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Experiment 1 (A)

The document describes three experiments on simulating the time response of first and second order systems using MATLAB. Experiment 1 simulates the step, impulse and ramp responses of first and second order systems. Experiment 2 obtains the step response of a second order system for different damping factors. Increasing the resistance increases the damping ratio, making the system damp faster. Experiment 3 will simulate frequency response but the details are not shown.

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Raghav Gupta
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36 views

Experiment 1 (A)

The document describes three experiments on simulating the time response of first and second order systems using MATLAB. Experiment 1 simulates the step, impulse and ramp responses of first and second order systems. Experiment 2 obtains the step response of a second order system for different damping factors. Increasing the resistance increases the damping ratio, making the system damp faster. Experiment 3 will simulate frequency response but the details are not shown.

Uploaded by

Raghav Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 1(a)

AIM-
To simulate time response of first order and second order systems for step input.

SOFTWARE USED-
MATLAB R2013a

THEORY-
A step signal is a signal whose value changes from one level to another level in zero time.
Mathematically, the step signal is represented as given below:

r(t)=u(t), where

u(t)=1;t>0

=0;t<0

In the Laplace transform form,

R(s)=1/s

The step response of the given transfer function is obtained as follows:

T(s)=c(s)/r(s)

So, c(s)=r(s)T(s)

c(s)=T(s)/s

CODE-

num=[1]
den=[3 4]
sys1=tf(num,den)
order(sys1)
den2=[3 4 5]
sys2=tf(num,den2)
hold on
step(sys1)
step(sys2)
legend('first_order_system','second_order_system')
title('Step Response of first and second order system')
hold off
GRAPH-

Figure 1.1
EXPERIMENT 1(b)
AIM-
To simulate time response of first order and second order systems for Impulse input.

SOFTWARE USED-
MATLAB R2013a

THEORY-
An impulse signal is a signal whose value changes from zero to infinity in zero time.
Mathematically, the unit impulse signal is represented as given below:

r(t)=$(t),

where:

$(t)=1;t=0

=0;t!=0

In the Laplace transform form,

r(s)=1 The impulse response of the given transfer function is obtained as follows:

T(s)=c(s)/r(s)

So,c(s)=r(s)T(s)

c(s)=1*r(s)

c(s)=r(s)

The output is given by,

c(t)=c(s)/l
CODE-
num=[1]
den=[3 4]
sys1=tf(num,den)
order(sys1)
den2=[3 4 5]
sys2=tf(num,den2)
hold on
impulse(sys1)
impulse(sys2)
legend('first_order_system','second_order_system')
title('impulse Response of first and second order system')
hold off

GRAPH-

Figure 1.2
EXPERIMENT 1(c)
AIM-
To simulate time response of first order and second order systems for Ramp input.

SOFTWARE USED-
MATLAB R2013a

THEORY-
A ramp signal is a signal which changes with time gradually in a linear fashion.
Mathematically, the unit ramp signal is represented as given below

r(t)=t;t>0

=0;t<0

In the Laplace transform form,

r(s)=1/s^2

The step response of the given transfer function is obtained as follows:

T(s)=c(s)/r(s)

So,c(s)=r(s)T(s)

c(s)=(1/s^2)*T(s)

c(s)=T(s)/s^2

The output is given by,

c(t)=c(s)/l

c(t)=[T(s)/s^2]/l

CODE-
num=[1]
den=[3 4]
sys1=tf(num,den)
order(sys1)
den2=[3 4 5]
sys2=tf(num,den2)
t=0:0.2:2
u=sin(t)
hold on
lsim(sys1,u,t)
lsim(sys2,u,t)
legend('first_order_system','second_order_system')
title('ramp Response of first and second order system')
hold off

GRAPH-

Figure 1.3
CONCLUSION-
For First Order System: A pole of the input function generates the form of the forced
response. It is because of pole at the origin which generates a step function at output. A pole
on the real axis generates an exponential frequency of the form e-at. Thus, the farther the pole
to the origin, the faster the exponential transient response will decay to zero.

For Second Order System: There are a number of factors that make second order systems
important. They are simple and exhibit oscillations and overshoot. Higher order systems are
based on second order systems. In case of mechanical second order systems, energy is stored
in the form of inertia whereas in case of electrical systems, energy can be stored in a
capacitor or inductor
EXPERIMENT 2

AIM-
To obtain time responses of second order system for step input for different damping factor.

SOFTWARE USED-
MATLAB R2013a

THEORY-
The pole locations are conveniently parameterized in terms of the damping ratio ζ, and
natural frequency ωn, where,

ωn = sqrt(k/m), and

ζ=b/2*sqrt(km)

The natural frequency ωn is the frequency at which the system would oscillate if the
damping b were zero. The damping ratio ζ is the ratio of the actual damping b to the critical
damping bc = 2*sqrt(km). You should see that critical damping value is the value for which
poles are coincident. In terms of these parameters, differential equation takes the form

(1/wn)[(d^2)x/dt^2]+(2*ζ/wn)[dx/dt]+x=0

 First, if b = 0, the poles are complex conjugates on the imaginary axis at s1 = +j "k/m
and s2 = −j "k/m. This corresponds to ζ = 0, and is referred to as the undamped case.
 If b ^ 2 −4mk < 0 then the poles are complex conjugates lying in the left half of the s-
plane. This corresponds to the range 0 < ζ < 1, and is referred to as the underdamped
case.
 If b ^ 2 − 4mk = 0 then the poles coincide on the real axis at s1 = s2 = −b/2m. This
corresponds to ζ = 1, and is referred to as the critically damped case.
 Finally, if b ^ 2 − 4mk > 0 then the poles are at distinct locations on the real axis in
the left half of the s-plane. This corresponds to ζ > 1, and is referred to as the
overdamped case.
CODE-

r=1
l =0.5
c=0.08
num=[1/(l*c)]
den=[1 r/l 1/(l*c)]
zeta=(r*sqrt(l/c))/2
wn=sqrt(1/(l*c))
sys=tf(num,den)
r=10
num=[1/(l*c)]
den=[1 r/l 1/(l*c)]
sys2=tf(num,den)
hold on
step(sys)
step(sys2)
hold off
legend('R = 1 ohm ','R = 10 ohm')
title('Step response for different damping ratio system')

Figure 2.1
CONCLUSION-

Hence, we can conclude that increase in resistance makes damping of a system faster. As
evident from Figure 1, when resistance was reduced from 10 to 1 ohm, the damping ratio
became 1/10th the original ratio, hence system 2 damps slowly.

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