Module III: AC Parallel Circuits

By
Vijaya Laxmi
Dept. of EEE
BIT, Mesra, Ranchi

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Have an understanding of adding the currents in parallel circuits
• Analyze simple networks containing impedances in parallel and
series-parallel circuits
• Recognize the network impedance obtained from the supply
voltage and supply current
• Be familiar with the terms as admittance, conductance and
susceptance
• Have an understanding of admittance of an AC circuit or network
• Recognize the need of power factor improvement and methods for
improvement of power factor
• Understand series and parallel resonance

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Importance of AC parallel circuits
• Almost all the electrical appliances (or devices) of
different ratings are operated at the same supply
voltage and are connected is parallel.
• Each device is required to be operated independently
(with a switch) without disturbing the operation of
other devices. Hence, they are connected in parallel.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

Admittance, Conductance and Susceptance
Admittance, Y is defined as the reciprocal of impedance, and
its unit is siemen (S) 1 I
Y  (S )
Z V

• For pure resistance, 1

YR  G
R
where G is called conductance, and is reciprocal of resistance.
• For pure inductance, Y  1  1   j 1   jB
L L
ZL jX L XL

where BL is called inductive susceptance, and is reciprocal of inductive reactance.

• For pure capacitance, YC 
1

1
 j
1
 jBC
Z C  jX C XC
where BC is called capacitive susceptance, and is reciprocal of capacitive reactance.
1 1
Total Suscep tan ce, B  BC  BL  
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra XC X L
 Admittances in parallel

I1  VY1 , I 2  VY2 , I 3  VY3

I  I1  I 2  I 3 I
 Y1  Y2  Y3  Y
 VY1  VY2  VY3 V

For n number of admittances in parallel

Y  Y1  Y2  Y3  ...  Yn
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Admittances in series

I I I
V1  , V2  , V3 
Y1 Y2 Y3
V  V1  V2  V3 1 1 1 1
  
I I I I Y Y1 Y2 Y3
  
Y Y1 Y2 Y3

For n number of admittances in series 1 1 1 1

   ... 
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra Y Y1 Y2 Yn
 Admittance Diagram

Y  G  j BC  BL 
2
 G  BC  BL 
2

 YY
BC  BL  B  BL 
where, tan Y  , Y  tan 1  C 
G  G 
If net suscep tan ce is B

B G B
tan Y  , CosY  , SinY 
G Y Y
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
Methods of solving parallel AC circuits
• Impedance method
• Phasor method
• Admittance method

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Problem
A 60Ω resistor connected in parallel with an inductive
reactance of 80Ω to a 240V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
a) The current through the resistor and inductive reactance
b) The supply current
c) The circuit phase angle

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
• (a) I R 
V 240

R 60
 4A
(b ) I  I R2  I L2
V 240
IL    3A  4 2  32  5 A
XL 80

IL 3
( c ) tan   
IR 4
1 3
  tan    36 . 87 
4
or
IR 4
cos     0 .8
I 5
  Cos  1 0 . 8   36 . 87 

From phasor diagram, it is seen that the phase angle is lagging.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
• A circuit consists of 100Ω resistor in parallel with a 60μF
capacitor and is connected to a 200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
a) The branch currents and the supply current
b) The circuit phase angle
c) The circuit impedance

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
V 200
(a) I R    2A
R 100
V V
IC  
X C 2fC
200
 6
 3.78 A
2  50  60  10
Hence, I  I R2  I C2  2 2  3.782  4.277 A
I C 3.78
(b) tan     1.89
IR 2
  tan 1 1.89  62.1 (leading )

V 200
(c ) Z    46.76 
I 4.277
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
Addition of current phasors
2 2
I 2  ICos   ISin 

I  I1  I 2

ICos  I1Cos1  I 2Cos2

ISin  I1Sin1  I 2 Sin2
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
A parallel circuit consists of two branches, one containing a coil of
resistances 5Ω and inductance of 38.2mH, the other branch a non-
inductive resistance of 16 Ω in series with a capacitor of 300 μF. The circuit
is connected to a 240v, 50Hz supply. Determine

a) The current in each branch

b) The total current
c) The circuit phase angle
d) The circuit impedance
e) The components of an equivalent circuit consisting of a resistance and
reactance

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
• (a) Branch 1: R  5,
X L  2fL  2  50  38.2 10 3  12
Z L  R12  X L2  52  12 2  13
V 240
I1    18.46 A
Z1 13
R 5
Cos1    0.3846
Z1 13
1  67.38 (lag )
• Branch 2:
R  16 ,
X C  1 / 2fC  1 / 2  50  300 10 6  10.61
Z C  R12  X C2  16 2  10.612  19.2 
V 240
I2    12.5 A
Z 2 19.2
R 5
Cos 2    0.8333
Z 2 19.2
 2  33.56Vijaya
(lead ) Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
Laxmi,
 Resolving the current horizontally and vertically
(b) ICos  I1Cos1  I 2Cos 2
 18.46Cos  67.38  12.5Cos33.56
 17.52
ISin  I1Sin1  I 2 Sin 2
 18.46 Sin 67.38  12.5Sin33.56
V 240
 10.13 (d ) Z    11.86 
I 20.24
I ICos 2  ISin 2  17.522   10.132
 20.24 A

ISin  10.13
(c) tan     0.5782 (e) R  ZCos  11.86Cos30.04  10.27
ICos 17.52
X L  ZSin  11.86 Sin30.04  5.94
  tan 1  0.5782   30.04
  30.04 (lag )

Thus, equivalent circuit is 10.27 Ω resistor in series with a 5.94 Ω

inductive reactance. Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
• Three impedances (6+j5), (8-j6) and (8+j10) are
connected in parallel. Calculate the current in each
branch when the total current is 20A.
• Solution:
Let the current be the reference phasor
I  200  20  j 0 A Z 2  8  j 6  10  36.87
Z1  6  j 5  7.8139.8 1
Y2   0.08  j 0.06 S
1 Z2
Y1   0.09836  j 0.08196 S
Z1
Z 3  8  j10  12.851.34
1
Y3   0.04878  j 0.06097 S
Z3
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• Total admittance Y  Y1  Y2  Y3
 0.22714  j 0.08293
 0.2418  20.06
• Total circuit voltage
I 200
V  IZ    82.7120.06
Y 0.2418  20.06
• Branch currents V 82.7120.06
I1    10.59  19.74
Z1 7.8139.8
 9.967  j 3.576 A
V 82.7120.06
I2    8.27156.93
Z 2 10  36.87
 4.513  j 6.930 A
V 82.7120.06
I3    6.46  31.28
Z 3 12.8  51.34
 5.52  j 3.35 A
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Complex power
• Let V  V  V Cos  jSin   a  jb ...(i )
I  I  I Cos  jSin   c  jd ...(ii )

Since the phase difference between voltage and current is (α-β),

the active power is given by
VICos     VI Cos .Cos  Sin .Sin 
 ac  bd

i.e., the power is given by the sum of the products of the real
components and of the imaginary components.
The reactive power is
VISin     VI Sin .Cos  Cos .Sin 
 bc  ad
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• But, by simply multiplying equation (i) and (ii), we get
ac  bd   j bc  ad 
The terms in bracket neither represent active nor reactive
power.
• Hence, if the power is derived by multiplying voltage
by conjugate of current, the result is
a  jb c  jd   ac  bd   j bc  ad 
 active power   j reactive power 

Hence, S  P  jQ

or , S  VI *
Where,
Vijaya Laxmi,I* isof the
Dept. EEE, BIT,complex
Mesra conjugate of current
 Problem
• A voltage of 200∟30 is applied to two circuits
connected in parallel. The currents in the respective
branches are 20∟60 and 40∟-30 . Find the kVA and
kW in each branch and in the main circuit.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
V  20030  173.2  j100
I1  2060  10  j17.32
I 2  40  30  34.64  j 20

S1  VI1*  2003020  60 S 2  VI 2*  200304030

 4000  30  3464  j 2000  800060  4000  j 6928
S1  4000 VA  4kVA S 2  8000 VA  8 kVA

 
P1  real part VI1*  3464W  3.464 kW  
P2  real part VI 2*  4000W  4 kW

S  VI *  2003044.723.43
Total current , I  I1  I 2
 894433.43
 44.64  j 2.68
 7464  j 4927  P  jQ
 44.72  3.43
Hence, S  8944VA  8.944 kVA
P  7464W  7.464 kW
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Series-parallel AC circuits
For the network shown with supply voltage 100∟0 V
and supply current 10∟0 A . Determine
a) The voltage VBC
b) Z1 and the element it contains

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
V 1000
Z   100  10  j 0 
I 100
Z AB  5  j 5
VBC 70.7  45
VAB  IZ AB  1005  j 5  50  j 50 V I2  
10  j10 14.1445
VAC  VAB  VBC
 5  90   j 5 A
VBC  VAC  VAB
 50  j 50  70.7  45V
By KCL, I1  I  I 2
 10  j 5  11.1826.57 A
VBC 70.7  45
Z1    6.324  71.57
I1 11.1826.57
 2  j6
 R  jX C

Hence, Z1 consists of a resistor of 2 Ω and a capacitor of reactance 6 Ω.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Importance of power factor
• We have, P
P  VICos or , I 
VCos
• For fixed power at constant voltage, current drawn by the circuit increases
with a decrease in power factor. Therefore, at low power factor, AC
circuits draw more current from their mains and results in following:
• Greater conductor size: The conductors are to carry more current for
same power. Hence they require large area of cross section.
• Poor efficiency: Because of larger current, I2R loss increases resulting in
poor efficiency.
• Larger voltage drop: Because of larger current, voltage drop increases
resulting in poor regulation.
• Larger kVA rating of equipment: The electrical machines such alternators
and transformers require more kVA rating because
kW
kVA 
Cos
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Power factor improvement
• Power factor is defined as the ratio of active power and
apparent power.
P
Cos  
S
P
Hence , Cos  
P
, where P  VICos 
I
VI VCos
• The current is affected by the power factor.
• If V is kept constant, for a given power P required by the
load, the current is inversely proportional to the power
factor.
• Thus, a given load takes more current at low power
factor than it takes at high power factor.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Causes of low PF
This is due to inductive loads (lagging pf) or capacitive loads
(leading pf).
• Most AC motors are induction type. For 3- phase induction
motor PF is 0.8 at full load and 0.2 for light loads. Single-phase
motors have power factor around 0.6.
• Transformer draws magnetizing current from supply.
• Arc lamps, welding equipment, industrial heating furnaces
work at low power factor.
• Capacitive loads are overexcited synchronous motors and
many other circuits containing capacitors, like Long
transmission line.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Methods to improve power factor
• The power factor of a load can be improved (increased) by
introducing additional equipment, which absorbs VAr in the
opposite sense to that of the load.
• Thus, if the load is inductive (lagging PF) then additional
equipment to improve the power factor should present a
capacitive load (leading PF). Similarly, if the load is capacitive
(leading PF) then additional equipment to improve the power
factor should present a inductive load (lagging PF).
• Ideally, the VAr of the load and the VAr of additional
equipment should be equal, thus leaving a power factor of
unity.
• In practice, the cost of power factor correction equipment has
to be balanced against the resulting savings in electricity
charges. Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
Calculate the size of capacitors in the given circuit (R=10Ω,
XL=5 Ω , V=100V) that would be required (a) to correct the
power factor to unity (b) to correct the pf to 0.96 lagging.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
Z L  10  j 5  11.1826.56
V
IL   8.94  26.56
ZL
P  I 2 R  800W
Q  I 2 X L  400 VAr
To correct the power factor to unity, 400 VAr capacitive reactive power is
required to correct for the 400 VAr inductive reactive power being
absorbed from the supply.
The current drawn by the capacitor is V
I ,
XC
2 V2
Q  I XC  Q 
XC
100 2
XC   25
400
1
C 
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra 2  50  25
 127 F
(b) To correct to 0.96 pf lagging, new phase angle θ will
be Cos  1 0 . 96   16 . 3 
Since real power, P remains the same after power factor correction,
the new value of inductive VAr can be obtained from
Qnew Qnew
tan 16.3  
P 800
Hence, Qnew  234VAr
In order to correct this new value of Q, capacitor must supply
400  234  166VAr
For 100V and Q  166VAr
100 2
XC   60
166
1
C  53F
2  50  60
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Resonance
• It is defined as the condition which may be achieved either by
varying the frequency or by varying one of the components, usually
the capacitance, until the inductive and capacitive reactances are
equal.
• Resonance makes the circuit respond in clearly different manner at
resonant frequency than at other frequencies.
• Example: tuning of a radio
• In many communication systems, circuits involve either a supply
voltage (signals) with varying frequency or a number of signals
operating together each with different frequency.
• It is important to understand that how the circuits are affected by
variation of frequency.
• Series resonance not only enables a signal of given frequency to be
considerably magnified but also separates it from signals of other
frequencies.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

• The circuit contains at least one inductor and
one capacitor, when the supply voltage and
current are in phase.
• Thus, at resonance the equivalent impedance
of the circuit is purely resistive.
• Since the supply voltage and current are in
phase, the power factor is unity at resonance.
• At resonance, the circuit impedance Z and
admittance Y are real quantities.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Resonance in series circuit
• It is called series resonance or voltage resonance.

X L  2fL
1
XC 
2fC
Total reac tan ce, X  X L  X C
2
Total impedance, Z  R 2   X L  X C 

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Phasor diagram at resonance
• The voltage across inductor leads the voltage by 90
and voltage across capacitor lags the voltage by 90 .
• The total supply voltage is in phase with the current.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Resonant frequency
• The frequency at which the resonance occurs is
called the resonant frequency or frequency of
resonance and is denoted by f0.
At resonance, X L 0  X C 0

1 1
2f 0 L  f0  Hz 
2f 0C 2 LC
2 1 1
f 
0 or , 0  2f 0  rad / s 
2 2 LC LC

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Variation of different quantities with frequency
• Inductive reactance is directly proportional to the frequency.
• Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the
frequency.
• The graph of net reactance X crosses the frequency axis at a
point where f=f0.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

• Resistance is independent of frequency.
• Impedance is minimum at resonance and equal to R. Z
increases on either side of at resonance.
• At frequencies below resonance, impedance is capacitive
and power factor is leading.
• At frequencies above resonance, impedance is inductive
and power factor is lagging.
• At resonance, power factor is unity.
• Current verses frequency curve is known as resonance
curve or response curve. It is maximum at resonance and
its value decreases on either side of resonance.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Problem
A coil of inductance 10 mH and resistance 20 Ω is connected
in series with a 10 μF capacitor of negligible resistance across
a variable frequency AC source which has a constant output of
4V.
a) At what frequency will the current and applied voltage be in
phase?
b) If the AC source is set to the frequency in (a), determine (i)
the current in the circuit (ii) the voltage across the capacitor.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
1 1
(a) f 0    1591.5 Hz
2 LC 
2 10 10 3
10 10  6

(b ) At resonance , Z  R  10 

V V 4
(i ) I 0     0.4
Z 0 R 10

1
(ii ) VC  I 0 X C 0  I 0
2f 0C
 20 V

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Problem
• A large coil of inductance 1.405H and resistance 40 Ω is
connected in series with a capacitor of capacitance 20μF.
Calculate the frequency at which the circuit resonates.
If a voltage of 100V is applied to the circuit at resonant
condition, calculate the current drawn from the supply and
the voltage across the coil and the capacitor.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
1 1
f0    30 Hz
2 LC 2 1.405  20  10 6

V 100
I0    2.5 A
R 40
X L 0  2f 0 L  2  30  1.405  264.8 
1 1
X C0   6
 265.2 
2f 0C 2  30  20  10

Z coil  R 2  X L20  40 2  264.82  267.8 

Voltage across the coil , VCoil  I 0 Z coil
 267.8  2.5  669.5V

Voltage across the capacitor, VC 0  I 0 X C 0

 265.2  2.5  663V
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Quality factor
• The quality factor is defined as
max imum energy stored per cycle
Q  2 
energy dissipated per cycle
• Total energy stored in a series RLC circuit is
1 2 1 2
WS  Li  CvC
2 2
 Im
If i  I m Sint , vC  Cost
C
1 2 2 1 CI m2
WS  LI m Sin t  2 2
Cos 2t
2 2 C
• Let maximum current be Im0, at resonant frequency
w0  0  1
LC
1 2
WS0  LI m 0  LI 02 where I 0 is rms value of current at resonance
2

Thus, at resonance
Vijayatotal
Laxmi, Dept.energy stored is constant.
of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• Power dissipated in the circuit at resonance (per
second) is
Pd 0  I 02 R

• Hence, the energy dissipated per cycle at resonance

2 2
Pd I R 2 I 0R
is Wd  
0 0

0
f0 0  0
 2 
 
• Quality factor is given by
W S0 2  LI 02
Q 0  2 
W d0  2  I 02 R 
  
 0 

0L

R

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

• Quality factor is the ratio of reactive power of either
capacitor or inductor to the average power of the resistor
at resonance.

For inductor ,
Re active power I 2 X L X L 0 L
Q0   2  
Average Power I R R R

For capacitor ,
Re active power I 2 X C X C 1
Q0   2  
Average Power I R R 0CR

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Voltage magnification
• Since current at resonance is limited only due to resistance, it
has a maximum value. The voltages across L and C may
therefore be very much higher than the supply voltage V.
Thus, there is a voltage magnification at resonance.
• The voltage magnification is given by
VL 0 VL 0 X L 0 I 0 X L 0 0 L
     Q0
V VR 0 RI 0 R R

VC 0 VC 0 X C 0 I 0 X C 0 X L 0 0 L
Also,       Q0
V VR 0 RI 0 R R R
Q factor is a measure of voltage magnification in series resonant circuit.
0 L 1 L 1 L
Q0   . 
R Laxmi, Dept.
Vijaya R BIT,RMesraC
LCof EEE,
 Bandwidth
• It is the band of frequencies which lie between two points on
either side of the resonant frequency where the current falls
to 0.707 (1/√2) of its maximum value at resonance.
BW   f  f 2  f 1

Point A is called lower cut-off frequency and

point B is called upper cut-off frequency
2
 I  1
Power at A, PA  I12 R   0  R  I 02 R
 2 2
2
 I  1
Power at B, PB  I 22 R   0  R  I 02 R
 2 2
Power dissipated at resonant frequency , P0  I 02 R
1
PA  PB  P0 Hence, f1 and f2 are also called half-power frequencies.
2 Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 power at half  power po int s
Power ratio in decibels  10 log10
power at resonance
P0 / 2 1
 10 log10  10 log10
P0 2
  log10 2  10  0.301
 3 dB

Hence, the half-power points are also called 3 dB points.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Bandwidth in terms of circuit parameters
V
• The current is I
2
2  1 
R   L  
  C 
I0
At half  power frequencies, I 
2
V V
V V  Since I 0 
Hence ,  2R R
2
2R  1 
R 2   L  
 C 
2
2  1 
R   L    2R
 C 
1
 L   R
C
Let w1 and w2 be the lower and upper half-power frequencies respectively.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• The reactive component of Z is equal to resistive component
of Z, i.e., Z  R  jR  R1  j1
• Reactance at lower half-power frequency is
1
1 L   R
1C
R 1
12  1  0
L LC
2
R  R  1
 1       Since  ve value is meaningless
2L  2 L  LC
• Similarly, reactance at upper half-power frequency is given by
1
2 L  R
2C
R 1
22  2  0
L LC
2
R  R  1
 2      Since  ve value is meaningless
2L  2 L  LC
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• Bandwidth is given by
  2  1 Bandwidth
Re sonant frequency
R 0 Q factor
 
L Q0
This shows that bandwidth of series RLC circuit depends upon
the ratio R/L and independent of C, but value of w0 depends on C.
• And, 12  02
0  12 or, f 0  f1 f 2

This shows that resonant frequency is geometric mean of lower

and upper half-power frequencies.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Selectivity
• The shape of resonance curve depends upon the Q factor. The
bandwidth is narrower, the higher Q is.
• A circuit is said to be selective, if the response has a sharp
peak and narrow bandwidth and is achieved with a high Q
factor. Q is therefore a measure of selectivity. For higher
selectivity, Q must be large.
• In practice, I-curve is not symmetrical about the resonant
frequency. But, larger the value of Q, more symmetrical the
curve appears about the resonant frequency.
• It is inversely proportional to bandwidth.
• Selectivity of a resonating circuit is defined as the ratio of
resonant frequency to bandwidth of the circuit.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 0 L1
Q 
R 0CR

For high selectivity, R must be small.

Hence, total series resistance of the circuit including the source
resistance must be small.

Therefore, a series tuned circuit must be driven by a voltage source

having a low internal resistance, if it is to exhibit a resonance peak
and be selective.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is 500 Hz,
if the frequency is 6000Hz, what is the value of Q?
If R=10Ω, what is the value of the inductive
reactance at resonance? Calculate the inductance
and capacitance of the circuit.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
0
6000
Q   12
BW 500
X L0
Q
R
Gives, X L 0  QR  12 10  120

X L0 120
L   3.18mH
2f 0 2  6000

X L 0  X C 0  120
1 1
 X C0   120 Gives, C   0.22F
2f 0C 2  6000  120
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Parallel resonance
• Consider a three-branch parallel resonance circuit.
I
V  IZ 
Y
where, Z is the net impedance of three branches and Y is the net admittance.
1
Y G  j C
j L
j
G  jC
L
 1 
Y  G  j  C  
 L 

I
Hence, V 
 1 
G  j  C  
  L 
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• By comparison with the series resonant circuit, it is
shown that the results are same, except V is used
instead of I, Y is used instead of Z, and G is used
instead of R.
• Therefore, resonance occurs when

1
 0C 
0L
1
0 
LC

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

Let us consider another parallel circuit, one containing a capacitor and another
containing a resistor and an inductor.

1
Y  jC 
R  j L
R  j L
 j C  2
R   2 L2
R  L 
  j   C  2 2 
R 2   2 L2  R 2
  L 
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• At resonance, L
C 2 2 2
0
R  0 L
1 R2
 0   2
LC L

 1 1 R2 1 1 CR 2
or , f 0  0   2  1
2 2 LC L 2 LC L
• If R is small so that R2/L2 may be neglected, then

1 1
f0 
2 LC

which is same as the resonant frequency for series RLC circuit.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

• Total admittance at resonance is given by
R
Y0  2 2 2
R  0 L
• The impedance at resonance is
1 R 2   02 L2  02 L2
Z0    R
Y0 R2 R
L  R
R C
2
 2 2 L 2 
  0 L   R 
R  C 
L
 R R
CR
L

CR

Z0 is called the dynamic impedance of the circuit. This is pure

resistance because it is independent of frequency. Lower the
resistance, higher the value of Z0, hence resultant current is
minimum. Therefore, a parallel resonant circuit is also called a
rejector circuit.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• The current at resonance is given by

V VCR
I0  
Z0 L

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Quality factor at resonance
• At resonance, let v  Vm Sin0t
• Inductor current
Vm Vm
iL  Sin0t  90   Cos 0t 
X L0 0 L
• Resonant frequency 1
0 
LC
• Instantaneous energy in the circuit is
1 2 1 2 1 LVm2 2 1 2 2
w(t )  LiL  Cv  2 2
Cos  0 t  CVm Sin 0t
2 2 2 0 L 2
1
 CVm2  Cons tan t
2
• Maximum energy stored in the circuit 1
 CVm2
2
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• Average power loss in the circuit Vm 
2

V 2   Vm2
 2
P  
R R 2R

• Therefore, energy lost per cycle Vm2

2
 P 
0  0 R
• Quality factor is given by Qop  2 
max imum energy stored per cycle
total energy lost per cycle
1 
2  CVm2 
2
 2    CR

Vm  0

0 R 
R 0
Also, Qop  BW 
0 L Qop
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Current magnification
• At resonance in a parallel circuit, the branch current may be
many times greater than the supply current. Thus, by means
of a parallel resonant circuit, the current taken from the
supply can be greatly magnified. Hence, this type of
resonance is called current resonance.
• Current magnification is given by
I C I L Sin L L
  tan  L  0
I I L Cos L R
1

Q  factor of the circuit

Q-factor is a measure of current magnification in a parallel resonant

circuit.
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
• Calculate the value of RC in the circuit shown below
to show resonance.
• Solution:
1 10 10
Y1   j
10  j10 200 200
1 R  j2
and , Y2   C2
RC  j 2 RC  4

At resonance , imaginary part of both must be same .

10 2
i .e .,  j  j 2 0
200 RC  4
 RC  6 
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
• Find the resonant frequency and the admittance for
the circuit shown below.
(Given R=RL=1Ω, L=1H, C=0.5F)

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
1 1
Y  j C 
R RL  jL
1 R  L 
  2 L 2 2  j  C  2 
2 2 
R RL   L  RL   L 
At resonance, imaginary part must be zero
L
  0C  2 0 2 2  0 1/ 2
RL   0 L  1 RL2 
 0    2
L  LC L 
or , RL2  02 L2 
C 2 1/ 2
 1 1 
  2   1 rad / sec
1 0.5 1 

1 R
Admit tan ce, Y   2 L2 2
R RL   0 L
1
 1 2 2
 1.5 mho
1  1 . 1
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
One branch of a parallel circuit consists of a coil of inductance
0.05H and effective resistance 5Ω, and the other is a 0.1μF
capacitor. Calculate
a) The resonant frequency
b) Dynamic resistance
c) Q factor

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Solution
1 1 R2 1 1 52
(a) f 0   2    2250 Hz
2 LC L 2 0.05  0.110 6 0.052

L 0.05
(b) Z 0   6
 100k
CR 0.110  5

R 5
(c ) Q 0    7.073 10 3
2f 0 L 2  2250  0.05

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

 Problem
• A circuit consists of a 4μF capacitor in parallel with a
coil of resistance 40Ω and inductance 0.25H.
If the voltage applied to the circuit at this
frequency is 230V, calculate the current in each
branch, supply current and the current
magnification.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

f0 
1 1 R2
 2
Solution
2 LC L
1 1 40 2
   157 Hz
2 0.25  4 10 6 0.252
V V0
IC0    jV 2f 0C   j 0.908 A
Z C 0  jX C 0
V V0 V 0 
I Coil   
Z Coil R  jX L 0 40  j 2f 0 L
2300
  0.9207  80.78
249.880.78
 0.1475  j 0.9088 A
Current at resonance,
or ,
VCR 230  4 10 6  40
I  I C 0  I Coil
I   0.1472 A  j 0.908  0.1475  j 0.908  0.1475 A
L 0.25

IC0 0.908
Current magnification    6.16
I 0 .1475
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
 Problem
• A coil of inductance L and resistance R in series with
a capacitor is supplied at constant voltage from a
variable frequency source.
Find the values of frequency at which the circuit
current is half as much as at resonance in terms of L,
R and w0.

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra

• Current at resonance, V
I0 
R

• Current at other frequencies, V

I
2
 1 
R 2   L  
  C 
0 L L Q0 1 1
Q0  ,  Q0  ,  0Q0
R R 0 0CR CR
2 2 I0
 I0  1  2  1   If I  , then
   2  R   L    2
I
  R    C  
2
 L 1 
2
2   0 
 1    4  1  Q   
0
 R  CR   0  
2
 Q0 0Q0   0 3
 1      
 0   0  Q0
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra
• Let w1 and w2 be lower and upper half-power frequencies,
therefore,
1 0 3 From eqn . ( i ),
  ...(i )
0 1 Q0
3
  3
 12   0  1   02  0 ...( iii )
and , 2  0  ...(ii ) Q0
0 2 Q0

Solving eqn. (iii ),

  30 
2 
1 3
 1  0     402 

2 Q0  Q  
  0  
3 0 2 302
  0  (omitting  ve value)
2 Q0 4Q02

Similarly,
3 0 2 302
 2  0  2
Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra 2 Q0 4Q0
 The End

Vijaya Laxmi, Dept. of EEE, BIT, Mesra