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Dr. Peggy Kern's Capstone Statistics Practice #2: The Normal Distribution & Z Scores

This document discusses the normal distribution and z-scores. It defines key terms like empirical vs theoretical distributions and explains what the columns in a normal distribution table represent. It then provides examples of calculating z-scores and using normal distribution tables to find the proportion of scores that fall below or above given values.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views

Dr. Peggy Kern's Capstone Statistics Practice #2: The Normal Distribution & Z Scores

This document discusses the normal distribution and z-scores. It defines key terms like empirical vs theoretical distributions and explains what the columns in a normal distribution table represent. It then provides examples of calculating z-scores and using normal distribution tables to find the proportion of scores that fall below or above given values.

Uploaded by

noel sabarillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.

 Peggy  Kern’s  Capstone  Statistics  


Practice  #2:  The  Normal  Distribution  &  Z  Scores  
 
1. Probability  values  range  from  _0.00__  to  __1.00___.  
 
2. What  is  the  difference  between  an  empirical  and  probability  distribution?  
An  empirical  distribution  is  based  on  observations;  a  probability  distribution  (also  called  a  theoretical  
distribution)  is  based  on  logic  or  mathematical  formulas.    
 
 
3. Below  is  part  of  a  normal  distribution  table1:  

   
 
a. What  does  the  first  column  (z)  refer  to?  
    The  z  score  
 
b. What  does  the  second  column  (larger  portion)  refer  to?  
The  area  (or  proportion  of  scores)  that  lie  below  the  Z  score.  Note  that  for  many  online  
tables,  this  is  the  only  part  included.  
 
c. What  does  the  third  column  (smaller  portion)  refer  to?  
The  area  (or  proportion  of  scores  that  lie  beyond  the  z  score.  Note  that  this  is  excluded  from  
many  online  tables.  
 
 
4. The  standard  normal  distribution  (Z  distribution)  is  a  probability  distribution  with  a  mean  of  0  and  a  
standard  deviation  of  1.  We  can  compare  raw  scores  from  different  scales  by  converting  them  to  Z  
scores  (that  is,  standardizing  the  values).  Recall  that  z  =  (X-­‐M)/s  (where  X  =  the  score,  M  is  the  mean  of  
the  sample,  and  s  is  the  standard  deviation.    
 
                                                                                                           
1 rd
 From  Appendix  A,  Field,  A.  (2009).  Introducing  statistics  using  SPSS  (3  ed.).  London:  Sage  Publications.  This  is  one  version  of  
such  a  table,  which  indicates  both  the  area  above  and  below  a  score.  Other  versions  of  the  tables  often  only  indicate  the  lower  
portion,  still  others  indicate  the  upper  portion.  Some  give  both  positive  and  negative  Z  scores,  some  only  include  positive  values  
(remember  that  the  normal  distribution  is  symmetrical.  This  can  make  it  confusing  to  consider  what  to  look  at.  Drawing  a  
diagram  helps.  It  also  might  be  helpful  to  try  some  different  tables  and  find  the  one  that  makes  the  most  sense  to  you.  The  Math  
is  Fun  website  gives  one  option,  but  there  are  many  others  out  there  as  well.        
a. Suppose  a  population  was  normally  distributed  with  a  mean  of  10  and  standard  deviation  of  2.  
What  proportion  of  the  scores  are  below  12.5?  
With  proportion,  we  can  think  of  what  percentage  of  the  scores  are  below  12.5.  To  do  this,  first  
we  need  to  calculate  the  Z  score  associated  with  12.5.  Using  the  formula  (z  =  (X-­‐M)/s),  we  plug  
in  values:  
    Z  =  12.5  –  10   =  1.25  
      2  
Then  we  look  this  up  in  the  table.  It’s  a  positive  value,  and  we  want  
the  scores  below  this.  The  diagram  shows  the  area  we  are  
interested  in,  which  corresponds  with  the  “larger  portion”  column.  
A  Z  of  1.25  is  associated  with  .8944.  For  proportion,  multiple  this  
number  by  100,  and  round  to  2  decimal  points.  So  89.44%  of  the  
population  is  below  this  score.  
 
b. Let’s  say  that  the  average  IQ  of  a  group  of  people  is  105  with  a  standard  deviation  of  15.  What  is  
the  standardized  (or  z-­‐  score)  of  someone:  
i. with  an  IQ  of  93?  
Z  =  (93-­‐105)/15  =  -­‐12/15  =  -­‐4/5  =  -­‐.8  (Sign  matters.)  
 
ii. with  an  IQ  of  135?  
Z  =  (135  -­‐  105)/15  =  30/15  =  2  
 
c. One  year,  many  college-­‐bound  high  school  seniors  in  the  U.S.  took  the  Scholastic  Aptitude  Test  
(SAT).    For  the  verbal  portion  of  this  test,  the  mean  was  425  and  the  standard  deviation  was  110.  
Based  on  this  information  what  percentage  of  students  would  be  expected  to  score  between  
350  and  550?  
First,  calculate  the  two  Z  scores  
For  350:      Z  =  350–  425   =     -­‐.68  
                110  
For  550:      Z  =  550  –  425   =     1.14  
                  110  
 
 
Look  up  the  proportion  of  scores  falling  below  each  of  these  numbers  (try  it  on  the  math  is  fun  
website)  
For  Z  =  -­‐.68,  proportion  =  .2483    
For  Z  =  1.14,  proportion  =  .8728  
Then  subtract:     .8728  -­‐  .2483  =  .6245  
 
So  62.45%  of  the  students  would  be  expected  to  score  between  350  and  550  on  their  verbal  
SAT.    
 
 
5. At  Hogwarts  School  of  Witchcraft  and  Wizardry,  Professor  Snape  was  concerned  about  grade  inflation,  
and  suggested  that  the  school  should  issue  standardized  grades  (or  z-­‐scores),  in  addition  to  the  regular  
grades.  How  might  this  work?  Harry  was  in  four  classes,  each  with  20  students.  Harry’s  score,  the  class  
mean,  and  the  class  standard  deviation  are  given  below.  Compute  his  standardized  grade  in  each  class.  
If  we  judged  by  standardized  grades,  where  did  he  do  best?  Where  did  he  do  worst?  
Harry’s  Score     Mean     Std  Dev  
  Care  of  Magical  Creatures                      3.80      3.75          .15  
  Defense  Against  the  Dark  Arts                    3.60      3.25          .60  
  Transfiguration                        3.10      3.20          .38  
  Potions                          2.50      2.90          .75  
 
Care  of  magical  creatures:       (3.80  –  3.75  )/.15     =      0.33    
Defense  against  the  dark  arts:     (3.60  –  3.25)/.60     =      0.58  
Transfiguration:         (3.10  –  3.20)/.38     =   -­‐0.26  
Potions:         (2.50  –  2.90)/.75   =   -­‐0.53  
 
In  terms  of  standardized  scores,  Harry  did  best  in  Defense  Against  the  Dark  Arts,  where  he  was  
above  average  in  the  class.  Even  though  her  best  grade  was  in  Care  of  Magical  Creatures,  the  class  
as  a  whole  had  a  higher  mean,  such  that  Harry  was  fairly  close  to  the  average.  
 
6. When  the  original  Star  Wars  movie  came  out  (1977),  there  was  much  excitement  about  the  movie.  Here  
are  some  classic  problems  that  were  considered  soon  after.  
a. On  the  average,  it  takes  Han  Solo  45  seconds  to  check  the  coordinates  and  make  the  jump  into  
hyperspace.  The  standard  deviation  on  this  important  task  is  5  seconds.  When  Han  and  
Chewbacca  and  their  passengers  are  leaving  for  Alderaan  they  make  the  jump  in  33  seconds  or  
less.  What  is  the  probability  of  such  an  accomplishment?  
Again,  first  we  calculate  the  Z  score.  The  mean  =  45,  X  =  33,  and  the  
standard  deviation  is  5.  So:   Z  =  33  –  45   =  -­‐2.4  
                                 5  
Look  this  value  up  in  the  table.  Looking  at  the  diagram,  we  want  to  
know  what  proportion  of  scores  fall  below  this  –  the  smaller  portion  
in  the  diagram.  We  see  this  corresponds  with  .00820,  so  there  is  a  
.0082  probability,  or  a  .82%  chance,  of  this  occurring.  
 
b. In  a  space  bar,  there  were  14  storm  troopers,  3  Wookies,  9  humans,  and  2  scriptwriters.  An  
Android  entered,  fired  a  shot,  and  hit  someone  in  the  cheek.  What  is  the  probability  that  a  
scriptwriter  was  hit?  
This  is  just  a  probability  question,  where  we  have  the  number  of  scriptwriter  out  of  the  total.  So  
2  /  28  =  .0714,  or  7.14%  probability  that  it  was  a  scriptwriter  hit.  
 
c. Jawas,  those  jewel-­‐eyes,  hooded  collectors  of  robots  and  scrap,  live  in  the  desert  and  travel  by  
sandcrawler.  Their  height  is  normally  distributed  with  a  mean  of  four  feet  and  a  standard  
deviation  of  3  inches.  The  escape  exit  on  the  sandcrawler  is  46  inches  high.  What  proportion  of  
the  Jawas  must  duck  when  they  use  the  escape  exit?  
First,  we  need  to  convert  things  to  the  same  scale.  The  mean  is  4  feet,  
which  equals  48  inches.  Calculate  the  Z  score:        Z  =      46  –  48   =  -­‐.67  
3  
Again,  looking  at  the  diagram,  everyone  over  this  size  must  duck.  So  we  
want  the  upper  portion  in  the  diagram.  This  corresponds  with  .74857.  
So    74.86%  have  to  duck  when  they  use  the  escape  exit.    
 
 

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