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Assignment 2

1) This document provides methods for estimating the axial capacity of piles based on standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, pressuremeter tests, and empirical formulas. 2) The standard penetration test method estimates pile capacity based on the SPT index at the pile toe and along the shaft, with capacity factors applied based on the pile type. 3) Cone penetration tests estimate capacity as the sum of the point resistance at the toe and average unit side shear along the shaft, with factors applied based on pile dimensions and cone measurements.

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Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi
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67 views

Assignment 2

1) This document provides methods for estimating the axial capacity of piles based on standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, pressuremeter tests, and empirical formulas. 2) The standard penetration test method estimates pile capacity based on the SPT index at the pile toe and along the shaft, with capacity factors applied based on the pile type. 3) Cone penetration tests estimate capacity as the sum of the point resistance at the toe and average unit side shear along the shaft, with factors applied based on pile dimensions and cone measurements.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dynamic formula

General
The driving formula should normally be used only for sands and gravels and must be caliberated
against the results of the static load tests on similar piles in similar conditions.

Engineering Formula
R=(Wh)/(s+c)

R=Average resistance of soil to penetration

H= free fall of the hammer

W=Weight of the hammer

C=Energy loss due to temporary compression from elastic compression

C=(0.1 inch for steam hammer),(1inch for drop hammer)

Hiley Formula
R(s+0.5C)=ȵWh
Empirical Methods
1 Standard penetration tests

General
This method is for finding the axial capacity of a single pile in granular soil

R=mNAt+nN”Das

R= pile capacity (N)

m=400x10^3 for driven piles,120x10^3 for bored piles

N= Spt index at the pile toe obtained by averaging blows over length 6 to 10B above and 2 to 4B
below the base

At= pile toe area

N=2x10^3 for driven piles,1x10^3 for bored piles

N”=average spt index along the pile

D=Pile embedment length

As=Pile unit shaft

FOS=Minimum number of 4 Should be applied to the calculated capacity.

Alternate Method of Meherhof method


General

This method is for the driven Piles.

For driven piles in SANDS

Ultimate bearing capacity at base

Qb=40N(Db/B) less than or equals to 400(KN/m2)

N= SPT resistance in the vicinity of the pile base area.

Db= Length of the pile Embedded in the sand


B=Diameter of the Pile

For driven piles for non plastic silts

Qb=40N(Db/B) less than or equals to 300(KN/m2)

N= SPT resistance in the vicinity of the pile base area.

Db= Length of the pile Embedded in the sand

B=Diameter of the Pile

Average skin resistance over the length of the pile

Qs=2N”(KN/m2)

N”= Average SPT resistance over embedded length of the pile

For driven piles for Small displacement H piles

Qs should be halved Such as

Qs=N”(KN/m2)

For bored Piles


Qb and Qs are approximately 1/3 or ½ of corresponding values for driven piles.such as

For sands

Qb= (1/3or ½)(40N(Db/B) less than or equals to 400(KN/m2))

Qs= (1/3or ½)2N”(KN/m2)

For Non plastic Silts

Qb= (1/3or ½)(40N(Db/B) less than or equals to 300(KN/m2))

Qs= (1/3or ½)2N”(KN/m2)


Axial Capacity based on static cone
penetration tests
General
This tests is best suited for silts and sands that are loose and medium dense. It is difficult to carry
out this test in gravels and dense sands.

The capacity of single pile in granular soil is determined by the following:

R=qcAt+fsAsD

qc= Point resistance from the cone penetration test.

In case of the B>500mm , (qc designs)< (minimum average qc)or equals to the (qc
minimum)

fs = Average unit side shear measured by the static cone penetrometer tests.

At= cross sectional area of pile at toe

As= Shaft area per unit length of the pile

D= embedded length of the pile in the soil.

FOS= 2.5 and 3

Tomlinson
Generals

Plot all relevant qc/depth profiles together and draw an average line for the section around the
base

The load factor of 2 to 2.5 is then applied to the base resistance (Abqb) depending on the scatter
of the profile.

Practice in netherland

For end bearing capacity use mean of the two averages qc1 and qc2 for single profile.
Tip resistance

qc 1 = if qc increases steadily average is determined at depth 0.7B,if qc decearses steadily


average is determined at the depth 4B

qc 2= determined from the base working upward from the base using only values which
decreases from or equal to that of the base.

End value qc<15 MPa

Shaft resistance

 Determined from local values of sleeves resistance(fs)

Fs multiplied by 1.1 in case of the concrete pile

Fs multiplied by 0.7 in case of the Steel H piles

 Determined from direct correlations with cone resistance


qs = 0.012qc fir timber, precast concrete and steel displacement piles.

The end value of qs< 0.12 Mpa


Axial capacity based on pressuremeter test
Closed ended piles
Qp/A =K(plme-ƃh)+ ƃv

Open ended piles


Qp/A =1/2(K(plme-ƃh)+ ƃv)

K= (qu-ƃv)/( plme-ƃh)

Limit Pressure
It is defined theoretically as “the maximum pressure reached during a pressure meter test at
which the cavity will continue to expand indefinitely”. In reality, it is not possible ass the
membrane expansion is restricted. The limit pressure can be obtained by extrapolating the test
curve to infinity.

P = 2Dc (Dc = cavity diameter)

Vf = 2Vi ( Vi = initial volume of cavity)

Pmax< 1.5 PLMmin homogeneous layer

Pmax = 1.5 PLMmin non homogenous layer.

REESET. AL. METHOD


GENERAL
This method is used to carry out pile capacity in clays for drilled piles.

ALLOWABLE DESIGN
Qa = Qult/SF>Qd

SF is in the range of 1.5 to 4. If OCR>1 then

Qa = ƃQsi + Qp/3>Qd

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