ views and how?

The INST_ID column which indicates the instance in a RAC environment the
information came from.

7. How would you go about generating an EXPLAIN plan?

Create a plan table with utlxplan.sql.

Use the explain plan set statement_id = 'tst1' into plan_table for a SQL statement
Look at the explain plan with utlxplp.sql or utlxpls.sql

8. How would you go about increasing the buffer cache hit ratio?
Use the buffer cache advisory over a given workload and then query the
v$db_cache_advice table. If a change was necessary then I would use the alter
system set db_cache_size command.

9. Explain an ORA-01555

You get this error when you get a snapshot too old within rollback. It can usually be
solved by increasing the undo retention or increasing the size of rollbacks. You
should also look at the logic involved in the application getting the error message.

10. Explain the difference between $ORACLE_HOME and $ORACLE_BASE.

ORACLE_BASE is the root directory for oracle. ORACLE_HOME located beneath

ORACLE_BASE is where the oracle products reside.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 3

1. Describe the difference between a procedure, function and anonymous pl/sql

block.
Candidate should mention use of DECLARE statement, a function must return a
value while a procedure doesn?t have to.

2. What is a mutating table error and how can you get around it?
This happens with triggers. It occurs because the trigger is trying to update a row it
is currently using. The usual fix involves either use of views or temporary tables so
the database is selecting from one while updating the other.

3. Describe the use of %ROWTYPE and %TYPE in PL/SQL

Expected answer: %ROWTYPE allows you to associate a variable with an entire table
row. The %TYPE associates a variable with a single column type.

4. 4What packages (if any) has Oracle provided for use by developers?
Expected answer: Oracle provides the DBMS_ series of packages. There are many
which developers should be aware of such as DBMS_SQL, DBMS_PIPE,
DBMS_TRANSACTION, DBMS_LOCK, DBMS_ALERT, DBMS_OUTPUT, DBMS_JOB,
DBMS_UTILITY, DBMS_DDL, UTL_FILE. If they can mention a few of these and
describe how they used them, even better. If they include the SQL routines provided
by Oracle, great, but not really what was asked.

5. Describe the use of PL/SQL tables

Expected answer: PL/SQL tables are scalar arrays that can be referenced by a
binary integer. They can be used to hold values for use in later queries or
calculations. In Oracle 8 they will be able to be of the %ROWTYPE designation, or
RECORD.
6. When is a declare statement needed ?
The DECLARE statement is used in PL/SQL anonymous blocks such as with stand
alone, non-stored PL/SQL procedures. It must come first in a PL/SQL stand alone file
if it is used.

7. In what order should a open/fetch/loop set of commands in a PL/SQL block be

implemented if you use the %NOTFOUND cursor variable in the exit when
statement? Why?
Expected answer: OPEN then FETCH then LOOP followed by the exit when. If not
specified in this order will result in the final return being done twice because of the
way the %NOTFOUND is handled by PL/SQL.

8. What are SQLCODE and SQLERRM and why are they important for PL/SQL
developers?
Expected answer: SQLCODE returns the value of the error number for the last error
encountered. The SQLERRM returns the actual error message for the last error
encountered. They can be used in exception handling to report, or, store in an error
log table, the error that occurred in the code. These are especially useful for the
WHEN OTHERS exception.

9. How can you find within a PL/SQL block, if a cursor is open?

Expected answer: Use the %ISOPEN cursor status variable.

10. How can you generate debugging output from PL/SQL?

Expected answer: Use the DBMS_OUTPUT package. Another possible method is to
just use the SHOW ERROR command, but this only shows errors. The DBMS_OUTPUT
package can be used to show intermediate results from loops and the status of
variables as the procedure is executed. The new package UTL_FILE can also be
used.

11. What are the types of triggers?

Expected Answer: There are 12 types of triggers in PL/SQL that consist of
combinations of the BEFORE, AFTER, ROW, TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and
ALL key words:
BEFORE ALL ROW INSERT
AFTER ALL ROW INSERT
BEFORE INSERT
AFTER INSERT etc.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 4

1. A tablespace has a table with 30 extents in it. Is this bad? Why or why not.
Multiple extents in and of themselves aren?t bad. However if you also have chained
rows this can hurt performance.

2. How do you set up tablespaces during an Oracle installation?

You should always attempt to use the Oracle Flexible Architecture standard or
another partitioning scheme to ensure proper separation of SYSTEM, ROLLBACK,
REDO LOG, DATA, TEMPORARY and INDEX segments.

3. You see multiple fragments in the SYSTEM tablespace, what should you check
first?

Ensure that users don?t have the SYSTEM tablespace as their TEMPORARY or
DEFAULT tablespace assignment by checking the DBA_USERS view.

4. What are some indications that you need to increase the SHARED_POOL_SIZE
parameter?

Poor data dictionary or library cache hit ratios, getting error ORA-04031. Another
indication is steadily decreasing performance with all other tuning parameters the
same.

5. What is the general guideline for sizing db_block_size and db_multi_block_read

for an application that does many full table scans?

Oracle almost always reads in 64k chunks. The two should have a product equal to
64 or a multiple of 64.

6. What is the fastest query method for a table

Fetch by rowid

7. Explain the use of TKPROF? What initialization parameter should be turned on to

get full TKPROF output?

The tkprof tool is a tuning tool used to determine cpu and execution times for SQL
statements. You use it by first setting timed_statistics to true in the initialization file
and then turning on tracing for either the entire database via the sql_trace
parameter or for the session using the ALTER SESSION command. Once the trace
file is generated you run the tkprof tool against the trace file and then look at the
output from the tkprof tool. This can also be used to generate explain plan output.

8. When looking at v$sysstat you see that sorts (disk) is high. Is this bad or good? If
bad -How do you correct it?

If you get excessive disk sorts this is bad. This indicates you need to tune the sort
area parameters in the initialization files. The major sort are parameter is the
SORT_AREA_SIZe parameter.

9. When should you increase copy latches? What parameters control copy latches

When you get excessive contention for the copy latches as shown by the "redo
copy" latch hit ratio. You can increase copy latches via the initialization parameter
LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES to twice the number of CPUs on your system.

10. Where can you get a list of all initialization parameters for your instance? How
about an indication if they are default settings or have been changed

You can look in the init.ora file for an indication of manually set parameters. For all
parameters, their value and whether or not the current value is the default value,
look in the v$parameter view.

11. Describe hit ratio as it pertains to the database buffers. What is the difference
between instantaneous and cumulative hit ratio and which should be used for
tuning

The hit ratio is a measure of how many times the database was able to read a value
from the buffers verses how many times it had to re-read a data value from the
disks. A value greater than 80-90% is good, less could indicate problems. If you
simply take the ratio of existing parameters this will be a cumulative value since the
database started. If you do a comparison between pairs of readings based on some
arbitrary time span, this is the instantaneous ratio for that time span. Generally
speaking an instantaneous reading gives more valuable data since it will tell you
what your instance is doing for the time it was generated over.

12. Discuss row chaining, how does it happen? How can you reduce it? How do you
correct it
Row chaining occurs when a VARCHAR2 value is updated and the length of the new
value is longer than the old value and won?t fit in the remaining block space. This
results in the row chaining to another block. It can be reduced by setting the
storage parameters on the table to appropriate values. It can be corrected by
export and import of the effected table.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 5

1. Give one method for transferring a table from one schema to another:

There are several possible methods, export-import, CREATE TABLE... AS SELECT, or

COPY.

2. What is the purpose of the IMPORT option IGNORE? What is it?s default setting

The IMPORT IGNORE option tells import to ignore "already exists" errors. If it is not
specified the tables that already exist will be skipped. If it is specified, the error is
ignored and the tables data will be inserted. The default value is N.

3. You have a rollback segment in a version 7.2 database that has expanded
beyond optimal, how can it be restored to optimal

Use the ALTER TABLESPACE ..... SHRINK command.

4. If the DEFAULT and TEMPORARY tablespace clauses are left out of a CREATE
USER command what happens? Is this bad or good? Why

The user is assigned the SYSTEM tablespace as a default and temporary tablespace.
This is bad because it causes user objects and temporary segments to be placed
into the SYSTEM tablespace resulting in fragmentation and improper table
placement (only data dictionary objects and the system rollback segment should be
in SYSTEM).

5. What are some of the Oracle provided packages that DBAs should be aware of

Oracle provides a number of packages in the form of the DBMS_ packages owned by
the SYS user. The packages used by DBAs may include: DBMS_SHARED_POOL,
DBMS_UTILITY, DBMS_SQL, DBMS_DDL, DBMS_SESSION, DBMS_OUTPUT and
DBMS_SNAPSHOT. They may also try to answer with the UTL*.SQL or CAT*.SQL
series of SQL procedures. These can be viewed as extra credit but aren?t part of the
answer.

6. What happens if the constraint name is left out of a constraint clause

The Oracle system will use the default name of SYS_Cxxxx where xxxx is a system
generated number. This is bad since it makes tracking which table the constraint
belongs to or what the constraint does harder.

7. What happens if a tablespace clause is left off of a primary key constraint clause

This results in the index that is automatically generated being placed in then users
default tablespace. Since this will usually be the same tablespace as the table is
being created in, this can cause serious performance problems.

8. What is the proper method for disabling and re-enabling a primary key constraint

You use the ALTER TABLE command for both. However, for the enable clause you
must specify the USING INDEX and TABLESPACE clause for primary keys.

9. What happens if a primary key constraint is disabled and then enabled without
fully specifying the index clause

The index is created in the user?s default tablespace and all sizing information is
lost. Oracle doesn?t store this information as a part of the constraint definition, but
only as part of the index definition, when the constraint was disabled the index was
dropped and the information is gone.

10. (On UNIX) When should more than one DB writer process be used? How many
should be used

If the UNIX system being used is capable of asynchronous IO then only one is
required, if the system is not capable of asynchronous IO then up to twice the
number of disks used by Oracle number of DB writers should be specified by use of
the db_writers initialization parameter.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 6

1. How can variables be passed to a SQL routine

By use of the & symbol. For passing in variables the numbers 1-8 can be used (&1,
&2,...,&8) to pass the values after the command into the SQLPLUS session. To be
prompted for a specific variable, place the ampersanded variable in the code itself:
"select * from dba_tables where owner=&owner_name;" . Use of double
ampersands tells SQLPLUS to resubstitute the value for each subsequent use of the
variable, a single ampersand will cause a reprompt for the value unless an ACCEPT
statement is used to get the value from the user.

2. You want to include a carriage return/linefeed in your output from a SQL script,
how can you do this

The best method is to use the CHR() function (CHR(10) is a return/linefeed) and the
concatenation function "||". Another method, although it is hard to document and
isn?t always portable is to use the return/linefeed as a part of a quoted string.

3. How can you call a PL/SQL procedure from SQL

By use of the EXECUTE (short form EXEC) command.

4. How do you execute a host operating system command from within SQL

By use of the exclamation ball "!" (in UNIX and some other OS) or the HOST (HO)
command.

5. You want to use SQL to build SQL, what is this called and give an example

This is called dynamic SQL. An example would be:

set lines 90 pages 0 termout off feedback off verify off
spool drop_all.sql
select ?drop user ?||username||? cascade;? from dba_users
where username not in ("SYS?,?SYSTEM?);
spool off
Essentially you are looking to see that they know to include a command (in this
case DROP USER...CASCADE;) and that you need to concatenate using the ?||? the
values selected from the database.

6. What SQLPlus command is used to format output from a select

This is best done with the COLUMN command.

7. You want to group the following set of select returns, what can you group on

Max(sum_of_cost), min(sum_of_cost), count(item_no), item_no

The only column that can be grouped on is the "item_no" column, the rest have
aggregate functions associated with them.

8. What special Oracle feature allows you to specify how the cost based system
treats a SQL statement

The COST based system allows the use of HINTs to control the optimizer path
selection. If they can give some example hints such as FIRST ROWS, ALL ROWS,
USING INDEX, STAR, even better.

9. You want to determine the location of identical rows in a table before attempting
to place a unique index on the table, how can this be done

Oracle tables always have one guaranteed unique column, the rowid column. If you
use a min/max function against your rowid and then select against the proposed
primary key you can squeeze out the rowids of the duplicate rows pretty quick. For
example:
select rowid from emp e
where e.rowid > (select min(x.rowid)
from emp x
where x.emp_no = e.emp_no);
In the situation where multiple columns make up the proposed key, they must all be
used in the where clause.

10. What is a Cartesian product

A Cartesian product is the result of an unrestricted join of two or more tables. The
result set of a three table Cartesian product will have x * y * z number of rows
where x, y, z correspond to the number of rows in each table involved in the join.

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 7

1. What is a CO-RELATED SUBQUERY

A CO-RELATED SUBQUERY is one that has a correlation name as table or view

designator in the FROM clause of the outer query and the same correlation name as
a qualifier of a search condition in the WHERE clause of the subquery.
eg
SELECT field1 from table1 X
WHERE field2>(select avg(field2) from table1 Y
where
field1=X.field1);

(The subquery in a correlated subquery is revaluated for every row of the table or
view named in the outer query.)

2. What are various joins used while writing SUBQUERIES

Self join-Its a join foreign key of a table references the same table.

Outer Join--Its a join condition used where One can query all the rows of one of the
tables in the join condition even though they don't satisfy the join condition.

Equi-join--Its a join condition that retrieves rows from one or more tables in which
one or more columns in one table are equal to one or more columns in the second
table.

3. What are various constraints used in SQL

NULL
NOT NULL
CHECK
DEFAULT

4. What are different Oracle database objects

TABLES
VIEWS
INDEXES
SYNONYMS
SEQUENCES
TABLESPACES etc

5. What is difference between Rename and Alias

Rename is a permanent name given to a table or column whereas Alias is a

temporary name given to a table or column which do not exist once the SQL
statement is executed.
6. What is a view

A view is stored procedure based on one or more tables, its a virtual table.

7. What are various privileges that a user can grant to another user

SELECT
CONNECT
RESOURCE

8. What is difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints

A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY whereas there can be any number of
UNIQUE keys. The columns that compose PK are automatically define NOT NULL,
whereas a column that compose a UNIQUE is not automatically defined to be
mandatory must also specify the column is NOT NULL.

9. Can a primary key contain more than one columns

Yes

10. How you will avoid duplicating records in a query

By using DISTINCT

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 8

11. What is difference between SQL and SQL*PLUS

SQL*PLUS is a command line tool where as SQL and PL/SQL language interface and
reporting tool. Its a command line tool that allows user to type SQL commands to be
executed directly against an Oracle database. SQL is a language used to query the
relational database(DML,DCL,DDL). SQL*PLUS commands are used to format query
result, Set options, Edit SQL commands and PL/SQL.

12. Which datatype is used for storing graphics and images

LONG RAW data type is used for storing BLOB's (binary large objects).

13. How will you delete duplicating rows from a base table

DELETE FROM table_name A WHERE rowid>(SELECT min(rowid) from table_name B

where B.table_no=A.table_no);
CREATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT DISTINCT * FROM old_table;

DROP old_table RENAME new_table TO old_table DELETE FROM table_name A

WHERE rowid NOT IN (SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM table_name GROUP BY
column_name)

14. What is difference between SUBSTR and INSTR

SUBSTR returns a specified portion of a string eg SUBSTR('BCDEF',4) output BCDE

INSTR provides character position in which a pattern is found in a string.

eg INSTR('ABC-DC-F','-',2) output 7 (2nd occurence of '-')

15. There is a string '120000 12 0 .125' ,how you will find the position of the
decimal place

INSTR('120000 12 0 .125',1,'.') output 13

16. There is a '%' sign in one field of a column. What will be the query to find it.

'\' Should be used before '%'.

17. When you use WHERE clause and when you use HAVING clause

HAVING clause is used when you want to specify a condition for a group function
and it is written after GROUP BY clause The WHERE clause is used when you want to
specify a condition for columns, single row functions except group functions and it is
written before GROUP BY clause if it is used.

18. Which is more faster - IN or EXISTS

EXISTS is more faster than IN because EXISTS returns a Boolean value whereas IN
returns a value.

19. What is a OUTER JOIN

Outer Join--Its a join condition used where you can query all the rows of one of the
tables in the join condition even though they dont satisfy the join condition.

20. How you will avoid your query from using indexes

SELECT * FROM emp Where emp_no+' '=12345;

i.e you have to concatenate the column name with space within codes in the where
condition.

SELECT /*+ FULL(a) */ ename, emp_no from emp where emp_no=1234;

i.e using HINTS

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 9

1. What is a pseudo column. Give some examples

It is a column that is not an actual column in the table.

eg USER, UID, SYSDATE, ROWNUM, ROWID, NULL, AND LEVEL.

Suppose customer table is there having different columns like customer no,
payments.What will be the query to select top three max payments.

SELECT customer_no, payments from customer C1 WHERE 3<=(SELECT COUNT(*)

from customer C2 WHERE C1.payment <= C2.payment)

2. What is the purpose of a cluster.

Oracle does not allow a user to specifically locate tables, since that is a part of the
function of the RDBMS. However, for the purpose of increasing performance, oracle
allows a developer to create a CLUSTER. A CLUSTER provides a means for storing
data from different tables together for faster retrieval than if the table placement
were left to the RDBMS.

3. What is a cursor.

Oracle uses work area to execute SQL statements and store processing information
PL/SQL construct called a cursor lets you name a work area and access its stored
information A cursor is a mechanism used to fetch more than one row in a Pl/SQl
block.

4. Difference between an implicit & an explicit cursor.

PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements,
including quries that return only one row. However,queries that return more than
one row you must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop.

Explicit cursor is a cursor in which the cursor name is explicitly assigned to a

SELECT statement via the CURSOR...IS statement. An implicit cursor is used for all
SQL statements Declare, Open, Fetch, Close. An explicit cursors are used to process
multirow SELECT statements An implicit cursor is used to process INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE and single row SELECT. .INTO statements.

5. What are cursor attributes

%ROWCOUNT
%NOTFOUND
%FOUND
%ISOPEN

6. What is a cursor for loop.

Cursor For Loop is a loop where oracle implicitly declares a loop variable, the loop
index that of the same record type as the cursor's record.

7. Difference between NO DATA FOUND and %NOTFOUND

NO DATA FOUND is an exception raised only for the SELECT....INTO statements

when the where clause of the querydoes not match any rows. When the where
clause of the explicit cursor does not match any rows the %NOTFOUND attribute is
set to TRUE instead.

8. What a SELECT FOR UPDATE cursor represent.

SELECT......FROM......FOR......UPDATE[OF column-reference][NOWAIT] The

processing done in a fetch loop modifies the rows that have been retrieved by the
cursor.
A convenient way of modifying the rows is done by a method with two parts: the
FOR UPDATE clause in the cursor declaration, WHERE CURRENT OF CLAUSE in an
UPDATE or declaration statement.

9. What 'WHERE CURRENT OF ' clause does in a cursor.

LOOP
SELECT num_credits INTO v_numcredits FROM classes
WHERE dept=123 and course=101;
UPDATE students
SET current_credits=current_credits+v_numcredits
WHERE CURRENT OF X;
END LOOP
COMMIT;
END;
10. What is use of a cursor variable? How it is defined.

A cursor variable is associated with different statements at run time, which can hold
different values at run time. Static cursors can only be associated with one run time
query. A cursor variable is reference type(like a pointer in C).
Declaring a cursor variable: TYPE type_name IS REF CURSOR RETURN return_type
type_name is the name of the reference type,return_type is a record type indicating
the types of the select list that will eventually be returned by the cursor variable.

• Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 10

1. What should be the return type for a cursor variable.Can we use a scalar data type as return type.

The return type for a cursor must be a record type.It can be declared explicitly as a user-defined or %ROWTYPE can
be used. eg TYPE t_studentsref IS REF CURSOR RETURN students%ROWTYPE

2. How you open and close a cursor variable.Why it is required.

OPEN cursor variable FOR SELECT...Statement CLOSE cursor variable In order to associate a cursor variable with a
particular SELECT statement OPEN syntax is used.In order to free the resources used for the query CLOSE statement
is used.

3. How you were passing cursor variables in PL/SQL 2.2.

In PL/SQL 2.2 cursor variables cannot be declared in a package.This is because the storage for a cursor variable has to
be allocated using Pro*C or OCI with version 2.2,the only means of passing a cursor variable to a PL/SQL block is via
bind variable or a procedure parameter.

4. Can cursor variables be stored in PL/SQL tables.If yes how.If not why.

No, a cursor variable points a row which cannot be stored in a two-dimensional PL/SQL table.

5. Difference between procedure and function.

Functions are named PL/SQL blocks that return a value and can be called with arguments procedure a named block that
can be called with parameter. A procedure all is a PL/SQL statement by itself, while a Function call is called as part of
an expression.

6. What are different modes of parameters used in functions and procedures.

IN
OUT
INOUT

7. What is difference between a formal and an actual parameter

The variables declared in the procedure and which are passed, as arguments are called actual, the parameters in the
procedure declaration. Actual parameters contain the values that are passed to a procedure and receive results. Formal
parameters are the placeholders for the values of actual parameters

8. Can the default values be assigned to actual parameters.

Yes

9. Can a function take OUT parameters.If not why.

 No.A function has to return a value,an OUT parameter cannot return a value.

10. What is syntax for dropping a procedure and a function .Are these operations possible.

Drop Procedure procedure_name

Drop Function function_name

11. What are ORACLE PRECOMPILERS.

Using ORACLE PRECOMPILERS ,SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks can be contained inside 3GL programs
written in C,C++,COBOL,PASCAL, FORTRAN,PL/1 AND ADA.
The Precompilers are known as Pro*C,Pro*Cobol,... This form of PL/SQL is known as embedded pl/sql,the language
in which pl/sql is embedded is known as the host language.
The prcompiler translates the embedded SQL and pl/sql ststements into calls to the precompiler runtime library.The
output must be compiled and linked with this library to creater an executable.

12. What is OCI. What are its uses.

Oracle Call Interface is a method of accesing database from a 3GL program. Uses--No precompiler is required,PL/SQL
blocks are executed like other DML statements.
The OCI library provides
-functions to parse SQL statemets
-bind input variables
-bind output variables
-execute statements
-fetch the results

13. Difference between database triggers and form triggers.

a) Data base trigger(DBT) fires when a DML operation is performed on a data base table.Form trigger(FT) Fires when
user presses a key or navigates between fields on the screen
b) Can be row level or statement level No distinction between row level and statement level.
c) Can manipulate data stored in Oracle tables via SQL Can manipulate data in Oracle tables as well as variables in
forms.
d) Can be fired from any session executing the triggering DML statements. Can be fired only from the form that define
the trigger.
e) Can cause other database triggers to fire.Can cause other database triggers to fire,but not other form triggers.

14. What is an UTL_FILE.What are different procedures and functions associated

with it. UTL_FILE is a package that adds the ability to read and write to operating system files Procedures associated
with it are FCLOSE, FCLOSE_ALL and 5 procedures to output data to a file PUT, PUT_LINE, NEW_LINE, PUTF,
FFLUSH.PUT, FFLUSH.PUT_LINE,FFLUSH.NEW_LINE. Functions associated with it are FOPEN, ISOPEN.

15. Can you use a commit statement within a database trigger.

No

16. What is the maximum buffer size that can be specified using the DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE function?

1,000,000

Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 11

1. When looking at the estat events report you see that you are getting busy buffer
waits. Is this bad? How can you find what is causing it
Buffer busy waits could indicate contention in redo, rollback or data blocks. You
need to check the v$waitstat view to see what areas are causing the problem. The
value of the "count" column tells where the problem is, the "class" column tells you
with what. UNDO is rollback segments, DATA is data base buffers.

2. If you see contention for library caches how can you fix it

Increase the size of the shared pool.

3. If you see statistics that deal with "undo" what are they really talking about

Rollback segments and associated structures.

4. If a tablespace has a default pctincrease of zero what will this cause (in
relationship to the smon process)

The SMON process won?t automatically coalesce its free space fragments.

5. If a tablespace shows excessive fragmentation what are some methods to

defragment the tablespace? (7.1,7.2 and 7.3 only)

In Oracle 7.0 to 7.2 The use of the 'alter session set events 'immediate trace name
coalesce level ts#';? command is the easiest way to defragment contiguous free
space fragmentation. The ts# parameter corresponds to the ts# value found in the
ts$ SYS table. In version 7.3 the ?alter tablespace coalesce;? is best. If the free
space isn?t contiguous then export, drop and import of the tablespace contents
may be the only way to reclaim non-contiguous free space.

6. How can you tell if a tablespace has excessive fragmentation

If a select against the dba_free_space table shows that the count of a tablespaces
extents is greater than the count of its data files, then it is fragmented.

7. You see the following on a status report:

redo log space requests 23
redo log space wait time 0
Is this something to worry about? What if redo log space wait time is high? How can
you fix this
Since the wait time is zero, no. If the wait time was high it might indicate a need for
more or larger redo logs.

8. What can cause a high value for recursive calls? How can this be fixed

A high value for recursive calls is cause by improper cursor usage, excessive
dynamic space management actions, and or excessive statement re-parses. You
need to determine the cause and correct it By either relinking applications to hold
cursors, use proper space management techniques (proper storage and sizing) or
ensure repeat queries are placed in packages for proper reuse.

9. If you see a pin hit ratio of less than 0.8 in the estat library cache report is this a
problem? If so, how do you fix it

This indicate that the shared pool may be too small. Increase the shared pool size.

10. If you see the value for reloads is high in the estat library cache report is this a
matter for concern

Yes, you should strive for zero reloads if possible. If you see excessive reloads then
increase the size of the shared pool.

11. You look at the dba_rollback_segs view and see that there is a large number of
shrinks and they are of relatively small size, is this a problem? How can it be fixed if
it is a problem

A large number of small shrinks indicates a need to increase the size of the rollback
segment extents. Ideally you should have no shrinks or a small number of large
shrinks. To fix this just increase the size of the extents and adjust optimal
accordingly.

12. You look at the dba_rollback_segs view and see that you have a large number of
wraps is this a problem

A large number of wraps indicates that your extent size for your rollback segments
are probably too small. Increase the size of your extents to reduce the number of
wraps. You can look at the average transaction size in the same view to get the
information on transaction size.
Oracle Interview Questions with Answers - Set 12

1. You have just started a new instance with a large SGA on a busy existing server.
Performance is terrible, what should you check for

The first thing to check with a large SGA is that it isn?t being swapped out.

2. What OS user should be used for the first part of an Oracle installation (on UNIX)

You must use root first.

3. When should the default values for Oracle initialization parameters be used as is

Never

4. How many control files should you have? Where should they be located

At least 2 on separate disk spindles. Be sure they say on separate disks, not just file
systems.

5. How many redo logs should you have and how should they be configured for
maximum recoverability

You should have at least three groups of two redo logs with the two logs each on a
separate disk spindle (mirrored by Oracle). The redo logs should not be on raw
devices on UNIX if it can be avoided.

6. You have a simple application with no "hot" tables (i.e. uniform IO and access
requirements). How many disks should you have assuming standard layout for
SYSTEM, USER, TEMP and ROLLBACK tablespaces

At least 7, see disk configuration answer above.

7. Describe third normal form

Something like: In third normal form all attributes in an entity are related to the
primary key and only to the primary key
8. Is the following statement true or false:

"All relational databases must be in third normal form"

False. While 3NF is good for logical design most databases, if they have more than
just a few tables, will not perform well using full 3NF. Usually some entities will be
denormalized in the logical to physical transfer process.

9. What is an ERD

An ERD is an Entity-Relationship-Diagram. It is used to show the entities and

relationships for a database logical model.

10. Why are recursive relationships bad? How do you resolve them

A recursive relationship (one where a table relates to itself) is bad when it is a hard
relationship (i.e. neither side is a "may" both are "must") as this can result in it not
being possible to put in a top or perhaps a bottom of the table (for example in the
EMPLOYEE table you couldn?t put in the PRESIDENT of the company because he has
no boss, or the junior janitor because he has no subordinates). These type of
relationships are usually resolved by adding a small intersection entity.

11. What does a hard one-to-one relationship mean (one where the relationship on
both ends is "must")

Expected answer: This means the two entities should probably be made into one
entity.

12. How should a many-to-many relationship be handled

By adding an intersection entity table

13. What is an artificial (derived) primary key? When should an artificial (or derived)
primary key be used

A derived key comes from a sequence. Usually it is used when a concatenated key
becomes too cumbersome to use as a foreign key.

14. What is the default ordering of an ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement

Ascending

15. What is tkprof and how is it used

The tkprof tool is a tuning tool used to determine cpu and execution times for SQL
statements. You use it by first setting timed_statistics to true in the initialization file
and then turning on tracing for either the entire database via the sql_trace
parameter or for the session using the ALTER SESSION command. Once the trace
file is generated you run the tkprof tool against the trace file and then look at the
output from the tkprof tool. This can also be used to generate explain plan output.

16. What is explain plan and how is it used

The EXPLAIN PLAN command is a tool to tune SQL statements. To use it you must
have an explain_table generated in the user you are running the explain plan for.
This is created using the utlxplan.sql script. Once the explain plan table exists you
run the explain plan command giving as its argument the SQL statement to be
explained. The explain_plan table is then queried to see the execution plan of the
statement. Explain plans can also be run using tkprof.

17. How do you set the number of lines on a page of output? The width

The SET command in SQLPLUS is used to control the number of lines generated per
page and the width of those lines, for example SET PAGESIZE 60 LINESIZE 80 will
generate reports that are 60 lines long with a line width of 80 characters. The
PAGESIZE and LINESIZE options can be shortened to PAGES and LINES.

18. How do you prevent output from coming to the screen

The SET option TERMOUT controls output to the screen. Setting TERMOUT OFF turns
off screen output. This option can be shortened to TERM.

19. How do you prevent Oracle from giving you informational messages during and
after a SQL statement execution

The SET options FEEDBACK and VERIFY can be set to OFF.

20. How do you generate file output from SQL

By use of the SPOOL comm.