R. K. MALIK'S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net LAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS — XI TARGET CBSE 11. The cause of motion sa force, whichis loosely speaking, a push or pullon the objec. 2. Forces such a those thet launch the basketball or pull the skle are called contact forces, because they arise from the physical contact between two objects. There are circumstances, however, in. which two objects exert forces on one another even though they are not touching. Such force is efeted to as non-contact force or action-at-a-distance force 3. Mass (m) of body isthe characteristic that relates a force on the body tothe resulting acceleration. Mass can be defined asthe heaviness of an object (ora body or a particle ora molecule) without gravity. Mass can also be defined as the quantity repre- senting the amount of matter present in an object (ora bedy or a particle or a molecule). Massis 2 scalar quantity. Mass i also known as the“inertia ofa body at rest” The $1 unit of forces newton (Ny. 5. Weight (isthe force applied onan object de to gravitational attraction. 3. The magnitude ofthe weight (W) ofan objects directly proportional to its mass): W = m. Gravitational field strength which is also called acceleration due to gravity (i the force of gravity on a unit of mass, which isa vector quantity Weight, mass, and gravitational el strength are relate as W =m. The normal reaction isa force tha ats perpendiculaly toa surface as a result ofa force applied by an objec tothe surface. The vector sum ofthe afferent forces acting on an objects called its met force. . Newton’ first law of motion: Every object continues in Its state of rest or uniform motion unless made to change by @ non ero net external force. |- The inertia ofan object sits tendency to resist changes to its motion neti is not a force its a property ofall objects. The Inertia ofan object depends only on is mass. Inertia is of three types (a) Inertia of res: Ii the resistance of the body to change its state of rest When a train suddenly starts, the passenger sitting tends to fall backward isan example of inertia of rest. (b) Inertia of motion: ts the resistance of the body to change its state of motion. When a bus suddenly stops, a passenger sitting tend to fall forward isan example of inertia of motion.(¢ Inertia af direction: It isthe resistance of the body to change its direction of motion. The mud from the wheels of a moving vehicle fies off tangentially isan example of inertia of direction. Inertia of an object is measured by its mass. The Sl unit of inertia and mas is llogram (kg). ‘The center of mass of an objects that point through which its entre mass seems to actor seems tobe concentrated at. Air resistance isthe force applied to an object opposite tts direction of motion, by the alr through which tis moving ‘Components are parts. Any vector can be resolved into a number of components. When all of the components are added together, the results the original vector, /. Momentum isthe product ofthe mass ofan abject and its velocity, which isa vector quantity. Momentum (p) of an object of mass (with a velocity (is expressed as ‘Momentum is also the"inertia ofa body in mation’ Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2682623, 9635608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The Sl unit of momentum iskg- ms. [Newton's second law of mation: The rate of change of momentum of an object is drectly proportional tothe applied force and takes place inthe direction in which the force acts, Thus if under the action of a force F for time interval the velocity of a body ‘of mass m changes from v to v+ Av, that i its intial momentum p=mu changes by Ap=mAs, according to the Newton's second law of motion, we have ‘where kis the proportionality constant. Impulse ofa forces the product ofthe force and the time interval over which it acts. Impulse isa vector quanti. The impulse (9 delivered by a changing force is expressed as rot 2. Newton's third law of motion: Whenever an object applies a force (an action) ona second abject, the second object applies an ‘equal and opposite force (a reaction) on the first object Newton's third lw is also defined as to every action there is an equal and ‘opposite reaction andi takes place on two diferent bodies. 3. Law of conservation of momentum: I there are no external forces acting on a system, the total momentum remains constant, that, Fn =O, AD [An object said tobe in equllbelum when ithas zero aceleration. ‘gravitational force 7 on a body ia certain type of pul thet sdrected toward a second body. The weight (W ofa body sequal tothe magnitude F, ofthe gravitational fore onthe body. J. When a body presses against a surface the surface (even a seemingly rigid one) deforms and pushes on the body with anormal force f thats perpendicular tothe surface. Frictions the force applied onthe surface of an abject when itis pushed or pulled against the surface of another object. ‘Thete are two types of ction: (a) State frietion: The fitional force acting between any two surfaces at rest with respect to each ‘other called the force of stati fiction. When theres no applied force, there sno static fitlon. comes into play the moment there isan applied force. When the apple fore Increases, the static fon increases having a magnitude equal but opposite tothe applied force up to certain limit, keeping the body at rest. It is represented by f(b) Kinetic friction: The fictional force acting between. surfaces in relative mation with respect to each others called the force of Kinetic fiction or sliding fiction. It is epresented by Properties of fiction: Property 1: If the body does not move, then the static fietional force fs and the component of F that is parallel to the surface balance each other. They are equal in magnitude, and. s directed opposite that component of F. Property 2: The magnitude of has maximum value fu thats given by ona = HN, Where 1s the coeficient of static friction and Ns the magnitude ofthe normal force an the body from the surface. the mag nitude ofthe component of F thats parallel to the surface exceeds fay the body begins to slide along the surface. Property 3 the body begins to sldeslong the surface, the magnitude ofthe fictional fore rapidly decreases toa valuef, ven by f=an where uy the coefficient of kinetic friction. ‘The maximum static friction that a body can exert onthe other body in contact with fe - The angle of friction (fis defined asthe angle between the normal reaction N and the resultant ofthe fiction force fand the nor- ‘mal reaction: £ tang= Since f= wan $= Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2635608812, 7546845949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 133, Angle of repose: When a body is kept in contact with an inclined plane surface, It just stats sliding down the plane fora certain angle of inclination ofthe surface with the horizontal. In Fig. 4.1, the angle (a) is called the angle of repose ofthe inclined surface with respect the body in contact with a= tan yas v0 Figure 4.1 Uniform circular motion isthe motion of an object traveling ata constant (uniform) speed on a circular path. Sometimes, is more convenient to descibe uniform circular motion by specifying the period of the motion rather than the speed. The period (7) Is the time required to travel once around the circle that sto make one complete revolution. The relationship between period Tand speed vis gven by ‘where 2ais the ccumference ofthe circle. 5. When the objects suddenly released from is circular path, the object accelerates toward the center ofthe circle at every moment. Such acceleration i called centripetal acceleration. The word “centripetal means "moving toward acenter” Magnitude of centripetal acceleration: The centripetal acceleration of an object moving with a speed von a circular path of radius rhasa magnitude a given by Direction of centripetal acceleration: The centripetal acceleration vector always points toward the center ofthe circle and con= tinvally changes direction as the object moves ‘An object that isin uniform circular motion can never be in equilibrium. Also an object in uniform circular motion is in dynamic equilbrium as long as the centripetal force is being counterbalanced by the centrifugal force. 3. The net force causing the centripetal acceleration Is clled the centripetal foree(.) and point in the same direction asthe accel craton - thats toward the center ofthe circle. |. Magnitude of a centripetal force: The centripetal force is the name given to the net force required to keep an object of mass m, ‘moving at aspeed v,on a circular path of radius, and ithas a magnitude of nom 42. Direction ofa centripetal force: The centripetal force always points toward the center of the circle and continually changes direc ton a5 the object moves. TEXTBOOK EXERCISES 14 Only two horizontal forces act on a 30 kg body that can move over a frictionless floor. One force is 90 N, acting due east, and the ‘other is 80 N, acting 62° north of west. What ithe magnitude ofthe body's acceleration? Solution ‘We are only concerned with the horizontal forces in ths problem (gravity plays no direct role). We take east direction as the posi tivex direction and north as postive y direction. ts given that one force i 9.0 N, acting due east, and the other is 8.0N, acting 62° north of west. The vector diagram forthe situation fs shown in Fig. 4.2. Let us use the law of cosines (Le, a+ 6? ~ 2abcos @ to find ‘the magnitude ofthe resultant force: \n= SiO? + OF — (2x 90% 80x cose) = BBN. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Force s given by the equation ‘Acceleration is calculated from Eq, (1) as follows: Figure 4.2 2. Three astronauts, propelled by Jet backpacks, push and guide 2 120 kg asteroid toward a processing dock, exerting the forces 1 N, 6 = 30", and 6, = 60°, What is the asterold’s acceleration (a) n unit vector notation, (b) as a magnitude, and (ca direction relative to the postive direction ofthe x-axis? Figure 4.3 Solution “The net force applied on the chopping bock is fe = f+ f+ Ay where the vector addition is done using unit-vector notation. “The acceleration of the blocks given by & = (f+ f+ F/m. (a) The forces exerted bythe three astronauts can be expressed in unit-vector notation a follows: (32 Nicos 30°H + Gin 30°} = (277 Nii + (16 NI) (55 NU(cos °F + sino} = (55 NOT (41 Ncos-60%) + sin-60°)} = (20.5 Ni — (355 Nj. The resultant acceleration ofthe asteroid of mass m = 120 kgs therefore, calculated as, gu 07271 +16 )N+ SSi)N-+ 05) —355)N _ De sinnii ssn (086 mvs ~(016 m1) (b) The magnitude ofthe acceleration vector is Max (ei eg = Jose math +o1emey = 088 mvs (€)_ Te vector makes an angle 6 with the postive x-axis, where o tan (5) = rns ( Queene) = 3. (a)An 1.0 kg salamiis supported by a cord that runs toa spring scale, which i supported by a cord hung from the ceiling (Fig. 4A, ‘Whats the reading on the scale, which i marked in weight units? (b) In Fig. 44b, the Salamis supported by acord that runs around Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI ‘pulley and toa scale. The opposite end ofthe scale is attached by a cord toa wal. What sthe reading on the scale? (c) In Fig. 4c ‘the wall has been replaced witha second 11.0kg salami, and the assembly is stationary. Whats the reading onthe sale? Spring sale Setng ® Spring sale @ Figure 44 Solution (a}-(c) In all these three cases, the scale is not accelerating, which means thatthe two cords exert forces of equal magnitude fn it.The scale reads the magnitude of ether of these forces, In each case, the tension force of the cord attached to the salami ‘must be the same in magnitude as the weight of the salami because the salami s not accelerating, Thus, the scale reading ism, ‘where mis the mass ofthe salami ts values (11.0 kg) (38 m/s) = 108. 4 InFig. 45, let the mass ofthe black be 8.5 kg and the angle be 30°. Find (a) the tension in the cord and(b) the normal force acting ‘on the block. (Ifthe cords cut find the magnitude ofthe resulting acceleration of the block. iF Figure 4.5, Solution ‘The free-body diagram of the situation Is shown in Fig. 46, Since the acceleration ofthe block is zero, the components ofthe Newton’ second aw equation yield T-mgsind=0 N-mg.cos8=0, Where TI the tension in the cord and Wis the normal force onthe block Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (2) Solving the fist equation forthe tension in the string, we find 1g Si.0 = (85 ka9B mvs?)sin30" = 41.65 N = A2N, () We solve the second equation in pata) forthe normal force N 1mgcos0 = (85 bgX93 m/s?}¢0530" = 72 6) When the cords cu, Itno longer exerts a force on the biock and the block accelerates. The x component equation of Newton's second law becomes -mg sind = ma, so the acceleration becomes a= -9sin® = ~(98 mi/s'Ysin30° = ~49 mis? ‘The negative sign indicates thatthe aceleration is down the plane. The magnitude of the acceleration s 9 ms, (Note: The normal force N onthe block must be equal to mg cos 6 s0 that the block in contact withthe surface of the incline atalltime. When the cor is cut, the block has an acceleration a= 9 sin8, which inthe limit 0» 90° becomes -9. 5. In Fig. 47, three connected blocks ae pulled to the right on a horizontal frictionless table by a force of magnitude T, = 65.0 N. If 1m = 120 ka, m,=240 kg, and m, = 31.0 kg, calculate (a) the magnitude ofthe system’ acceleration, (b) the tension T, and (c the tension Ts Figure 4.7 Solution ‘We apply Newton's second law of motion fist tothe thre blocks as a single system and then tothe individual blocks. The postive ‘rection ito the right in Fig. 47. (a) With mag =m +m +m; =67.0 kg, we apply the force equation F=ma (here the force Fis equal to the tension T) to the x ‘motion ofthe sytem, in which case, there isanly one force 7, =-+7 Therefore, T= mya => 650N = (67.0 kgio, which yields @ = 0970 m/s forthe system (and fr each ofthe blocks individually) (b) Applying the force equation F= ma there the force Fis equal tothe tension T) to block 1, we find T= ma = (120 bgX0.970 mvs?) = 16 N (€) inorder to find T, we can either analyze the forces on block 3 or we can teat blocks 1 and 2 asa system and examine is forces. We choose the later. im, + m,)a = (12.0 kg + 24.0 kgl(0.970 mvs?) = 34.9 N. 3. Two blocks ae in contact on a frctonles table A horizontal force is applied to the larger block as shown in Fig. 48.) fm, =23 ka, 1m,= 12 kg, and F= 3.2 find the magnitude of the force between the two blocks. (b) Show that if force of the same magnitude F is applied to the smaller block but inthe opposite direction, the magnitude ofthe force between the blocks 2.1 N, which is not ‘the same valu calculated ina). (c) Explain the difference. Figure4.a Solution The free-body diagrams forthe two blocks are shown in Fig. 49. isthe applied force and Fg is the force exerted by block 1 ‘on block 2. We note that Fis applied directly to block 1 and that block 2 exerts a force Fa) = ~F gen block 1 (taklng Newton's ‘ied law of motion into account. Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Ny Ny Foam Fant mi mg w @ Figure 4.9 "Newton's second law of motion for block 1 Is F~F ea = ma, whereas the acceleration. The second law for block 25 Fag 3 = 2 ‘Since the blocks move together they have the same acceleration andthe same symbol Is used in both equation. (a) From the second equation we obtain the expression a = Fa 2/m, which we substitute into the fst equation to get F— Fon IF ay SINC Fon =F Same Magnitude forthe third-law fore pale), we obtain et 38 24st Fi Rana ta FS zy tit = TN, (©) If tsapplied to block 2instead of bloc 1 (and in the opposite direction), the fee-body diagrams would look ike those shown, InFig. 4.10, My Figure 4.10 The corresponding force of contact between the blocks would be Se ee 239 _as2M= Front = Rona emf avig ag O2N= IN We note thatthe acceleration ofthe blocks the same in the two cases: In part (a, the force Fay is the only horizontal force ‘on the block of mass m, and in part (b) Ff: the only horizontal force on the block with m, > my Since a2 = Mya in pat (a) ‘and Fan) = ma in par (b), then forthe accelerations to be the same, Fan: > Fan. that the force between the blocks must be larger in part) ‘Note: This problem demonstrates that while being accelerated together under an exteral force, the force between the two blocs is greater ifthe smaller mass pushing against the bigger one. nthe special case where m, == Flan = Fn = F/2- 7 AYO kg monkey climbs up a massless rope that runs over a fctionless tree limb and back down to a 15 kg package on the ground (Fig. 4.11). () What is the magnitude of the least acceleration the monkey must have iit sto lift the package of the ground? If, after the package hasbeen led, the monkey stops its climb and holds ont the rope, what are the (b) magnitude and (c) direction ‘ofthe monkey's acceleration and (the tension in the rope? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET8 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution We take postive y direction tobe up for both the monkey and the package. The force the monkey pulls downward on the rope has magnitude F According to Newton’ thie law of mation, the rope pulls upward on the monkey with a force of the same magnitude, 0 Nevitors second law of motion for forces acting on the monkey leads to Ftd = Mae ‘where mis the mass ofthe monkey and aq sits acceleration Since the rope Is massless, F= Tisthe tension inthe rope. “The rope pulls upward on the package with aforce of magnitude F, so Newton’ second law forthe package's FeN=mg=myoy where m, is the mass ofthe package, 4, i its acceleration, and N isthe normal force exerted by the ground on it.The free-body diagrams for the monkey and the package are shown in Fg. 4.12 [net to scale). @ Figure 4.12 Now f Fis the minimum force required to lift the package, N =O and o,=0. According tothe second law equation forthe package, this means hat F= mg (a). Substituting m,gfor Fin the equation forthe monkey, we solve fo F=mag _(m—Mmald _(15k9—10kgK93.15) _ 5g myn oe eT Toko magne (b) As discussed, Newton’ second law leads to F -m,9 = mya; forthe package and F — mag = mad, for the monkey. the acceleration ofthe package Is downward, the acceleration ofthe monkey is upward, 50 d, =~, Solving the fist equation for Fweget Fa mlg+oh)=mylg- ea), and substituting this result into the second equation: Imyl9~ ay) mad = ale we solve foro: (m,~malg _ (15kg ~10bg(98 mvs") 5, os aoa Sg + 10kg > 20 vs" (€)_Theresutis postive, indicating thatthe acceleration of the monkey is upward. {4}. Solving the second law equation forthe package, the tension inthe ropes F = mg ~ce) = (15 kgN9 mis? ~ 2.0 mvs?) = 120, 8. Figure 4.13 shows three blocs attached by cords that loop over frictionless pulleys. Block 6 les on a frictionless table; the masses ate m, = 600 kg, my = 800 kg, and m= 10.0kg, When the blocks are released, whatisthe tension inthe cord atthe right side? Figure 4.13, Solution First we analyze the entre system with “clockwise” motion considered postive (that is, downward is postive for block C, rightward Is postive fr block B, and upward is postive for block Al: mg ~ mag = Ma {where M = mass ofthe system = 24.0 ka). This yields an acceleration of gle — m,YM = 1.63 mi Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! Next we analyze the forces just on block C:meg— T= mca. Thus, the tension Is T=megtam, + my/M=81.7N Figure 4.14 shows a box of mass m = 3.0kg on a fitionless plane inclined at angle ®, = 30". The box is connected va a cord of ‘negligible mass to another box of mass m, = 2.0 kg on a fctionless plane inclined at angle 6; = 60”. The pully is rictionless and. has negligible mass. Whats the tension in the cord? Figure 4.14 Solution ‘The positive x-axis is"uphil for m, =3.0 kg and “downhil fr m,~2.0 kg (so they both accelerate wth the same sign) The x com ‘ponents ofthe two masses along the x-axis are lven by mg sin 6, and mag sn 6, respectively. The free-body diagram Is shown in Fig, 415. Applying Newton’ second law of motion, we obtain T—mgsind= ma mg sin0, -T = mo. ‘Adding the two equations allows usto solve forthe acceleration: 1m, sind ~ ms m, +m, ‘With 0, = 30° and = 60°, we have a= 05 m/s. This value is plugged back into ether ofthe two equations to yield the tension T= MB no, + sn) = 16H ‘Note: inthis problem, we find m,sin 8, > m:sin8, s0 that > 0, indicating that m, slides down and m, slides up. The situation would reverse fm, sin, <1 si, When sin 0; =m sin8,, @= 0, and the two masses hang in balance. Notice also the symmetry between the two masses in the expression fr T. 10, In Fig. 416, a force B acts on & block weighing 45 N. The block is initly at rest on a plane inclined at angle = 15° tothe hori- zontal. The postive direction ofthe xaxs fs up the plane. The coefficients of friction between block and plane are ,~0.50 and 1, =034, In unit-vector notation, what Is the frictional force onthe block from the plane when P i (a)(~50 Ni, (b)(-08 NI, and. Ousnir 2 s x Figure 4.16 Solution ‘The detall of whether or net the blocks sliding is crucial and depends on the maximum static friction force. The net force along the y-axis certainly zero, which provides the following relationship Lh <0 weweoso Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Where W/=mg=45 Nis the weight of the block, and 0= 15° the incline angle. Ths, N= 43.5 N, which implies thatthe maximum stati ction force shouldbe femue™ 050435) =217 (3) For = (-50 Ni, Newtons second law applied othe x ans becomes 1 1~mgsin Here we are asuming fs pening uphil 3s shown in Fig 16, an ft tums out that points dowhl which a possibly), then the result orf willbe negative F=f then a= 0, we obtain ‘= 10|+mgsino=50N + (435 Nisin i5*= 17, ork, = (17. THsIclealy atlowed sce ft a a For = (8010, we obtain (rm the same equation) = (20 Mi, whichis si alowed since itis les thane But for P= (1S we obtain om the sme equation) 27 N which sot alowed dnc sarge Than fer TS We Concide thatthe net con stead ofthe stat con that relevant nthieae The rests & = myNi (0.340435 Ni = (14.79 NIT = 5 Ni. |. Black Bn Fig. 4.17 welghs 71 Te coefien fsa hiction between block and ables 025 angle Os 30% assume that the cord beoren andthe kot shorzotal nd the maximum weghtof lack for which the sytem wl be statonay Figure 4.17 Solution The fee-body diagrams fr block 8 and forthe knot just above block Aare shown in Fig. 4.180 and Fig. 418b respectively fis the terion force ofthe rope pulling on beck ot pling onthe knot asthe cave maybe 7s the tension force exerted by the ‘second rope (st ange 8 = 30°) on the kn F isthe force of static con exerted bythe horizontal surface on loc is normal force eveted by te surface on Bock, Wi the meight of bloc A (Ws the magnitude of maa, and Wi the weight of lock (uy 711 Nis the magntide ofr For each abject we ake poste x hoiontaly rightward and postive y upward. Applying Newtons second law of motion in thesxandy directions for lock and then doing these fo the knot resis in four equations T= Soman = 0, N=M4=0, heoso-T=0 snd — here we assume the state friction to be ats maximum value Sovng these equations with, 025, we obtain Toxt0"N @ ® Figure 4.18 112. A clrcularsmotion addict of mass 80 kg rides a Ferris wheel around in a vertical crle of radius 10 m ata constant speed of 6.1 rvs, (@) What is the period of the motion? What is the magnitude of the narmal force on the addlct from the seat when both go through, (b) the highest point ofthe circular path, and (che lowest point? Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Solution {a} Thetime petiod ofthe motion is calculated as T= 2aRWv = 2r{10.m/(6.1 nV3) = 105. (b) The highest point of the circular path s calculated as N=mig— vi) =488N=49% 10°N, (€)_ Now we reverse both the normal force direction and the acceleration dtection Thus, we obtain N= mig + 2/8) = 1081 N= 1.1109. ‘At an airport, luggage is unloaded from a plane into the thee cars ofa luggage carer, as Fg. 4.19 shows. The acceleration ofthe ‘ari i 0.12 mV, and friction is negligible. The coupling bars have negligible mas. By how much would the tension in each of the coupling bars A,B, and C change if 39kg of luggage were removed from car 2 and placed ina) car 1 and (b) car 32 the tension ‘changes, specify whether itincreases or decreases. coupling Coupling Coupling cars PE cay BB cary BA Solution ‘The tension in each coupling bars responsible for accelerating the objects behind. The masses of the cars are mi, ms, and ms We ‘an use Newton’ second law to express the tension in each coupling bar, since friction Is negligible: eim+m+mye, =imsme, k=me In these expressions, a =0.12 m/s remains constant. Consequently the tension in a given bar wll change only the total mast of the objects accelerated by that br changes as a result ofthe aggage transfer Using A (Greek alphabet captal delta to denote a change nthe usual shin, we an expres the changes inthe above tensions 2s olows almtm+m)le, ate=[alm+mja, a%e=(am)e {a} Moving luggage from car 2 tocar 1 does not change the total mass m, + m,++my $0 A(m, +m,-+m,)=0 kg and AT, =0N. The transfer from car2 to car 1 causesthe total mass m, + ms to decrease by 39 kg, so A(m, +m) =-39kg and AT, = [aly + my)}o = (-39 ghO.12 mvs?) = -47N “The transfer from car 2to car 1 does not change the mass m,so Am, = Okg and AT = ON. (©) Moving luagage from car 2 tocar 3 does nat change the total mass m, +™m,+my s0 Alm; +m-+m)=0 kg and AT, =ON, The transfer from car 2 tocar 3 does not change the total mass m+ my 50 Am + ms) = Okg and AT, = 0 N.The transfer fom ‘ar2 tocar 3 causes the mass m, to Increase by 39 kg, so Am,=+39kg and ‘ATe = (Am,)o = (439 kg)O.12 vs!) = 24.7 N (Ona banked race track, the smallest circular path on which cars can move has a radius of 112 m, while the largest has a radius of 165 m, as strated in Fig. 420. The helght of the outer wal is 18 m. Find (a) the smallest and () the largest speed at which cars ‘an move on this track without relying on fiction, iim Figure 4.20 Solution ‘The angle Oat which a fiction fre curve Is banked depends on the radu rof the curve and the speed vwith which the curve isto bbenegotiated is determined from tan 8= v#/rg).For known values of @and the safe speed is v= igen. Before we can use this result, we must determine tan 0 forthe banking ofthe track. Figure 4.21 atthe right shows a cross-section ofthe track. From the figure, we have Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 18m 53m 1ésm—Tiam=53m Figure 4.21 {a} Therefore the smallest speed at which cars can move on this track without relying on fiction s ean = V2 G80 (034) = 19 vs tan = 18™ 934, (b) Similarly the largest speed is You = YC165 m)9.80.v5")(034) = 23 mis. 15, A curve of radius 120 m is banked at an angle of 18°. At what speed can it be negotiated under ic conditions where fiction is negtiible? Solution The speed thatthe curve can be negotiated under icy conditions (where fiction is negligible is calculate from the relationship between the speed vthe angle of banking, and the radus of curvature as follows: w= iB TRO = {120 rNGBOTAVS TaNTB® = 1.95 % 10" mvs = 20% 10" mvs SECTION | = Newton's Fist Law of Motion ‘= Newton's Second Law of Motion ‘= Newton's Thid Law of Motion (1) Gravitational field strength (is the force of gravity on a unit of mass, which isa vector quantity, Weight, mass, and gravita- tional field strength are related as W=mg. (2) Newton’ first law of motion: very object continues Init state of rest or uniform motion unless made to change by anon zero net external force! Fame, Momentum isthe product ofthe mass ofan object and its velocity, which is a vector quantity. Momentum (pf an objec of ‘mass (m) witha velocity vis expressed as p=. Momentum i also the“inertia of body in motion” ‘The luni of momentum is kg-m/s. Newton's second law of motion: The rte of change of momentum ofan object slrecty proportional tothe applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts. Thus, funder the action ofa force Ffor ime interval At the velocity of a body cof mass mchanges rom vto v+ Ay thats tna momentum p = mv changes by Ap = my, according tothe Newtons second law of motion, we have Fae on f= Kae, where kis the proportionality constant. Impulse of forces the product of the force andthe time interval over which it acs. Impulse isa vector quantity. The impulse (delivered by a changing force s expressed as gt Newton's third law of motion: Whenever an object applies force (an action) on a second object, the second object applies an equal and opposite fore (a reaction) on the fst object. Newton's third law of motion Is also defined as “to every action there [san equal and opposite reaction andi takes place on two different bod Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Conceptual Problems 1. How isinertia related to mass of a body? Solution ‘The property ofa body by virtue of which the body resists 3 change ins state of rest or ofits uniform motion along asraight ine is known a5 inertia Inertia isnot afore; isa property ofall objects. The inertia ofan object depends only on its mass. For example, a swing does ‘not move easly with a heavy-weight adult ont, but maves easly when a small child sits on the same swing. tis also bt difficult to stop, or change, the direction of motion ofthe swing when a heavy-weight adult sits on the swing as compared to a small child siting on it. Inertia is the natura tendency ofan object to remain at rest orn motion at a constant speed along a straight ine and the mass ofthe objectisa quantitative measure of inertia, 2. Why does an electri fan continue to rotate for sometime after the current switched off? Solution Due to inertia of motion, the fan continues ints state of motion even aftritis switched off 3. Why do we beat the carpet witha stick to remove dust? Explain Solution When we beat a carpet witha stick, the carpet suddenly is set in mation along with the fying particles The carpet comes to rest ‘after a small time, but the dust particles goes on moving away from the carpet as we repeat the proces, 4. According to Newton’ fist law of motion, a body moving witha uniform speed along a straight line should continue moving. In practice a body in motion stops after sometime. Explain the reason. Solution Due tothe opposing fictional force onthe body because ofthe surface, n practice, a body in motion stops after some time. ifthe surface is perfectly frictionless or smoot), the body continues to move with constant vlocty 5. Action and reaction forces dont balance each other. Why? Solution ‘According to Newtor’ third law of mation, whenever an object applies a force (an action) on another object, the second object also applies an equal and opposite force (a reaction) onthe first object. Its important to remember that the forces that make up action= reaction pars acton diferent objects. Therefore, action and reaction forces do not balance eachother {6 Aman riding a horses caught in a marshy ground finds himself and the horse sinking into the ground. In an effort to pul the horse ‘ut of the marshy ground, sitting on the back of the horse he starts pulling the horse by the har on its neck Wil the man come out (ofthe situation? Give explanation for your answer in bret. Solution {nan effort to pull the horse out ofthe marshy ground, sitting on the back of the hors, the force applied by the man on the horse's hair's internal force of man-horse system. The horse and man can get out ofthe situation only when an external force is applied — ‘thats, force must be applied from outside the man-horse system. A force from inside a system cannot bring about a change inthe state of motion the system, 17. Why agun recoils back, when its fred? Solution Newton’ third law of motion states whenever an object apples a force (an action) on a second object, the second object also applies'an equal and opposite force (a reaction) on the fist object. In this case the ist objects gun which is applying frce on bullet ‘to move forward and in tum the bullet apples force on gun, which causes the recoling effect onthe gun, '8. Why does a heavy fle not kckas strongly as light rifle using the same cartidges? Solution Heavy rifle has more “inertia of rest” as compared tothe light rifle. Thus, the recolling effect observed in the heavy gun Is less as ‘compared to light rifles that use the same cartridges. ‘Additional Problems 11. force of72 dyne isinciined tothe horizontal at an angle of 60° Find the acceleration in a mass of9 4, which moves in a horizontal diection Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES The magnitude of the force Is F=72 dynes inclination is = 60°; mass m = 9.g. The component ofthe force along the horizontal directions obtained as follows: = Fost =72con60 = 72% = 36 ne Using Newton's second law of motion, we get 36 36 ams fies 2. Figure 4.22 shows four penguins that ae being playfully pulled along ver slippery (ictioness) ice by a curator. The masses of three ‘penguins and the tension in two ofthe cords are m, = 12 kg, m,= 15 kg, m= 20 kg, T;=111 N, and T,=222 N. Find the penguin ‘mass that snot given Figure 4.22 Solution Fist, we consider allthe penguins (1 through 4 counting lef to right) as one sytem, to which we apply Newtons second law: (m,+m, +m, +1mda => 222N=(12kg+m,+15kg +20 kg, Second, we consider penguins 3 and 4 as one system for which we have WIN=(15kg+20kg)0 = o= 3.2m Substituting the value, we obtain m,=23 kg, 3. A block of mass 8 kg is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass 2 kg A force of 100 Nis applied atthe free tend ofthe rope. Find the force exerted by the ope on the block Solution Mass of the block fs 8 kg: mass ofthe rope Is 2 kg; total mass of rope and blocks M= @kg + 2kg = 10kg. Force applied onthe free lend of ope is F= 100 N. Therefore, the acceleration of the block s calculated using Newrons second law of motion as F _ 100 F=Mo= a= F = 100 = 10m “The force exerted by the rope on the block’s calculated as i, = Mass of block x Acceleration 4. Calculate the impulse necessary to stop a 1500 kg car traveling at 90krvh. Solution "Mass ofthe cars m = 1500 kg; ntl velocity ofthe caris calculated a n-mmn-(02 Final velocity ofthe car is v= 0 km/h = 0 m/s. Change in momentum of aris 4p = mkv ~ ve) = 1500125 0} = 1500 x 25 = 37,500 kg- mis. ‘According to impulse-momentum theorem, we have the impulse necessary to stop a 1500 kg car traveling at 90 kris calculated as follows Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI ‘5. Alhydrogen gas filed balloon having a mass of 25g is released up in the air. As the balloon ascends, the gas starts leaking from ‘it with a uniform velocity of 12 cmvs and asa result, the balloon shrinks completely in Ss. Find the average force acting on the balloon Solution -Mass ofthe balloon is m = 25 intial velocity of the balloon is vj= 12 cmv; final velocty ofthe balloon is v= O crs time interval is At = 5s. Let the average force acting onthe balloon be Fis calculated as, Fat = mie uy so F = YMA) 2012) 5-300. 40 yes Hence, the magnitude of average forces 60 dynes, ‘6. An elevator weighs 4000 kg: When the upward tension in the supporting cable is 4,000 N, what isthe upward acceleration? Starting from rest, how far does itrise in 35? Solution Mass of the elevators m = 4000 kg; weight ofthe elevator i obtained (by taking g = 10 mvs?) as, W = mg = 4000 x 10 = 40,000 N. Hence, the tension inthe supporting cable's T= 48,000 N.The net upward force onthe elevators calculated as F = TW = 48,000 ~ 40,000 = 8000 N. “The upward acceleration of the elevators calculated as F 8000 _ 9 mye Om” ae Ee Initia velocity ofthe elevators v = Om time interval is t= 3 the distance moved by the levator in 3 sis alulated as follows: Jatsox3+tx2xx etx m. ava fotsoxa+txaxx ats 17. Amachine gun fies a bullet of mass 50g with a velocity 1500 m/s. The man holding it can exert a maximum force of 600 N on the ‘gun. How many bullets can he fie per second atthe most? Solution Mass of the bullet is m= 50 g=0.05 kg; intial velocity ofthe bullet is vp=0 ms; final velocity ofthe bullet is v= 1500 mvs time internal is At = 15.The force exerted per second in each bullets obtained as hv = v4) _ 0050 Fo Mieoe) _ nomnss SN, Maximum force thatthe man can exert is 600 N. Therefore, the numberof bullets thet the man can fre per second at the most Is ‘aleulated as follows: 75 ~* '8. Two masses Mf and M, ae connected at the two ends of ight inextensble string that passes over a frictionless pulley (Fig. 4.23) Find the acceleration of the masses and the tension Inthe string, when the masses ae released. (Given M,> Ml) = Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET16 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution Consider a simple system in which two blocks are connected by a string which passes over alight, frictionless pulley as shown in Fig 24a. Let M, accelerates upward with an acceleration a. Hence, M, accelerates downward with an acceleration a. The forces on (M,are depicted as free-body diagram as shown in Fig 4246, from which we have Mo=T-Mg. 0 From the free-body dlagram shown in Fig. 4.24, we have Ma=Mg-T. a ‘Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get the acceleration ofthe masses 35 OU +M)=M-Mig = 0 Solving Eq. (1), we get the acceleration ofthe mass M, (when released) as gr™ ” Solving a, (2), we get the acceleration ofthe mass Ma (when released) as a= Mg —T Me From Eqs. (3) an), we calculate the tersion inthe sing as fllows: Tama. Mig=T mK T= Mai, = Mtg —7) TMs MMag = M/hag ~ TM Tum + M,) = 26M = 2a mM, Ime Mg @ @ Figure 4.24 ‘9. -Armetalic plate of mass 1004 is kept floating in air horizontally by ring 10 bullets per second vertically upward, which rebound from the plate with the same speed in opposite decton. the mass ofa bullets 25g, find the speed at which they are fre atthe plate Given that g= 10 m/s. Solution Mass of the plate is M= 100 9 =0.1 kg; mass ofthe bullet is m=25 q = 0.025 kg; numberof bullets that get fred per second on the plateisn= 10. Let the initial velocity with which the bullets fired be v. The initial momentum of the bullet is given by p; = my and the final ‘momentum ofthe bullet isp; = m-v) = -mv. The change in momentum of the bullets 40 = by p= —mv— mv = 2m. ‘The force exerted by bullets on plate is equal to product of change in momentum and the number of bullets that get fred per second: F = Qpxn=—2mv xn= 2mm, Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI “The plate held horizontally ths force F exerted by the bullets on plates equal to the weight ofthe plate. Therefore, we have FeMg 2mm = Mg Mg __-01x10 Imm ~ 20.025 x10 ‘The negative sign indicates the direction ofthe force. 10. A forces acts for 10 s on a body of mass 10 kg after which the force ceases and the body describes 50 m in the next 5s Find the ‘magnitude ofthe force. Solution since the body i at rest intially ts ntl velocity s vp = Om; time duration fr which force acts on the body t= 10s; mass of the body ism = 10 kg When the force is removed, the body travels a dstance of 50 mn Ss and hence the final speed ofthe body is Distance _ 50m _ Digance - 52 — ro mvs Letthe acceleration ofthe body be a whichis calculated as follows: The fore applied on the bodys bane as Fa ma=10lgxtm/? =10N |. Alfts going up. The total masof the it andthe passengers 15005, The varitonin the speed pf the its ven bythe graph shown ing 425] What lb he tenon nthe ope paling the ft ne eq 1) 6 and 15) Whats the height to which the lift takes the passengers? (c) What will be the average velocty and the average acceleration during the course ofthe entre motion? Solution Total mass ofthe lft and the passengers is M= 1500 kg. (8) From the graph shown in Fig. 4.25, I's observed that the inital velocty at ¢= 0s y= 0 m/s and the final velocity of the ft att= 251s v=36 m/s. The uniform acceleration ofthe it fom time interval t=0stot=2815 36-0, 36 2 = 1am. ‘The acceleration ofthe it at t= 15s the same as that in the case of f= 2 5 that so, = 1.8 ms? The tension inthe rope is given by T,= mig +5)) = 1500(98 + 1.8)= 1500 11.6 = 17,400 N. From Fig, 425 its observed that during the time interval t= 2 to¢= 105 thelfthas uniform speed and therefore the accel ‘eration ofthe lift during this ime interval is a, = 0. Thus, at ¢= 65, the acceleration ofthe lift isa; = 0. The tension inthe rope iscalulated as T= mig + a,) = 1500(98 + 0) = 150098 = 14,700 N. From Fig. 4.25, it is observed thatthe initial velocity at ¢= 10 si vy= 3.6 ms and the final velocity ofthe lft at v= 0'/s. The uniform acceleration ofthe if from time interval Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Thus the acceleration of the lift at= 11 sis ¢,=-1.8 mv. The tension inthe ropeiscalulated as Ty = mig + a) = 150093 — 1.8) = 15008 = 12,000 N. (b) Thebeight to which the ft takes the passengers is equal tothe area of trapezium OABC as labeled inthe graph shown n Fig. 4.25: (€) The total displacement ofthe lift (the height) Is x= 36 m. The total time taken for this displacement is t= 12 5. The average velocity ofthe lit is given by v,,= Ar/At = 36/12 = 3 mvs, Since the ft finally comes to rest, the change in velocity of the lift Is Av= 0 ms. Therefore, the average acceleration ofthe lifts calculated as — a, = A = Doms? 12, Acar P is moving with a uniform speed of 53 m/s toward a carriage of mass 9 kg at rest kept on the rails at a point 8 as shown in Fig. 426, The height ACs 120m. Cannon balls oft kg ae fred from the car with an iil velocity 10 mvs atan angle 30" wth the horizontal. The fist cannon ball its the stationary carriage ater atime ty and sticks tot. Determine f and the velocity attained by ‘the cartiage and cannon ball system, Take g= 10 m/s Soe Figure 4.26 , Solution Mass ofthe cannon balls m= 1 kg mass ofthe carriage Is M = 9 kg; speed of the car Pis u= 53 ms; velocity ofthe cannon ball |sv= 100 mys (directed 30° with horizontal. The component of velocity of the cannon ball along hrizontal diction is obtained as ve = ve080 = veos30" = 100 x 3 = 5015 mvs “The vertical component ofthe cannon bal vlocy sgiven by vain = vsn20°= 100% 3 = 50 m/s wja=-g=-lom/s and t= we have raveedee 10 50, +3 (1088 8-10 -24=0 010) (CTF IKE) _ 104 xt 2 % 25 oF 2s, We know that time can never be negative, therefore, f,= 12: When the cannon bal hits the cariage, it sticks tothe carriage If Vis. the velocty ofthe system aftr colision (carriage and cannon bal). Applying the principle of conservation of momentum, we get + mW ao v= Me = 1ST SOB 5 ry, hie mb Ta Mia a An astronaut accidentally gets thrown out of his small space ship accelerating in interstellar space at a constant rate of 100 mis. What i the acceleration ofthe astronaut, the instant after hei tsde the spaceship? Assume that ere are no nearby stars exert gravitational fore on him. Solution ‘The moment the astronaut is out of spaceship — net force acting onthe astronaut Is 2er, This is because there are no nearby stars toexert gravitational force onthe astronaut and the small spaceship exerts negligible gravitational attraction on him. As net force acting on the astronaut Is ze, the acceleration of the astronaut ise. 14, Aheavy load of mass 600 kgs placed on the weighing machine lying naif. What wil be reading of the weighing machine, when the ft is (a) at rest, (6) moving upward with an acceleration of 22 mvs () moving downward with an acceleration of 28 m/s, and (6) faling freely due to the rupture ofthe cable? Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! Solution Mass of the loa is M = 600 kg; acceleration due to gravity is = 98 m/s, When the lift moves upward with an acceleration a the apparent weight is given by R=Mg+a) and when the lift moves downward, the apparent weights given by Mga) (a) When the lift is at rest, ¢=0 m/s. The reading ofthe weighing machine when the ft is at rests given by = Mig + 0) = 600198 + 0) = 600 9.8 = 5880 N. (©) The reading ofthe weighing machine when the lifts moving upward with an acceleration ofa = 22 mistis given by R= Mig + 0) = 600198 + 22) = 600 x12 = 7200. (@)_ The reading ofthe weighing machine when the lifts moving downward with an acceleration of a= 28 mists glven by f= Mig ~ a) = 600(98 - 28) = 600.x7 = 4200N. (4) The reading of the weighing machine when thet s moving downward with an acceleration ofa =9.8 mvs? i given by A= Mig~ a) = 600(93 - 98) = 600 x0 = ON. 15. Awoman weighing 50 ke stands ona weighing machine placed init. What will be reading of the machine, when then lifts (a) ‘moving upward with a uniform velocity ofS m/s and (b) moving downward with a uniform acceleration of 1 mvs? Take g = 10 mv. Solution The weight ofthe woman Is obtained as W = S0 kgf =50 «101 ‘The mass ofthe woman fs obtained as 500 Wamg > m=" = 50 - 50kg ‘Acceleration de to gravity sg = 10 mist (a) The reading ofthe weighing machine when the Ife s moving upward with uniform velodty ofS m/s (the acceleration i ero) Isaven by = mig + 0) = SO{10 + 0) = 50x10 = SOON. (b) The reading of the weighing machine when the lifts moving downward wth an acceleration ofa=1 mists given by mg ~ a) = S0(10-1) = $0 x9 = 450 5. Figure 4.27 shows two bodles A and B of masses 25 kg and 2.8 kg suspended from a rigid supported by two inextensble wires each of length 1.8 m. The lower wires of mass 1.5 kg/m find the tension (a) atthe midpoint ofthe upper wire and (b) atthe mi: point Qofthelower wire. Given that 9 = 10 m/s. 28g Figure 4.27 Solution ‘Acceleration due to gravity 9 = 10 m/s. The tension inthe wire when a mass M suspended with the wire moves in the upward direction i given by T=Mig+a) 0 (a) Tension at midpoint P:The mass M isthe sum ofthe mas of body A, the mass of bod B, and the mass ofthe lower wie. Therefore, M=25+284 18x15 =8kg. Using Ea. (1) the tension at point Pi calculated as T= Mig +a) = 8{10+2)= 8x12 = 96N. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET20 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (©) Tension at midpoint Q: The mass Mis the sum ofthe mass of body and mass of half the length ofthe lower wire, Therefore, Ma ane Bs «43546, Using Ea. (1), the tension a point Qs aleulated as T= Mig +0) =415(10+ 2)= 41512 = 498N, 117. Abody of mass 100 kg stands ona spring weighing machine inside a if. The lift stars to ascend with acceleration of 22 vst. What Isthereading ofthe machine? Solution ‘Mass ofthe body is M= 100 kg; acceleration due to gravity is g = 10 m/s acceleration ofthe lit is 0= 2.2 ms. The reading ofthe ‘machine when the lift ascends is calculated as 18. Give the magnitude and direction ofthe net force acting on (a) a drop of ran falling down with a constant speed, (b) a cork of ‘mass 10 g foating on water, 2 kite skilfully held stationary inthe sy, (a car moving with a constant velocity of 30 kmh on a rough 08d, and () a high-speed electron in space far from all material objets and fee of electiicand magneticfields. (NCERT) Solution ‘According to Newtons second law of mation, the net force acting on the object inthe aven situations (8 drop of rain, a cork fot ing on water, a kite held stationary in the sky, a cat moving with a constant velocity on a rough oad, and a high-speed electron in space far from all material objects and fre of electric and magnetic fel) is zero, The reason for each case is explained below. (8) Since the raindrop is falling with a constant speed in verticaly downward direction and its weights balanced by viscous force ofr in dynamic equilibrium, the net force onthe raindrop becomes zero, {Since the corks floating on water and its weights balanced by upward force of buoyancy the net force onthe cork becomes er {e)_ Since the kiteis held stationary, the net force on it becomes ze. {@)_As the cars moving on 2 rough road and the force exerted by the engine ofthe cris balanced by fictional face, the net force on the car becomes zero, {©}, The orceacting on electron in space is zero because Iti re from all gravitational and electromagnetic forces. A pebble of mass 0.05 kg i town vertically upward. Give the direction and magnitude ofthe net force onthe pebble (a) during Its upward motion, (b) during its downward motion, and (c) at the highest point where itis momentarily at rst. Do your answers changelf the pebble was thrown at an angle of 45° with the horizontal direction? ignore ar resistance, (NCERT) Solution abc) Acceleration due to gravity, respective of the direction of motion ofan objec, acts in the downward direction. The gravita- tlonal force i the only force that acts onthe pebble nal three cases. ts magnitude is given by Newton’ second law of motion as. Where Fs the net force, mis the mass ofthe pebble (= 0.05 kg), and ais the acceleration due to gravity (g= 10 mvs?) Therefore, F=005%10=05N, ‘The net frce on the pebble nal three cases Is 0.5 N and this force acts inthe downward direction. Ifthe pebble s thrown at {an angle of 45° with the horizontal it will have both the horizontal and vertical components of velocity. At the highest point, only the vertical component of velocity becomes zero, However the pebble will have the horizontal component of velacty throughout |ts motion. This component of velocity produces no effect on the net force acting on the pebble, Give the magnitude and direction ofthe net force acting ona stone of mass 0.1 kg (a ust after it is dropped from the window of 2 stationary train (b) Just after it's dropped from the window of a train running ata constant velocity of 36 kr, (just after Its sh The angle of iction () is defined as the angle between the normal reaction Nand the resuitant ofthe fiction force fand the ‘normal rection: tang = t Wr Since f= WN, an 6= 1. ‘The relationship between perid Tand speed vis given by vn 2m, a, where 2aris the circumference of the circle ‘Magnitude of centripetal acceleration: The centripetal acceleration of an object moving witha speed von a circular path of radius rhasa magnitude a, given by Magnitude of a centripetal force: The centripetal force isthe name given to the net force required to keep an object of mass 'm, moving ata speed v,on a circular path of radius and thas a magnitude of Pa Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET26 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Conceptual Problems 1. A bullet fired from a rifle is more dangerous than an air molecule hiting a person, though both of them have almost the same speed. Explain, Solution The bullet fired from a fle has greater momentum than the air molecule hitting a person because of greater mass. Therefore, when the bullet hits a person It has greater energy than the air molecule and harms the body of the person more when It trikes the person. 2. Can momentum have a negative value? Solution ‘We know that momentum is defined as product of mass and velocity ands given by B= mi, where m i the mass ofthe object and v= velocity f the object. Since velocity is a vector quantity, it can have either negative or positive valve to represent its direction. We know that product ofa vector anda scalar resuits a vector quantity hence, the product of ‘mass (scalar) and velocity (vector i also a veetor which is momentum. Thus, momentum can aso have negative as well as positive values asitisa vector quantity. 3. Ameteorite burns in the atmosphere before teaches the Earth’ surface. What happens tits momentum? Solution ‘The momentum ofthe meteorite decreases and becomes zero because a it moves toward the Earth due to large fictional force of Earth's atmosphere, it starts burning and its mass als starts decreasing. Due to decrease in its mass its momentum also decreases and finally becomes zero when it burs completely in the atmosphere. This phenomenon obeys law of conservation of momentum. 4. Sand is spread on tracks covered with snow. Why? Solution Sand is spread on tracks covered with snow to increase the force of fition between the tyres ofthe vehicles and the road or track. Inorder to produce sufficient force of friction for safe deving, sand is thrown onthe snow-covered tracks. 55. How does a lubricant help in reducing fiction? Solution When @ machine i lubricated, thin layers of the lubricant covers the two surfaces moving in contact with each other. The sliding motion takes place between the two layers ofthe lubricant rather than the two sold surfaces which s converted int fluid fiction, Since fluid fietion is much less than the sliding friction, the wear and tear ofthe machine is reduced due to decrease in the friction, 5. Why does a eylist ean to one side, while going along a curve? In what direction does he/she lean? Solution When a cyclist takes 2 tum, he also requires some centripetal force. If he keeps himself vertical while turing, his weight is bal: anced by the normal reaction of the ground. In that event, he has to depend upon the force of friction between the tyres and the road for obtaining the necessary centripetal force. As fore of fiction is small and uncertain, dependence on it snot safe. To avoid dependence on force of fetion for obtaining centripetal fore, the cyclist has to bend alte inward from his vertical post tion while turning. By doing so, a component of normal reaction in the horizontal direction provides the necessary centripetal force, 1. The forces FF, and are acting on a particle of mass m, such that f, and, afe mutually perpendicular and under their effect, the particle remains stationary. What will be the acceleration of the particle, f the force is removed? Solution ‘The particle is stationary under the effect ofthe thre forces F, ,and f, which means that the force Fl equal and opposite to the resultant ofthe forces F, and Fy, Therfore,f we remove the force F, the particle will move under the effect of force ~F, Hence, the ‘acceleration ofthe particle can be calculated by using the equation A 1. Amassiess rope is passed over a frictionless pulley. A monkey holds on to one end of the rope and a miror having the same weight asthe monkey, is attached tothe other end ofthe rope atthe monkey’ level, Can the monkey get away from its own image seen in the micor (2) By climbing upto rope, (b) by climbing dawn the rope, and () by releasing the rope? Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! Solution (a) The segment ofthe rope between the monkey and the pulley decreases in length when the monkey climbs up. Therefore, the segment ofthe rope holding the mirror also decreases such that it always becomes equal tothe segment of rope held by the ‘monkey, Therefor, the mirorremainsinfrontof the monkey and it sees its image in the miror while climbing up. {8} When the monkey climbs down the rope, the segment ofthe rope holding the miror increases but the monkey seesits image inthe miror. (€)_ When the monkey releases the rope, both the monkey and the mirror fll frely under gravity. Since both the monkey and the ‘miro fal same distance ina given interval of time, the monkey sees ts Imagen the mir inthis case also ‘9. Two skaters of equal mass on a circular rink go around the rink in the same time. One skater i twice a fr from the center of the rink as the other. Compare (a) the speeds of the skaters an (b) the centripetal forces acting on them. (c) What exerts the centripetal force on them? ‘Mass of each skater is Mt time taken by each skater to complete one round is T; distance ofthe fist skater from the center is 1 distance ofthe second skater from the center iss speed of the frst skater i speed ofthe second skaters {) The speed ofthe frst skateris given by and speed ofthe second skateris given by Dividing Eq. (0) by Eq (2), we get We know that =2r, therefore, Eq (3) becomes Diving Ea.) by Ea), meget Ka Mille (6) hare haan Fo Matlin) may PD ® Floor a the ie exes centripetal force on the sats f the Noor hard an lve the feta force between thesaters andthe floor provides the centripetal force to the two skaters. But If the floor i soft or ifthe floor is inclined, the centripetal force s provided by the reaction force ofthe lor onthe skates. ‘Additional Problems 1. A cart of mass 500 kgs standing at rest onthe als. A man weighing 70 kg and running parallel to the rll rack with a velocity of 10 m/s jumps on tothe carton approaching It Find the velocity with which the cart wil start moving, Solution Mass ofthe cart is M= 500 kg; mass of the man Is m=70 kg; intial velocity ofthe cart vp =0 mvs; ital velodly of the man is = 10 mys. Let Vbe the final velocty of cart and man after the man jumps onthe cart and the cart starts moving. Applying conser- vation of momentum, we get Ms + = (M4 500 x 0+ 70°x 10 = (500 +70 av=. 700 = S70V = = 200 = 12315 Hence, the cart moves witha velocity V= 1.23 m/s. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NET28 R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES 22. Ahunter has machine gun that can fre 50g bullets witha velocity of 150 mvs A60 kg tiger springs at him with a velocity of 10 m/s How many bullets must the hunter fr into the tiger inorder to stop him in his track? Solution Mass ofthe bullet is m= 50 9 =0.05 kg; speed of the bullets is vy= 150 mvs: mass of the tiger Is M= 60 kg; speed of the tiger Is v= TO mm/s. Let the numberof bullets fired on tiger to stop him ben. According to conservation of momentum, we have 2 My ne Mn O10 = = mu ~ 005x150 ~ & Hence the hunter must fe 80 bullets int the get stop him in his track 3. Agun weighing 10kg fies a bullet of 50.g with a velocity of 500 mvs, With what velocity does the gun recol? Whats the resultant ‘momentum ofthe gun and the bullet before and after fring? Solution -Mass ofthe gun is M= 10 kg; mass of the bullet is m = 50 q= 0.05 kg; velocity ofthe bullet vo = 500 ms Let the recoil velocity of the {gun be V. According to law of conservation of momentum, we have 0.05 x 500 _ 005% 500 2 25 mvs Hence the gun will recoil wth 25 mvs. 4 Two blocks connected by an inextensible sting passing over alight fctonless are resting on two smooth inclined planes as shown, JnFig. 431. Determine the acceleration of the blocks and the tension inthe string. Assume the string to be massless, Figure 4.31 Solution ‘The free-body diagram of the block of mass 35 kg is shown in Fig. 4.322. The forces acting on the 35 kg block ae (1) weight of the block, (2 tension in the string ating parallel to BA and (3) normal reaction N, acting on the block perpendicular to AB. Since the block moves with acceleration along BA, we have T= mgsind = 350 T3598 sin60" = 350 ‘The free-body diagram for block of mass 55 kg is shown in Fig. 4.32b, from which we have img sin30° ~T = 50 55x98 sin30° T= 55a. ‘Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get 55x 9Bsin30° - 35% 9.8 sin60° = S5a+350 “2754 = 900 = 4 = “2254 = 0306 mi. Substituting the value of ain a, (1), we get 135% 98sin60° = 350 ‘a 17-3590 =35%-0306 1a sxo0x 48 2530306 «20623 Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! Figure 4.32 '5. During explosion, a bomb explodes into three pieces. Two fragments whose masses are 0.8 kg and 0. kg fly off with velocities of 10 m/s and 16 m/s, respectively, along the paths at ight angles to each other. ifthe tid fragment goes off with a velocity of 24 mvs, find its mass and direction of motion with respect tothe fist fragment. Solution Let M be the mass ofthe bomb. Mass of frst fragment Is My = 0.8 kg: mas ofthe second fragment i M, = 05 kg; mass ofthe third fragment is My, The velocity of fragment of mass My =¥,= 10 vs, of fragment mass M,=v,=16 mls, and of fragment of mass -My= vj= 24 ms. As shown in Fig, 533, the fist two fragments fy off at right angles to each other afte explosion and conserve the ‘momentum, Applying principle of conservation of momentum along x-axis, we get My.c088 + My, sin@ + Myles) = M x0 08x10 %cos0 +05 x 16sind — M, x2. cos + sin Applying conservation of momentum along y-axis, we get My sin® + My(-1, 056) + M, x0 = Mx0 0-45" Substituting the value of angle in Ea. (1), we get cos 45" + sin = ay = My = S845" rns" (WA) « WA) 707 9707 — 947 ig, ‘The tied fragment goes ina drecton along negative x-axis making an angle 180° ~ 45° = 135° with the direction ofthe firs fragment. 6. One end of a string of length | is connected to a particle of mass m and the other to a small peg on a smoath horizontal table, If the particle moves in a cicle with speed v, the net force on the particle (directed toward the centr) i (0) Tb) T~ [ew (OT + limv2)/} and (4) 0. Tisthe tension inthe string, (Choose the corect alternative) (NceRT) Solution When a particle connected toa string revolves ina circular path around a center, the centripetal force is provided by the tension produced inthe string, Hence, in the given case, the net force (F) onthe patil isthe tension T, that, Fer. Hence, asthe correct alternative, “Two bodes of masses 10 kg and 20 ka, respectively, kept on a smooth, horizontal surface are tied tothe ends of alight string. A hor zontal force F= 600 Ns applied to (a) A and (b) Balong the direction of string, Whetsthe tension Inthe string in each case? (NCERT) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Solution Horizontal force is F= 600 N; mass of body A is m,=10 ka; mass of body B is m,=20 kg, Total mass of the system Is m=m, + ‘m= 30 kg, Using Newtor's second law of motion = mal, the acceleration (a produced inthe system is calculated 35. eek 20 mvs. When force F's applied on body A (Fig 34a), the equation of motion is written as. F-Tama, from which the tension inthe sting due to body A is obtained as T=F-mo=600~10%20=400N. When force Fis applied on body 8 (Fig 4348), the equation of motion is written as F-T=ma, from which the tension in the string due to body Ais obtained as T=600-20%20=200N. Figure 4.34 ‘Two masses 8 kg and 12g are connected atthe two ends ofa light inextensible string that goes over a frictionless pulley Find the acceleration ofthe masses, and the tension inthe string when the masses are released. (NCERT) Solution ‘The system of two masses and a pulley Is represented in Fig. 4.35, Smaller mass m, = 8 kglarger mass ism,= 12g; tension in the string is. ‘Mass m, owing tots weight, moves downward with acceleration @ and mass m, moves upward, Applying Newton's second law ‘of motion tothe system of each mas, the equation of motion for mass m, is written as T-mg=ma 0 ‘and the equation of motion for mass ms written as mg-T=m a ‘Adding Eqs.(1) and 2}, we get (a ~ mg = (m+ mda. ‘Therefore, 12-8)y1904 : ox (MMe (1258) x10 Sxt0~tme Therefore the acceleration ofthe masses is 2 m/s Substituting the value ofan Eq (2), we get the tension inthe string as nonrom(Rem Tom MEMO (2 Jo (243228) 9m 28288 10-960 Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI 31 9. Figure 436 shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4 kg, What I the (a) force on the particle fort<0,t>45,0 4: Itcan be observed from the position-time graph shown in ig. 4.36 that the position of the particle is parallel to the time ans It indicates thatthe particle is atrest at adstance of 3m from the origin. ence, no forcels acting on the particle. For <4 st can be observed from the position-time graph shown in Fig. 4.36 has a constant slope. Hence the acceler tion produced inthe particle is zero. Therefore, the force acting on the particle fs er, ‘Att=0: We know that Impulse = Change in momentum = mv— mv Mass ofthe particle s m= kant velocity ofthe particles vs = 0:final velocity ofthe particle is given by impulse Isobtained as ‘A nucleus is at rest in the laboratory frame of reference. Show that fit disintegrates into two smaller nucll the products must ‘move in opposite directions. (nceRT) Solution Let n,m, and m, be the respective masses ofthe parent nucleus and the wo daughter nuceThe parent nucleus at retinal ‘momentum of the system (parent nucleus) is 0. Let v and v be the respective velocities ofthe daughter nucle having masses m, and m, Total near momentum ofthe system after disintegration is expressed. as. e+ mata ‘According tothe law of conservation of momentum, we have the following: Tota inital momentum =Total nal momentum O = my, + my, =o y= HED, Here, the negative sign indicates thatthe fragments of the parent nucleus move In dtections opposite to each other. Two billard balls each of mass 0.05 kg moving in opposite directions with speed 6 m/s collide and rebound withthe same speed. Whatis the impulse imparted to each ball ue to the other? (NCERT) Solution ‘Mass of each balls 0.05 kg intial velocity ofeach balls 6 mis; magnitude of the intial momentum of each balls p=0.3 kg mvs. ‘After olision, the balls change their directions of motion without changing the magnitudes oftheir velocity. Final momentum of teach bal ip) =-0.3 kg-mis. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Impulse imparted to each ball = Change in the momentum ofthe system =)-p\=-03-03=-06 kg ms. ‘The negative sign indicates thatthe impulses imparted tothe bas are opposite in direction 12. A shell of mass 0.020 kg i fred by a gun of mass 100 kg. Ifthe muzale speed ofthe shell i 80 v's, what isthe recoil speed of the un? (NcERT) Solution ‘Mass ofthe gun is M = 100 kg; mass ofthe shells m =0.020 kg; muzzle speed ofthe shells v = 80 mvs; recoil speed ofthe guns V. Both the gun and the shel are at rest inital Intial momentum of the sytem sO; final momentum of the sytem is my ~ MV. The ‘negative sign appears because the directions of the shell and the gun are opposite to each other. According to the law of conser- vation of mementum, we have Final momentum = Initial momentum 13, A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45° without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54 kh What Is the Impulse imparted tothe ball? (Mass ofthe ballis0.15 kg) (wcERT) Solution The situation s depicted in Fig. 437. From the figure, we have the folowing: ‘AO = Incident path ofthe ball (08 = Path followed by the ball after deflection; Initial and final velocities ofthe balls; horizontal component ofthe inital velocity = veo @ along RO; vertical component ofthe Initial velocty = vsin @ along PO; horizontal component of the final velocity = cos @ along OS; vertical component of the final velocity = vsin @ along OP. The horizontal components of velocities suffer no change. The vertical components of velocities are in the opposite directions. Therefore, Impulse imparted tothe ball = Change in the linear momentum ofthe ball ‘Mass ofthe balls m=0.15 kg; velocity ofthe balls v='54 km/h = 15 mi. Therefoe, impulse imparted tothe ball i calculated as 20.15% 15 cos 225°= 4.16 hg -m/s~42 kg: mvs Figure 4.37 14. A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end ofa string is whirled round in a cic of radius 1.5 m with @ speed of 40 rev/min In a horizontal plane. What isthe tension inthe string? What isthe maximum speed with which the stone can be whiled around the string can withstand a maximum tension of200 N? (NCERT) Solution Mass ofthe stone ism = 0.25 kg; radius ofthe ctceisr= 15 my number of evolution per second is calculated as Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! [Angular velocity ofthe stone is calculated as ont a2, ‘The centripetal force for the stones provided by the tension, Tin the string, is calculated a follows Fant = ME = mata mann? = 025%15%(2%3:14x3) = 657N= 66N asim tension nthe stn Tu, = 200, rom which the maximum speed ofthe stone calculated as Ta = a reas [lm = PORTS BG w 3464 ms = 38m In the above Additional Problem 14, the speed ofthe stone is increased beyond the maximum permissible value, and the string breaks suddenly, which of the following correctly describes the trajectory ofthe stone after the string breaks: (athe stone moves. radially outward, b) the stone fies off tangentially from the instant the sting breaks, and (the stone fes off at an angle with the ‘tangent whose magnitude depends onthe speed ofthe particle? (NCERT) Solution When the sting breaks the stone moves in the diection ofthe velocly at that instant. According to Newton's fist law of mation, the direction of velocity vectors tangential tothe path of the stone at that instant. Hence, the stone flies off tangentially from the Instant the string breaks. The correct option sb) Figure 4.38 shows the postion-time graph of a body of mass 0.04 kg. Suggest a sultable physical context for ths motion. What the time between two consecutive impulses received by the body? Whats the magnitude ofeach impulse? (NcERT) Solution 18) a6 8 1 2 4 W6 Figure 4.38 Solution ‘Aball rebounding between two walls located between atx=0 and x= 2m; after every 2s the ball receves an impulse of magnitude (0.08 x 10" kg mv from the wal Figure 438 shows that a body changes its direction of motion ater every 2s. Physical, ths situation ‘an be visualized asa ball rebounding to and fro between two stationary walks situated between positions x =0 and x= 2m. Since the slope of the xt graph reverses after every 2, the ball colides witha wall after every 2. Therefor, ball receives an Impulse after every2s. 'Mass ofthe balls m = 0.08 kg: the slope ofthe graph gves the velocity ofthe ball. Using the raph shown in Fig 436, the inal velocity (is calculated as vp B= O10" 0 ave 914107 0 10 ms Velocity ofthe al before colisions p= 107 m/s velocity ofthe ball after ealison Iv =~10" mvs the negate sign ares asthe ballreversesits direction of motion ‘Magnitude of mpuise = Change in momentum = [mv — ml = [aon — ei = [004-102 =107) 08 x10" kgs Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETuM R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 117. A stone of mass tied tothe end ofa string revolves ina vertical circle of radius R The net forces atthe lowest and highest points ‘ofthe cce directed vertically downward are: (Choose the correct alternative). Lowest Point Highest Point (a) 9-7, m+ (0) m9+7, ™9~Ts (emg +7,— (rev mg —T, + (mayne (4), mg ~T,~ (mvt ng +1, + (ami VR Tyand v; denote the tension and speed at the lowest point; and v, denote corresponding value at the highest point. (NCERT) Solution {8}, The free-body diagram of the stone a the lowest points shown in Fg. 4384. According to Newton’ second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone at ths point is equal tothe centripetal force, that, fag = T.-mg = 0 here ¥ is the velocity atthe lowest point. The free-body diagram ofthe stone atthe highest point is shown In Fig. 439. Using Newrors second law of motion, we have is mg ah ® where vs the velocity tthe highest point Its clear from Eqs. (1) and 2 that the net force acting atthe lowest and the high ‘est points, respectively are (T=) and (T, + ma). cy Figure 4.39 118, Astream of water lowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m/s gushes ou ofa tube of cross-sectional area 10-?m?, and hts vert cal wall nearby. What ste force exerted on the wall by the impact of water, assuming it doesnot rebound? (CERT) Solution ‘Speed ofthe water stream is v= 15 mvs cross-sectional rea ofthe tube is A = 10m volume of water coming out from the pipe per secondis given by 5% 107 ms Density of waters p= 10? kg/m; mass of water lowing out through te pipe per second is given by px¥=150kas. “The water strikes the wall and does not rebound. Therefore the force exerted by the water onthe wallis given by Newton's second law of motion as fae of change momentum =P = = 15018 = 250N= 225 «10° 19, Anaircraft executes a horizontal loop ata speed of 720 km/h with ts wings banked at 15° Whats the radius ofthe loop? (NCERT) Solution ‘Speed ofthe aircraft is Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI Acceleration due to gravity is 9 = 10 mvs? angle of banking i 0= 15°. The radius r ofthe loop is calculated as tang = Zo = 2, = 200%200 _ 4000 1g?! giand ~ 10x tants ~ 0268 20, train runs along an unbanked circular track of radius 30 m ata speed of $4 kh. The mass of the train is 10® kg, What provides the centripetal force required fr this purpose ~ the engine or the als? What i the angle of banking required to prevent wearing outof the ral? (NCERT) Solution Raclus of the circular track r= 30 my speed of the tran is v= 54 km/h = 15 mys: mass of the train Is m= 10 kg. The centripetal force is provided bythe lateral thrust of therallon the whee! According to Newton’ third law of mation, the wheel exerts an equal ‘and opposite force on the rll This reaction force is responsible for the wear and rer of the rai. The angle of banking 0is calcu lated as 1492537m =1492km= 15km. a ee = 37 tand = = hg = 2S 0 = tr 075 = 3687" = 37 ‘Therefore, the angle of banking is about 36.87". 21 Ads evolves wth a speed of 33 rein, and has a radius of 15 crn. Two coins are placed at 4m and 14 cm away fom the center of the record the coefficient offrition between the coinsand the records (.15, which ofthe coins wil evolve withthe record? (NCERT) Solution Coin is placed at 4 em from the center; mass of each coin Is m; rads ofthe dsc Is r= 15 cm=0.15 m; frequency of evolution is given by 1 100 5, vesstrevimin= 5105 = Srev's Coefficient of friction Is x= 0.15, In this skuation, the coin that has a force of fiction greater than or equa to the centripetal force provided by the rotation of the disc revolves with the disc f this snot the case the coin slips fom the dsc. Coin placed at 4 em: Radius of revolutions '=4 cm =0.04 m; angular frequency is = 2ny that 2,s 7 2xBxSa3495 Frictional forces f= umg = 0.15 xm 10= 1.5m. Centriptal force onthe coin is aleulated as Famepet = ma = mx 004 x (349)? = O49mN, ‘Since > Famsean the coin revolves along with the record placed at 14.em: Radius sr” = 14 em=0.14 m; angular fequency is © =3.49 5 frictional force is f'= 15m N. Centripetal force on the coiniscalelated as Famaons = Ma? = mx 0.14 x (349)? = 1.7. Since f< Famugnt the coin slips fom the surface ofthe record You may have seen in acteus a motorcycist driving in vertical loop inside a“deathwell”(a hollow spherical chamber with holes, so the spectators can watch from outside) Explain clealy wavy the motorcyclist does not drop down when he's at the uppermost ‘int, with no support from below. What isthe minimum speed required at the uppermost postion to perform a vertical loop if the radius ofthe chambers 25 m? (NCERT) Solution In a deathwell, a motorcyclist does not fll at the top point of a vertical loop because both the force of normal reaction and the ‘weight of the motorcyclist act downward and are balanced by the centripetal force This situation fs shown in Fig. 440. The net force acting on the motorcyclist i the sum ofthe normal force (N) and the force due to gravity (F,= mq). The equation of motion forthe centripetal acceleration a, swaten as Fam = Neh = ma, Ne mg= "Normal reaction Is provided by the speed ofthe motorcyclist. At the minimum speed (ve): N= 0 ae ova = YG = VISRTO = 158 m/s = 16mVs. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Figure 4.40 123, A70kg man stands in contact against the inner wall ofa hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m rotating about ts vertical axis with 200 rev/min The coefficient of rction between the wall and his clothing is 0.15. Whats the minimum rotational speed ofthe c+ Inder to enable the man to remain stuck to the wall without falling) when the floor is suddenly removed? (NCERT) Solution Mass ofthe man ism = 70 kg: radius ofthe drum i= 3m; coefficient of friction is 1= 0.15; frequency of rotation is 200 _ 10 ¥=200revimin = 200 » 10 ‘The necessary centripetal force requited forthe rotation of the man is provided by the normal force (M). When the floor evolves, the man sticks to the wall of the drum. Hence, the weight ofthe man (mg) acting downward is balanced by the fictional force (= nN acting upward, Hence, the man does not fall until mg | & raciesadag cut ae> [E tevls. ‘The minimum angular speed is calculated as com = [en feats = An = Ss 28, Athin ercular loop of radius W rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular frequency a Show that a small bead on the wire loop remains at its lowermost point for» < Y/R. What is the angle made by the radius vector jining the center to the bead With the vertical downward direction fr » = /29/R? Neglect fiction (wceRT) Solution Let the radius vector joining the bead with the center make an angle 6 with the vertical downward direction. From Fig. 441, ‘we have OP =, the radius of the circle; N asthe normal reaction. The respective vertical and horizontal equations of forces are writenas mg = Nos 8 o Nisin & a sof whee (nina Suntung tn Ea wet min de= nd imt=M subting a(n. we gmt = cos0= 2 i Siceos 051 hebend eas attslonemos pont for 9 ash Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - XI thats for = os yh. “ aE 46 eel # # From Eas, (9) and (6, the angle made by the radius vector joining the center to the beed with the vertical downward rection for «= Y2g/t iscalculatedas ot 1 05 = 60° 20 = 85 a cos = 1 a9 0 = cos-105 = 60 Figure 4.41 25. Ablock of mass 15 kgs placed on a long tolley. The coeficent of static friction between the block and the trolley i 0.18.The tol- ley accelerates from rest with 05 m/s? for 20s and then moves with uniform velocity, Discuss the mation ofthe block as viewed by (@)a stationary observer onthe ground and (b) an observer moving with the trolley. (NCERT) Solution (a) Mass of the block is m=15 kg; coefficient of static friction is 1 = 0.18; acceleration ofthe trolley is a=0.5 mvs. AS per "Newton's second law of mation, the fore (A onthe block caused by the mation ofthe trolley is given by Femo=15<05=75N, ‘Thisforce is acted in the direction of motion ofthe trolley Force of static fiction between the block and the trolley mg =0.18%15 x 10=27N, The force of static friction between the block and the trolly is greater than the applied external force. Hence, for an observer ‘on the ground, the block appears tobe at ret. When the trolley moves with uniform veloc, there willbe no applied external force. Only the force of friction acts on the blockin this situation. ’An observer, moving with the troley, has same acceleration This isthe case of non inertia frame of reference. The frictional force, acting on the troley backward, is opposed by a pseudo force ofthe same magnitude. However, this force ats in the ‘opposite direction. Thus, the trolley will appear to beat rest forthe observer moving with the trolley. 26. Aman of mass 70 k stands on a weighing scale ina lift which Is moving (a) upward witha uniform speed of 10 mvs, (b) downward with a uniform acceleration of 5 ms, and (upward with @ uniform acceleration ofS mi, What would be the readings onthe scale in each case? (d) What would be the reading ifthe it mechanism failed and t hurled down feely under gravity? (CERT) Solution (a). Mass ofthe man is m= 70 kg: acceleration is a= 0, Using Newton’ second law of motion, we have R-mg =a, ‘here ma isthe net force acting on the man. As the lifts moving ata uniform speed, acceleration a= 0 Therefore, R=mg=70% i0=700N. Hence, the reading onthe weighing scale is obtained as 700 _ 700 200. 700 «7045, Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 7546846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Mass ofthe man is m= 70 kg: acceleration Is a= 5 m/s? downward. Using Newtons second law of motion, we have Remg=ma R= mga) = 7{10~5)=70x5=350N. Therefore reading on the weighing scales calculated as - 350 7 ‘Mass ofthe man ls m=70kg: acceleration Isa = 5 Vs? upward, Using Newton's second law of mation, we have 350 sas ft-mg=ma i mg-r0)=70105)=70%18= 180 Rexcng onthe weighing eae = 1850 180 15, When the lift moves freely under gravity, acceleration a= Using Newton's second law of mation, we have mg—R=ma or R=mig-o) R= mig-0)=m(g-9)=0. ‘Therefore, reading on the weighing scales calculated as ° =o go The man is ina state of weightiessness. 1. Abblock of mass 25 kg is alse by a 50 kg man in two diferent ways a shown in Fig. 442. What i the action on the floor by the ‘man inthe two cases? Ifthe floor yields to a normal frce of 700 N, which mode should the man adopt to lift the block without the floor yielding? (weer) Figure 4.42 Solution Mass ofthe block is m= 25 kg: mas ofthe man is M= 50 kg; acceleration due to gravity is g = 10 m/?; Force applied on the block IsF=25% 10 = 250 N; weight ofthe man is W= 50x 10=500N, Case (als When the man lifts the block directly: In ths case, the man applies a force in the upward direction. This increases his apparent weight. Therefore, action on the floor by the man is 250+ 500 = 750, Case (b): When the man lifts the block using a pulley: In this case, the man applies a force in the downward direction. This decreases his apparent weight Therefore, action on the floor by the man = S00 ~ 250 = 250 N If the floor can yield toa normal force of 70 N, the man should adopt the second method to easly lift the block by applying lesser force, ‘A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope (Fig. 443) which can stand a maximum tension of 600 N. In which ofthe following cases wil the rope break: the monkey (a) climbs up with an acceleration of 6 m/s, (b) climbs down with an acceleration of 4 m/s (2 limbs up with a uniform speed of S mis, and (d) als down the rope neary freely under gravity? (Ignore the mass of the rope) (CERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - X! Figure 4.43 Solution Case (a): Mass of the monkey is m= 40 lig: acceleration due to gravity is g= 10 mvs; maximum tension that the rope can bea is. Trax = 600 N; acceleration ofthe monkey is a= 6 m/s upward. Using Newton's second la of motion, we have: T-mg=ma=>T=mig +0)=40(10 +6)=640N, ‘Since T > Taw the rope breaks inthis case Case (b: Acceleration ofthe monkey isa =4 m/s downward. Using Newton's second law of motion, we have mg-T=ma= T= mig~0)=40(10—8) = 240 N. Since T< Tray the rope does not breakin this case Case (e: The monkey is climbing witha uniform speed of § m/s. Therefore, its acceleration is zo, that i, a= 0. Using Newton's second law of motion, we have T-mg=ma=2T=mg=0-+T=mg=40x 10=400N, ‘Since T< Tram the rope does not breakin this case. ‘Case (d): When the monkey falls frely under gravity, ts acceleration becomes equal to the acceleration due to gravity, that I, ‘29. Using Newtoris second law of motion, we have mg —T=mgT=mig-9) Since T a= Netfone = 77S = 177 = name, Net force causing mass Ato movels given by Fy=ma=$x 118325915 Net force exerted by mass A on mass Bis given by 1925 ~$9.15 = 133.35 N=13 x 10°N. This force acts inthe direction of motion. According to Newton's tied law of motion, an equal amount of force is exerted by ‘mass 8 on mas A thats 13 x 10? acting opposite tothe direction of motion. 30. The rear side ofa trucks open and a box of 40 kg mass placed 5 m away from the open end as shown In Fig. 4.48. The coefficient of fiction between the box and the surface below its 0.15. On a straight road, the truck stats from rest and accelerates with 2m. Atwhat dstance from the starting point does the bos al off the truck? (Ignore the size of the box) (NCERT) Figure 4.45 Solution ‘Mass ofthe box is m = 40 kg; coefficient of fiction is = 0.15; intial velocity is ve = 0; acceleration ais 2 ms Distance of the box fiom the end ofthe truck ss'= 5 m, According to Newtor’s second law of mation, the force on the box caused by the accelerated ‘motion ofthe truckis given by IN. ‘According to Newton’ third law of motion, a reaction force of 80 Nis acting onthe box inthe backward direction. The backward ‘motion ofthe box opposed by the force of friction, f acting between the box and the floor ofthe truck This forces given by f= mg =015x40%10=60N, ‘Therefore the net force acting on the blocks glen by Fra = 80~60 = 20, backward The backward acceleration produced in the box s given by 20 22 = 05 me aes = Fi Tine ts cleted fous: ot Naat a faasett t= is Hence, the box falls from the truck after /20 s from the start. The distance x, traveled by the truck in /20 s calculated by = vet + Jor +} x2x (20) m. rents fot 20+ Lx2 x25? = 20 |. gre 446 shows aman stncng stator wth pet shorn conveyor bal that acclrting wh 1 m/s What the net force on the mani the coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes andthe belt Is 0.2, upto what acceleration of the belt can the man continue to be stationary relative to the belt? (Mass ofthe man =65 ka) (NcERT) Office.; 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0861-2662623, 2695608612, 7646846949, NEWTONCLASSES.NETLAWS OF MOTION [DRILL ASSIGNMENT] CLASS - } Solution ‘Mass ofthe man is m= 65 kg; aceleration of the bet Is a= 1 mis; coefficient of state fiction is j= 02. The net force Facting ‘onthe man salen by Newton’ second law of motion as. f ‘The man continues to be stationary with respect tothe conveyor belt until the net force on the man is less than or equal tothe frictional force exerted bythe belt, that, ma =65%1=65N. Fa=h ‘mat = mg, ‘Therefore, a'= 02x 10 = 2:9. Therefore, the maximum acceleration ofthe belt upto which the man can stand stationary is 2 m/s 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 7546846949 NEWTONCLASSES.NET