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Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 1

 Three Phase Circuits

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 2

 Three Phase Circuits
 Advantages of three phase system:
A three phase system has following advantages over single phase system:
 1) The output of three phase machine is always greater than single phase machine of same size,
approximately 1.5 times. So for a given size and voltage a three phase alternator occupies less space and
has less cost too than single phase having same rating.
 2) For a transmission and distribution, three phase system needs less copper or less conducting material
than single phase system for given volt amperes and voltage rating so transmission becomes very much
economical.
 3) It is possible to produce rotating magnetic field with stationary coils by using three phase system.
Hence three phase motors are self-starting.
 4) In single phase system, the instantaneous power is a function of time and hence fluctuates While
instantaneous power in symmetrical three phase system is constant. Hence performance of single phase
motors is poor.
 5) Three phase system give steady output .
 6) Single phase supply can be obtained from three phase but three phase cannot be obtained from
single phase.
 7) Power factor of single phase motors is poor than three phase motors of same rating.
Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 3
 8) For converting machines like rectifiers, the d.c. output voltage becomes smoother if number of
phases are increased.
Generation of 3-phase E.M.F.
 In the 3-phase system, there are three equal voltages of the same frequency but
displaced from one another by 120𝑜 electrical. These voltages are produced by a
three-phase generator which has three identical windings or phases displaced
120𝑜 electrical apart. When these windings are rotated in a magnetic field, e.m.f.
is induced in each winding or phase. These e.m.f. s are of the same magnitude and
frequency but are displaced from one another by 120 degree electrical.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 4

Generation of 3-phase E.M.F.

 a) E.m.f. induced in coil is zero and is increasing in the positive direction. This is
indicated by wave in Fig. 3.80 (b).
 b) The coil is 120𝑜 deg electrically behind coil the e.m.f. induced in this coil is
negative and is approaching maximum negative value. This is shown by the wave.
 c) The coil is 240 electrically behind or 120𝑜 electrically behind coil . The
e.m.f. induced in this coil is positive and is decreasing. This is indicated by wave .
 Thus, it is apparent that the e.m.f.’s induced in the three coils are of the
same magnitude and frequency but displaced 120𝑜 electrical from each
other.

 Equations: The equations for the three voltages are:

 𝑒𝑎1𝑎2=𝐸𝑚 sinωt
 𝑒𝑏1𝑏2=𝐸𝑚 sin(ωt-120)
 𝑒𝑐1𝑐2=𝐸𝑚 sin(ωt-240)

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 5

Three Phase Circuits

Naming the phases

 The 3 phases may be numbered (1,2,3) or lettered (a,b,c) or specified colours (R Y
B). By normal convention, sequence RYB is considered positive and R B Y negative.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 6

 Three Phase Circuits
Phase sequence

 Definition:- The order in which the voltages in the voltages in the phases reach their
maximum positive values is called the phase sequence.
 For example, in Fig. 3.80(a), the three coils 𝑎1 𝑎2 , 𝑏1 𝑏2 and 𝑐1 𝑐2 are rotating in
anticlockwise direction in the magnetic field. The coil 𝑎1 𝑎2 is 120𝑜 electrical ahead of
coil 𝑏1 𝑏2 and 240𝑜 electrical ahead of coil 𝑐1 𝑐2 . Therefore, e.m.f. in coil 𝑎1 𝑎2 leads
the e.m.f. in coil 𝑏1 𝑏2 by 120𝑜 and that in coil 𝑐1 𝑐2 by 240𝑜 . It is evident from Fig.
3.80(b) that 𝑒𝑎1𝑎2 attains maximum positive first, then 𝑒𝑏1𝑏2 and 𝑒𝑐1𝑐2 . In other words,
the order in which the e.m.f. s in the three phases 𝑎1 𝑎2 , 𝑏1 𝑏2 and 𝑐1 𝑐2 attain their
maximum positive values is a,b,c. Hence, the phase sequence is a,b,c.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 7

Three Phase Circuits

Meaning of phase sequence

 It is necessary to employ some systematic notation for the solution of a.c. circuits and systems containing a
number of e.m.f. s. acting and currents flowing so that the process of solution is simplified and less prone to
errors.
 It is normally preferred to employ double-subscript notation while dealing with a.c. electrical circuits. In this
system, the order in which the subscripts are written indicates the direction in which e.m.f. acts or current
flows.
 For example, if e.m.f. is expressed as
it indicates that e.m.f. acts from a to b; if it is
expressed as , then the e.m.f. acts in a direction
opposite to that in which acts. (Fig. 3.81)
i.e., 𝐸𝑎𝑏 = −𝐸𝑏𝑎 .
Similarly, 𝐼𝑎𝑏 indicates that current flows in the direction from a to b but 𝐼𝑏𝑎 indicates that current flows in
the direction from b to a; i.e 𝐼𝑎𝑏 = −𝐼𝑏𝑎
Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 8
Three Phase Circuits

Balanced Supply and Load

 When a balanced generating supply, where the three phase voltages are equal, and the phase difference
is 120𝑜 between one another, supplies balanced equipment load, where the impedance of the three phases or
three circuit loads are equal, then the current flowing through these three phases will also be equal in
magnitude, and will also have a phase difference of 120𝑜 with one another. Such an arrangement is called a
balanced load.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 9

 Three Phase Circuits

STAR CONNECTION:-

 This system is obtained by joining together similar ends, either the start or the
finish; the other ends are joined to the line wires, as shown in Fig.3.82 (a). The
common point N at which similar (start or finish) ends are connected is called the
neutral or star point. Normally, only three wires are carried to the external circuit,
giving a 3-phase, 3-wire, star-connected system; however,
 sometimes a fourth wire known as neutral wire, is carried to the neutral point of
the external load circuit, giving a 3-phase, 4-wire connected system.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 10

Three Phase Circuits
Line and phase in Three phase system:-
 The voltage between any line and the neutral point, i.e.,
voltage across the phase winding, is called the phase
voltage;
 while the voltage between any two outers is called line
voltage. Usually, the neutral point is connected to earth.
 In Fig.3.82 (a), positive directions of e.m.f.s. are taken star
point outwards. The arrow heads on e.m.f.s. and currents
indicate the positive direction. Here, the 3-phases are
numbered as usual: R,Y and B indicate the three natural
colours red, yellow and blue respectively. By convention,
sequence RYB is taken as positive and RYB as negative.

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 11

Three Phase Circuits

 Obtaining Relationship between Line & Phase Values & Expression for power for
Balanced Star Connection :-

 In Fig.3.82 (b), the e.m.f.s induced in the three phases, are shown
vectorially. In a starconnection there are two windings between
each pair of outers and due to joining of similar ends together, the
e.m.f.s induced in them are in opposition.
 Hence the potential difference between the two outers, know
as line voltage, is the vector difference of phase e.m.f.s of the two
phases concerned.
Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 12
Three Phase Circuits

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 13

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Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE
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Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE

Three Phase Circuits
Apparent power of 3-phase star-connected system
 Apparent power = 3 x apparent power per phase
𝐸𝐿
= 3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 3x x 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿
3

Reactive power of 3-phase star-connected system

Reactive power = 3 x Reactive power per phase
𝐸𝐿
3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ sinφ= 3x x 𝐼𝐿 sinφ = 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sinφ
3

Active power of 3-phase star-connected system

Active power = 3 x Active power per phase
𝐸𝐿
3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ cosφ= 3x x 𝐼𝐿 cosφ = 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cosφ
3 16

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE

Three Phase Circuits
Delta Connection

 Obtaining Relationship between Line and Phase Values and Expression for
Power for Balanced Delta Connection
 When the starting end of one coil is connection to the finishing end of another
coil, as shown in Fig.3.83 (a), delta or mesh connection is obtained. The
direction of the e.m.f.s is as shown in the diagram.

From Fig.3.83 it is clear that line current is the

vector difference of phase currents of the two
phases concerned.

17

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE

 Three Phase Circuits
 Line current is the vector difference of phase currents of the two phases
concerned. For example, the line current in red outer IR will be equal to the
vector difference of phase currents IYR and IRB. The current vectors are
shown in Fig.3.83 (b).

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 18

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 19
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Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE

Three Phase Circuits
Apparent power of 3-phase Delta-connected system
 Apparent power = 3 x apparent power per phase
𝐼𝐿
= 3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 3x 𝐸𝐿 x 3
= 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿
Reactive power of 3-phase Delta-connected system
Reactive power = 3 x Reactive power per phase
𝐼𝐿
3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ sinφ= 3x 𝐸𝐿 x sinφ = 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sinφ
3

Active power of 3-phase Delta-connected system

Active power = 3 x Active power per phase
𝐼𝐿
3 ∗ 𝐸𝑝ℎ ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ cosφ= 3x 𝐸𝐿 x cosφ = 3𝐸𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cosφ
3
21

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE

Three Phase ac
Numerical
Star- Delta
Numerical on star connection
 Three similar coils each having resistance of 10 ohm and reactance of 8 ohm
are connected in star across a 400 V, 3 phase supply. Determine the i) Line
current; ii) Total power

Soniya Agrawal,Assist. Prof. EEE, BMSCE 23

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