The Effect of Discharge and Slope of Riverbed on Sediment

Transport in Anafree River, Jayapura City

I Widyastuti1*, I Rohani2, and E F Naban1

1
Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering Cenderawasih University, Papua,
Indonesia
2
Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sulawesi Barat,
Majene, Indonesia

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Anafre River contains a lot of sediment caused by natural or human factors.
With the presence of sediment, degradation can occur in river basins that are forming
river beds or agradation or river bed increases that affect river activity. The problem
caused by sediment in the Anafre River agradation. River agradation that occurs every
year results in dredging, especially in river mouth areas which requires a significant
amount of money. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of river discharge
and slope on bed sediment transport (bed load) so that by knowing the ideal slope of
the river the restoration river mouth that has been neglected can be completed and well
integrated through hydraulic aspects, physical aspects (building), ecology and
social.This research is analyzes the movement of sediment by assessing shear velocity,
friction stress and critical stress due to variations in design flood discharge so that a
minimum river bed slope is needed to stop the movement of bed load. The results of
sediment density obtained were 2329.55 kg / m3. The effective slope needed for
sediment to settle at the time of measurement conditions in the river mouth is 0.14%
and the design flood discharge conditions for the return period of 2 years to 100 years
requires an effective slope ranging from 0.077% to 0.046%. The transport sediment
rate that occurred in the measurement conditions was 8,260 tons / day, for the design
flood discharge conditions for the return period of 2 years to 100 years the transport
sediment obtained was 160,067 tons / day up to 188,192 tons / day.

1. Introduction
One of the rivers in the lowland part of Jayapura city is the Anafre River. This river is one of the
widest rivers in the city of Jayapura. Along the banks of Anafre River itself is already fulfilled by the
residential buildings so that one of the problems faced by the Anafre River is a problem of sediment.
Sediment is a loose material and is the base forming material of rivers.
Sediment transported by water flow there is a basic sediment (bed load) that will move by rolling,
sliding or jumping, sediment floating (suspended load) that will move by hovering, and wash load
sediment that move on the surface of the water. The sediment that is affected in the sedimentation
process is the basic sediment (bed load) that will settle when the water power that carries the sediment
is not enough anymore to move the sediment.
 The condition of the river Anafre itself currently contains quite a lot of sediment caused by natural
and human factors. Natural factors caused by the condition of the river that Berbelok-belok causing
the rock Pengkisian by the water flow that causes sediment while the human factor is derived from
waste and waste and mining activities. With the activity of sediment, the basic flow of the river can be
degradation, namely the decline in the river or Agradasi or the rise of the river base. Both degradation
and Agradasi on this river will certainly impact the activity of the river.
The issue caused by sediment in the Anafre River is currently the river Agradasi. With this agradasi
every year is done a dredging especially in the downstream of the river that requires less cost, even if
this sediment problem can be overcome then it can save a lot of expenditure annually.

1.1. Problem formulation

Based on the background above, the formulation of the problem in this research is:
 What are the sediment characteristics on the Anafre River?
 How does discharge and slope affect sedimentary movements?
 What is the rate of sedimentary transport at the base of Anafre River?

1.2. Research objectives

The aims of the authors to achieve through this study are:
 Know the characteristics of sediment at Sungai Anafre
 Obtaining the relationship between the discharge and the slope of the river against the basic
sediment grain in Sungai Anafre
 Know how much the sedimentary transport rate occurs in the downstream of the Anafre River

2. Overview

2.1. River Basin Area (DAS)

Areas restricted by the ridges of the mountains/mountains or hills where the rain water falling in the
area will flow into the river or the main channel at a point/Statsiun which is reviewed called the River
basin (Triatmodjo, 2008). The watershed is an important part of hydrological analysis due to the extent
of the DAS ' impact on the magnitude of the discharge flowing in the river section. Generally the
larger the DAS the greater the amount of debit streams.

2.1.1. Rivers. The river is a system of complex nature but irregular. The river consists of several parts,
starting from the springs flowing into the tributaries. Some tributaries will join to form the main river.
The water flow is usually bordered by the head of the channel with the base and cliffs on the left and
right. The river's end where the river meets the sea or lake is known as River estuary.
The river Groove itself is divided into three main parts, namely the upstream (erosion source area),
the middle (the transition between upstream and downstream) and the downstream (sedimentary area).

2.1.2. Open channel flow. The water flow in a channel can be a flow in the open channel, and can also
be a flow in the pipeline (closed channel). Both types of streams have very different principles. Flow
through the open channel is a flow that has a free surface where air pressure at all points along the
channel on the surface of the water is the same. The flow in the pipeline is a flow that does not have a
free surface, because the flow of water fills the channel continuously, so it is not influenced by air
pressure and is only affected by hydrostatic pressure. However, when the flow through the pipe
(closed channel) is not full (there is still a free water interface), the stream still includes the flow
through the open channel.

 Manning Formulas
Manning equations are also known as Strickler equations and are widely used in computation practices
in the field. The Manning equation is intended for turbulent flow which is the equivalent of the
following:

kn 23 12
V  R S
n (1)
with:
Kn = 1.0 m1/3/s (metric unit)
R = A/P
S = slope of Energy line
n = of Manning 's roughness coefficient

 Chezy Formulas
Chezy seeks to find a connection that the liquid through an open channel will cause a shear tension
(prisoner) on the wall of the channel, and will be offset by a heavy-duty component that works on a
liquid substance in the flow direction. After going through some decreased formulas, will be obtained
general equation:

V  C  R S0 
0.5

(2)
with:
V = flow rate (m/s)
C = Chezy coefficient
R = Radius Hydraulic
S0 = base Tilt

2.1.3. River Hydrometry. Hydrometry is a science that studies the problem of water measurement or
basic data collection for analysis that includes high data on water, discharge, and sedimentation. The
flow of river discharge, given the Q notation, is the amount of water flowing through the river latitude
each time unit, which is usually expressed in cubic meters per second (m 3/sec).

2.2. Topographical surveys

Topographical surveys are conducted to obtain field data as a description of the ground surface form
the situation and altitude and position of the present. The steps in the Topography survey include: field
orientation, preparation, the installation of BM and wood beams, basic mapping framework, cross
sectionmeasurement, long section measurement, calculation of measurement and imaging.

2.3. Hydrological analysis

Hydrology is the science related to the Earth's water, its occurrence, circulation and its agination, its
chemical and physical properties, and its reaction with its environment, including its relationship with
living creatures (International Glossary of Hydrology, 1974). Because of its rapid development,
hydrology has become the fundamental science of water resources management which is the
development, distribution and use of water resources in a planned way. Many construction projects in
the world related to water are carried out by first conducting a survey of sufficient hydrological
conditions.

2.3.1. Parameters of hydrological statistics. In the analysis of hydrological data required numerical
measures that characterize the data. Any value describing the data stacking feature is called a
parameter where the parameters used in the analysis of the data array of a variable are called statistical
parameters. The measurement of statistical parameters commonly used in the analysis of hydrological
data is the average value, standard deviation, variant, skewness coefficient, etc.

2.3.2. Frequency Analysis. According to Sri Harto (1993), frequency analysis is an analysis of
hydrological data using statistics aimed at predicting a rainfall or debit with a certain reset. Frequency
analysis aims to seek a connection between the magnitude of an extreme occurrence of incidence
frequency by using a continuous probability distribution. There are several forms of continuous
distribution function (theoretical) which are often used in frequency analysis for hydrology i.e.,
Normal distribution, Normal Log, Gumbel and Log Person type III.

2.3.3. Effective rain. The rain that turns into a surface flow is called also the effective rain or excess
rain (excess rainfall). In calculating the rain effectively used the SCS-CN method with the following
equation:

 P  0.28
2

Pe 
P  0.88 (3)
Terms: (P – 0, 2S) > 1
with:
Pe = Depth of effective rain (mm)
P = Rain Depth (mm)
S = maximum potential retention of water
By the ground, which is largely is due to infiltration (mm)

2.3.4. Concentration time. The time of concentration, TC) is the time it takes for the raindrops to flow
from the farthest point up to the point of view (control points) after the soil becomes saturated and
minor depressions are fulfilled.
To calculate concentration time can be set by using hydraulics equations or by using empirical
equations. A well-known equation is the Hat way equation:
tc - 0.066 (L.n)0.77 S-0.234 (4)
With:
L = length of river (km)
n = roughness coefficient

2.3.5. Rainfall Distribution. The rain distribution that occurs is used as an input to obtain a flow
hydrograph. There are several methods that can be used in determining the rain distribution of the
plan, including the Monobe method and Alternating Block method (ABM).

2.3.6. Discharge Flood calculation plan (Q R). The transformation or physical switch of rainfall data
into a flood-plan/design discharge can be done by rational methods, unit hydrographs (polynomial
methods), and Synthetic unit hydrographs (Snyder, Gama I, Nakayasu, and SCS-CN). The rational
method is used for small DAS, while the unit Hydrograph method and synthetic unit hydrographs are
used for medium WATERSHED, with an area of approximately 50 – 250 km 2 (Ponce, 1989 in
Triatmodjo,2008).

2.3.7. Nakayasu Hydrograph Synthesis Unit (HSS). The hydrograph of a unit derived from different
cases will obtain different units of hydrographs. Therefore, in order to obtain a hydrograph that can
represent (representative unit hydrograph) OF a particular DAS, then hydrograph of Unit-hydrograph
of the unit needs to be averaged.
 The calculation of the draft flood discharge can be calculated in the hydrograph of the specified
synthesis unit using the Nakayasu method. Flood hydrograph of synthetic unit design Nakayasu
method is used to estimate the discharge of flooding that will occur, carried out through Rainfall
analysis (Run off Model) by method Nakayasu. The HSS Parameter of Nakayasu is given in the
following equations:

1  A  Re 
Qp   
3.6  0.3Tp  T0.3  (5)
Tp  Tg  0.8Tr
(6)
For the length of the river more than 15 km used values:
Tg  0.4  0.058 L
(7)
For a river length less than 15 km used values:
Tg  0.21  L0.7
(8)
T0.3    Tg
(9)
  between 1.5 to 3 (10)
with:
Qp = Peak Flood Discharge (M3/s)
A = DAS moons (km2)
Re = effective Rainfall (mm)
Tp = time of flood start
To peak flood hydrographs
T0.3 = time of flood peaks until
0.3 discharge peak flooding (hours)
Tg = concentration time
Tr = time unit of rainfall
α = the coefficient of DAS characteristic
L = length of main river (km)

The given unit hydrograph form is formed by the following curve equations:
1. On the UP curve (0 < T < Tp)
2
  4
Qt  Qp  t 
 T p 
(11)
2. On the Down curve (Tp < t < (Tp + T0,3))

 t T p

 
Qt  Qp  0.3  T0.3



(12)
3. On the Down Curve ((Tp + T0,3) < t < (Tp + 2,5T0,3))

 t T p  0.5T0.3 
 

Qt  Q p  0.3  1.5T0.3 

(13)
4. On the Down curve (T > (Tp + 2,5T0,3))
 
 t T p  0.5T0.3 
 
Qt  Q p  0.3  2T0.3 

(14)

2.4. Sediment
Sediment is a fragment of the material generally consist of the description of the rocks in physics and
chemically. Particles like this have a large size (Boulder) to a very subtle (colloid), and a variety of
shapes from round, oval, to square.

2.4.1. Characteristics of Sediment. The prediction to determine sedimentation rate is required as the
basis of the river's hydraulic building planning, management and some other problems in the river. In
general, predictions of sedimentation speed can be based on the characteristics of sediment consisting
of size, Shape, Weight of volume (Specific weight) and specific gravity and fall Velocity. By
identifying the characteristic variables of sediment, the sedimentation rate in the stream (at the point of
review) can be estimated.

2.5. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the precipitation process of a material derived from wind, erosion, water, sea waves
and Gletsyer. The Material resulting from the erosion brought by the water flow can be deposited in a
place where the lower altitude.
The factors affecting sedimentation are as a result of soil erosion. Meanwhile, the sediment
transport that occurs in the river Groove there are three kinds of wash load (sediment wash),
suspended load (sedimentary kite) and bed load (Basic sediment).

2.5.1. Calculation of sediment transport. The calculation of sediment transport includes the
characteristics of sediment itself such as granular sediment size, heavy sediment type, early
sedimentary motion and the magnitude of the basic sedimentary transport and floating sediment. The
following is a calculation of sediment transport:

 Determination of particle size grains sediment.

Particle size determination can be done by means of a sieve using a set of sieve with size 1.0; 0.5;
0.25; 0.125; 0.063 mm, compiled from the largest to the smallest. Granular measurements are done in
two ways:
- How to dry the sieve: When an example of sediment consists of loose sand so it does not clot.
- How to wet-sieve: used when the example of sediment many contain fine materials so it is
difficult to separate. The sieve in this way must be assisted with water to release the bond.
The average translucent percentage (% translucent) of each particle-diameter size of the two ways
above can be calculated by the following equation:
 weight of sifter example 
% material loss  100    100 
 cummulative of example weight  (15)
 Particle type Determination
When the particle size of the sediment is sufficiently large (20-30 mm), the volume can be
determined from the difference in volume transferred after and before dyeing the particle into the
water-filled measuring cup. However, if the particle size is fine, the determination of the volume can
use Piknometer. The calculations are as follows:
 m
Specifict gravity 
 PA  m   PS (16)
where:
m = Weight of dry sample (Gr)
PA = Weight of the pycnometers and Water (Gr)
PS = Weight of Pycnometers + water + sample (GR)
(PA + m) - PS = Sample Volume

 Inciplent Motion on Sloping Beds

Early motion of sedimentary granules is crucial in relation to the study of sedimentary transport,
degradation of river/conduit base, stable channel design, and others.
Since the particle movement/sediment grain is very irregular, it will be very difficult to define for
sure, in the streaming conditions that how the sedimentary particles begin to move (critical
conditions).
Some properties of liquid substances that affect the sediment transport process, such as the
following:
a) Mass density (ρ)
b) Viscosity (v)
c) Variable – Flow variables, such as:
 U *c 
2

- Critical shear

 U *c 
2

   s   w  /  w  g d  (17)
Where:
s = weight of sediment type (kg/m³)
w = water type weight (1000 kg/m³)
g = acceleration of gravity (M/sec ²)
d = diameter of sediment (m)

- Friction
0 
 0   w g h S0 (18)
Where:
w = Water type weight (kg/m³)
g = acceleration of gravity (M/sec ²)
h = water depth (m)
S0 = Channel Base Slope

- Crystalline voltage
c 
 c  0.04    g d  s  w
(19)
Where:
c = Critical Shear (N/m²)
 s = Weight of sediment type (kg/m³)
w = Water type weight (kg/m³)
g = acceleration of gravity (M/sec ²)
d = diameter of sediment (m)
If τo > τC then the sediment grain is moving.

- Approximate sedimentary transport base with Einstein equation

Equations of basic sedimentary charge with Einstein's approach to the function of:

qb   1 
   
 s   s   g  d353 
(20)

With:
qb = Discharge of bed load sediment charge (kg/s/m)
 = specific Gravity of water
s = weight of particles of sediment load base (Ton/M3)
g = gravity acceleration = 9.81 m/sec²
d = diameter of sediment
 d
f     35
 s   S Rb ' (21)
With:
R = Radius Hydraulic
S = Channel Slope

U *   g h S0 
0.5

(22)
With:
U = critical sliding speed
H = Flow depth (m)
12h
U  5.75 U* log
k (23)
With:
U = Flow rate (m/s)
K = Channel Roughness value
12h
C  18log
k (24)
12h
Cd90  18log
d 90 (25)
3/2
 C 
  
 Cd 90  (26)
With:
μ = Ripple Factor

Table 1. Relations Φ and ψ

F ψ F ψ
10-4 27.0 5.10-4 11.5
5.10-4 24.0 10-1 9.5
10-3 22.4 5.10-1 5.50
5.10-3 18.4 1.00 4.08
10-2 16.4 10.00 0.70
Source: Soewarno, 1998
The sedimentary load rate of the whole river base is:

Qb  qb  W (27)

where:
Qb = Whole base sedimentary load rate
Cross section width (kg/sec)
qb = Base sedimentary load rate per unit
Width (kg/sec/m)
W = width of channel base (m)

3. Methodology
3.1. Location and time of research
The research site is located at Sungai Anafre South Jayapura District of Jayapura City. The river has a
length of 3.76 km with a width of 20 m and has a depth of up to 5.60 m. The River rises directly in the
sea of Jayapura. The sediment site itself was carried out on the lower Anafre River as a river end spot.
Data retrieval was conducted in April 2018 then analysis of laboratory data was conducted in June
and continued with analysis of hydrological data and sediment data.

Figure 1. Research location

(Source: Geospasial)
 Meanwhile, the study flowchart of the impact of the discharge and river slope of the sediment grain
transport can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Flowchart

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Karakteristik DAS Anafre

Figure 3. DAS Anafre

Source: digitising Arc Gis
 The area of the river basin (DAS) Anafre is fairly small with an area of about 2.257 km 2. Land
conditions on DAS Anafre based on observations directly clay with a mixture of sand so that the rate
of water absorption into the soil (infiltration) is relatively moderate.

Table 2. Land cover type, area and CN

Cover type Moons (km2) % Area CN
Forest 0.780 34.56 55
Bush 0.746 33.05 58
Settlement 0.556 24.63 68
Bare Ground 0.175 7.75 69
Amount 2.257 100

4.2. River characteristics

Through the measurement data in the field obtained the data characteristic Anafre River as follows:
 Total slope of the river : 9.55%
 Slope 1 km River : 1.50%
 Flow rate (V) : 0.470 m/s
 Discharge (Q) : 0.916 m3/s
 Flow Depth (h) : 0.340 m

4.3. Hydrological analysis

The purpose of hydrological analysis is to calculate the magnitude of flood discharge draft for the
Reperiod 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. To obtain the value of debit used HSS Nakayasu method with
the result of flood discharge as follows:

Table 3. Recapitulation of HSS Nakayasu

Discharge Value
Birthday HSS Nakayasu (m3/s)
N
Period
o Dry Normal Wet
(years)
1 2 5.128 21.499 39.643
2 5 12.349 36.685 59.323
3 10 17.906 46.635 71.468
4 25 25.275 58.736 85.753
5 50 30.855 67.363 95.700
6 100 36.421 75.639 105.102
Source: Calculation result

4.4. Sediment Analysis (Bed Load)

Bed load sediment analysis is performed to determine the characteristic sedimentary characteristics of
the Anafre River. From the result of the next basic sedimentary characteristics with river characteristic
data can be analyzed further about the movement of sediment grains and the number of sediment
transports occurring in the Anafre River. Stages of basic sedimentary analysis is done by the following
steps
4.4.1. Density Type of Sediment. The type of sediment is the weight comparison between soil grain and
pure water volume. Through the basic sediment sample test in the laboratory obtained the weight value
of sediment type of 2329.55 kg/m3.

4.4.2. Classification of granular size distribution. The purpose of this classification of grain size
distribution is to know the diameter of the granular size needed for further sediment analysis.
Here is a graph of the sieve analysis showing the gradation diameter of the sedimentary grain size.

Figure 4. Graph analysis

of Sediment River Anafre

Based on the image is obtained the size of the sediment item D 35 = 0.95 mm; d50 = 1.51 mm and D90
= 3.9 mm.

4.4.3. Grain Motion Analysis of Sediment. In the calculation of motion analysis of sedimentary grains
in measuring conditions obtained the following results:
 Calculate the friction shear value (τ0)
 0   w  g  h  S0
 1000  9.81  0.34  0.015
 50.031 N/m 2
 Calculate critical shear value (τc)
 c  0.04  ' s '  g  d50
 0.04  2329.55  1000   9.81  0.00151
 0.788 N/m 2
From the above calculations seen that the value of friction shear τ 0 = 50.031 N/m2 > Critical
voltage τc = 0.788 N/m2, then the sediment move. With the calculation on the field conditions of
sediment is seen moving then it can be ensured for flood discharge conditions plan with greater
discharge value the sediment will remain moving.
In order for the sediment to stop moving, based on the equation above the friction voltage value
should be minimized. To minimize the value of the friction voltage, one of the values of the friction
voltage should be minimized in this case it is a river slope (S 0). To calculate the effective tilt value
used Einstein equation with the following results:
 Figure 5. Slope and debit
value relationships

Based on the value obtained from the table above, it can be concluded that the greater the discharge
value that occurs then the slope needed to keep the sediment still (Q b = 0) the smaller, in which the
measurement conditions require a slope of 0.14% to keep the sediment silent while the flood discharge
condition of 2 to 100 years need slope that ranges from 0.077% to 0.046%.

4.4.4. Bed-Load transport sediment Analysis. The basic sedimentary transport analysis is an analysis
conducted to find out how much the bed-load sediment transport occurred with the approach through
calculation methods of sedimentary transport base. In this study to calculate the size of the basic
sedimentary transport (bed load) will be calculated using Einstein method.
Based on the results of the calculation with Einstein equation on existing slope condition obtained
projection of the bed-load sediment transport in the condition of measurement and discharge flood
design with a reperiod of 2 to 100 years with the following results.

Table 4. Recapitulation of sediment

transport for each anniversary period in
existing river condition with Einstein
method
Qb
No Conditions
(Ton/Day)
1 Measurement 8.260
2 Q 2 year 160.067
3 Q 5 Year 174.489
4 Q 10 Year 179.680
5 Q 25 year 184.034
6 Q 50 years 186.361
7 Q 100 Years 188.192
Source: Calculation result

From the above table results can be concluded that with the slope in the measuring conditions the
greater the discharge value that occurs the greater the sediment transportation that occurs.

5. Conclusion
Based on the results of data analysis that has been done both hydrological analysis, analysis of
hydraulics to the analysis of sediment in the Anafre River can be concluded:
 Gradation particles of the base sedimentary river Anafre consist of coarse sand, very rough sand
and fine gravel with a type of sediment weight around 2329.55 kg/m 3.
 The effective tilt required for silent sediment in measuring conditions is 0.14%. In flood discharge
conditions are designed for a 2-year re-period of up to 100 years it requires effective tilt ranging
from 0.077% to 0.046%.
 The sediment rate at Sungai Anafre on measuring condition is 8.260 tons/day while for flood
discharge conditions designed for period 2 years to 100 years acquired transportation of 160.067
ton/day to 188.192 tons/day.

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