Alg 2 Resource Ws CH 4 PDF
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Anoop SreedharChapter 4
Resource Masters
Consumable Workbooks
Many of the worksheets contained in the Chapter Resource Masters booklets
are available as consumable workbooks.
Study Guide and Intervention Workbook 0-07-828029-X
Skills Practice Workbook 0-07-828023-0
Practice Workbook 0-07-828024-9
ANSWERS FOR WORKBOOKS The answers for Chapter 4 of these workbooks
can be found in the back of this Chapter Resource Masters booklet.
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oe/
M
cGr
aw-H
ill
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ISBN: 0-07-828007-9 Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Resource Masters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Lesson 4-7
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 205–206
Lesson 4-1 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 169–170 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 209
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 173
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Lesson 4-8
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 211–212
Lesson 4-2 Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 175–176 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 215
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 179
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chapter 4 Assessment
Chapter 4 Test, Form 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 217–218
Lesson 4-3 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . 219–220
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 181–182 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . 221–222
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . 223–224
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2D . . . . . . . . . . . 225–226
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 185 Chapter 4 Test, Form 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 227–228
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Chapter 4 Open-Ended Assessment . . . . . . 229
Chapter 4 Vocabulary Test/Review . . . . . . . 230
Lesson 4-4 Chapter 4 Quizzes 1 & 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 187–188 Chapter 4 Quizzes 3 & 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Chapter 4 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter 4 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice . . 235–236
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Unit 1 Test/Review (Ch. 1–4) . . . . . . . . 237–238
Lesson 4-5 Standardized Test Practice
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 193–194 Student Recording Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2–A36
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 197
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Lesson 4-6
Study Guide and Intervention . . . . . . . . 199–200
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Reading to Learn Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . 203
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Glencoe Algebra 2
Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 4 Resource Masters
The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the resources
you use most often. The Chapter 4 Resource Masters includes the core materials needed
for Chapter 4. These materials include worksheets, extensions, and assessment options.
The answers for these pages appear at the back of this booklet.
All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in the
Algebra 2 TeacherWorks CD-ROM.
Vocabulary Builder Pages vii–viii Practice There is one master for each
include a student study tool that presents lesson. These problems more closely follow
up to twenty of the key vocabulary terms the structure of the Practice and Apply
from the chapter. Students are to record section of the Student Edition exercises.
definitions and/or examples for each term. These exercises are of average difficulty.
You may suggest that students highlight or
star the terms with which they are not WHEN TO USE These provide additional
familiar. practice options or may be used as
homework for second day teaching of the
WHEN TO USE Give these pages to lesson.
students before beginning Lesson 4-1.
Encourage them to add these pages to their Reading to Learn Mathematics
Algebra 2 Study Notebook. Remind them One master is included for each lesson. The
to add definitions and examples as they first section of each master asks questions
complete each lesson. about the opening paragraph of the lesson
in the Student Edition. Additional
Study Guide and Intervention questions ask students to interpret the
Each lesson in Algebra 2 addresses two context of and relationships among terms
objectives. There is one Study Guide and in the lesson. Finally, students are asked to
Intervention master for each objective. summarize what they have learned using
various representation techniques.
WHEN TO USE Use these masters as
reteaching activities for students who need WHEN TO USE This master can be used
additional reinforcement. These pages can as a study tool when presenting the lesson
also be used in conjunction with the Student or as an informal reading assessment after
Edition as an instructional tool for students presenting the lesson. It is also a helpful
who have been absent. tool for ELL (English Language Learner)
students.
Skills Practice There is one master for
each lesson. These provide computational Enrichment There is one extension
practice at a basic level. master for each lesson. These activities may
extend the concepts in the lesson, offer an
WHEN TO USE These masters can be historical or multicultural look at the
used with students who have weaker concepts, or widen students’ perspectives on
mathematics backgrounds or need the mathematics they are learning. These
additional reinforcement. are not written exclusively for honors
students, but are accessible for use with all
levels of students.
WHEN TO USE These may be used as
extra credit, short-term projects, or as
activities for days when class periods are
shortened.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Glencoe Algebra 2
Assessment Options Intermediate Assessment
The assessment masters in the Chapter 4 • Four free-response quizzes are included
Resource Masters offer a wide range of to offer assessment at appropriate
assessment tools for intermediate and final intervals in the chapter.
assessment. The following lists describe each
• A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option
assessment master and its intended use.
to assess the first half of the chapter. It is
composed of both multiple-choice and
Chapter Assessment free-response questions.
CHAPTER TESTS
• Form 1 contains multiple-choice questions Continuing Assessment
and is intended for use with basic level • The Cumulative Review provides
students. students an opportunity to reinforce and
retain skills as they proceed through
• Forms 2A and 2B contain multiple-choice
their study of Algebra 2. It can also be
questions aimed at the average level
used as a test. This master includes
student. These tests are similar in format
free-response questions.
to offer comparable testing situations.
• The Standardized Test Practice offers
• Forms 2C and 2D are composed of free-
continuing review of algebra concepts in
response questions aimed at the average
various formats, which may appear on
level student. These tests are similar in
the standardized tests that they may
format to offer comparable testing
encounter. This practice includes multiple-
situations. Grids with axes are provided
choice, grid-in, and quantitative-
for questions assessing graphing skills.
comparison questions. Bubble-in and
• Form 3 is an advanced level test with grid-in answer sections are provided on
free-response questions. Grids without the master.
axes are provided for questions assessing
graphing skills.
Answers
All of the above tests include a free- • Page A1 is an answer sheet for the
response Bonus question. Standardized Test Practice questions
• The Open-Ended Assessment includes that appear in the Student Edition on
performance assessment tasks that are pages 216–217. This improves students’
suitable for all students. A scoring rubric familiarity with the answer formats they
is included for evaluation guidelines. may encounter in test taking.
Sample answers are provided for • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
assessment. masters are provided as reduced pages
• A Vocabulary Test, suitable for all with answers appearing in red.
students, includes a list of the vocabulary • Full-size answer keys are provided for
words in the chapter and ten questions the assessment masters in this booklet.
assessing students’ knowledge of those
terms. This can also be used in conjunc-
tion with one of the chapter tests or as a
review worksheet.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder
Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 4.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description.
Remember to add the page number where you found the term. Add these pages to
your Algebra Study Notebook to review vocabulary at the end of the chapter.
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
Cramer’s Rule
KRAY·muhrs
determinant
dilation
dy·LAY·shuhn
element
expansion by minors
identity matrix
image
inverse
isometry
eye·SAH·muh·tree
matrix
MAY·trihks
(continued on the next page)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder (continued)
Found
Vocabulary Term Definition/Description/Example
on Page
matrix equation
preimage
reflection
rotation
scalar multiplication
SKAY·luhr
square matrix
transformation
translation
vertex matrix
zero matrix
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Study Guide and Intervention
Introduction to Matrices
Organize Data
a rectangular array of variables or constants in horizontal rows and vertical columns,
Matrix
usually enclosed in brackets.
A matrix can be described by its dimensions. A matrix with m rows and n columns is an
m n matrix.
Example 1 Owls’ eggs incubate for 30 days and their fledgling period is also
Lesson 4-1
30 days. Swifts’ eggs incubate for 20 days and their fledgling period is 44 days.
Pigeon eggs incubate for 15 days, and their fledgling period is 17 days. Eggs of the
king penguin incubate for 53 days, and the fledgling time for a king penguin is
360 days. Write a 2 4 matrix to organize this information. Source: The Cambridge Factfinder
Owl Swift Pigeon King Penguin
Incubation 30 20 15 53
Fledgling 30 44 17 360
Example 2 What are the dimensions of matrix A if A 13 10 3 45
2 8 15 80 ?
Since matrix A has 2 rows and 4 columns, the dimensions of A are 2 4.
Exercises
State the dimensions of each matrix.
15 5 27 4 71 44
39 27
1. 23 6 0 5
14 70 24 3 4 4 2. [16 12 0] 1 3 3. 45 16 5 2
63 3 42 90 92 53
78 65
4. A travel agent provides for potential travelers the normal high temperatures for the
months of January, April, July, and October for various cities. In Boston these figures are
36°, 56°, 82°, and 63°. In Dallas they are 54°, 76°, 97°, and 79°. In Los Angeles they are
68°, 72°, 84°, and 79°. In Seattle they are 46°, 58°, 74°, and 60°, and in St. Louis they are
38°, 67°, 89°, and 69°. Organize this information in a 4 5 matrix. Source: The New York Times Almanac
Boston Dallas Los Angeles Seattle St. Louis
January 36 54 68 46 38
April 56 76 72 58 67
July 82 97 84 74 89
October 63 79 79 60 69
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 169 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Introduction to Matrices
Equations Involving Matrices
Two matrices are equal if they have the same dimensions and each element of one matrix is
Equal Matrices
equal to the corresponding element of the other matrix.
You can use the definition of equal matrices to solve matrix equations.
Example Solve 4x 2y 2
y x 8 for x and y.
Since the matrices are equal, the corresponding elements are equal. When you write the
sentences to show the equality, two linear equations are formed.
4x 2y 2
yx8
This system can be solved using substitution.
4x 2y 2 First equation
4x 2(x 8) 2 Substitute x 8 for y.
4x 2x 16 2 Distributive Property
6x 18 Add 2x to each side.
x3 Divide each side by 6.
To find the value of y, substitute 3 for x in either equation.
yx8 Second equation
y38 Substitute 3 for x.
y 5 Subtract.
The solution is (3, 5).
Exercises
Solve each equation.
28 4y 2y 4 5x
2. y 3x 2
3x
1. [5x 4y] [20 20] 3. x y 5
(4, 5) 43 , 6 (2, 7)
x 2y 1 2x 3y 5x 3y 1
5. x 2y 12
3
4. 3x 4y 22 6. 2x y 18
(4, 2.5) (6, 3) (5, 8)
x y
8x y
7.
16x 18 20
12 y 4x 12 13
8x 6y 3
8. 12x 4y 11 2 2y 519
9. x
3 7
45 , 8 34 , 12 (18, 21)
3x 1.5 2x 3y x y
10. 2y 2.4 8.0 11. 4x 0.5y 8 12. x y 25
7.5 17 0
(2, 5.2) (2.5, 4) (12.5, 12.5)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 170 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Skills Practice
Introduction to Matrices
State the dimensions of each matrix.
3 2 4
1. 1 4 0 2 3 2. [0 15] 1 2
3 2 6 1 2
3. 1 8 2 2 4. 3 4 5 3 3
2 7 9
Lesson 4-1
1
9 3 3 6
5. 3 4 4 5 2 4 6. 1
1 4 1
3
Solve each equation.
7. [5x 3y] [15 12] (3, 4) 8. [3x 2] [7] 3
7x 14
9. 14 2y (2, 7) 10. [2x 8y z] [10 16 1] (5, 2, 1)
8 x 4 20 10x
11. 2y 8 2 (4, 5) 12. 56 6y 32 (2, 4)
5x 20 3x 2 5x 2
13. 24 8y (4, 3) 14. 7y 2 3y 10 (0, 2)
4x 1 3x 3x 1 18 7 2y 4
15. 9y 5 y 3 (1, 1) 16. 12 4z 12 28 (2, 11, 7)
x 9 5x 4x 1
17. 16 4y (9, 4, 3) 18. 4y 3 13 (1, 4, 0)
3z 9 8z 4z
2x 6y x 4y
19. y 2 x (3, 1) 20. 3y x 3 (12, 3)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 171 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Practice (Average)
Introduction to Matrices
State the dimensions of each matrix.
5 8 1 2 2 2 3
1. [3 3 7] 1 3 2. 2 1 8 2 3 3. 5 16 0 0 3 4
4 7 1 4
Solve each equation.
4. [4x 42] [24 6y] (6, 7)
5. [2x 22 3z] [6x 2y 45] (0, 11, 15)
6x 36 7x 8 20
6. 2y 3 17 (6, 7) 7. 8y 3 2y 3 (4, 1)
4x 3 3x 6x 12 3x 21
8. 6y 2y 16 (3, 2) 9. 3y 6 8y 5 (1, 1)
5 3x 1 5 x 1 3x y 8
10. 2y 1 3z 2 3y 5z 4 (1, 1, 1) 11. y 4 17 (7, 13)
5x 8y 1 2x y 0
12. 3x 11 y (3, 2) 13. 3x 2y 2 (2, 4)
14. TICKET PRICES The table at the right gives Child Student Adult
ticket prices for a concert. Write a 2 3 matrix
Cost Purchased
that represents the cost of a ticket. $6 $12 $18
in Advance
6 12 18 Cost Purchased
8 15 22 at the Door
$8 $15 $22
CONSTRUCTION For Exercises 15 and 16, use the following information.
During each of the last three weeks, a Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
road-building crew has used three truck-loads
Load 1 40 tons Load 1 40 tons Load 1 32 tons
of gravel. The table at the right shows the
amount of gravel in each load. Load 2 32 tons Load 2 40 tons Load 2 24 tons
Load 3 24 tons Load 3 32 tons Load 3 24 tons
15. Write a matrix for the amount of gravel
in each load.
40 32 24 40 40 32
40 40 32 or 32 40 24
32 24 24 24 32 24
16. What are the dimensions of the matrix? 3 3
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 172 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Introduction to Matrices
Pre-Activity How are matrices used to make decisions?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-1 at the top of page 154 in your textbook.
What is the base price of a Mid-Size SUV?
$27,975
Reading the Lesson
Lesson 4-1
1. Give the dimensions of each matrix.
3 2 5
a. 1 0 6 2 3 b. [1 4 0 8 2] 1 5
2. Identify each matrix with as many of the following descriptions that apply: row matrix,
column matrix, square matrix, zero matrix.
a. [6 5 4 3] row matrix
0
b. 0 column matrix; zero matrix
0
c. [0] row matrix; column matrix; square matrix; zero matrix
3. Write a system of equations that you could use to solve the following matrix equation for
x, y, and z. (Do not actually solve the system.)
3x 9
x y 5 3x 9, x y 5, y z 6
y z 6
Helping You Remember
4. Some students have trouble remembering which number comes first in writing the
dimensions of a matrix. Think of an easy way to remember this.
Sample answer: Read the matrix from top to bottom, then from left to
right. Reading down gives the number of rows, which is written first in
the dimensions of the matrix. Reading across gives the number of
columns, which is written second.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 173 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Enrichment
Tessellations
A tessellation is an arangement of polygons covering a plane
without any gaps or overlapping. One example of a tessellation
is a honeycomb. Three congruent regular hexagons meet at
each vertex, and there is no wasted space between cells. This
tessellation is called a regular tessellation since it is formed
by congruent regular polygons.
A semi-regular tessellation is a tessellation formed by two or
more regular polygons such that the number of sides of the
polygons meeting at each vertex is the same.
For example, the tessellation at the left has two regular
dodecagons and one equilateral triangle meeting at each
vertex. We can name this tessellation a 3-12-12 for the
number of sides of each polygon that meet at one vertex.
Name each semi-regular tessellation shown according to the number
of sides of the polygons that meet at each vertex.
1. 2.
3-3-3-3-6 4-6-12
An equilateral triangle, two squares, and a regular hexagon can be
used to surround a point in two different orders. Continue each
pattern to see which is a semi-regular tessellation.
3. 3-4-4-6 4. 3-4-6-4
not semi-regular semi-regular
On another sheet of paper, draw part of each design. Then determine
if it is a semi-regular tessellation.
5. 3-3-4-12 6. 3-4-3-12 7. 4-8-8 8. 3-3-3-4-4
not semi-regular not semi-regular semi-regular semi-regular
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 174 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Study Guide and Intervention
Operations with Matrices
Add and Subtract Matrices
a b c j k l a j bk cl
Addition of Matrices d e f m n o d m en fo
g h i p q r g p hq ir
a b c j k l a j bk cl
Subtraction of Matrices d e f m n o d m en fo
g h i p q r g p hq ir
Example 1 Find A B if A 6 7 4 2
2 12 and B 5 6 .
6 7
A B 2 12 5 6
4 2
64 7 2
2 (5) 12 (6)
10 5
3 18
Lesson 4-2
2 8 4 3
Example 2 Find A B if A 3 4 and B 2 1 .
10 7 6 8
2 8 4 3
A B 3 4 2 1
10 7 6 8
2 4 8 (3) 6 11
3 (2) 4 1 5 5
10 (6) 7 8 16 1
Exercises
Perform the indicated operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible.
4 3 6 5 9 4 3 2
1. 10 6 2 12 12 4 2 2 11
8 7
12 6
2. 3 4 5 6 9 4 3 13 1
6 5 2 11 6 6 4
3. 3 [6 3 2] impossible 4. 4 6 2 5 2 1
2 7 9 4 7
11 2
3 2 1
2
8 0 6 2 1 7
5. 4 5 11 3 4 3
7 3 4 8 5 6
6. 4 5
1 4 2 2 3
1
2 3 3 2
10 1 13 1 4
1 9 14
1 2 2 7
4 15
11
6 6
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 175 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Operations with Matrices
Scalar Multiplication You can multiply an m n matrix by a scalar k.
Scalar Multiplication k a b c ka kb kc
d e f kd ke kf
Example If A 6
4 0 and B 1 5 , find 3B 2A.
3 7 8
1 5
3B 2A 3 7 8 2 6 3
4 0
Substitution
3(1) 3(5)
3(7) 3(8) 2(6) 2(3)
2(4) 2(0)
Multiply.
3 15
21 24 12 6
8 0
Simplify.
3 8 15 0
21 (12) 24 6 Subtract.
11 15
33 18 Simplify.
Exercises
Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
impossible.
2 5 3 1 6 15 9 25 10 45
1. 6 0 7 1 2. 51 33 24 3. 0.2 5 55 30
4 6 9 3 18 3 45 60 35 95
12 30 18 2 5 3 5 2 9
0 42 6 17 11 8 1 11 6
24 36 54 6 1 15 12 7 19
4 5 1 2 3 1 2 0
4. 3 2 3 2 3 5 10 11 5. 2 0 7 4 2 5
14 2
12 1 8 6
6 10 2 1 22 15 1 2 5 4 3 4 4 14 28
6. 2 5 8 5 4 3 10 31
7. 4 3 4 1 22 5 1 16 26 6
2 1 4 0 28 8 3 5 3 1
9. 7 0 1
1 9 1
8. 8 3 1 3 2 3 18 1 7
2 4 3 4 4 3 7
7 20 2 4
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 176 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Skills Practice
Operations with Matrices
Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
impossible.
0 7 8 10
2. 1 1 6
8 3
1. [5 4] [4 5] [9 1] 2 7 3
4 9 9 2 14 4
4. 1 8 6 4 6 4
3. [3 1 6] 1 impossible
5 1 2 8
2 5 14 2
5. 3[9 4 3] [27 12 9] 6. [6 3] 4[4 7] [10 31]
2 5 1 1 5 9 8 2 16
7. 2 5 9 1 1 8. 3 0 4 2 8
9 17
Lesson 4-2
3 10
49
4 6 6 5 8 40 3 1 3 1 1 5 7 5 1
9. 5 10 1 2 3 2 44 1 10. 3 4 7 5 2 6 6 3
1 1 1 0 24 9 21
3 5
Use A 3 2 2 2 3 4
4 3 , B 1 2 , and C 3 1 to find the following.
11. A B
5 4 12. B C
5 2
5 1 2 3
13. B A
1 0 14. A B C
2 8
3 5 8 2
15. 3B
6 6 16. 5C
15 20
3 6 15 5
17. A 4C
15 14 18. 2B 3A
13 10
8 1 14 5
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 177 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Practice (Average)
Operations with Matrices
Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
impossible.
2 1 6 9 4 8 4 67 71
1. 3 7 7 11 10 4 2. 71 45 116
14 9 8 17 18 24
6 8 42
3. 3
1 0 3 16 9 64 2 1 8 2 1 4 3 16 15 62
17 11 4 21 12 135 81 4. 7 4 7 9 7 2 6 14 45 75
10 12 24 3
5. 2 2 4 5 18 6. 16 20 54 18
9
1 0 3 8 12 2 27
2 4 3 24 3
Use A 3
4 1 0 , B 2 4
6 2
5 10 8 6
1 0 9 , and C 6 4 20 to find the following.
7. A B
6 5 5 8. A C
6 7 6
4 6 11 3 10 18
9. 3B
6 12 15 10. 4B A
12 17 20
3 0 27 7 6 38
11. 2B 3C
26 16 28 12. A 0.5C
9 5 3
16 12 42 6 4 12
ECONOMICS For Exercises 13 Women Men
and 14, use the table that
Loan Loan
shows loans by an economic Businesses Businesses
Amount ($) Amount ($)
development board to women
and men starting new businesses. 1999 27 $567,000 36 $864,000
2000 41 $902,000 32 $672,000
13. Write two matrices that
represent the number of new 2001 35 $777,000 28 $562,000
businesses and loan amounts,
one for women and one for men.
27 567,000 36 864,000
41 902,000 , 32 672,000
35 777,000 28 562,000
14. Find the sum of the numbers of new businesses and loan amounts 63 1,431,000
for both men and women over the three-year period expressed as 73 1,574,000
a matrix. 63 1,339,000
15. PET NUTRITION Use the table that gives nutritional % Protein % Fat % Fiber
information for two types of dog food. Find the
Mix A 22 12 5
difference in the percent of protein, fat, and fiber
between Mix B and Mix A expressed as a matrix. Mix B 24 8 8
[2 4 3]
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 178 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Operations with Matrices
Pre-Activity How can matrices be used to calculate daily dietary needs?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-2 at the top of page 160 in your textbook.
• Write a sum that represents the total number of Calories in the patient’s
diet for Day 2. (Do not actually calculate the sum.) 482 622 987
• Write the sum that represents the total fat content in the patient’s diet
for Day 3. (Do not actually calculate the sum.) 11 12 38
Reading the Lesson
1. For each pair of matrices, give the dimensions of the indicated sum, difference, or scalar
product. If the indicated sum, difference, or scalar product does not exist, write impossible.
3 5 6
B 0 5
4 0
A 2 8 1
Lesson 4-2
5 10 3 6 0
C 3 6 D 8 4 0
4 12
A D: 23 C D: impossible 5B: 22
4C: 32 2D 3A: 23
2. Suppose that M, N, and P are nonzero 2 4 matrices and k is a negative real number.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
a. M (N P) M (P N) true b. M N N M false
c. M (N P) (M N) P false d. k(M N) kM kN true
Helping You Remember
3. The mathematical term scalar may be unfamiliar, but its meaning is related to the word
scale as used in a scale of miles on a map. How can this usage of the word scale help you
remember the meaning of scalar?
Sample answer: A scale of miles tells you how to multiply the distances
you measure on a map by a certain number to get the actual distance
between two locations. This multiplier is often called a scale factor. A
scalar represents the same idea: It is a real number by which a matrix
can be multiplied to change all the elements of the matrix by a uniform
scale factor.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 179 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Enrichment
Sundaram’s Sieve
The properties and patterns of prime numbers have fascinated many mathematicians.
In 1934, a young East Indian student named Sundaram constructed the following matrix.
4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 . . .
7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 . . .
10 17 24 31 38 45 52 59 . . .
13 22 31 40 49 58 67 76 . . .
16 27 38 49 60 71 82 93 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
A surprising property of this matrix is that it can be used to determine
whether or not some numbers are prime.
Complete these problems to discover this property.
1. The first row and the first column are created by using an arithmetic
pattern. What is the common difference used in the pattern?
2. Find the next four numbers in the first row.
3. What are the common differences used to create the patterns in rows 2, 3,
4, and 5?
4. Write the next two rows of the matrix. Include eight numbers in each row.
5. Choose any five numbers from the matrix. For each number n, that you
chose from the matrix, find 2n 1.
6. Write the factorization of each value of 2n 1 that you found in problem 5.
7. Use your results from problems 5 and 6 to complete this statement: If n
occurs in the matrix, then 2n 1 (is/is not) a prime number.
8. Choose any five numbers that are not in the matrix. Find 2n 1 for each
of these numbers. Show that each result is a prime number.
9. Complete this statement: If n does not occur in the matrix, then 2n 1 is
a prime number .
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 180 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Study Guide and Intervention
Multiplying Matrices
Multiply Matrices You can multiply two matrices if and only if the number of columns
in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
a1 b1 x1 y1 a1x1 b1x2 a1y1 b1y2
Multiplication of Matrices a b x y a x b x a2y1 b2y2
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
4 3
Example Find AB if A 2 2 and B 1
5 2 .
3
1 7
4 3 5 2
AB 2 2 1 3 Substitution
1 7
4(5) 3(1) 4(2) 3(3)
2(5) (2)(1) 2(2) (2)(3) Multiply columns by rows.
1(5) 7(1) 1(2) 7(3)
23 17
12 10 Simplify.
2 19
Exercises
Find each product, if possible.
1 0
1. 2 3 0 3 2. 3 7 1 4 3. 2 4 2 4
4 1 3 0 3 2 3 1 3 1
Lesson 4-3
12 3 3 2 7 7
6 9 2 34 14 14
3 1 4 0 2 3 2 1 2
6. 2
5 2 4 1
4. 5 2 3 1 1 5. 0 4 3 2
5 1 2 1 5
15 1 7 1 4 24 15
26 2 12 8 4 14 17
3 9
6 10 2 0 3 2 2
8. 5
7 2 1 3
7. 4 3 [0 4 3] 4 2 0 9. 1 4 2 3 1
2 7 1 3 1 2 4
11 21 10 16
not possible
13 15 18 6
5 9
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Multiplying Matrices
Multiplicative Properties The Commutative Property of Multiplication does not hold
for matrices.
For any matrices A, B, and C for which the matrix product is
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
defined, and any scalar c, the following properties are true.
Associative Property of Matrix Multiplication (AB)C A(BC)
Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication c(AB) (cA)B A(cB)
Left Distributive Property C(A B) CA CB
Right Distributive Property (A B)C AC BC
Example Use A 4
2
3 , B 2
1
0 1 2 to find each product.
5 3 , and C 6 3
a. (A B)C
(A B)C 2 1 5 3 6 3
4 3 2 0 1 2
7
6 3 1 2
2 6 3
7(1)
6(1) (3)(6) 6(2) (3)(3)
(2)(6) 7(2) (2)(3)
5
12 21
20
b. AC BC
AC BC 2 1 6 3 5 3 6 3
4 3 1 2 2 0 1 2
2(1)
4(1) (3)(6) 4(2) (3)(3) 2(1) 0(6) 2(2) 0(3)
1(6) 2(2) 1(3) 5(1) (3)(6) 5(2) (3)(3)
8 1 13 19
14 17 2 4 12 21
5 20
Note that although the results in the example illustrate the Right Distributive Property,
they do not prove it.
Exercises
2 , B 6 4 , C 2 2 , and scalar c 4 to determine whether
1
Use A 3
5 2 2 1 1 3
each of the following equations is true for the given matrices.
1. c(AB) (cA)B yes 2. AB BA no
3. BC CB no 4. (AB)C A(BC) yes
5. C(A B) AC BC no 6. c(A B) cA cB yes
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 182 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Skills Practice
Multiplying Matrices
Determine whether each matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions of
the product.
1. A2 5 B5 1 2 1 2. M1 3 N3 2 1 2
3. B3 2 A3 2 undefined 4. R4 4 S4 1 4 1
5. X3 3 Y3 4 3 4 6. A6 4 B4 5 6 5
Find each product, if possible.
2 5 6 2 5 28 19
7. [3 2] 1 [8] 8. 2 1 3 1 7 9
1 3 3
9. 1 1 2
3 3 1 3
10. 2 1 1 not possible
5
0 1
11. [3 4] 2
1
12. 3 [2 3 2]
2 3 2
2 [8 11] 6 9 6
Lesson 4-3
5 4 2 2 0 3 6 6
13. 6 8 not possible 14. 4 5 15 12
3 3 1 3 0
3 9
4 4 3 3 12 20 0 1 1 2 4
15. 2 1 0 2 6 8 16. 1 1 0 2
2 3 2 4
6 0
Use A 2 1 3 2 3 1 , and scalar c 2 to determine whether the
2 1 , B 5 1 , C 1 0
following equations are true for the given matrices.
17. (AC)c A(Cc) yes 18. AB BA no
19. B(A C) AB BC no 20. (A B)c Ac Bc yes
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 183 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Practice (Average)
Multiplying Matrices
Determine whether each matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions of
the product.
1. A7 4 B4 3 7 3 2. A3 5 M5 8 3 8 3. M2 1 A1 6 2 6
4. M3 2 A3 2 undefined 5. P1 9 Q9 1 1 1 6. P9 1 Q1 9 9 9
Find each product, if possible.
2 4 3 2 7 30 4 6 2 4 3 0 2 20
7. 3 1 6 0 5 3 6 26 8. 7 1 2 5
23 5
3 0 2 4 6 12 3 2 7 3 2 7
9. 2 5 7 1 10. 6 0 5 6 0 5 not possible
39 3
1 1 4 0 2
11. [4 0 2] 3 [2] 12. 3 [4 0 2] 12 0 6
1 1
4 0 2
5 0 30 10
13. 3 1 0 5 14. [15 9] 23 10 [297 75]
6 2 6 11
15 5
Use A 1 3 4 0 1 0
3 1 , B 2 1 , C 0 1 , and scalar c 3 to determine
whether the following equations are true for the given matrices.
15. AC CA yes 16. A(B C) BA CA no
17. (AB)c c(AB) yes 18. (A C)B B(A C) no
RENTALS For Exercises 19–21, use the following information.
For their one-week vacation, the Montoyas 2-Bedroom 3-Bedroom 4-Bedroom
can rent a 2-bedroom condominium for
Sun Haven 36 24 22
$1796, a 3-bedroom condominium for
$2165, or a 4-bedroom condominium for Surfside 29 32 42
$2538. The table shows the number of Seabreeze 18 22 18
units in each of three complexes.
19. Write a matrix that represents the number of each type 36 24 22 $1796
of unit available at each complex and a matrix that 29 32 42 , $2165
represents the weekly charge for each type of unit. 18 22 18 $2538
20. If all of the units in the three complexes are rented for 172,452
the week at the rates given the Montoyas, express the 227,960
income of each of the three complexes as a matrix. 125,642
21. What is the total income of all three complexes for the week? $526,054
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 184 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Multiplying Matrices
Pre-Activity How can matrices be used in sports statistics?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-3 at the top of page 167 in your textbook.
Write a sum that shows the total points scored by the Oakland Raiders
during the 2000 season. (The sum will include multiplications. Do not
actually calculate this sum.)
6 58 1 56 3 23 2 1 2 2
Reading the Lesson
1. Determine whether each indicated matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions
of the product. If not, write undefined.
a. M3 2 and N2 3 MN: 33 NM: 22
b. M1 2 and N1 2 MN: undefined NM: undefined
c. M4 1 and N1 4 MN: 44 NM: 11
d. M3 4 and N4 4 MN: 34 NM: undefined
2. The regional sales manager for a chain of computer stores wants to compare the revenue
from sales of one model of notebook computer and one model of printer for three stores
in his area. The notebook computer sells for $1850 and the printer for $175. The number
of computers and printers sold at the three stores during September are shown in the
following table.
Lesson 4-3
Store Computers Printers
A 128 101
B 205 166
C 97 73
Write a matrix product that the manager could use to find the total revenue for
computers and printers for each of the three stores. (Do not calculate the product.)
128 101 1850
205 166 175
97 73
Helping You Remember
3. Many students find the procedure of matrix multiplication confusing at first because it
is unfamiliar. Think of an easy way to use the letters R and C to remember how to
multiply matrices and what the dimensions of the product will be. Sample answer:
Just remember RC for “row, column.” Multiply each row of the first matrix
by each column of the second matrix. The dimensions of the product are
the number of rows of the first matrix and the number of columns of the
second matrix.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 185 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Enrichment
Fourth-Order Determinants
To find the value of a 4 4 determinant, use a method called expansion by minors.
First write the expansion. Use the first row of the determinant.
Remember that the signs of the terms alternate.
6 3 2 7
4 3 5 0 3 5 0 4 5 0 4 3
0 4 3 5
6 2 1 4 (3) 0 1 4 2 0 2 4 7 0 2 1
0 2 1 4
0 2 0 6 2 0 6 0 0 6 0 2
6 0 2 0
Then evaluate each 3 3 determinant. Use any row.
4 3 5 0 3 5
4 5 0 4 0 1
2 1 4 (2) 0 1 4 3 5
2 4 6 0 6 2
0 2 0 6 2 0
2(16 10) 3(24) 5(6)
52 102
0 4 5 0 4 3
4 5 0 1 0 2
0 2 4 6 0 2 1 4 3
2 4 6 2 6 0
6 0 0 6 0 2
6(16 10) 4(6) 3(12)
156 12
Finally, evaluate the original 4 4 determinant.
6 3 2 7
0 4 3 5
6(52) 3(102) 2(156) 7(12) 846
0 2 1 4
6 0 2 0
Evaluate each determinant.
1. 1 2 3 1 2. 3 3 3 3 3. 1 4 3 0
4 3 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 3 6 4
2 5 4 4 4 3 1 5 5 1 1 2
1 2 0 2 2 5 0 1 4 2 5 1
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 186 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Study Guide and Intervention
Transformations with Matrices
Translations and Dilations Matrices that represent coordinates of points on a plane
are useful in describing transformations.
Translation a transformation that moves a figure from one location to another on the coordinate plane
You can use matrix addition and a translation matrix to find the coordinates of the
translated figure.
Dilation a transformation in which a figure is enlarged or reduced
You can use scalar multiplication to perform dilations.
Example Find the coordinates of the vertices of the B y
image of ABC with vertices A(5, 4), B(1, 5), and A
C(3, 1) if it is moved 6 units to the right and 4 units
down. Then graph ABC and its image ABC. B
A
Write the vertex matrix for ABC. 5
4
1
5
3
1
O x
C
Add the translation matrix 4
6 6
4
6
4 to the vertex
matrix of ABC.
C
5 1 3 6 6 6 1 5 3
4 5 1 4 4 4 0 1 5
The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(1, 0), B(5, 1), and C(3, 5).
Exercises
For Exercises 1 and 2 use the following information. Quadrilateral QUAD with
vertices Q(1, 3), U(0, 0), A(5, 1), and D(2, 5) is translated 3 units to the left
and 2 units up.
1. Write the translation matrix. 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
2. Find the coordinates of the vertices of QUAD.
Q(4, 1), U, (3, 2), A(2, 1), D(1, 3)
Lesson 4-4
For Exercises 3–5, use the following information. The vertices of ABC are
A(4, 2), B(2, 8), and C(8, 2). The triangle is dilated so that its perimeter is
one-fourth the original perimeter. y
3. Write the coordinates of the vertices of ABC in a vertex
matrix. 4 2 8
2 8 2
4. Find the coordinates of the vertices of image ABC.
1
12
A 1, , B , 2 , C 2,
2 1
2 O x
5. Graph the preimage and the image.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 187 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Transformations with Matrices
Reflections and Rotations
For a reflection over the: x-axis y-axis line y x
Reflection
Matrices
multiply the vertex matrix on the left by: 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
For a counterclockwise rotation about the
90° 180° 270°
origin of:
Rotation
Matrices
multiply the vertex matrix on the left by: 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
Example Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image of ABC with
A(3, 5), B(2, 4), and C(1, 1) after a reflection over the line y x.
Write the ordered pairs as a vertex matrix. Then multiply the vertex matrix by the
reflection matrix for y x.
0 1 3 2 1 5 4 1
1 0 5 4 1 3 2 1
The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(5, 3), B(4, 2), and C(1, 1).
Exercises
1. The coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A(2, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 2), and
D(2, 1). What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image ABCD after a
reflection over the y-axis? A(2, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 2), D(2, 1)
2. Triangle DEF with vertices D(2, 5), E(1, 4), and F(0, 1) is rotated 90°
counterclockwise about the origin.
a. Write the coordinates of the triangle in a vertex matrix.
2 1 0
5 4 1
b. Write the rotation matrix for this situation.
0 1
1 0
y
c. Find the coordinates of the vertices of DEF.
D (5, 2), E (4, 1), F (1, 0)
d. Graph DEF and DEF.
O x
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 188 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Skills Practice
Transformations with Matrices
For Exercises 1–3, use the following information. y
Triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 3), B(0, 4), and C(3, 3) is
translated 3 units right and 1 unit down.
1. Write the translation matrix.
3 3 3 O x
1 1 1
2. Find the coordinates of ABC. A(5, 2), B(3, 3), C(0, 4)
3. Graph the preimage and the image.
For Exercises 4–6, use the following information.
The vertices of RST are R(3, 1), S(2, 1), and T(1, 3). The
triangle is dilated so that its perimeter is twice the original
y
perimeter.
4. Write the coordinates of RST in a
3 2 1
vertex matrix.
1 1 3
5. Find the coordinates of the image RST. O x
R(6, 2), S(4, 2), T (2, 6)
6. Graph RST and RST.
For Exercises 7–10, use the following information.
The vertices of DEF are D(4, 0), E(0, 1), and F(2, 3).
The triangle is reflected over the x-axis.
7. Write the coordinates of DEF in a
4 0 2 y
vertex matrix.
0 1 3
8. Write the reflection matrix for this situation.
1 0
0 1 O x
9. Find the coordinates of DEF. D(4, 0), E (0, 1), F (2, 3)
Lesson 4-4
10. Graph DEF and DEF.
For Exercises 11–14, use the following information.
Triangle XYZ with vertices X(1, 3), Y(4, 1), and Z(2, 5) is
rotated 180º counterclockwise about the origin. y
11. Write the coordinates of the triangle in a
1 4 2
vertex matrix.
3 1 5
12. Write the rotation matrix for this situation.
1 0 O x
0 1
13. Find the coordinates of XYZ.
X(1, 3), Y(4, 1), Z(2, 5)
14. Graph the preimage and the image.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 189 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Practice (Average)
Transformations with Matrices
For Exercises 1–3, use the following information.
y
Quadrilateral WXYZ with vertices W(3, 2), X(2, 4), Y(4, 1), and
Z(3, 0) is translated 1 unit left and 3 units down.
1. Write the translation matrix.
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 O x
2. Find the coordinates of quadrilateral WXYZ.
W(4, 1), X(3, 1), Y(3, 2), Z (2, 3)
3. Graph the preimage and the image.
For Exercises 4–6, use the following information.
y
The vertices of RST are R(6, 2), S(3, 3), and T(2, 5). The triangle
is dilated so that its perimeter is one half the original perimeter.
4. Write the coordinates of RST in a vertex matrix.
6 3 2
2 3 5
O x
5. Find the coordinates of the image RST.
R(3, 1), S(1.5, 1.5), T (1, 2.5)
6. Graph RST and RST.
For Exercises 7–10, use the following information.
The vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A(3, 2), B(0, 3), C(4, 4),
and D(2, 2). The quadrilateral is reflected over the y-axis.
7. Write the coordinates of ABCD in a
3 0 4 2 y
vertex matrix.
2 3 4 2
8. Write the reflection matrix for this situation.
1 0
0 1 O x
9. Find the coordinates of ABCD.
A(3, 2), B(0, 3), C(4, 4), D(2, 2)
10. Graph ABCD and ABCD.
11. ARCHITECTURE Using architectural design software, the Bradleys plot their kitchen
plans on a grid with each unit representing 1 foot. They place the corners of an island at
(2, 8), (8, 11), (3, 5), and (9, 8). If the Bradleys wish to move the island 1.5 feet to the
right and 2 feet down, what will the new coordinates of its corners be?
(3.5, 6), (9.5, 9), (4.5, 3), and (10.5, 6)
12. BUSINESS The design of a business logo calls for locating the vertices of a triangle at
(1.5, 5), (4, 1), and (1, 0) on a grid. If design changes require rotating the triangle 90º
counterclockwise, what will the new coordinates of the vertices be?
(5, 1.5), (1, 4), and (0, 1)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 190 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Transformations with Matrices
Pre-Activity How are transformations used in computer animation?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-4 at the top of page 175 in your textbook.
Describe how you can change the orientation of a figure without changing
its size or shape.
Flip (or reflect) the figure over a line.
Reading the Lesson
1. a. Write the vertex matrix for the quadrilateral ABCD shown in y
the graph at the right. B
4 2 1 2 A
1 3 4 3 O x
D
C
b. Write the vertex matrix that represents the position of the quadrilateral ABCD that
results when quadrilateral ABCD is translated 3 units to the right and 2 units down.
1 5 4 1
1 1 6 5
2. Describe the transformation that corresponds to each of the following matrices.
a. 0 1 b. 4 4
1 0 3 3 3
4
counterclockwise rotation translation 4 units down and
about the origin of 180 3 units to the right
c. 0 1 d. 1 0
1 0 0 1
Lesson 4-4
reflection over the y-axis reflection over the line y x
Helping You Remember
3. Describe a way to remember which of the reflection matrices corresponds to reflection
over the x-axis.
Sample answer: The only elements used in the reflection matrices are 0,
1, and 1. For such a 2 2 matrix M to have the property that
M x x , the elements in the top row must be 1 and 0 (in that
y y
order), and elements in the bottom row must be 0 and 1 (in that order).
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 191 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Enrichment
Properties of Determinants
The following properties often help when evaluating determinants.
• If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, the value of the
determinant is zero.
a b
0 0 0
• Multiplying all the elements of a row (or column) by a constant is equivalent
to multiplying the value of the determinant by the constant.
3 5 3 12 3
4 1
5 3
• If two rows (or columns) have equal corresponding elements, the value of the
determinant is zero.
5 5 0
3 3
• The value of a determinant is unchanged if any multiple of a row (or column)
is added to corresponding elements of another row (or column).
4 3 6 2
2 5 2 5
(Row 2 is added to row 1.)
• If two rows (or columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed.
4 5 3 8
3 8 5 5
• The value of the determinant is unchanged if row 1 is interchanged with column 1,
and row 2 is interchanged with column 2. The result is called the transpose.
5 7 5 3
3 4 7 4
Exercises 1–6
Verify each property above by evaluating the given determinants and give
another example of the property.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 192 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Study Guide and Intervention
Determinants
Determinants of 2 2 Matrices
Second-Order Determinant For the matrix a b , the determinant is a b ad bc.
c d c d
Example Find the value of each determinant.
a. 8
6 3
5
6 3
8 5 6(5) 3(8)
30 (24) or 54
b. 11 5
9 3
11 5 11(3) (5)(9)
9 3
33 (45) or 12
Exercises
Find the value of each determinant.
1. 5 7 52 2.
8 3
3. 4 6 18
6 2 3 9
2 1 2
4. 7 4 64 5.
6 3
6. 5 9 1
5 12 4 7
4 1 6
7. 9 3 114 8. 23 28 144 9. 5 20 335
14 8 15 12 8 35
10. 22 40 48 11. 7 3
24 8
12. 4 19 495
10 16 13 62
16
13. 1.5 15 15 14. 14
8.6 0.5
15. 0.1 1.4 17
0.2 8 20 110
5 36
Lesson 4-5
16. 3.4 5.3 18.3
4.8 2.1
17. 3
2 1
2 13
18. 0.2 5 37
6.8 15
16 1
5 60
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 193 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Determinants
Determinants of 3 3 Matrices
a b c
Third-Order Determinants d e f a eh f b d f c d e
i g i g h
g h i
The area of a triangle having vertices (a, b), (c, d ) and (e, f ) is | A |, where
Area of a Triangle a b 1
A c d 1 .
1
2 e f 1
Example 4 5 2
Evaluate 1 3 0 .
2 3 6
4 5 2
1 3 0 4 3
3 0
6 5 2 6 2 2 3
1 0 1 3
Third-order determinant
2 3 6
4(18 0) 5(6 0) 2(3 6) Evaluate 2 2 determinants.
4(18) 5(6) 2(9) Simplify.
72 30 18 Multiply.
60 Simplify.
Exercises
Evaluate each determinant.
3 2 2 4 1 0 6 1 4
1. 0 4 1 57 2. 2 3 1 80 3. 2 3 0 28
1 5 3 2 2 5 1 3 2
5 2 2 6 1 4 5 4 1
4. 3 0 2 54 5. 3 2 1 63 6. 2 3 2 2
2 4 3 2 2 1 1 6 3
7. Find the area of a triangle with vertices X(2, 3), Y(7, 4), and Z(5, 5).
44.5 square units
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 194 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Skills Practice
Determinants
Find the value of each determinant.
1. 1 3 13 2. 5 8 35 3. 1 7 1
5 2 10 9 1 6
4. 3 1 13 5. 5 8 45 6. 2 8 0
2 5 0 9 3 12
7. 8 6 14 8. 8 7 13 9. 4 1 1
5 2 3 1 9 2
10. 1 5 11. 3 4 5 12. 1
1 3 12 4
1 6 11 4 52
13. 3 5 14. 5
3
15. 5 2 68
1 1 14
6 11 3 2 17
16. 1 2
0 4 4 17. 1
2 2 10
4 18. 1 6
2 5 17
Evaluate each determinant using expansion by minors.
2 1 1 6 1 1 2 6 1
19. 3 2 1 1 20. 5 2 1 2 21. 3 5 1 1
2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 2
Evaluate each determinant using diagonals.
Lesson 4-5
2 1 6 3 1 2 3 2 2
22. 3 2 5 3 23. 1 0 4 8 24. 1 1 4 40
2 3 1 3 2 0 3 1 0
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 195 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Practice (Average)
Determinants
Find the value of each determinant.
1. 2 7 5 2. 3 2 0 3. 2 5 18
1 6 9 6 4 1
4. 2
3
5. 12 4 20 6. 2 5
14 4 3
2 34 5 11 3
7. 2
4 0 36 8. 7 9 55 9.
3 4 1 11
9 10 2 112
10. 3.75 5 30 2 1 12. 0.4
3 4 0.5 0.7
11. 3 9.5 16 0.3 0.13
Evaluate each determinant using expansion by minors.
2 3 1 2 4 1 2 1 1
13. 0 4 3 48 14. 3 0 9 45 15. 1 1 2 7
2 5 1 1 5 7 1 1 1
0 4 0 2 7 6 12 0 3
16. 2 1 1 28 17. 8 4 0 72 18. 7 5 1 318
3 2 5 1 1 3 4 2 6
Evaluate each determinant using diagonals.
4 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 1
19. 2 1 2 10 20. 1 1 1 12 21. 1 6 2 5
4 1 4 3 1 1 2 3 1
1 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 3
22. 1 4 6 20 23. 4 0 2 4 24. 1 8 0 0
2 3 3 0 3 2 0 5 1
25. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices have coordinates (3, 5), (6, 5),
and (4, 10). 27.5 units2
26. LAND MANAGEMENT A fish and wildlife management organization uses a GIS
(geographic information system) to store and analyze data for the parcels of land it
manages. All of the parcels are mapped on a grid in which 1 unit represents 1 acre. If
the coordinates of the corners of a parcel are (8, 10), (6, 17), and (2, 4), how many
acres is the parcel? 133 acres
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 196 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Determinants
Pre-Activity How are determinants used to find areas of polygons?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-5 at the top of page 182 in your textbook.
In this lesson, you will learn how to find the area of a triangle if you know the
coordinates of its vertices using determinants. Describe a method you already
know for finding the area of the Bermuda Triangle. Sample answer:
Use the map. Choose any side of the triangle as the base, and
measure this side with a ruler. Multiply this length by the scale
factor for the map. Next, draw a segment from the opposite
vertex perpendicular to the base. Measure this segment, and
multiply its length by the scale for the map. Finally, find the
1
area by using the formula A bh.
2
Reading the Lesson
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
a. Every matrix has a determinant. false
b. If both rows of a 2 2 matrix are identical, the determinant of the matrix will be 0. true
c. Every element of a 3 3 matrix has a minor. true
d. In order to evaluate a third-order determinant by expansion by minors it is necessary
to find the minor of every element of the matrix. false
e. If you evaluate a third-order determinant by expansion about the second row, the
position signs you will use are . true
2. Suppose that triangle RST has vertices R(2, 5), S(4, 1), and T(0, 6).
a. Write a determinant that could be used in finding the area of triangle RST.
2 5 1
4 1 1
0 6 1
b. Explain how you would use the determinant you wrote in part a to find the area of
the triangle. Sample answer: Evaluate the determinant and multiply the
1
result by . Then take the absolute value to make sure the final answer
2
is positive.
Helping You Remember
Lesson 4-5
3. A good way to remember a complicated procedure is to break it down into steps. Write a
list of steps for evaluating a third-order determinant using expansion by minors.
Sample answer: 1. Choose a row of the matrix. 2. Find the position signs
for the row you have chosen. 3. Find the minor of each element in that
row. 4. Multiply each element by its position sign and by its minor. 5. Add
the results.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 197 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Enrichment
Matrix Multiplication
A furniture manufacturer makes upholstered chairs and wood tables. Matrix A
shows the number of hours spent on each item by three different workers. One
day the factory receives an order for 10 chairs and 3 tables. This is shown in
matrix B.
hours
woodworker finsher upholsterer chair table
chair 4 2 12 A number ordered [ 10 3 ]B
table 18 15 0
[10 3] 18 15 0 [10(4) 3(18) 10(2) 3(15) 10(12) 3(0)] [94 65 120]
4 2 12
The product of the two matrices shows the number of hours needed for each
type of worker to complete the order: 94 hours for woodworking, 65 hours for
finishing, and 120 hours for upholstering.
To find the total labor cost, multiply by a matrix that shows the hourly rate for
each worker: $15 for woodworking, $9 for finishing, and $12 for upholstering.
15
C 9 [94 65 120] [94(15) 65(9) 120(12)] $3435
12
Use matrix multiplication to solve these problems.
A candy company packages caramels, chocolates, and hard candy in three
different assortments: traditional, deluxe, and superb. For each type of candy
the table below gives the number in each assortment, the number of Calories
per piece, and the cost to make each piece.
Calories cost per
traditional deluxe superb per piece piece (cents)
caramels 10 16 15 60 10
chocolates 12 8 25 70 12
card candy 10 16 8 55 6
The company receives an order for 300 traditional, 180 deluxe and
100 superb assortments.
1. Find the number of each type of candy needed to fill the order.
7380 caramels; 7540 chocolates; 6680 hard candies
2. Find the total number of Calories in each type of assortment.
1990-traditional; 2400-deluxe; 3090-superb
3. Find the cost of production for each type of assortment.
$3.04-traditional; $3.52-deluxe; $4.98-superb
4. Find the cost to fill the order. $2043.60
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 198 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Study Guide and Intervention
Cramer’s Rule
Systems of Two Linear Equations Determinants provide a way for solving systems
Lesson 4-6
of equations.
The solution of the linear system of equations ax by e
cx dy f
Cramer’s Rule for e b a e
f d c f
, and a b 0.
Two-Variable Systems
is (x, y ) where x ,y
a b
a b c d
c d c d
Example Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system of equations. 5x 10y 8
10x 25y 2
e b a e
f d c f
x Cramer’s Rule y
a b
a b
c d c d
8 10 5 8
2 25 10 2
a 5, b 10, c 10, d 25, e 8, f 2
5 10
5 10
10 25 10 25
8(25) (2)(10) 5(2) 8(10)
5(25) (10)(10) Evaluate each determinant.
5(25) (10)(10)
180 4 90 2
or Simplify. or
225 5 225 5
The solution is , . 45 2
5
Exercises
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
1. 3x 2y 7 2. x 4y 17 3. 2x y 2
2x 7y 38 (5, 4) 3x y 29 (9, 2) 4x y 4 (3, 8)
4. 2x y 1 5. 4x 2y 1 6. 6x 3y 3
5x 2y 29 (3, 7)
7
5x 4y 24 2, 2 2x y 21 (5, 11)
x y
7. 2x 7y 16 8. 2x 3y 2 9. 2
3 5
x 2y 30 (22, 4) 3x 4y 9 (35, 24) x y
8 (12, 30)
4 6
3
10. 6x 9y 1 11. 3x 12y 14 12. 8x 2y
7
3x 18y 12 9x 6y 7
27
5x 4y
7
23 , 59 43 , 56 17 ,
14
11
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 199 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Cramer’s Rule
Systems of Three Linear Equations
The solution of the system whose equations are
ax by cz j
dx ey fz k
gx hy iz l
Cramer’s Rule for
Three-Variable Systems j b c a j c a b j
k e f d k f d e k
l h i g l i g h l a b c
is (x, y, z) where x ,y , and z and d e f 0.
a b c
a b c
a b c g h i
d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i
Example Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system of equations.
6x 4y z 5
2x 3y 2z 2
8x 2y 2z 10
Use the coefficients and constants from the equations to form the determinants. Then
evaluate each determinant.
5 4 1 6 5 1 6 4 5
2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
10 2 2 8 10 2 8 2 10
x y z
6 4 1
6 4 1
6 4 1
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
8 2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2
80 5 32 1 128 4
96 or or
96 or
6 96 3 3
56
The solution is , , .
1 4
3 3
Exercises
Use Cramer’s rule to solve each system of equations.
1. x 2y 3z 6 2. 3x y 2z 2
2x y z 3 4x 2y 5z 7
x y z 6 (1, 2, 3) x y z 1 (3, 5, 3)
3. x 3y z 1 4. 2x y 3z 5
2x 2y z 8 x y 5z 21
4x 7y 2z 11 (2, 1, 6) 3x 2y 4z 6 (4, 7, 2)
5. 3x y 4z 7 6. 2x y 4z 9
2x y 5z 24 3x 2y 5z 13
10x 3y 2z 2 (3, 8, 2) x y 7z 0 (5, 9, 2)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 200 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Skills Practice
Cramer’s Rule
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
Lesson 4-6
1. 2a 3b 6 2. 3x y 2
2a b 2 (3, 4) 2x y 3 (1, 1)
3. 2m 3n 6 4. x y 2
m 3n 6 (0, 2) 2x 3y 9 (3, 1)
5. 2x y 4 6. 3r s 7
7x 2y 3 (1, 2) 5r 2s 8 (6, 11)
7. 4g 5h 1 8. 7x 5y 8
g 3h 2 (1, 1) 9x 2y 3 (1, 3)
9. 3x 4y 2 10. 2x y 5
4x 3y 12 (6, 4) 3x y 5 (2, 1)
11. 3p 6q 18 12. x 2y 1
2p 3q 5 (4, 1) 2x y 3 (1, 1)
13. 5c 3d 5 14. 5t 2v 2
2c 9d 2 (1, 0) 2t 3v 8 (2, 4)
15. 5a 2b 14 16. 65w 8z 83
3a 4b 11 (3, 0.5) 9w 4z 0 (1, 2.25)
17. GEOMETRY The two sides of an angle are contained in the lines whose equations are
3x 2y 4 and x 3y 5. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the angle. (2, 1)
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
18. a b 5c 2 19. x 3y z 5
3a b 2c 3 2x 5y z 12
4a 2b c 3 (2, 5, 1) x 2y 3z 13 ( 3, 2, 4)
20. 3c 5d 2e 4 21. r 4s t 6
2c 3d 4c 3 2r s 3t 0
4c 2d 3e 0 (1, 1, 2) 3r 2s t 4 (1, 1, 1)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 201 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Practice (Average)
Cramer’s Rule
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
1. 2x y 0 2. 5c 9d 19 3. 2x 3y 5
3x 2y 2 (2, 4) 2c d 20 (7, 6) 3x 2y 1 (1, 1)
4. 20m 3n 28 5. x 3y 6 6. 5x 6y 45
2m 3n 16 (2, 4) 3x y 22 (6, 4) 9x 8y 13 (3, 5)
7. 2e f 4 8. 2x y 1 9. 8a 3b 24
3e 5f 15 (5, 6) 2x 4y 8 (2, 3) 2a b 4 (6, 8)
10. 3x 15y 45 11. 3u 5v 11 12. 6g h 10
2x 7y 18 (5, 4)
1
3
6u 7v 12 , 2 4
3g 4h 4 , 2 3
13. x 3y 8 14. 0.2x 0.5y 1 15. 0.3d 0.6g 1.8
x 0.5y 3 (2, 2) 0.6x 3y 9 (5, 4) 0.2d 0.3g 0.5 (4, 1)
16. GEOMETRY The two sides of an angle are contained in the lines whose equations are
4
x y 6 and 2x y 1. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the angle. (2, 3)
3
17. GEOMETRY Two sides of a parallelogram are contained in the lines whose equations
are 0.2x 0.5y 1 and 0.02x 0.3y 0.9. Find the coordinates of a vertex of the
parallelogram. (15, 4)
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
18. x 3y 3z 4 19. 5a b 4c 7 20. 2x y 3z 5
x 2y z 1 3a 2b c 0 5x 2y 2z 8
4x y 2z 1 2a 3b c 17 3x 3y 5z 17
(1, 1, 2) (3, 2, 5) (2, 3, 4)
21. 2c 3d e 17 22. 2j k 3m 3 23. 3x 2y 5z 3
4c d 5e 9 3j 2k 4m 5 2x 2y 4z 3
c 2d e 12 4j k 2m 4 5x 10y 7z 3
(2, 3, 4) (1, 2, 1) (1.2, 0.3, 0)
24. LANDSCAPING A memorial garden being planted in
front of a municipal library will contain three circular
beds that are tangent to each other. A landscape architect A
has prepared a sketch of the design for the garden using
16
t
15 f
ft
CAD (computer-aided drafting) software, as shown at the
right. The centers of the three circular beds are represented
by points A, B, and C. The distance from A to B is 15 feet,
the distance from B to C is 13 feet, and the distance from B C
A to C is 16 feet. What is the radius of each of the circular
beds? circle A: 9 ft, circle B: 6 ft, circle C: 7 ft 13 ft
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 202 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Cramer’s Rule
Pre-Activity How is Cramer’s Rule used to solve systems of equations?
Lesson 4-6
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-6 at the top of page 189 in your textbook.
1
A triangle is bounded by the x-axis, the line y x, and the line
2
y 2x 10. Write three systems of equations that you could use to find
the three vertices of the triangle. (Do not actually find the vertices.)
1 1
x 0, y x; x 0, y 2x 10; y x, y 2x 10
2 2
Reading the Lesson
1. Suppose that you are asked to solve the following system of equations by Cramer’s Rule.
3x 2y 7
2x 3y 22
Without actually evaluating any determinants, indicate which of the following ratios of
determinants gives the correct value for x. B
3 2 7 2 3 7
2 3 22 3 2 22
A. B. C.
7 2
3 2
3 2
22 3 2 3 2 3
2. In your textbook, the statements of Cramer’s Rule for two variables and three variables
specify that the determinant formed from the coefficients of the variables cannot be 0.
If the determinant is zero, what do you know about the system and its solutions?
The system could be a dependent system and have infinitely many
solutions, or it could be an inconsistent system and have no solutions.
Helping You Remember
3. Some students have trouble remembering how to arrange the determinants that are used
in solving a system of two linear equations by Cramer’s Rule. What is a good way to
remember this?
Sample answer: Let D be the determinant of the coefficients. Let Dx be the
determinant formed by replacing the first column of D with the constants
from the right-hand side of the system, and let Dy be the determinant
formed by replacing the second column of D with the constants. Then
Dx Dy
x and y .
D D
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 203 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Enrichment
Communications Networks
The diagram at the right represents a communications network 1 2
linking five computer remote stations. The arrows indicate the
direction in which signals can be transmitted and received by each
5
computer. We can generate a matrix to describe this network.
3 4
to computer j The entry in position aij represents the number of ways to send
0 1 0 1 0 a message from computer i to computer j directly. Compare the
0 0 0 1 1 entries of matrix A to the diagram to verify the entries. For
A from
computer i 1 0 0 1 0 example, there is one way to send a message from computer 3
1 1 1 0 1
to computer 4, so A3,4 1. A computer cannot send a message
0 1 0 1 0
to itself, so A1,1 0.
Matrix A is a communications network for direct communication. Suppose you
want to send a message from one computer to another using exactly one other
computer as a relay point. It can be shown that the entries of matrix A2 represent
the number of ways to send a message from one point to another by going through
a third station. For example, a message may be sent from station 1 to station 5 by
going through station 2 or station 4 on the way. Therefore, A21,5 2.
to computer j
1 1 1 1 2 Again, compare the entries of matrix A2 to the
1 2 1 1 1 communications diagram to verify that the entries are
A2 from
computer i 1 2 1 1 1 correct. Matrix A2 represents using exactly one relay.
1 2 0 4 1
1 1 1 1 2
For each network, find the matrices A and A2. Then write the number
of ways the messages can be sent for each matrix.
1. 1 2. 1 2 3 3. 1 2
6 5
2 3 4 4 5 3 4
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A: 1 0 1 0 A: 0 1 0 0 1 1 A: 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
9 ways 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 ways 10 ways
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
A: 1 2 1 1 A: 1 0 2 1 0 0 A: 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 0
21 ways 0 1 0 1 0 0
21 ways 14 ways
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 204 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Study Guide and Intervention
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Identity and Inverse Matrices The identity matrix for matrix multiplication is a
square matrix with 1s for every element of the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
Identity Matrix If A is an n n matrix and I is the identity matrix,
for Multiplication then A I A and I A A.
If an n n matrix A has an inverse A1, then A A1 A1 A I.
3 2
Example 7 4 and Y
Determine whether X 10 are inverse
6 5 7
Lesson 4-7
matrices. 2
Find X Y.
7 4
3 2
X Y 10 6 5 7
2
21 20 14 14 1 0
30 30 20 21 or 0 1
Find Y X.
3 2 7 4
YX
5 10 6
7
2
21 20 12 12
35 35 20 21 or 1 0
0 1
Since X Y Y X I, X and Y are inverse matrices.
Exercises
Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses.
4 5 2 1
1. 3 4 and 3 2. 5 4 and 5 3 3. 5 1 and 1 2
4 5 3 2 2 3 2 3
4
2 2
yes yes no
2 1
4 11 4 1
4. 3 4 and 3 8 1 2 6. 11 4 and 5
8 11 5 2 11
5. 5 3 and 3 8
2 2
yes no yes
1 1 7 3
3 4
4 2
7. 6 2 and 3
5
10
10
1
10
8. 4 6 and
5 8
5
2
2
9. 2 4 and 2
3 7
1 2
2
no yes no
5 2 5 3
10. 4 6 and 4 3 11. 17 5 and 17 12. 7 5 and 7 4
3 2 3 2 7 2 4 3
7
no yes yes
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 205 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Find Inverse Matrices
The inverse of a matrix A a b is
c d
Inverse of a 2 2 Matrix
A1 d b , where ad bc 0.
1
ad bc c a
If ad bc 0, the matrix does not have an inverse.
Example Find the inverse of N 7 2
2 1 .
First find the value of the determinant.
7 2 7 4 3
2 1
Since the determinant does not equal 0, N1 exists.
1 2
1
N1 c
ad bc
d b 1 1 2
a 3 2 7 3
2
3
3
7
3
Check:
1 2 7 4 14
14
NN1 2 1
7 2
3
2 3 3
3
7 2
3
2
3 3
3
3
4
3
3
7
3
0 1 1 0
1 2 7 4
2 2
N1N
3
2 3
7 2
3 3
7 2
1
14
3 3
14
3
4
3 3 3 3
3
7
0 1
1 0
Exercises
Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
24 12
1. 8 4 2. 0 1
1 1 40 10
3. 20 30
no inverse exists 1 1 30 10
1
0 1 1000 20 40
4. 10 8 5. 4 8 6. 10 4
6 5 3 6 8 2
8 5 4 2
1 1
no inverse exists
2 10 6 12 10 8
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 206 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Skills Practice
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses.
1 0 1 0 2 3 1 3
1. X 1 1, Y 1 1 yes 2. P 1 1, Q 1 2 yes
1 0 1 0 2 5 2 5
3. M 0 3, N 0 3 no 4. A 1 2, B 1 2 yes
Lesson 4-7
0 1 1 2
0 7
5. V 7 0, W 1
7
7
0
yes 1 4
6. X 1 2, Y
3 3
1 1 yes
6 6
2 3
4 3
7. G 1 2, H
11 11
1
4 yes
11 11
8. D
4 4
4
0.125 0.125
4, E 0.125 0.125 no
Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
0 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 1
9. 4 0 10. 3 2
8 4 0 3 1
9 3 4 1 0 4
12. 6 0
2
11. 6 2 no inverse exists
24 6 2
1 3 1
1 1
14. 1 2 no inverse exists
3 6
13. 3 3 6 3 1
1 1 1 1 4 5 1 2 5
15. 1
1
1 16. 1 2
2 1 1 13 1 4
1 0 7
17. 7 0 18. 5 4 no inverse exists
0 7 10 8
49 7 0
1 8 8 2 0 1 2 0
19. 10 8
10 8
20. 0 2
160 10 10 4 0 2
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 207 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Practice (Average)
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses.
2 1 2 1
1. M 3 2, N 3 2 no
3 2 3 2
2. X 5 3, Y 5 3 yes
1 1 3
1
3 1
3. A 4 2, B
5
5
2
10
3 yes
10
6 2
4. P 2
14
3, Q 1
7
7
3 yes
7
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
5. All square matrices have multiplicative inverses. false
6. All square matrices have multiplicative identities. true
Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
7. 4 3 3 5
4 5 1 2 0 1
8. 3 5 5 0
8 4 4 10 3 2
2 5 1
9. 4 7 7 3 10. 1 3 3 5
1 3 1
5 4 1 11 1 2
2 5
11. 3
1 1 5 4 6
12. 6 9 no inverse exists
1 17
3 2
GEOMETRY For Exercises 13–16, use the figure at the right. y
13. Write the vertex matrix A for the rectangle.
1 4 5 2
2 4 1 1 (4, 4)
(1, 2)
1.5 0 (5, 1)
14. Use matrix multiplication to find BA if B 0 1.5.
1.5 6 7.5 3 O x
3 6 1.5 1.5 (2, –1)
15. Graph the vertices of the transformed triangle on the previous graph.
Describe the transformation. dilation by a scale factor of 1.5
16. Make a conjecture about what transformation B1 describes on a coordinate plane.
2
dilation by a scale factor of
3
1 2
17. CODES Use the alphabet table below and the inverse of coding matrix C 2 1 to
decode this message:
19 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 55 | 65 | 57 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 52 | 47 | 33 | 51 | 56 | 55.
CODE CHECK_YOUR_ANSWERS
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5 F 6 G 7
H 8 I 9 J 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 N 14
O 15 P 16 Q 17 R 18 S 19 T 20 U 21
V 22 W 23 X 24 Y 25 Z 26 – 0
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 208 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Pre-Activity How are inverse matrices used in cryptography?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-7 at the top of page 195 in your textbook.
Refer to the code table given in the introduction to this lesson. Suppose that
you receive a message coded by this system as follows:
16 12 5 1 19 5 2 5 13 25 6 18 9 5 14 4.
Decode the message. Please be my friend.
Lesson 4-7
Reading the Lesson
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
a. Every element of an identity matrix is 1. false
b. There is a 3 2 identity matrix. false
c. Two matrices are inverses of each other if their product is the identity matrix. true
d. If M is a matrix, M1 represents the reciprocal of M. false
e. No 3 2 matrix has an inverse. true
f. Every square matrix has an inverse. false
g. If the two columns of a 2 2 matrix are identical, the matrix does not have an
inverse. true
2. Explain how to find the inverse of a 2 2 matrix. Do not use any special mathematical
symbols in your explanation.
Sample answer: First find the determinant of the matrix. If it is zero, then
the matrix has no inverse. If the determinant is not zero, form a new
matrix as follows. Interchange the top left and bottom right elements.
Change the signs but not the positions of the other two elements.
Multiply the resulting matrix by the reciprocal of the determinant of the
original matrix. The resulting matrix is the inverse of the original matrix.
Helping You Remember
3. One way to remember something is to explain it to another person. Suppose that you are
studying with a classmate who is having trouble remembering how to find the inverse of
a 2 2 matrix. He remembers how to move elements and change signs in the matrix,
but thinks that he should multiply by the determinant of the original matrix. How can
you help him remember that he must multiply by the reciprocal of this determinant?
Sample answer: If the determinant of the matrix is 0, its reciprocal is
undefined. This agrees with the fact that if the determinant of a matrix is
0, the matrix does not have an inverse.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 209 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Enrichment
Permutation Matrices
A permutation matrix is a square matrix in which 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
each row and each column has one entry that is 1. 01 0 0 0 1 0 0
All the other entries are 0. Find the inverse of a
P 00 0 1 P1 1 0 0 0
permutation matrix interchanging the rows and 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
columns. For example, row 1 is interchanged with
column 1, row 2 is interchanged with column 2.
P is a 4 4 permutation matrix. P1 is the inverse of P.
Solve each problem.
1. There is just one 2 2 permutation 2. Find the inverse of the matrix you wrote
matrix that is not also an identity in Exercise 1. What do you notice?
matrix. Write this matrix.
0 1 0 1 The two matrices
1 0 1 0 are the same.
3. Show that the two matrices in Exercises 1 and 2 are inverses.
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
4. Write the inverse of this matrix.
0 0 1 0 1 0
B 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
5. Use B1 from problem 4. Verify that B and B1 are inverses.
0 0 0 0 1 1 010010 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 110000 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 011000 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
6. Permutation matrices can be used to write and decipher codes. To see how
this is done, use the message matrix M and matrix B from problem 4. Find
matrix C so that C equals the product MB. Use the rules below.
0 times a letter 0 S H E H E S
1 times a letter the same letter M S A W A W S
0 plus a letter the same letter H I M I M H
7. Now find the product CB1. What do you notice?
H E S 0 1 0 S H E
A W S 0 0 1 S A W
I M H H I M
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 210 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Study Guide and Intervention
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Write Matrix Equations A matrix equation for a system of equations consists of the
product of the coefficient and variable matrices on the left and the constant matrix on the
right of the equals sign.
Example Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
a. 3x 7y 12 b. 2x y 3z 7
x 5y 8 x 3y 4z 15
Determine the coefficient, variable, and 7x 2y z 28
constant matrices. 2 1 3 x 7
3 7 x 12 1 3 4 y 15
1 5 y 8 7 2 1 z 28
Exercises
Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
Lesson 4-8
1. 2x y 8 2. 4x 3y 18 3. 7x 2y 15
5x 3y 12 x 2y 12 3x y 10
2 1 x 8 4 3 x 18 7 2 x 15
5 3 y 12 1 2 y 12 3 1 y 10
4. 4x 6y 20 5. 5x 2y 18 6. 3x y 24
3x y 8 0 x 4y 25 3y 80 2x
4 6 x 20 5 2 x 18 3 1 x 24
3 1 y 8 1 4 y 25 2 3 y 80
7. 2x y 7z 12 8. 5x y 7z 32
5x y 3z 15 x 3y 2z 18
x 2y 6z 25 2x 4y 3z 12
2 1 7 x 12 5 1 7 x 32
5 1 3 y 15 1 3 2 y 18
1 2 6 z 25 2 4 3 z 12
9. 4x 3y z 100 10. x 3y 7z 27
2x y 3z 64 2x y 5z 48
5x 3y 2z 8 4x 2y 3z 72
4 3 1 x 100 1 3 7 x 27
2 1 3 y 64 2 1 5 y 48
5 3 2 z 8 4 2 3 z 72
11. 2x 3y 9z 108 12. z 45 3x 2y
x 5z 40 2y 2x 3y z 60
3x 5y 89 4z x 4y 2z 120
2 3 9 x 108 3 2 1 x 45
1 2 5 y 40 2 3 1 y 60
3 5 4 z 89 1 4 2 z 120
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 211 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Solve Systems of Equations Use inverse matrices to solve systems of equations
written as matrix equations.
If AX B, then X A1B, where A is the coefficient matrix,
Solving Matrix Equations
X is the variable matrix, and B is the constant matrix.
Example Solve 5 2 x 6
6 4 y 4 .
In the matrix equation A 6 4, X y, and B 4.
5 2 x 6
Step 1 Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix.
A1 4 2 or 4 2.
1 1
20 12 6 5 8 6 5
Step 2 Multiply each side of the matrix equation by the inverse matrix.
1 4 2 5 2 x
1 4 2 6
Multiply each side by A1.
8 6 5 6 4 y 8 6 5 4
1 0 x 1 16
0 1 y 8 16 Multiply matrices.
x 2
y 2 Simplify.
The solution is (2, 2).
Exercises
Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices.
2 4 x 2
1. 3 1 y 18
4 8 x 16 3 2 x 3
2. 6 12 y 12 3. 5 4 y 7
(5, 3) no solution (13, 18)
2 3 x 4 3 6 x 15 1 2 x 3
4. 2 5 y 8 5. 5 9 y 6 6. 3 1 y 6
14 , 23 (57, 31) 79 ,
7
15
7. 4x 2y 22 8. 2x y 2 9. 3x 4y 12
6x 4y 2 x 2y 46 5x 8y 8
(3, 5) (10, 18) (32, 21)
10. x 3y 5 11. 5x 4y 5 12. 3x 2y 5
2x 7y 8 9x 8y 0 x 4y 20
(59, 18)
19 76
10 45
, (2, 5.5)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 212 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Skills Practice
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
1. x y 5 2. 3a 8b 16
2x y 1 4a 3b 3
1 1 x 5 3 8 a 16
2 1 y 1 4 3 b 3
3. m 3n 3 4. 2c 3d 6
4m 3n 6 3c 4d 7
1 3 m 3 2 3 c 6
4 3 n 6 3 4 d 7
5. r s 1 6. x y 5
2r 3s 12 3x 2y 10
1 1 r 1 1 1 x 5
2 3 s 12 3 2 y 10
Lesson 4-8
7. 6x y 2z 4 8. a b c 5
3x 2y z 10 3a 2b c 0
xyz3 2a 3b 8
6 1 2 x 4 1 1 1 a 5
3 2 1 y 10 3 2 1 b 0
1 1 1 z 3 2 3 0 c 8
Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices.
1 3 w 7 4 3 x 6
9. 4 3 z 1 (2, 3) 10. 1 3 y 3 (3, 2)
5 8 a 1 7 3 m 15 (3, 2)
11. 3 1 b 7 (3, 2) 12. 5 4 n 23
3 12 c 25 5 6 m 15
1
13. 2 6 d 12 7,
3 5
14. 12 6 n 2 1,
3
15. p 3q 6 16. x 3y 2
2p 3q 6 (0, 2) 4x 5y 1 (1, 1)
17. 2m 2n 8 18. 3a b 9
6m 4n 18 (1, 3) 5a 2b 14 (4, 3)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 213 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Practice (Average)
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
1. 3x 2y 9 2. 6x 2y 2
5x 3y 13 3x 3y 10
3 2 x 9 6 2 x 2
5 3 y 13 3 3 y 10
3. 2a b 0 4. r 5s 10
3a 2b 2 2r 3s 7
2 1 a 0 1 5 r 10
3 2 b 2 2 3 s 7
5. 3x 2y 5z 3 6. 2m n 3p 5
x y 4z 2 5m 2n 2p 8
2x 2y 7z 5 3m 3n 5p 17
3 2 5 x 3 2 1 3 m 5
1 1 4 y 2 5 2 2 n 8
2 2 7 z 5 3 3 5 p 17
Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices.
2 1 g 0 2 3 x 7
7. 3 2 h 2 (2, 4) 8. 1 5 y 10 (5, 1)
3 a 12 5 3 c 16
9. 3 4 b 11 (3, 5)
1
10. 6 4 d 34 (1, 7)
4 2 r 17 8 3 y 1
12. 12 6 z 1 ,
1 1 1
11. 7 4 s 26 4,
2 4 3
13. 2x 3y 5 14. 8d 9f 13
3x 2y 1 (1, 1) 6d 5f 45 (5, 3)
15. 5m 9n 19 16. 4j 9k 8
2m n 20 (7, 6)
1
2 2
6j 12k 5 ,
3
17. AIRLINE TICKETS Last Monday at 7:30 A.M., an airline flew 89 passengers on a
commuter flight from Boston to New York. Some of the passengers paid $120 for their
tickets and the rest paid $230 for their tickets. The total cost of all of the tickets was
$14,200. How many passengers bought $120 tickets? How many bought $230 tickets?
57; 32
18. NUTRITION A single dose of a dietary supplement contains 0.2 gram of calcium and
0.2 gram of vitamin C. A single dose of a second dietary supplement contains 0.1 gram
of calcium and 0.4 gram of vitamin C. If a person wants to take 0.6 gram of calcium and
1.2 grams of vitamin C, how many doses of each supplement should she take?
2 doses of the first supplement and 2 doses of the second supplement
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 214 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Pre-Activity How are inverse matrices used in population ecology?
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-8 at the top of page 202 in your textbook.
Write a 2 2 matrix that summarizes the information given in the
introduction about the food and territory requirements for the two species.
140 500
120 400
Reading the Lesson
1. a. Write a matrix equation for the following system of equations.
3x 5y 10 3 5 x 10
2x 4y 7 2 4 y 7
Lesson 4-8
b. Explain how to use the matrix equation you wrote above to solve the system. Use as
few mathematical symbols in your explanation as you can. Do not actually solve the
system.
Sample answer: Find the inverse of the 2 2 matrix of coefficients.
Multiply this inverse by the 2 1 matrix of constants, with the 2 2
matrix on the left. The product will be a 2 1 matrix. The number in
the first row will be the value of x, and the number in the second row
will be the value of y.
2. Write a system of equations that corresponds to the following matrix equation.
3 2 4 x 2 3x 2y 4z 2
2 1 0 y 6 2x y 6
0 5 6 z 4 5y 6z 4
Helping You Remember
3. Some students have trouble remembering how to set up a matrix equation to solve a
system of linear equations. What is an easy way to remember the order in which to write
the three matrices that make up the equation?
Sample answer: Just remember “CVC” for “coefficients, variables,
constants.” The variable matrix is on the left side of the equals sign, just
as the variables are in the system of linear equations. The constant
matrix is on the right side of the equals sign, just as the constants are in
the system of linear equations.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 215 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Enrichment
Properties of Matrices
Computing with matrices is different from computing with real numbers. Stated
below are some properties of the real number system. Are these also true for
matrices? In the problems on this page, you will investigate this question.
For all real numbers a and b, ab 0 if and only if a 0 or b 0.
Multiplication is commutative. For all real numbers a and b, ab ba.
Multiplication is associative. For all real numbers a, b, and c, a(bc) (ab)c.
Use the matrices A, B, and C for the problems. Write whether each
statement is true. Assume that a 2-by-2 matrix is the 0 matrix if and
only if all of its elements are zero.
A 1 3 B 1 3 C 1 2
3 1 1 3 3 6
1. AB 0 2. AC 0 3. BC 0
4. AB BA 5. AC CA 6. BC CB
7. A(BC) (AB)C 8. B(CA) (BC)A 9. B(AC) (BA)C
8
10. Write a statement summarizing your findings about the properties of matrix
multiplication.
Based on these examples, matrix multiplication is associative, but not
commutative. Two matrices may have a product of zero even if neither of
the factors equals zero.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 216 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 1 SCORE
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. How many elements are there in a 3 4 matrix?
A. 7 B. 3 C. 12 D. 4 1.
2. Solve the matrix equation 3y 7x 31 6z for y.
A. 1 B. 6 C. 7 D. 1 2.
For Questions 3–10, use the matrices to find the following.
1
0 1 3
4 1 1 6 2
P Q R S
2 0 0 2 1 2 0 1
2
0 4
6 4 10 5 3
T 9
3 1 5 U 2 7 4 V 2 6
5 3
3. the first row of T U
A. [4 1 12] B. [1 8 9] C. [16 9 6] D. not possible 3.
4. the first row of U V
A. [10 3 8] B. [10 2] C. [10 7 2] D. not possible 4.
5. the first row of 4T
A. [2 8 5] B. [12 4 20] C. [24 16 36] D. not possible 5.
Assessment
6. the first row of 2P S
A. [9 1] B. [10 4] C. [9 5] D. not possible 6.
7. the first row of TV
A. [12 4 20] B. [23 21] C. [53 27] D. not possible 7.
8. the inverse of matrix R
A. P B. Q C. S D. not possible 8.
9. the dimensions of PQ
A. 1 2 B. 2 2 C. 2 1 D. 4 4 9.
10. the pair of matrices that are inverses
A. P and S B. Q and S C. P and Q D. Q and R 10.
11. Find the value of 53 12 .
A. 13 B. 7 C. 17 D. 3 11.
12. Which expression is true for all matrices X22, Y22 and scalars c?
A. c(X Y) (Y X)c B. XY YX
C. c(XY) (YX)c D. c(XY) (cX)(cY) 12.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 217 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 1 (continued)
1 3 2
13. Evaluate 0 1 1 using expansion by minors.
2 4 1
A. 5 B. 7 C. 7 D. 3 13.
2 0 1
14. Evaluate 3 1 2 using diagonals.
1 2 5
A. 2 B. 7 C. 11 D. 1 14.
15. Triangle RST with vertices R(2, 5), S(1, 4), and T(3, 1) is translated 3 units
right. What are the coordinates of S?
A. (4, 4) B. (4, 7) C. (1, 7) D. (2, 4) 15.
16. The vertices of XYZ are X(3, 1), Y(0, 4), and Z(0, 0). The triangle is being
reflected over the line y x. Use the reflection matrix
0 1
1 0
to find X.
A. (3, 1) B. (1, 3) C. (3, 1) D. (3, 1) 16.
17. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 2m 3n 11 and
3m 5n 6. Which determinant represents the numerator for m?
A.
11 2
6 3 B.
2 3
3 5 C. 2 11
3 6 D.
11
6 5
3
17.
18. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 2x 3y 4z 12,
3x y 5z 10 and x 4y z 8. Which determinant represents the
numerator for y?
2 12 4 12 3 4 2 3 4 2 4 12
A. 3 10 5 B. 10 1 5 C. 3 1 5 D. 3 5 10 18.
1 8 1 8 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 8
19. Which matrix would not be used to write a matrix equation for the system
of equations 3f 2g 7 and 2f g 5?
A.
f
g
B. 3 2
2 1 C.
g
f
D.
7
5 19.
20. Which product would be used to solve the matrix equation 40 61 mn 40
by using inverse matrices?
B. 1 1 6 6 4
A.
4 6
0 1
4
0 4 0 4
4
0 C. 1
4 6
4 0 1
4
0
D. 4 10 4
0
20.
0 1 0
Bonus Find the value of a b c . B:
c a b
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 218 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2A SCORE
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Solve the matrix equation 3xy 105 2y
x
for x.
A. 20 B. 25 C. 1 D. 4 1.
For Questions 2–10, use the matrices to find the following.
1
1 3 1
P
0 14
2 21 Q1 2
0 4 R 2
1
0
S 4 2
1
0
4 14
2 4
11 7 5 3 0 2
T 6 3 8 U 4 9 5 V 1 0
3 1
2. the dimensions of matrix T
A. 6 1 B. 3 2 C. 2 3 D. 1 6 2.
3. the first row of T V
A. [9 6 8] B. [9 2] C. [7 7 4] D. not possible 3.
4. the first row of U T
A. [14 7 7] B. [0] C. [10 6 13] D. not possible 4.
5. the first row of 4U
A. [4] B. [16 36 20] C. [12 0 8] D. not possible 5.
Assessment
6. the first row of 4Q P
A. [4 2] B. [4 6] C. [4 22] D. not possible 6.
7. the first row of UV
A. [2 21] B. [22 36 24] C. [0 14] D. not possible 7.
8. the inverse of matrix R
A. P B. Q C. S D. not possible 8.
9. the dimensions of VT
A. 2 3 B. 3 2 C. 3 3 D. 2 2 9.
10. the pair of matrices that are inverses
A. P and Q B. P and S C. Q and S D. P and R 10.
12 4 .
11. Find the value of
7 3
A. 8 B. 64 C. 6 D. 8 11.
12. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices have coordinates
(4, 3), (2, 5), and (7, 1).
A. 9 units2 B. 18 units2 C. 14 units2 D. 7 units2 12.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 219 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2A (continued)
1 4 1
13. Evaluate 0 3 5 using diagonals.
2 6 2
A. 58 B. 2 C. 12 D. 10 13.
14. For all matrices X33, Y23, and Z33 and scalars q, which statement is
always true?
A. X 2Z 2X Z B. q(XZ) (qX)Z
C. q(YZ) (ZY)q D. (XY)Z Z(YX) 14.
15. MAP On a map, the coordinates of the corners of a town are A(0.5, 2),
B(2, 3.5), C(5, 1.5), and D(3, 1). The map is dilated so that the perimeter
of the town is five times its original perimeter. Find the coordinates of C.
A. (25, 7.5) B. (1, 0.3) C. (25, 1.5) D. (10, 6.5) 15.
16. Triangle RST with vertices R(10, 8), S(1, 7), and T(5, 10) is rotated 90
counterclockwise about the origin. Find the coordinates of T.
A. (5, 10) B. (10, 5) C. (10, 5) D. (10, 5) 16.
17. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 3m 5n 12 and
4m 7n 5. Which determinant represents the numerator for n?
A.
12 3
5 4 B. 3 5
4 7 C.
3 12
4 5
D. 12 5
5 7 17.
18. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 3x y 2z 17,
4x 2y 3z 10, and 2x 5y 9z 6. Which determinant represents
the numerator for z?
3 1 2 3 1 17 17 3 1 3 17 2
A. 4 2 3 B. 4 2 10 C. 10 4 2 D. 4 10 3 18.
2 5 9 2 5 6 6 2 5 2 6 9
19. Which matrix would not be used to write a matrix equation for the system
of equations 5m 2n 13 and m n 2?
5 2
A.
m
n
B.
13
2
C.
5 13
1 2
D.
1 1 19.
20. Which product would be used to solve the matrix equation
3 4 a
2 1 b 6
7
by using inverse matrices?
B. 1 3 4
3 4
A. 1
1 4
11 2 3
6
7 11 2 1 6
7
C.
1 4
2 3
6
7
D.
2 1
6
7 20.
d f d
Bonus Find the value of 1 1 1 . B:
f d f
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 220 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2B SCORE
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
1. Solve the matrix equation 2x
3y
for x.
A. 1 B. 1 C. 7 D. 7 1.
For Questions 2–10, use the matrices to find the following.
0 1 7 1
P
3 1
4 0 Q 4 4
12 21 R
1
4
3
S
12
1
9
1
4 3 9
3 1
4 5 2 9 6 4
T 8 1 3 U 5 2 3 V 0 2
4 5
2. the dimensions of matrix V
A. 6 1 B. 1 6 C. 2 3 D. 3 2 2.
3. the first row of T U
A. [5 1 6] B. [13 11 2] C. [3 3 6] D. not possible 3.
4. the first row of V T
A. [1 7] B. [7 3 2] C. [1 5 6] D. not possible 4.
5. the first row of 3T
A. [12 24] B. [12 15 6] C. [24 3 9] D. not possible 5.
Assessment
6. the first row of 5P Q
A. [11 1] B. [9 1] C. [19 9] D. not possible 6.
7. the first row of TV
A. [20 16 9] B. [20 24] C. [4 4] D. not possible 7.
8. the inverse of matrix R
A. P B. Q C. S D. not possible 8.
9. the dimensions of ST
A. 1 6 B. 2 2 C. 3 2 D. 2 3 9.
10. the pair of matrices that are inverses
A. S and R B. Q and R C. P and Q D. Q and S 10.
11. Find the value of 6
15 4
2
.
A. 6 B. 6 C. 54 D. 54 11.
12. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices have coordinates
(2, 5), (6, 1), and (3, 4).
A. 34 units2 B. 21 units2 C. 17 units2 D. 42 units2 12.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 221 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2B (continued)
2 3 1
13. Evaluate 4 0 2 using diagonals.
5 1 6
A. –38 B. 94 C. 42 D. 114 13.
14. For all matrices A22, B24, and C22, and scalars d, which statement is
always true?
A. A dC dA C B. (CB)d d(BC)
C. d(A C) dA dC D. (A C)B B(A C) 14.
15. MAP On a town map, the coordinates of the corners of the zoo are L(1.2, 4),
M(2, 0.8), N(4, 1.6), and P(6, 6). The map is dilated so that the perimeter
of the zoo is four times its original size. Find the coordinates of M.
A. (8, 0.8) B. (0.5, 0.1) C. (8, 3.2) D. (6, 4.8) 15.
16. Triangle EFG with vertices E(4, 5), F(1, 3), and G(4, 1) is rotated 270
counterclockwise about the origin. Find the coordinates of G.
A. (1, 4) B. (4, 1) C. (1, 4) D. (1, 4) 16.
17. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 5f 9g 10 and
4f 3g 6. Which determinant represents the numerator for f?
10 9
B. 5 9
D. 9 10
5 10
A. C. 17.
6 3 4 3 4 6 3 6
18. Cramer’s Rule is used to solve the system of equations 4x 5y z 11,
3x 2y 2z 5, and 2x 6y 3z 8. Which determinant represents
the numerator for z?
11 4 5 4 11 5 4 5 11 4 5 1
A. 5 3 2 B. 3 5 2 C. 3 2 5 D. 3 2 2 18.
8 2 6 2 8 6 2 6 8 2 6 3
19. Which matrix would not be used to write a matrix equation for the system
of equations 2c 5d 11 and c 2d 10?
A. 1 2 5
D. 11
c 2 5
B. C. 19.
9 1 2 d 1 2 10
20. Which product would be used to solve the matrix equation
7 3 m 2 by using inverse matrices?
1 1
n 6
7 3 3
1 3 2 1 3 2 2 2
A. B. 1 C. 1 D. 7 20.
1 7 6 10 1 7 6 10 1 1 6 1 1 6
a b c
Bonus Find the value of a b c . B:
a 1 1
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 222 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2C SCORE
1. GOLF At a municipal golf course, the fees to play a round 1.
of golf are as shown. Write a 3 2 matrix to organize this
information.
Resident Non-resident
Weekday morning $20 $25
Weekday afternoon $18 $22
Weekend $40 $40
2. Solve the matrix equation 2x 3y
18
. 2.
3x 5y 11
For Questions 3–6, perform the indicated matrix
operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible.
16 10 5 3 1
3 10 4
3. 3.
7 8 3 9 4 0 2
4. 1 4 9 0 3 12 11
4.
3 2 5 6 7 2 8
5. 4[2 1 9 12] 2[5 8 7 0] 5.
Assessment
3 6 10
6. 7 0 5 1 3 4 6.
4 2 1
7. Determine whether the matrix X35 Y59 is defined. 7.
If so, state the dimensions of the product.
8. Find 4 1 9 8 1 , if possible.
8.
2 5 2 4 6
5 3 , and C 0 2 to find
9. Use A 03 1
4
,B
6 1 7 3 9.
(AB)C and A(BC). Then state whether (AB)C A(BC) is
true for the given matrices.
10. Triangle ABC with vertices A(4, 3), B(2, 5), and 10.
C(1, 4) is translated 3 units right and 2 units down. Find
the coordinates of ABC.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 223 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2C (continued)
11. The vertices of parallelogram RSTU are R(4, 2), S(0, 2), 11.
T(6, 1), and U(2, 1). The parallelogram is reflected over the
y-axis. Find the coordinates of parallelogram RSTU.
12. Find the value of 7 12 .
12.
4 11
6 1 4
13. Evaluate 5 9 3 using expansion by minors. 13.
2 8 4
14. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices 14.
are located at (7, 1), (1, 6), and (5, 3).
For Questions 15 and 16, use Cramer’s Rule to solve each
system of equations.
15. 3a 2b 6.5 15.
2a 1.5b 10
16. 2x 5y 3z 27 16.
4x 3y 7z 37
x 2y 5z 30
1
1
17. Determine whether P
3 3
6 2
and Q 6
1
4 are
1
17.
inverses. 2 4
18. Find the inverse of R 42 24, if it exists. 18.
19. Solve the matrix equation
1 3 y 4
2 4 x 5 by using 19.
inverse matrices.
20. TRANSPORTATION A transportation company rents cars, 20.
trucks, and vans. The company has 366 vehicles in its fleet.
It has twice as many trucks as vans, and 186 more cars
than vans. Let c represent the number of cars, t represent
the number of trucks, and v represent the number of vans.
Write a matrix equation that describes this situation.
x y 1
Bonus Find the value of x y 1 . B:
1 0 1
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 224 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2D SCORE
1. TICKETS At a local ballpark, ticket prices for home games 1.
are as shown. Write a 3 2 matrix to organize this
information.
Bleachers Box Seats
Weekday $9 $21
Weekend $12 $26
Double-Header $27 $27
4x 5y
2. Solve the matrix equation 3x 7y 34 .
12 2.
For Questions 3–6, perform the indicated matrix
operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible.
6 10 1 6 3 0 11
3. 79 4 8 0
4 7 12 5 3.
4 5 12 6 9
4. 1 6 8 4 5 4.
9 2 7 3 9
5. 9[1 3 7 2] 6[4 5 8 1] 5.
Assessment
0 9 1
6. 4 5 3 2 6 3 6.
3 1 7
7. Determine whether the matrix P24 Q47 is defined. 7.
If so, state the dimensions of the product.
32 3 4 9 , if possible.
1
8. Find 8.
6 8 7 10
7 , and scalar d 2 to find
9. Use A 54 92, B 112
1 9.
d(AB) and (dA)B. Then state whether d(AB) (dA)B is true
for the given matrices.
10. Triangle ABC with vertices A(4, 7), B(2, 3), and C(3, 1) 10.
is translated 2 units left and 4 units up. Find the
coordinates of ABC.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 225 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 2D (continued)
11. The vertices of parallelogram RSTU are R(3, 5), S(4, 5), 11.
T(6, 4), and U(1, 4). The parallelogram is reflected over the
x-axis. Find the coordinates of parallelogram RSTU.
12. Find the value of 10 7 .
12.
6 5
9 5 8
13. Evaluate 1 2 1 using expansion by minors. 13.
4 2 2
14. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are 14.
located at (8, 4), (2, 6), and (3, 2).
For Questions 15 and 16, use Cramer’s Rule to solve each
system of equations.
15. 0.5x 2y 7 15.
3x 10y 9
16. 4a 3b 5c 2 16.
2a 4b 7c 20
a 3b 8c 13
1 1
17. Determine whether S
4 4
2 1
12 3
and T 1 1 are inverses. 17.
6 3
4 2 , if it exists.
18. Find the inverse of A
3 1 18.
19. Solve the matrix equation 16 83 xy 72 by using 19.
inverse matrices.
20. GARDENING A garden shop sells flowers, trees, and shrubs. 20.
The shop sold 1085 items last month. Fifteen more shrubs
were sold than trees, and 8 times as many flowers were sold
as shrubs. Let f represent the number of flowers, t represent
the number of trees, and s represent the number of shrubs.
Write a matrix equation that describes this situation.
a b c
Bonus Find the value of 1 1 0 . B:
a b c
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 226 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 3 SCORE
1. TICKETS A theater group is to put on four performances 1.
of its latest production. Each ticket for a Friday or Saturday
evening show will cost $10. Each ticket for a Saturday or
Sunday matinee will cost $7. Write a 3 2 matrix to
organize this information.
2x
x 1 4y
3 x1 .
2
2. Solve the matrix equation 2.
y y1 1 4
For Questions 3–6, perform the indicated matrix
operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible.
2.37 4.12 0.95 7.24
3. 1.69 3.97 3.59 3.41 3.
5.18 6.25 2.68 5.01
4. 1
12 0
6 6 3
1
8 2
4 1 1 4.
1 1 0 1 3 1
2 4
5. 3 1
5 2
5.
3 2 1 0
5 5
1 1
6. 0 4
2 4 2 1
6 1
2
0
6.
Assessment
7. Use A
4 3
2 2
,B
1 3
2 , and C 0 4 to find
2 1 7.
C(BA) and (AB)C. Then state whether C(BA) (AB)C is
true for the given matrices.
8. Quadrilateral WXYZ with vertices W(4, 2), X(1, 4), 8.
Y(6, 1), and Z(2, 3) is translated so that W is at (5, 2).
Find the coordinates of X, Y, and Z.
9. A triangle is rotated 270 counterclockwise about the origin. 9.
The coordinates of the new vertices are R(4, 1), S(1, 8),
and T(6, 4). What were the coordinates of the triangle in
its original position?
3.1 .
10. Find the value of 5.9
6.0
4.8 10.
11. Solve for x if 4 2x 18.
3 x 11.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 227 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Test, Form 3 (continued)
7 5 4
12. Evaluate 3 9 5 using expansion by minors. 12.
2 0 3
13. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are 13.
located at 4, 1 , 5, 1 , and (6, 2). Evaluate the
2 2
determinant using diagonals.
For Questions 14 and 15, use Cramer’s Rule to solve each
system of equations. 14.
14. 1x 1y 1 15. 3m 4n 6p 15 15.
2 4
2m 3n 5p 11
1
3x y 4 5m 6n p 9
2
2
1
5 5
16. Determine whether M
1 2
and N 5
1
1
are 16.
5
inverses.
1 2
5 3
17. Find the inverse of A , if it exists. 17.
1
2
5 3
For Questions 18 and 19, solve each system of equations
by using inverse matrices.
18. 9a 4b 5 18.
6a 2b 3
19. 5x 3y 4.5 19.
2x 1.2y 1.8
20. BUDGET A foundation spent all of its operating budget 20.
on administrative expenses, renewal grants, and low-interest
loans. Administrative expenses and renewal grants accounted
for 78.4% of the total budget. Renewable grants accounted for
5.1% more of the total budget than low-interest loans. Let a,
r, and l each represent the percent of the budget accounted
for by administrative expenses, renewal grants, and
low-interest loans, respectively. Write a matrix equation
that describes this situation.
a1 a 1
Bonus Find the value of b1 b 1 . B:
c1 c 1
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 228 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Open-Ended Assessment SCORE
Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear, concise solution
to each problem. Be sure to include all relevant drawings and
justify your answers. You may show your solutions in more than
one way or investigate beyond the requirements of the problem.
1. State any conditions or restrictions on m, n, j, and k when performing
the indicated operations for matrices Amn and Bjk.
a. adding A and B
b. multiplying A and B
c. finding the determinant of A
d. multiplying B by a scalar c
e. finding the inverse of A
2. Choose three points in the coordinate plane so that no two points lie
in the same quadrant. Consider these points the vertices of XYZ.
a. Write the vertex matrix V for XYZ, and state the dimensions of V.
1 0 0 1
3 3 3
For parts b through f, use T 4 4 4 , R
0 1
,C
1 0
,
and I
1 0
0 1
to find each sum or product. Then state the type of
transformation represented by the new matrix, describing the
relationship between the image and premimage of XYZ.
b. T V c. 3V d. RV e. CV f. IV
Assessment
2 7 5
3. Suppose you are asked to find the value of a if 7 a 2 0.
1 0 1
a. If you must evaluate the determinant above using expansion by minors,
which row would you use for the expansion? Explain your reasoning.
b. If you were able to choose which method, either using expansion by
minors or using diagonals, to evaluate this determinant, which method
would you choose? Why?
c. Find the value of a using the method of your choice.
4. Christopher purchased three CDs and two videos, and spent a total
of $85. Edward purchased two CDs and one video, spending $50.
a. Write a system of equations that describes this situation. Explain
what the variables in your system represent.
b. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve your system. Interpret the meaning of
your solution.
c. Write a matrix equation for your system of equations. Then solve
the matrix equation by using inverse matrices.
d. Which of the two methods do you prefer. Why?
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 229 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Vocabulary Test/Review SCORE
column matrix expansion by minors minor second-order determinant
Cramer’s Rule identity matrix preimage square matrix
determinant image reflection third-order determinant
dilation inverse rotation transformation
dimension isometry row matrix translation
element matrix scalar vertex matrix
equal matrices matrix equation scalar multiplication zero matrix
Underline or circle the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1. (Scalar multiplication, Translation, Cramer’s Rule) is a method
for solving systems of equations that uses determinants.
2. A (row matrix, square matrix, column matrix) is a matrix with
the same number of rows as columns.
3. Any function that maps points of a preimage onto its image is
called a(n) (transformation, isometry, dilation).
4. A rectangular array of variables or constants is called a(n)
(scalar, matrix, element).
5. A (reflection, rotation, translation) is a transformation in which
every point of a figure is mapped to a corresponding image across
a line of symmetry.
6. (Cramer’s Rule, Scalar multiplication, Expansion by minors) is a
method for evaluating a third-order determinant.
7. If the row and column containing a specific element of a 3 3
matrix are deleted, the resulting 2 2 matrix is called the
(inverse, zero matrix, minor) of that element.
8. A transformation in which the preimage and the image are
congruent figures is called a(n) (isometry, scalar, dilation).
9. For triangle ABC, the coordinates of points A, B, and C can be
written in a (row matrix, vertex matrix, column matrix).
10. A transformation that enlarges or reduces a figure is called a
(translation, dilation, rotation).
In your own words—
Define each term.
11. identity matrix
12. column matrix
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 230 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Quiz SCORE
(Lessons 4–1 and 4–2)
1. GRADES On the first two algebra exams of the year, 1.
Trista’s grades were 80 and 95, Javier’s grades were 85 and
90, and Yolanda’s grades were 75 and 90. Write a 3 2
matrix to organize this information.
2. Solve the matrix equation 2xx 5y
3y 9
2 . 2.
Use matrices A, B, and C to find the following.
6 4 8 5
A 1 3 9 7
2 0 2 4
B 123 5 8
11 9 C 101 7 5
0 2 3.
4.
3. the dimensions of matrix A
4. B C 5. 3C 2B 5.
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Quiz SCORE
(Lessons 4–3 and 4–4)
Assessment
1. Determine whether the matrix product A52 B24 is defined. 1.
If so, state the dimensions of the product.
2 1
2. If possible, find the product 1 5 4 3 3 .
2.
6 0 8
1 4
1 2 and B 5 2 , and scalar c 3 to find
3. Use A
4 3
4 3 3.
c(AB) and (BA)c. Then state whether the equation
c(AB) (BA)c is true for the given matrices.
4. Standardized Test Practice Rectangle Rectangle 4.
Rectangle ABCD is the ABCD ABCD
result of a translation of
rectangle ABCD. A table of the A A (1, 1)
translations is shown. Find the B (1, 4) B (4, 1)
coordinates of A and D.
C (1, 1) C (4, 6)
D (2, 1) D
5. The vertices of XYZ are X(2, 3), Y(3, 2), and Z(4, 5). The 5.
triangle is being reflected over the line y x. Find the
coordinates of XYZ.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 231 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Quiz SCORE
(Lessons 4–5 and 4–6)
1. Find the value of 3 4 .
1.
2 5
2 1 3
2. Evaluate 4 0 1 using expansion by minors. 2.
2 3 5
3. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices 3.
are located at (2, 5), (4, 3), and (3, 1). Evaluate the
determinant using diagonals.
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
4. x y 6 4.
3x 2y 11
5. 4x 2y z 1 5.
3x 4y 5z 13
x 4y 3z 7
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Quiz SCORE
(Lessons 4–7 and 4–8)
1 1
1. Determine whether A
2 1
0 2
and B
2
4
0 1
are 1.
inverses. 2
2. Find the inverse of M 8 2 , if it exists.
2.
4 1
For Questions 3 and 4, write a matrix equation for each
system of equations.
3. a 3b 15 3.
a 4b 13
4. 2x 3y 4z 20 4.
3x z 2
x 4y z 6
5. Solve the system of equations 3x 2y 22 and x 2y 6 5.
by using inverse matrices.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 232 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Mid-Chapter Test SCORE
(Lessons 4–1 through 4–4)
Part I Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of each question.
0 1 0
2 4 2
1. State the dimensions of matrix F if F .
4 8 4
8 16 8
A. 16 8 B. 2 2 3 C. 4 3 D. 3 4 1.
2. Solve the matrix equation 3x
4x 5y 7
2y 11 for y.
A. 1 B. 7 C. 3 D. 3 2.
3. For all matrices X35, Y23, Z34, and scalars c, which statement is always
true?
A. c(YZ) (YZ)c B. YX XY
C. Y Z Z Y D. c(ZX) c(XY) 3.
4. Triangle RST with vertices R(3, 4), S(0, 5), and T(6, 7) is translated
3 units left and 5 units down. Find the coordinates of R.
A. (6, 1) B. (6, 1) C. (0, 1) D. (0, 9) 4.
5. Parallelogram ABCD with A(2, 2), B(4, 2), C(5, 3), and D(1, 3) is rotated
270 counterclockwise about the origin. Find the coordinates of B.
A. (2, 4) B. (4, 2) C. (2, 4) D. (2, 4) 5.
Assessment
Part II
Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
impossible.
4 6 13 5
6. 93 12 0 7
15 8 6
5 11 0 4 6.
6 13 11 9 7 3 0
7. 70 4 2 4
6 5 1 19 7.
3 5 12
8. 4 9 11 7 8.
2 4 6
9. 3[1 0 9 6] 4[5 12 0 3] 9.
10. 4 0 1 2
10.
1 5 3 1
11. 10 5 3
2 1 4 6
2 7 11.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 233 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Chapter 4 Cumulative Review
(Chapters 1–4)
n(n 1)
1. The formula S can be used to find the sum of the 1.
2
first n natural numbers. Find the sum of the first
100 natural numbers. (Lesson 1-1)
2. Evaluate 8 3a b if a 4.3 and b 15. 2.
(Lesson 1-4)
3. Find the slope of the line that passes through (4, –3) and 3.
(–1, –7). (Lesson 2-3)
4. Identify the domain and range of the function g(x) x 4. 4.
(Lesson 2-6)
5. Graph y 2x 1. (Lesson 2-7) 5. y
O x
6. The vertex of an angle is the point where the lines whose 6.
equations are y 2x and y x 1 meet. Find the
coordinates of the vertex. (Lesson 3-1)
7. Determine whether the ordered pair (–2, 6) is a solution of 7.
the system y
2x 7 and y 5 3x. (Lesson 3-3)
8. Write a system of three equations to represent the given 8.
information. The sum of three numbers is 37. The second
number is 4 more than the first number, and the sum of the
second number and the third number is 29. (Lesson 3-5)
9. Solve 2x y 8 .
(Lesson 4-1) 9.
x 4y 14
For Questions 10 and 11, perform the indicated matrix 10.
operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible.
3 0 11
1 9 5
10. 3 1
2 17
7 6 4 11. 4 9 2 6 11.
4 3 5
(Lesson 4-2) (Lesson 4-2)
4 2 1
12. Evaluate 1 1 2 using diagonals. (Lesson 4-5) 12.
3 0 5
13. Find the inverse of M 13 24, if it exists. (Lesson 4-7) 13.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 234 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Standardized Test Practice
(Chapters 1–4)
Part 2: Grid In
Instructions: Enter your answer by writing each digit of the answer in a column box
and then shading in the appropriate oval that corresponds to that entry.
1. If 4x2 13, then what is the value of (2x 3)(2x 3)?
A. 4 B. 22 63 C. 139 D. –22 1. A B C D
2. If the measure of the edge of a cube is 3, the measure of the
surface area of the cube is _____.
E. 36 F. 54 G. 27 H. 9 2. E F G H
3. If the average of a and b equals the average of a, b, and c, then
express c in terms of a and b.
ab ab
A. a b B. 2(a b) C. D. 3. A B C D
2 3
4. There are 100 items in a garage sale. 30% of the items are sold
during the first hour of the sale. If 10 items are sold during the
second hour, what percent of the items have not been sold?
E. 10% F. 60% G. 70% H. 90% 4. E F G H
5. If it takes 6 hours for 2 people to clean a house, how many hours
will it take 4 people, working at the same rate, to clean another
house that is the same size?
A. 2 B. 11 C. 2 D. 3 5. A B C D
Assessment
3 2
6. Which statement must be true?
E. x
y F. x y 2y˚
(180 x )˚
G. x y H. 2y 180 x 6. E F G H
7. Three less than three times a number is 5. What is one more than
6
twice the number?
A. 22 B. 34 C. 35 D. 21 7. A B C D
3 9 9 2
8. rs is defined as 2r2 s2 4rs. What is the value of 21?
E. –17 F. –1 G. 1 H. 17 8. E F G H
36.8 1.5
9. Which is closest to the value of ?
2.9
A. 19 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200 9. A B C D
10. In the figure, A D
B C, DX 8, and AD 17. A B
What is the length of BC? 45˚
E. 17 F. 82
G. 152 H. 15 D X Y C 10. E F G H
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 235 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Standardized Test Practice (continued)
Part 2: Grid In
Instructions: Enter your answer by writing each digit of the answer in a column box
and then shading in the appropriate oval that corresponds to that entry.
11. What is the value of r3 if 1 0.01
? 11. 12.
r
/ / / /
12. If 5y4 25 and 32x1 27, what is the . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
value of x? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
13. For what integer value of m is 2m 14
42 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
and 5 m 3 7? 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
C
14. If D is parallel to the y 13. 14.
x-axis and BC 5 in
( )
the figure, what is the A 2, 5 B / / / /
. . . . . . . .
area of the shaded 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
region? D C (10, 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
O x 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Part 3: Quantitative Comparison
Instructions: Compare the quantities in columns A and B. Shade in
A if the quantity in column A is greater;
B if the quantity in column B is greater;
C if the quantities are equal; or
D if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Column A Column B
15. r
1 15. A B C D
10r 2 r 10r 1
16. a:bc:d 16. A B C D
ac bd
17. a
3, b 4 17. A B C D
ab b
1
a a
18. A {7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 2} 18. A B C D
The median of set A. The mean of set A.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 236 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
Unit 1 Test SCORE
(Chapters 1–4)
1. Find the value of 7 2(5 2 32). 1.
2. Name the sets of numbers to which 457 belongs. 2.
3. The sum of a number and 17 more than twice the same 3.
number is 101. Find the number.
4. Evaluate 5 a 5b if a 12 and b 2. 4.
5. Define a variable and write an inequality. Then solve. 5.
A local summer baseball team plays 20 games each season.
So far, they have won 9 games and lost 2. How many more
games must they win this season to win at least 75% of all
their games?
6. Solve 3 2(1 x)
6 or 2x 14 8. Graph the solution set 6.
on a number line.
4 3 2 1 0 1
7. Solve 3 2y 1 1. Graph the solution set on a number 7.
line.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5x2 4
8. If f(x) , find f(4). 8.
x
9. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that 9.
passes through (3, 5) and (–2, 1).
Assessment
10. Write an equation for the line that passes through (0, 7) and 10.
1
is perpendicular to the line whose equation is y x 1.
2
For Questions 11 and 12, use the set of data in the table. n
18
Number Sold
16
The table shows the relationship between the price of a
14
comic book and the number of copies sold. 11. 12
10
Price p (in dollars) 2.00 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 8
6
Number sold n 16 13 12 10 7
0 1 2 3 4 p
11. Draw a scatter plot for the data. Price (dollars)
12. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. Then 12.
use your prediction equation to predict the number of comic
books sold when the price is $4.50.
32
13. Evaluate h if h(x)
x 2 . 13.
14. Describe the system 6x 2y 10 and 9x 3y 8 as 14.
consistent and independent, consistent and dependent, or
inconsistent.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 237 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
Unit 1 Test (continued)
(Chapters 1–4)
15. Solve the system of equations at 4x 2y 2 15.
the right by using substitution. y 4x 7
16. Solve the system of equations at x 3y 5 16.
the right by using elimination. 3x y 5
For Questions 17–19, use the following information.
A furniture company displays bedroom sets which require
21 square meters of space and living room sets which require
42 square meters of space. The company, which has 546 square
meters of available space, wants to display at least 6 bedroom
sets and at least 5 living room sets. 17.
17. Let b represent the number of bedroom sets and represent y
the number of living room sets. Write a system of 12
inequalities to represent the number of furniture sets that 8
can be displayed.
4
18. Draw the graph showing the feasible region. Label the 18.
coordinates of the vertices of the feasible region. O 4 8 12 16 x
19. If a bedroom set sells for $10,000 and a living room set sells 19.
for $18,000, determine the number of bedroom sets and
living room sets that must be sold to maximize the amount
collected.
For Questions 20 and 21, use the matrices below.
1
10 6 7
A
17 2
11 4 9
3
B
4 3 0
C 2
2
20. Find A B. 20.
21. Find BC, if possible. 21.
22. Triangle DEF with vertices D(2, 5), E(1, –6), and 22.
F(–5, 3) is translated 3 units right and 2 units
down. Find the coordinates of DEF.
12 5 2
23. Evaluate 3 0 1 using expansion by minors. 23.
5 4 2
24. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system of equations 24.
3x 5y 21 and 4x 2y 2.
5
41
m 32
25. Solve the matrix equation 25.
2 n 5
using inverse matrices.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 238 Glencoe Algebra 2
NAME DATE PERIOD
4 Standardized Test Practice
Student Record Sheet (Use with pages 216–217 of the Student Edition.)
Part 1 Multiple Choice
Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.
1 A B C D 4 A B C D 7 A B C D 9 A B C D
2 A B C D 5 A B C D 8 A B C D 10 A B C D
3 A B C D 6 A B C D
Part 2 Short Response/Grid In
Solve the problem and write your answer in the blank.
For Questions 13–17, also enter your answer by writing each number or symbol in
a box. Then fill in the corresponding oval for that number or symbol.
11 13 15 17
12 / / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
14 16
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Answers
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Part 3 Quantitative Comparison
Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval.
18 A B C D 20 A B C D 22 A B C D
19 A B C D 21 A B C D
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4-1 Study Guide and Intervention 4-1 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Introduction to Matrices Introduction to Matrices
Organize Data Equations Involving Matrices
a rectangular array of variables or constants in horizontal rows and vertical columns, Two matrices are equal if they have the same dimensions and each element of one matrix is
Matrix Equal Matrices
usually enclosed in brackets. equal to the corresponding element of the other matrix.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
A matrix can be described by its dimensions. A matrix with m rows and n columns is an You can use the definition of equal matrices to solve matrix equations.
m n matrix.
Example Solve 4x 2y 2
y x 8 for x and y.
Example 1 Owls’ eggs incubate for 30 days and their fledgling period is also
Since the matrices are equal, the corresponding elements are equal. When you write the
30 days. Swifts’ eggs incubate for 20 days and their fledgling period is 44 days. sentences to show the equality, two linear equations are formed.
Pigeon eggs incubate for 15 days, and their fledgling period is 17 days. Eggs of the
king penguin incubate for 53 days, and the fledgling time for a king penguin is 4x 2y 2
yx8
360 days. Write a 2 4 matrix to organize this information. Source: The Cambridge Factfinder
This system can be solved using substitution.
Lesson 4-1
Owl Swift Pigeon King Penguin
4x 2y 2 First equation
Incubation 30 20 15 53 4x 2(x 8) 2 Substitute x 8 for y.
Fledgling 30 44 17 360
4x 2x 16 2 Distributive Property
6x 18 Add 2x to each side.
x3 Divide each side by 6.
Example 2 10 3 45 To find the value of y, substitute 3 for x in either equation.
Second equation
What are the dimensions of matrix A if A 13 2 8 15 80 ? yx8
Answers
Since matrix A has 2 rows and 4 columns, the dimensions of A are 2 4. y38 Substitute 3 for x.
y 5 Subtract.
A2
The solution is (3, 5).
Exercises
Exercises
State the dimensions of each matrix.
71 44 Solve each equation.
15 5 27 4 39 27
6 0 5 3x 28 4y
1. [5x 4y] [20 20]
2y 4 5x
2. [16 12 0] 1 3 3. 45 16 5 2 2. y 3x 2 3. x y 5
(Lesson 4-1)
1. 23
14 70 24 3 4 4
63 3 42 90 92 53
78 65
(4, 5) 43 , 6 (2, 7)
4. A travel agent provides for potential travelers the normal high temperatures for the
months of January, April, July, and October for various cities. In Boston these figures are x 2y 1 2x 3y 3 5x 3y 1
4. 3x 4y 22 5. x 2y 12 6. 2x y 18
36°, 56°, 82°, and 63°. In Dallas they are 54°, 76°, 97°, and 79°. In Los Angeles they are
68°, 72°, 84°, and 79°. In Seattle they are 46°, 58°, 74°, and 60°, and in St. Louis they are
(4, 2.5) (6, 3) (5, 8)
38°, 67°, 89°, and 69°. Organize this information in a 4 5 matrix. Source: The New York Times Almanac
Boston Dallas Los Angeles Seattle St. Louis x y
8x y 16x 18 20 8x 6y 3 3 7
January 36 54 68 46 38 7. 12 y 4x 12 13 8. 12x 4y 11 9. x
2 2y 519
April 56 76 72 58 67
July 82 97 84 74 89 5 3 1
October 63 79 79 60 69 , 8 , (18, 21)
4 4 2
3x 1.5 7.5 2x 3y 17 x y 0
10. 2y 2.4 8.0 11. 4x 0.5y 8 12. x y 25
(2, 5.2) (2.5, 4) (12.5, 12.5)
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Skills Practice 4-1 Practice (Average)
Introduction to Matrices Introduction to Matrices
State the dimensions of each matrix. State the dimensions of each matrix.
3 2 4 5 8 1 2 2 2 3
1. 1 4 0 2 3 2. [0 15] 1 2 1. [3 3 7] 1 3 3. 5 16 0 0 3 4
2. 2 1 8 2 3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4 7 1 4
6 1 2 Solve each equation.
3 2
3. 1 8 2 2 4. 3 4 5 3 3
2 7 9 4. [4x 42] [24 6y] (6, 7)
5. [2x 22 3z] [6x 2y 45] (0, 11, 15)
1
9 3 3 6
5. 3 4 4 5 2 4 6. 1
1 4 1 6x 36 7x 8 20
Lesson 4-1
6. 2y 3 17 (6, 7) 7. 8y 3 2y 3 (4, 1)
3
4x 3 3x 6x 12 3x 21
Solve each equation. 8. 6y 2y 16 (3, 2) 9. 3y 6 8y 5 (1, 1)
7. [5x 3y] [15 12] (3, 4) 8. [3x 2] [7] 3
5 3x 1 5 x 1 3x y 8
10. 2y 1 3z 2 3y 5z 4 (1, 1, 1) 11. y 4 17 (7, 13)
Answers
7x 14
9. 14 2y (2, 7) 10. [2x 8y z] [10 16 1] (5, 2, 1) 5x 8y 1 2x y 0
A3
12. 3x 11 y (3, 2) 13. 3x 2y 2 (2, 4)
8 x 4 20 10x 14. TICKET PRICES The table at the right gives Child Student Adult
11. 2y 8 2 (4, 5) 12. 56 6y 32 (2, 4) ticket prices for a concert. Write a 2 3 matrix
Cost Purchased
that represents the cost of a ticket. $6 $12 $18
in Advance
6 12 18 Cost Purchased
(Lesson 4-1)
$8 $15 $22
5x 20 3x 2 5x 2 8 15 22 at the Door
13. 24 8y (4, 3) 14. 7y 2 3y 10 (0, 2)
CONSTRUCTION For Exercises 15 and 16, use the following information.
During each of the last three weeks, a Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
4x 1 3x 3x 1 18 7 2y 4 road-building crew has used three truck-loads
15. 9y 5 y 3 (1, 1) 16. 12 4z 12 28 (2, 11, 7) Load 1 40 tons Load 1 40 tons Load 1 32 tons
of gravel. The table at the right shows the
amount of gravel in each load. Load 2 32 tons Load 2 40 tons Load 2 24 tons
Load 3 24 tons Load 3 32 tons Load 3 24 tons
15. Write a matrix for the amount of gravel
x 9 5x 4x 1
17. 16 4y (9, 4, 3) 18. 4y 3 13 (1, 4, 0) in each load.
3z 9 8z 4z 40 32 24 40 40 32
40 40 32 or 32 40 24
32 24 24 24 32 24
2x 6y x 4y
19. y 2 x (3, 1) 20. 3y x 3 (12, 3) 16. What are the dimensions of the matrix? 3 3
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4-1 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-1 Enrichment
Introduction to Matrices
Pre-Activity How are matrices used to make decisions? Tessellations
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-1 at the top of page 154 in your textbook. A tessellation is an arangement of polygons covering a plane
What is the base price of a Mid-Size SUV? without any gaps or overlapping. One example of a tessellation
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
$27,975 is a honeycomb. Three congruent regular hexagons meet at
each vertex, and there is no wasted space between cells. This
tessellation is called a regular tessellation since it is formed
by congruent regular polygons.
A semi-regular tessellation is a tessellation formed by two or
Reading the Lesson more regular polygons such that the number of sides of the
polygons meeting at each vertex is the same.
1. Give the dimensions of each matrix.
For example, the tessellation at the left has two regular
3 2 5 dodecagons and one equilateral triangle meeting at each
a. 1 0 6 2 3 b. [1 4 0 8 2] 1 5
Lesson 4-1
vertex. We can name this tessellation a 3-12-12 for the
number of sides of each polygon that meet at one vertex.
2. Identify each matrix with as many of the following descriptions that apply: row matrix,
column matrix, square matrix, zero matrix.
a. [6 5 4 3] row matrix
Name each semi-regular tessellation shown according to the number
0 of sides of the polygons that meet at each vertex.
Answers
b. 0 column matrix; zero matrix
1. 2.
A4
0
c. [0] row matrix; column matrix; square matrix; zero matrix
3. Write a system of equations that you could use to solve the following matrix equation for
x, y, and z. (Do not actually solve the system.)
3x 9
(Lesson 4-1)
x y 5 3x 9, x y 5, y z 6 3-3-3-3-6 4-6-12
y z 6
An equilateral triangle, two squares, and a regular hexagon can be
used to surround a point in two different orders. Continue each
Helping You Remember pattern to see which is a semi-regular tessellation.
4. Some students have trouble remembering which number comes first in writing the 3. 3-4-4-6 4. 3-4-6-4
dimensions of a matrix. Think of an easy way to remember this.
Sample answer: Read the matrix from top to bottom, then from left to
right. Reading down gives the number of rows, which is written first in
the dimensions of the matrix. Reading across gives the number of not semi-regular semi-regular
columns, which is written second.
On another sheet of paper, draw part of each design. Then determine
if it is a semi-regular tessellation.
5. 3-3-4-12 6. 3-4-3-12 7. 4-8-8 8. 3-3-3-4-4
not semi-regular not semi-regular semi-regular semi-regular
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4-2 Study Guide and Intervention 4-2 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Operations with Matrices Operations with Matrices
Add and Subtract Matrices Scalar Multiplication You can multiply an m n matrix by a scalar k.
a b c j k l a j bk cl
Addition of Matrices e f Scalar Multiplication k a b c ka kb kc
d m n o d m en fo d e f kd ke kf
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
g h i p q r g p hq ir
a b c j k l a j bk cl
Subtraction of Matrices d e f m n o d m en fo Example 4 0 and B 1 5 , find 3B 2A.
g h i p q r g p hq ir If A 6 3 7 8
1 5 4 0
3B 2A 3 7 8 2 6 3 Substitution
Example 1 Find A B if A 6 7 4 2
2 12 and B 5 6 . 3(1) 3(5) 2(4) 2(0)
3(7) 3(8) 2(6) 2(3) Multiply.
6 7 4 2
A B 2 12 5 6
3 15 8 0
21 24 12 6 Simplify.
64 7 2
2 (5) 12 (6)
3 8 15 0
21 (12) 24 6 Subtract.
10 5
3 18
11 15
33 18 Simplify.
Example 2 Find A B if A 23 48 and B 24 31 .
10 7 6 8 Exercises
Answers
Lesson 4-2
2 8 4 3
A5
A B 3 4 2 1 Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
10 7 6 8 impossible.
2 4 8 (3) 6 11
3 (2) 4 1 5 5 2 5 3 1 6 15 9 25 10 45
10 (6) 7 8 16 1 1. 6 0 7 1 2. 51 33 24 3. 0.2 5 55 30
4 6 9 3 18 3 45 60 35 95
Exercises 12 30 18 2 5 3 5 2 9
0 42 6 17 11 8 1 11 6
(Lesson 4-2)
Perform the indicated operations. If the matrix does not exist, write impossible. 24 36 54 6 1 15 12 7 19
8 7 4 3 6 5 9 4 3 2 2 2 11
1. 10 6 2 12 12 4 2. 3 4 5 6 9 4
12 6 3 13 1 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 0 14 2
4. 3 2 3 2 3 5 10 11 5. 2 0 7 4 2 5
12 1 8 6
6 5 2 11 6 6 4
3. 3 [6 3 2] impossible 4. 4 6 2 5 2 1
2 7 9 4 7
11 2
6 10 2 1 22 15 1 2 5 4 3 4 4 14 28
6. 2 5 7. 4 3
3 2 12 8 5 4 3 10 31 4 1 22 5 1 16 26 6
8 0 6 2 1 7
4 5 2 3
5. 4 5 11 3 4 3 6. 1 4
2 1
7 3 4 8 5 6 2 3 3 2
2 1 4 0 28 8 1 9 1 3 5
10 1 13 8. 8 3 1 3 2 3 3 1
1 4 18 1 4
9. 7 0 1
7
1 9 14 4 15 2 4 3 4
7 20
3 7
1 2 2 11 2 4
6
7
6
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4-2 Skills Practice 4-2 Practice (Average)
Operations with Matrices Operations with Matrices
Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write Perform the indicated matrix operations. If the matrix does not exist, write
impossible. impossible.
8 3 0 7 8 10 2 1 6 9 4 8 4 67 71
1. [5 4] [4 5] [9 1]
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. 1 1 6 2 7 3 1. 3 7 7 11 10 4 2. 71 45 116
14 9 8 17 18 24
6 8 42
4 1 0 3 16 9 64 2 1 8 2 1 4 3 16 15 62
5 1 2 9 9 2 14 8 4 3. 3
17 11 4 21 12 135 81 4. 7 4 7 9
3. [3 1 6] 1 impossible 4. 1 8 6 4 6 4 7 2 6 14 45 75
2 5 14 2
1 0 10 12 3 8 12 2 27 9 24 3
4 3
5. 2 2 4 5 18 6. 16 20 54 18
2 24 3
5. 3[9 4 3] [27 12 9] 6. [6 3] 4[4 7] [10 31]
4 1 0 , B 2 4
Use A 3 5 10 8 6
6 2 1 0 9 , and C 6 4 20 to find the following.
2 5 1 1 5 9 8 2 16
7. 2 5 9 1 1 8. 3 0 4 2 7. A B
6 5 5 8. A C
6 7 6
9 17 3 10
8 4 6 11 3 10 18
49
9. 3B
6 12 15 10. 4B A
12 17 20
4 6 6 5 8 40 3 0 27 7 6 38
3 1 3 1 1 5 7 5 1
Answers
Lesson 4-2
9. 5 10 1 2 3 2 44 1 10. 3 4 7 5 2 6 6 3 24 9 21
1 1 1 0 26 16 28 9 5 3
A6
3 5 11. 2B 3C 12. A 0.5C
16 12 42 6 4 12
ECONOMICS For Exercises 13 Women Men
and 14, use the table that
2 2 2 3 4 Loan Loan
Use A 3
4 3 , B 1 2 , and C 3 1 to find the following. shows loans by an economic Businesses Businesses
Amount ($) Amount ($)
development board to women
and men starting new businesses. 1999 27 $567,000 36 $864,000
(Lesson 4-2)
11. A B
5 4 12. B C
5 2
2000 41 $902,000 32 $672,000
5 1 2 3 13. Write two matrices that
represent the number of new 2001 35 $777,000 28 $562,000
businesses and loan amounts,
1 0 2 8 one for women and one for men.
13. B A 14. A B C
3 5 8 2 27 567,000 36 864,000
41 902,000 , 32 672,000
35 777,000 28 562,000
6 6 15 20 14. Find the sum of the numbers of new businesses and loan amounts 63 1,431,000
15. 3B 16. 5C
3 6 15 5 for both men and women over the three-year period expressed as 73 1,574,000
a matrix. 63 1,339,000
15. PET NUTRITION Use the table that gives nutritional % Protein % Fat % Fiber
17. A 4C
15 14 18. 2B 3A
13 10 information for two types of dog food. Find the
8 1 14 5 Mix A 22 12 5
difference in the percent of protein, fat, and fiber
between Mix B and Mix A expressed as a matrix. Mix B 24 8 8
[2 4 3]
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4-2 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-2 Enrichment
Operations with Matrices
Pre-Activity How can matrices be used to calculate daily dietary needs? Sundaram’s Sieve
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-2 at the top of page 160 in your textbook. The properties and patterns of prime numbers have fascinated many mathematicians.
• Write a sum that represents the total number of Calories in the patient’s In 1934, a young East Indian student named Sundaram constructed the following matrix.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
diet for Day 2. (Do not actually calculate the sum.) 482 622 987 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 . . .
• Write the sum that represents the total fat content in the patient’s diet 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 . . .
for Day 3. (Do not actually calculate the sum.) 11 12 38 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 59 . . .
13 22 31 40 49 58 67 76 . . .
16 27 38 49 60 71 82 93 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
Reading the Lesson
A surprising property of this matrix is that it can be used to determine
1. For each pair of matrices, give the dimensions of the indicated sum, difference, or scalar whether or not some numbers are prime.
product. If the indicated sum, difference, or scalar product does not exist, write impossible.
3 5 6 4 0 Complete these problems to discover this property.
A 2 8 1 B 0 5
1. The first row and the first column are created by using an arithmetic
5 10 3 6 0 pattern. What is the common difference used in the pattern? 3
C 3 6 D 8 4 0
4 12
Answers
Lesson 4-2
A D: 23 C D: impossible 5B: 22 2. Find the next four numbers in the first row. 28, 31, 34, 37
A7
4C: 32 2D 3A: 23
3. What are the common differences used to create the patterns in rows 2, 3,
4, and 5? 5, 7, 9, 11
2. Suppose that M, N, and P are nonzero 2 4 matrices and k is a negative real number.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. 4. Write the next two rows of the matrix. Include eight numbers in each row.
row 6: 19, 32, 45, 58, 71, 84, 97, 110; row 7: 22, 37, 52, 67, 82, 97, 112, 127
a. M (N P) M (P N) true b. M N N M false
(Lesson 4-2)
c. M (N P) (M N) P false d. k(M N) kM kN true 5. Choose any five numbers from the matrix. For each number n, that you
chose from the matrix, find 2n 1. Answers will vary.
6. Write the factorization of each value of 2n 1 that you found in problem 5.
Helping You Remember Answers will vary, but all numbers are composite.
3. The mathematical term scalar may be unfamiliar, but its meaning is related to the word
scale as used in a scale of miles on a map. How can this usage of the word scale help you 7. Use your results from problems 5 and 6 to complete this statement: If n
remember the meaning of scalar? is not
occurs in the matrix, then 2n 1 (is/is not) a prime number.
Sample answer: A scale of miles tells you how to multiply the distances
you measure on a map by a certain number to get the actual distance 8. Choose any five numbers that are not in the matrix. Find 2n 1 for each
between two locations. This multiplier is often called a scale factor. A of these numbers. Show that each result is a prime number.
scalar represents the same idea: It is a real number by which a matrix Answers will vary, but all numbers are prime.
can be multiplied to change all the elements of the matrix by a uniform
scale factor.
9. Complete this statement: If n does not occur in the matrix, then 2n 1 is
a prime number .
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4-3 Study Guide and Intervention 4-3 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Multiplying Matrices Multiplying Matrices
Multiply Matrices You can multiply two matrices if and only if the number of columns Multiplicative Properties The Commutative Property of Multiplication does not hold
in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. for matrices.
a1 b1 x1 y1 a1x1 b1x2 a1y1 b1y2 For any matrices A, B, and C for which the matrix product is
Multiplication of Matrices Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a b x y a x b x defined, and any scalar c, the following properties are true.
2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 a2y1 b2y2
Associative Property of Matrix Multiplication (AB)C A(BC)
Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication c(AB) (cA)B A(cB)
4 3
Example 5 2 .
Find AB if A 2 2 and B 1 Left Distributive Property C(A B) CA CB
1 7 3
Right Distributive Property (A B)C AC BC
4 3 5 2
AB 2 2 1 3 Substitution
1 7
4(5) 3(1) 4(2) 3(3) Example 3 , B 2 0 1 2 to find each product.
2(5) (2)(1) 2(2) (2)(3) Multiply columns by rows. 2
Use A 4 1 5 3 , and C 6 3
1(5) 7(1) 1(2) 7(3)
23 17 a. (A B)C
12 10 Simplify. 4 3 2 0 1 2
2 19 (A B)C 2 1 5 3 6 3
6 3 1 2
Exercises 7
2 6 3
6(1) (3)(6) 6(2) (3)(3)
Answers
Find each product, if possible. 7(1)
(2)(6) 7(2) (2)(3)
A8
4 1 3 0 1 0 3 2 3 1 3 1 12 21
1. 2 3 0 3 2. 3 7 1 4 3. 2 4 2 4 5
20
b. AC BC
12 3 3 2 7 7
6 9 2 34 14 14 4 3 1 2 2 0 1 2
AC BC 2 1 6 3 5 3 6 3
4(1) (3)(6) 4(2) (3)(3) 2(1) 0(6) 2(2) 0(3)
2(1) 1(6) 2(2) 1(3) 5(1) (3)(6) 5(2) (3)(3)
Lesson 4-3
(Lesson 4-3)
3 1 4 0 2 3 2 1 2 5 2 4 1 14 17 2 4 12 21
4. 5 2 3 1 1 5. 0 4 6. 2
3 2 5
8 1 13 19 5 20
5 1 2 1
Note that although the results in the example illustrate the Right Distributive Property,
15 1 7 1 4 24 15 they do not prove it.
26 2 12 8 4 14 17
3 9
Exercises
6 10 2 0 3 2 2 1
7 2 1 3 2 6 4 2
7. 4 3 [0 4 3] 8. 5
4 2 0 9. 1 4 2 3 1 Use A 3 , and scalar c 4 to determine whether
2 7 1 3 1 2 4 5 2 , B 2 1 , C 21 3
10 16 each of the following equations is true for the given matrices.
not possible 11 21
13 15 18 6 1. c(AB) (cA)B yes 2. AB BA no
5 9
3. BC CB no 4. (AB)C A(BC) yes
5. C(A B) AC BC no 6. c(A B) cA cB yes
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4-3 Skills Practice 4-3 Practice (Average)
Multiplying Matrices Multiplying Matrices
Determine whether each matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions of Determine whether each matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions of
the product. the product.
1. A2 5 B5 1 2 1 2. M1 3 N3 2 1 2 1. A7 4 B4 3 7 3 2. A3 5 M5 8 3 8 3. M2 1 A1 6 2 6
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. M3 2 A3 2 undefined 5. P1 9 Q9 1 1 1 6. P9 1 Q1 9 9 9
3. B3 2 A3 2 undefined 4. R4 4 S4 1 4 1
Find each product, if possible.
5. X3 3 Y3 4 3 4 6. A6 4 B4 5 6 5
2 4 3 2
7. 3 1 6
7 30 4 6 2 4 3 0
8. 7 1 2 5
2 20
0 5 3 6 26 23 5
Find each product, if possible. 3 0 2 4 6 12 3 2 7 3 2 7
9. 2 5 7 1 10. 6 0 5 6 0 5 not possible
39 3
2 5 6 2 5 28 19
7. [3 2] 1 [8] 8. 2 1 3 1 7 9 1 1 4 0 2
11. [4 0 2] 3 [2] 12. 3 [4 0 2] 12 0 6
1 1
4 0 2
1 3 3 3 3 1 3 6 2 5 0 30 10 6 11
9. 1 1 2 10. 2 1 1 not possible
5 13. 3 1 0 5
15 5
14. [15 9] 23 10 [297 75]
Answers
A9
Use A 1 3 4 0 1 0
0 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 , B 2 1 , C 0 1 , and scalar c 3 to determine
11. [3 4] 2 2 [8 11] 12. 3 [2 3 2]
6 9 6 whether the following equations are true for the given matrices.
15. AC CA yes 16. A(B C) BA CA no
5 4 2 2 0 3 6 6 17. (AB)c c(AB) yes 18. (A C)B B(A C) no
13. 6 8 not possible 14. 4 5 15 12
3 3 1 3 0 Lesson 4-3
(Lesson 4-3)
3 9
RENTALS For Exercises 19–21, use the following information.
For their one-week vacation, the Montoyas 2-Bedroom 3-Bedroom 4-Bedroom
4 4 3 3 12 20 can rent a 2-bedroom condominium for
0 1 1 2 4 Sun Haven 36 24 22
15. 2 1 0 2 6 8 16. 1 1 0 2 $1796, a 3-bedroom condominium for
2 3 2 4 $2165, or a 4-bedroom condominium for Surfside 29 32 42
6 0
$2538. The table shows the number of Seabreeze 18 22 18
units in each of three complexes.
1 3 2 3 1 , and scalar c 2 to determine whether the 19. Write a matrix that represents the number of each type 36 24 22 $1796
Use A 2
2 1 , B 5 1 , C 1 0 of unit available at each complex and a matrix that 29 32 42 , $2165
following equations are true for the given matrices. represents the weekly charge for each type of unit. 18 22 18 $2538
17. (AC)c A(Cc) yes 18. AB BA no 20. If all of the units in the three complexes are rented for 172,452
the week at the rates given the Montoyas, express the 227,960
income of each of the three complexes as a matrix. 125,642
19. B(A C) AB BC no 20. (A B)c Ac Bc yes
21. What is the total income of all three complexes for the week? $526,054
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4-3 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-3 Enrichment
Multiplying Matrices
Pre-Activity How can matrices be used in sports statistics? Fourth-Order Determinants
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-3 at the top of page 167 in your textbook. To find the value of a 4 4 determinant, use a method called expansion by minors.
Write a sum that shows the total points scored by the Oakland Raiders
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during the 2000 season. (The sum will include multiplications. Do not First write the expansion. Use the first row of the determinant.
actually calculate this sum.) Remember that the signs of the terms alternate.
6 58 1 56 3 23 2 1 2 2 6 3 2 7
4 3 5 0 3 5 0 4 5 0 4 3
0 4 3 5
6 2 1 4 (3) 0 1 4 2 0 2 4 7 0 2 1
Reading the Lesson 0 2 1 4
0 2 0 6
2 0 6 0 0 6 0 2
6 0 2 0
1. Determine whether each indicated matrix product is defined. If so, state the dimensions
of the product. If not, write undefined. Then evaluate each 3 3 determinant. Use any row.
a. M3 2 and N2 3 MN: 33 NM: 22
4 3 5 0 3 5
b. M1 2 and N1 2 MN: undefined NM: undefined 4 5 0 4 0 1
2 1 4 (2) 0 1 4 3 5
2 4 6 0 6 2
c. M4 1 and N1 4 MN: 44 NM: 11 0 2 0 6 2 0
d. M3 4 and N4 4 MN: 34 NM: undefined 2(16 10) 3(24) 5(6)
52 102
2. The regional sales manager for a chain of computer stores wants to compare the revenue
Answers
from sales of one model of notebook computer and one model of printer for three stores
in his area. The notebook computer sells for $1850 and the printer for $175. The number
A10
0 4 5 0 4 3
of computers and printers sold at the three stores during September are shown in the 4 5 0 1 0 2
0 2 4 6 0 2 1 4 3
following table. 2 4 6 2 6 0
6 0 0 6
0 2
Store Computers Printers
A 128 101
6(16 10) 4(6) 3(12)
156 12
B 205 166
Lesson 4-3
C 97 73
(Lesson 4-3)
Finally, evaluate the original 4 4 determinant.
Write a matrix product that the manager could use to find the total revenue for
computers and printers for each of the three stores. (Do not calculate the product.) 6 3 2 7
0 4 3 5
128 101 1850 6(52) 3(102) 2(156) 7(12) 846
205 166 175 0 2 1 4
97 73 6 0 2 0
Helping You Remember
Evaluate each determinant.
3. Many students find the procedure of matrix multiplication confusing at first because it
is unfamiliar. Think of an easy way to use the letters R and C to remember how to 1. 1 2 3 1 2. 3 3 3 3 3. 1 4 3 0
multiply matrices and what the dimensions of the product will be. Sample answer: 4 3 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 3 6 4
Just remember RC for “row, column.” Multiply each row of the first matrix 2 5 4 4 4 3 1 5 5 1 1 2
by each column of the second matrix. The dimensions of the product are
the number of rows of the first matrix and the number of columns of the 1 2 0 2 2 5 0 1 4 2 5 1
second matrix.
109 72 676
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4-4 Study Guide and Intervention 4-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Transformations with Matrices Transformations with Matrices
Translations and Dilations Matrices that represent coordinates of points on a plane Reflections and Rotations
are useful in describing transformations.
For a reflection over the: x-axis y-axis line y x
Translation a transformation that moves a figure from one location to another on the coordinate plane
Reflection
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You can use matrix addition and a translation matrix to find the coordinates of the Matrices
multiply the vertex matrix on the left by: 1 0 1 0 0 1
translated figure. 0 1 0 1 1 0
Dilation a transformation in which a figure is enlarged or reduced For a counterclockwise rotation about the
90° 180° 270°
origin of:
Rotation
You can use scalar multiplication to perform dilations. Matrices
multiply the vertex matrix on the left by: 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
Example Find the coordinates of the vertices of the B y
image of ABC with vertices A(5, 4), B(1, 5), and A
C(3, 1) if it is moved 6 units to the right and 4 units Example Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image of ABC with
down. Then graph ABC and its image ABC. B A(3, 5), B(2, 4), and C(1, 1) after a reflection over the line y x.
A Write the ordered pairs as a vertex matrix. Then multiply the vertex matrix by the
1 3 O x
4
Write the vertex matrix for ABC. 5 5 1 C
reflection matrix for y x.
6 6 6 0 1 3 2 1 5 4 1
Add the translation matrix 4 4 4 to the vertex 1 0 5 4 1 3 2 1
matrix of ABC.
C The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(5, 3), B(4, 2), and C(1, 1).
6 6 1 5 3
Answers
5 1 3 6
4 5 1 4 4 4 0 1 5
The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(1, 0), B(5, 1), and C(3, 5). Exercises
A11
Exercises 1. The coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A(2, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 2), and
D(2, 1). What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image ABCD after a
For Exercises 1 and 2 use the following information. Quadrilateral QUAD with reflection over the y-axis? A(2, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 2), D(2, 1)
vertices Q(1, 3), U(0, 0), A(5, 1), and D(2, 5) is translated 3 units to the left
and 2 units up.
(Lesson 4-4)
3 3 3 3 2. Triangle DEF with vertices D(2, 5), E(1, 4), and F(0, 1) is rotated 90°
1. Write the translation matrix. counterclockwise about the origin.
2 2 2 2
2. Find the coordinates of the vertices of QUAD. a. Write the coordinates of the triangle in a vertex matrix.
Q(4, 1), U, (3, 2), A(2, 1), D(1, 3) 2 1 0
5 4 1
For Exercises 3–5, use the following information. The vertices of ABC are b. Write the rotation matrix for this situation.
A(4, 2), B(2, 8), and C(8, 2). The triangle is dilated so that its perimeter is
Lesson 4-4
one-fourth the original perimeter. y B
0 1
1 0
3. Write the coordinates of the vertices of ABC in a vertex D y
c. Find the coordinates of the vertices of DEF.
matrix. 4 2 8 E
D (5, 2), E (4, 1), F (1, 0)
2 8 2
4. Find the coordinates of the vertices of image ABC. B d. Graph DEF and DEF. E
C C
1 1 1 O F x
A 1, , B , 2 , C 2, O x F
2 2 2 A
D
5. Graph the preimage and the image. A
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Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Skills Practice 4-4 Practice (Average)
Transformations with Matrices Transformations with Matrices
For Exercises 1–3, use the following information. B y For Exercises 1–3, use the following information.
A B X y
Triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 3), B(0, 4), and C(3, 3) is Quadrilateral WXYZ with vertices W(3, 2), X(2, 4), Y(4, 1), and
translated 3 units right and 1 unit down. A Z(3, 0) is translated 1 unit left and 3 units down. W
X Y
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1. Write the translation matrix.
3 3 3 O x 1. Write the translation matrix.
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 O Z x
W Y
2. Find the coordinates of ABC. A(5, 2), B(3, 3), C(0, 4) C C 2. Find the coordinates of quadrilateral WXYZ.
W(4, 1), X (3, 1), Y(3, 2), Z (2, 3) Z
3. Graph the preimage and the image.
3. Graph the preimage and the image.
For Exercises 4–6, use the following information.
The vertices of RST are R(3, 1), S(2, 1), and T(1, 3). The
For Exercises 4–6, use the following information.
triangle is dilated so that its perimeter is twice the original y
y T The vertices of RST are R(6, 2), S(3, 3), and T(2, 5). The triangle T
perimeter.
is dilated so that its perimeter is one half the original perimeter.
4. Write the coordinates of RST in a
3 2 1 T T R
1 1 3 4. Write the coordinates of RST in a vertex matrix.
6 3 2 R
vertex matrix. R
R 2 3 5
O x
O x
5. Find the coordinates of the image RST.
5. Find the coordinates of the image RST. S S
R(6, 2), S(4, 2), T (2, 6) R(3, 1), S(1.5, 1.5), T (1, 2.5)
S 6. Graph RST and RST. S
6. Graph RST and RST.
Answers
For Exercises 7–10, use the following information.
A12
For Exercises 7–10, use the following information.
The vertices of DEF are D(4, 0), E(0, 1), and F(2, 3).
The triangle is reflected over the x-axis. The vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A(3, 2), B(0, 3), C(4, 4),
and D(2, 2). The quadrilateral is reflected over the y-axis.
7. Write the coordinates of DEF in a
4 0 2 y
0 1 3 F
3 0 4 2 y
vertex matrix. 7. Write the coordinates of ABCD in a
2 3 4 2 B B
vertex matrix. A A
1 0 E
8. Write the reflection matrix for this situation. D
(Lesson 4-4)
0 1 O 8. Write the reflection matrix for this situation.
1 0
Dx
E 0 1 O x
9. Find the coordinates of DEF. D(4, 0), E (0, 1), F (2, 3)
F
9. Find the coordinates of ABCD. D D
10. Graph DEF and DEF . A(3, 2), B(0, 3), C(4, 4), D(2, 2)
10. Graph ABCD and ABCD. C C
For Exercises 11–14, use the following information.
Triangle XYZ with vertices X(1, 3), Y(4, 1), and Z(2, 5) is 11. ARCHITECTURE Using architectural design software, the Bradleys plot their kitchen
Lesson 4-4
rotated 180º counterclockwise about the origin. Z y
plans on a grid with each unit representing 1 foot. They place the corners of an island at
11. Write the coordinates of the triangle in a
1 4 2 X (2, 8), (8, 11), (3, 5), and (9, 8). If the Bradleys wish to move the island 1.5 feet to the
vertex matrix.
3 1 5 right and 2 feet down, what will the new coordinates of its corners be?
Y (3.5, 6), (9.5, 9), (4.5, 3), and (10.5, 6)
12. Write the rotation matrix for this situation.
1 0 O x
0 1 Y 12. BUSINESS The design of a business logo calls for locating the vertices of a triangle at
13. Find the coordinates of XYZ. (1.5, 5), (4, 1), and (1, 0) on a grid. If design changes require rotating the triangle 90º
X
X(1, 3), Y(4, 1), Z(2, 5) counterclockwise, what will the new coordinates of the vertices be?
14. Graph the preimage and the image. Z (5, 1.5), (1, 4), and (0, 1)
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-4 Enrichment
Transformations with Matrices
Pre-Activity How are transformations used in computer animation? Properties of Determinants
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-4 at the top of page 175 in your textbook. The following properties often help when evaluating determinants.
Describe how you can change the orientation of a figure without changing
• If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, the value of the
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its size or shape.
determinant is zero.
Flip (or reflect) the figure over a line. a b
0 0 0 (a 0) (0 b) 0
Reading the Lesson
1. a. Write the vertex matrix for the quadrilateral ABCD shown in y
• Multiplying all the elements of a row (or column) by a constant is equivalent
the graph at the right. B
to multiplying the value of the determinant by the constant.
4 2 1 2 A 4 1 3 3[4(3) 5(1)] 51
1 3 4 3 O
5
3 5 3 12 3 3[12 5] 51
x
12(3) 5(3) 51
D
C • If two rows (or columns) have equal corresponding elements, the value of the
determinant is zero.
b. Write the vertex matrix that represents the position of the quadrilateral ABCD that 5 5 0 5(3) (3)(5) 0
results when quadrilateral ABCD is translated 3 units to the right and 2 units down. 3 3
Answers
1 5 4 1
A13
1 1 6 5
• The value of a determinant is unchanged if any multiple of a row (or column)
2. Describe the transformation that corresponds to each of the following matrices. is added to corresponding elements of another row (or column).
4 3 6 2 4(5) 2(3) 6(5) 2(2) 26
1 0 3 3 3 2 5 2 5
a. 0 1 b. 4 4 4 20 6 26 30 4 26
(Row 2 is added to row 1.)
counterclockwise rotation translation 4 units down and
(Lesson 4-4)
about the origin of 180 3 units to the right • If two rows (or columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed.
1 0 0 1 4 5 3 8 4(8) (3)(5) [(3)(5) 4(8)] 47
c. 0 1 d. 1 0 3 8 5 5
32 15 47 [15 32] 47
reflection over the y-axis reflection over the line y x
• The value of the determinant is unchanged if row 1 is interchanged with column 1,
Helping You Remember and row 2 is interchanged with column 2. The result is called the transpose.
Lesson 4-4
3. Describe a way to remember which of the reflection matrices corresponds to reflection 5 7 5 3 5(4) 3(7) 5(4) (7)(3)
over the x-axis. 3 4 7 4
20 21 41 20 21 41
Sample answer: The only elements used in the reflection matrices are 0,
1, and 1. For such a 2 2 matrix M to have the property that
M x x , the elements in the top row must be 1 and 0 (in that Exercises 1–6
y y
order), and elements in the bottom row must be 0 and 1 (in that order). Verify each property above by evaluating the given determinants and give
another example of the property. Examples will vary.
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4-5 Study Guide and Intervention 4-5 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Determinants Determinants
Determinants of 2 2 Matrices Determinants of 3 3 Matrices
Second-Order Determinant For the matrix a b , the determinant is a b ad bc. a b c
c d c d Third-Order Determinants d e f a eh f b d f c d e
g h i i g i g h
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example Find the value of each determinant.
The area of a triangle having vertices (a, b), (c, d ) and (e, f ) is | A |, where
6 3
Area of a Triangle a b 1
a. 8
5 1
A c d 1 .
2 e f 1
6 3
8 5 6(5) 3(8)
30 (24) or 54
Example 4 5 2
b. 11 5 Evaluate 1 3 0 .
9 3 2 3 6
4 5 2 3 0 1 0 1 3
11 5 11(3) (5)(9) 1 3 0 4 3 Third-order determinant
9 3 2 3 6 6 5 2 6 2 2 3
33 (45) or 12 4(18 0) 5(6 0) 2(3 6) Evaluate 2 2 determinants.
4(18) 5(6) 2(9) Simplify.
72 30 18 Multiply.
Exercises
Answers
60 Simplify.
Find the value of each determinant.
A14
6 2 8 3 3 9 Exercises
1. 5 7 52 2.
2 1 2 3. 4 6 18
Evaluate each determinant.
3 2 2 4 1 0 6 1 4
5 12 6 3 4 7 1. 0 4 1 57 2. 2 3 1 80 3. 2 3 0 28
4. 7 4 64 5.
4 1 6 6. 5 9 1 1 5 3 2 2 5 1 3 2
(Lesson 4-5)
14 8 15 12 8 35
7. 9 3 114 8. 23 28 144 9. 5 20 335
5 2 2 6 1 4 5 4 1
4. 3 0 2 54 5. 3 2 1 63 6. 2 3 2 2
2 4 3 2 2 1 1 6 3
10 16 24 8 13 62
10. 22 40 48 11. 7 3 16 12. 4 19 495
0.2 8 8.6 0.5 20 110 7. Find the area of a triangle with vertices X(2, 3), Y(7, 4), and Z(5, 5).
13. 1.5 15 15 14. 14 5 36 15. 0.1 1.4 17
44.5 square units
1
4.8 2.1 23 2 13 6.8 15
16. 3.4 5.3 18.3 17. 1 1 18. 0.2 5 37
5
Lesson 4-5
6 60
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4-5 Skills Practice 4-5 Practice (Average)
Determinants Determinants
Find the value of each determinant. Find the value of each determinant.
5 2 10 9 1 6 1 6 9 6 4 1
1. 1 3 13 2. 5 8 35 3. 1 7 1 1. 2 7 5 2. 3 2 0 3. 2 5 18
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14 3 4 3 5
4. 2 2 34 5. 12 4 20 6. 2
5 11 3
2 5 0 9 3 12
4. 3 1 13 5. 5 8 45 6. 2 8 0
4 0 36 3 4 1 11
7. 2 9 8. 7 9 55 9.
10 2 112
5 2 3 1 9 2 3 4 2 1 0.5 0.7
7. 8 6 14 8. 8 7 13 9. 4 1 1 10. 3.75 5 30 11. 3 12. 0.4
9.5 16 0.3 0.13
Evaluate each determinant using expansion by minors.
5 1 3 12 4
10. 1
1 6 11 11. 3 4 5 12. 1 4 52 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 1 1
13. 0 4 3 48 14. 3 0 9 45 15. 1 1 2 7
5 1
Answers
2 5 1 1 7 1 1
A15
0 4 0 2 7 6 12 0 3
5 1 3 1 14 16. 2 1 1 28 17. 8 4 0 72 18. 7 5 1 318
13. 3
6 11 3 14. 5 2 17 15. 5 2 68 3 2 5 1 1 3 4 2 6
Evaluate each determinant using diagonals.
2 6
(Lesson 4-5)
2 2 10
16. 1
0 4 4 17. 1 4 18. 1
2 5 17 4 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 1
19. 2 1 2 10 20. 1 1 1 12 21. 1 6 2 5
4 1 4 3 1 1 2 3 1
Evaluate each determinant using expansion by minors. 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 3
22. 1 4 6 20 23. 4 0 2 4 24. 1 8 0 0
2 1 1 6 1 1 2 6 1 2 3 3 0 3 2 0 5 1
19. 3 2 1 1 20. 5 2 1 2 21. 3 5 1 1
2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 2
25. GEOMETRY Find the area of a triangle whose vertices have coordinates (3, 5), (6, 5),
and (4, 10). 27.5 units2
Evaluate each determinant using diagonals.
26. LAND MANAGEMENT A fish and wildlife management organization uses a GIS
2 1 6 3 1 2 3 2 2 (geographic information system) to store and analyze data for the parcels of land it
22. 3 2 5 3 23. 1 0 4 8 24. 1 1 4 40
2 3 1 3 2 0 3 1 0 manages. All of the parcels are mapped on a grid in which 1 unit represents 1 acre. If
the coordinates of the corners of a parcel are (8, 10), (6, 17), and (2, 4), how many
Lesson 4-5
acres is the parcel? 133 acres
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Answers
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-5 Enrichment
Determinants
Pre-Activity How are determinants used to find areas of polygons? Matrix Multiplication
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-5 at the top of page 182 in your textbook. A furniture manufacturer makes upholstered chairs and wood tables. Matrix A
In this lesson, you will learn how to find the area of a triangle if you know the shows the number of hours spent on each item by three different workers. One
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
coordinates of its vertices using determinants. Describe a method you already day the factory receives an order for 10 chairs and 3 tables. This is shown in
know for finding the area of the Bermuda Triangle. Sample answer: matrix B.
Use the map. Choose any side of the triangle as the base, and hours
measure this side with a ruler. Multiply this length by the scale woodworker finsher upholsterer chair table
factor for the map. Next, draw a segment from the opposite chair 4 2 12 A number ordered [ 10 3 ]B
vertex perpendicular to the base. Measure this segment, and table 18 15 0
multiply its length by the scale for the map. Finally, find the 4 2 12
1 [10 3] 18 15 0 [10(4) 3(18) 10(2) 3(15) 10(12) 3(0)] [94 65 120]
area by using the formula A bh.
2
The product of the two matrices shows the number of hours needed for each
type of worker to complete the order: 94 hours for woodworking, 65 hours for
Reading the Lesson finishing, and 120 hours for upholstering.
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false.
To find the total labor cost, multiply by a matrix that shows the hourly rate for
a. Every matrix has a determinant. false each worker: $15 for woodworking, $9 for finishing, and $12 for upholstering.
b. If both rows of a 2 2 matrix are identical, the determinant of the matrix will be 0. true 15
C 9 [94 65 120] [94(15) 65(9) 120(12)] $3435
c. Every element of a 3 3 matrix has a minor. true 12
Answers
d. In order to evaluate a third-order determinant by expansion by minors it is necessary
Use matrix multiplication to solve these problems.
A16
to find the minor of every element of the matrix. false
A candy company packages caramels, chocolates, and hard candy in three
e. If you evaluate a third-order determinant by expansion about the second row, the different assortments: traditional, deluxe, and superb. For each type of candy
position signs you will use are . true the table below gives the number in each assortment, the number of Calories
per piece, and the cost to make each piece.
2. Suppose that triangle RST has vertices R(2, 5), S(4, 1), and T(0, 6).
Calories cost per
a. Write a determinant that could be used in finding the area of triangle RST. traditional deluxe superb per piece piece (cents)
(Lesson 4-5)
2 5 1 caramels 10 16 15 60 10
4 1 1 chocolates 12 8 25 70 12
0 6 1 card candy 10 16 8 55 6
b. Explain how you would use the determinant you wrote in part a to find the area of
the triangle. Sample answer: Evaluate the determinant and multiply the The company receives an order for 300 traditional, 180 deluxe and
1 100 superb assortments.
result by . Then take the absolute value to make sure the final answer
2
is positive. 1. Find the number of each type of candy needed to fill the order.
7380 caramels; 7540 chocolates; 6680 hard candies
Helping You Remember 2. Find the total number of Calories in each type of assortment.
3. A good way to remember a complicated procedure is to break it down into steps. Write a 1990-traditional; 2400-deluxe; 3090-superb
list of steps for evaluating a third-order determinant using expansion by minors.
Sample answer: 1. Choose a row of the matrix. 2. Find the position signs 3. Find the cost of production for each type of assortment.
for the row you have chosen. 3. Find the minor of each element in that $3.04-traditional; $3.52-deluxe; $4.98-superb
row. 4. Multiply each element by its position sign and by its minor. 5. Add
Lesson 4-5
the results. 4. Find the cost to fill the order. $2043.60
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4-6 Study Guide and Intervention 4-6 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Cramer’s Rule Cramer’s Rule
Systems of Two Linear Equations Determinants provide a way for solving systems Systems of Three Linear Equations
of equations.
The solution of the system whose equations are
The solution of the linear system of equations ax by e ax by cz j
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
cx dy f dx ey fz k
Cramer’s Rule for e b a e gx hy iz l
Lesson 4-6
Two-Variable Systems f d c f Cramer’s Rule for
is (x, y ) where x ,y , and a b 0. j b c a j c a b j
a b
a b c d Three-Variable Systems
c d c d k e f d k f d e k
l h i g l i g h l a b c
is (x, y, z) where x ,y , and z and d e f 0.
a b c
a b c
a b c g h i
Example Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the system of equations. 5x 10y 8 d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i
10x 25y 2
e b a e
f d c f Example Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system of equations.
x Cramer’s Rule y
a b
a b 6x 4y z 5
c d c d 2x 3y 2z 2
8 10 5 8 8x 2y 2z 10
2 25 10 2 Use the coefficients and constants from the equations to form the determinants. Then
a 5, b 10, c 10, d 25, e 8, f 2
5 10
5 10 evaluate each determinant.
10 25 10 25
5 4 1 6 5 1 6 4 5
8(25) (2)(10) 5(2) 8(10) 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
Evaluate each determinant.
5(25) (10)(10) 5(25) (10)(10) 10 2 2 8 10 2 8 2 10
Answers
x y z
180 4 90 2 6 4 1
6 4 1
6 4 1
or Simplify. or
225 5 225 5 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
A17
2
8 2 2 8 2 2 8 2 2
The solution is , . 45 5 80 5 32 1 128 4
or
96 or 6 96 3 96 or 3
Exercises 5 1 4
The solution is , , .
6 3 3
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
(Lesson 4-6)
1. 3x 2y 7 2. x 4y 17 3. 2x y 2 Exercises
2x 7y 38 (5, 4) 3x y 29 (9, 2) 4x y 4 (3, 8)
Use Cramer’s rule to solve each system of equations.
4. 2x y 1 5. 4x 2y 1 6. 6x 3y 3 1. x 2y 3z 6 2. 3x y 2z 2
7
5x 2y 29 (3, 7) 5x 4y 24 2, 2x y 21 (5, 11) 2x y z 3 4x 2y 5z 7
2 x y z 6 (1, 2, 3) x y z 1 (3, 5, 3)
x y
7. 2x 7y 16 8. 2x 3y 2 9. 2
3 5
3. x 3y z 1 4. 2x y 3z 5
x 2y 30 (22, 4) 3x 4y 9 (35, 24) x y
8
4 6
(12, 30) 2x 2y z 8 x y 5z 21
4x 7y 2z 11 (2, 1, 6) 3x 2y 4z 6 (4, 7, 2)
3
10. 6x 9y 1 11. 3x 12y 14 12. 8x 2y
7
3x 18y 12 9x 6y 7 5. 3x y 4z 7 6. 2x y 4z 9
27
5x 4y 2x y 5z 24 3x 2y 5z 13
7
11 10x 3y 2z 2 (3, 8, 2) x y 7z 0 (5, 9, 2)
23 , 59 43 , 56 17 ,
14
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 199 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 200 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
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NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Skills Practice 4-6 Practice (Average)
Cramer’s Rule Cramer’s Rule
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations. Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
1. 2a 3b 6 2. 3x y 2 1. 2x y 0 2. 5c 9d 19 3. 2x 3y 5
2a b 2 (3, 4) 2x y 3 (1, 1) 3x 2y 2 (2, 4) 2c d 20 (7, 6) 3x 2y 1 (1, 1)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. 20m 3n 28 5. x 3y 6 6. 5x 6y 45
Lesson 4-6
3. 2m 3n 6 4. x y 2 2m 3n 16 (2, 4) 3x y 22 (6, 4) 9x 8y 13 (3, 5)
m 3n 6 (0, 2) 2x 3y 9 (3, 1)
7. 2e f 4 8. 2x y 1 9. 8a 3b 24
3e 5f 15 (5, 6) 2x 4y 8 (2, 3) 2a b 4 (6, 8)
5. 2x y 4 6. 3r s 7
7x 2y 3 (1, 2) 5r 2s 8 (6, 11)
10. 3x 15y 45 11. 3u 5v 11 12. 6g h 10
1 4
2x 7y 18 (5, 4) 6u 7v 12 , 2
3 3g 4h 4 , 2 3
7. 4g 5h 1 8. 7x 5y 8
g 3h 2 (1, 1) 9x 2y 3 (1, 3) 13. x 3y 8 14. 0.2x 0.5y 1 15. 0.3d 0.6g 1.8
x 0.5y 3 (2, 2) 0.6x 3y 9 (5, 4) 0.2d 0.3g 0.5 (4, 1)
9. 3x 4y 2 10. 2x y 5 16. GEOMETRY The two sides of an angle are contained in the lines whose equations are
4
4x 3y 12 (6, 4) 3x y 5 (2, 1) x y 6 and 2x y 1. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the angle. (2, 3)
3
17. GEOMETRY Two sides of a parallelogram are contained in the lines whose equations
Answers
11. 3p 6q 18 12. x 2y 1 are 0.2x 0.5y 1 and 0.02x 0.3y 0.9. Find the coordinates of a vertex of the
2p 3q 5 (4, 1) 2x y 3 (1, 1)
A18
parallelogram. (15, 4)
13. 5c 3d 5 14. 5t 2v 2 Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations.
2c 9d 2 (1, 0) 2t 3v 8 (2, 4)
18. x 3y 3z 4 19. 5a b 4c 7 20. 2x y 3z 5
x 2y z 1 3a 2b c 0 5x 2y 2z 8
15. 5a 2b 14 16. 65w 8z 83 4x y 2z 1 2a 3b c 17 3x 3y 5z 17
(Lesson 4-6)
3a 4b 11 (3, 0.5) 9w 4z 0 (1, 2.25) (1, 1, 2) (3, 2, 5) (2, 3, 4)
21. 2c 3d e 17 22. 2j k 3m 3 23. 3x 2y 5z 3
17. GEOMETRY The two sides of an angle are contained in the lines whose equations are 4c d 5e 9 3j 2k 4m 5 2x 2y 4z 3
3x 2y 4 and x 3y 5. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the angle. (2, 1) c 2d e 12 4j k 2m 4 5x 10y 7z 3
(2, 3, 4) (1, 2, 1) (1.2, 0.3, 0)
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve each system of equations. 24. LANDSCAPING A memorial garden being planted in
front of a municipal library will contain three circular
18. a b 5c 2 19. x 3y z 5
beds that are tangent to each other. A landscape architect A
3a b 2c 3 2x 5y z 12
16
has prepared a sketch of the design for the garden using
ft
x 2y 3z 13 ( 3, 2, 4)
15 ft
4a 2b c 3 (2, 5, 1)
CAD (computer-aided drafting) software, as shown at the
right. The centers of the three circular beds are represented
by points A, B, and C. The distance from A to B is 15 feet,
20. 3c 5d 2e 4 21. r 4s t 6
the distance from B to C is 13 feet, and the distance from B C
2c 3d 4c 3 2r s 3t 0
A to C is 16 feet. What is the radius of each of the circular
4c 2d 3e 0 (1, 1, 2) 3r 2s t 4 (1, 1, 1)
beds? circle A: 9 ft, circle B: 6 ft, circle C: 7 ft 13 ft
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 201 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 202 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-6 Enrichment
Cramer’s Rule
Pre-Activity How is Cramer’s Rule used to solve systems of equations? Communications Networks
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-6 at the top of page 189 in your textbook. The diagram at the right represents a communications network 1 2
1 linking five computer remote stations. The arrows indicate the
A triangle is bounded by the x-axis, the line y x, and the line
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
direction in which signals can be transmitted and received by each
5
y 2x 10. Write three systems of equations that you could use to find computer. We can generate a matrix to describe this network.
Lesson 4-6
the three vertices of the triangle. (Do not actually find the vertices.)
1 1 3 4
x 0, y x; x 0, y 2x 10; y x, y 2x 10 to computer j The entry in position aij represents the number of ways to send
2 2
0 1 0 1 0 a message from computer i to computer j directly. Compare the
0 0 0 1 1 entries of matrix A to the diagram to verify the entries. For
from
A computer i 1 0 0 1 0 example, there is one way to send a message from computer 3
1 1 1 0 1
Reading the Lesson 0 1 0 1 0 to computer 4, so A3,4 1. A computer cannot send a message
to itself, so A1,1 0.
1. Suppose that you are asked to solve the following system of equations by Cramer’s Rule.
Matrix A is a communications network for direct communication. Suppose you
3x 2y 7 want to send a message from one computer to another using exactly one other
2x 3y 22 computer as a relay point. It can be shown that the entries of matrix A2 represent
the number of ways to send a message from one point to another by going through
Without actually evaluating any determinants, indicate which of the following ratios of a third station. For example, a message may be sent from station 1 to station 5 by
determinants gives the correct value for x. B going through station 2 or station 4 on the way. Therefore, A21,5 2.
3 2 7 2 3 7 to computer j
2 3 22 3 2 22
Answers
A. B. C. 1 1 1 1 2 Again, compare the entries of matrix A2 to the
7 2 3 2
3 2 1 2 1 1 1 communications diagram to verify that the entries are
22 3 2 3 2 3 from
A19
A2 computer i 1 2 1 1 1 correct. Matrix A2 represents using exactly one relay.
1 2 0 4 1
2. In your textbook, the statements of Cramer’s Rule for two variables and three variables 1 1 1 1 2
specify that the determinant formed from the coefficients of the variables cannot be 0.
If the determinant is zero, what do you know about the system and its solutions? For each network, find the matrices A and A2. Then write the number
of ways the messages can be sent for each matrix.
The system could be a dependent system and have infinitely many
solutions, or it could be an inconsistent system and have no solutions. 1. 1 2. 1 2 3 3. 1 2
(Lesson 4-6)
6 5
2 3 4 4 5 3 4
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Helping You Remember 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
A: 1 A: 0 A: 1 0 0 1 0
3. Some students have trouble remembering how to arrange the determinants that are used 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
in solving a system of two linear equations by Cramer’s Rule. What is a good way to 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
remember this? 9 ways 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 ways 10 ways
Sample answer: Let D be the determinant of the coefficients. Let Dx be the
determinant formed by replacing the first column of D with the constants 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
from the right-hand side of the system, and let Dy be the determinant 3 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
A: 1 2 1 1 A: 1 0 2 1 0 0 A: 1 1 1 0 0
formed by replacing the second column of D with the constants. Then 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 0
Dx Dy 1 1 0 1 0
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 1 0
x and y . 1 0 1 0
D D 21 ways 0 0
21 ways 14 ways
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 203 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 204 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Study Guide and Intervention 4-7 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Identity and Inverse Matrices Identity and Inverse Matrices
Identity and Inverse Matrices The identity matrix for matrix multiplication is a Find Inverse Matrices
square matrix with 1s for every element of the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
Identity Matrix If A is an n n matrix and I is the identity matrix, The inverse of a matrix A a b is
c d
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
for Multiplication then A I A and I A A. Inverse of a 2 2 Matrix
1
A1 d b , where ad bc 0.
ad bc c a
If an n n matrix A has an inverse A1, then A A1 A1 A I.
If ad bc 0, the matrix does not have an inverse.
3 2
Example 7 4 and Y
Determine whether X 10 are inverse
6 5 7
matrices. 2
Example 2
Find X Y. Find the inverse of N 7
2 1 .
3 2 First find the value of the determinant.
7 4
X Y 10 6 5 7
2
Lesson 4-7
7 2 7 4 3
2 1
21 20 14 14 0
30 30 20 21 or 1
0 1 Since the determinant does not equal 0, N1 exists.
Find Y X. 1 2
1 d b 1 1 2 3 3
2 7
3 2 7 4 N1 c a 3 2 7
YX 7 ad bc
5 10 6 3 3
2
Check:
21 20 12 12 0 7 4 14 14
1 2
Answers
3 3 3 3 3 3
35 35 20 21 or 1
0 1 7 2 1 0
Since X Y Y X I, X and Y are inverse matrices.
NN1 2 1 2 7 2 2 4 7
0 1
A20
3
3 3 3 3 3
1 7 4 2 2
2
Exercises 3 3 7 2 3 3 3 3 1 0
N1N 2 7 2 1 14 14 4 7
0 1
3 3
3
3
3 3
Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses.
4 5 4 5 3 2
2 1 2 3 2 3
Exercises
(Lesson 4-7)
1. 3 4 and 3 4 2. 5 4 and 5 3 3. 5 1 and 1 2
2 2
yes yes no Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
2 1 24 12 1 1 40 10
1. 8 4 3. 20 30
8 11 5 2
2. 0 1
4 11 4 1 and 1 2
5. 5 11 5
4. 3 4 and 3 8 3 3 8 6. 11 4 and
2 2
1 1 1
no inverse exists 30 10
yes no yes 0 1 1000 20 40
1 1
4 2 5 10 5 8 3 4 3 7 7 3
7. 6 2 and 3 1 8. 4 6 and 5 9. 2 4 and 2 2
2 1 2 6 5 3 6 8 2
10 2
10 4. 10 8 5. 4 8 6. 10 4
no yes no
1 8 5 1 4 2
no inverse exists
3 2 3 2 7 2 5 2 4 3 5 3 2 10 6 12 10 8
10. 4 6 and 4 3 11. 17 5 and 17 7 12. 7 5 and 7 4
no yes yes
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 205 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 206 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Skills Practice 4-7 Practice (Average)
Identity and Inverse Matrices Identity and Inverse Matrices
Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses. Determine whether each pair of matrices are inverses.
1 0 1 0 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 2
1 1. M 3 2, N 3 2 no 2. X 5 3, Y 5 3 yes
1. X 1 1, Y 1 1 yes 2. P 1 1, Q 1 2 yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1 1 3 1
3 1 5 10 6 2 14 7
3. A 4 2, B 2 3 yes 4. P 2 3, Q 1 3 yes
1 0 1 0 2 5 2 5 5
10
7 7
3. M 0 3, N 0 3 no 4. A 1 2, B 1 2 yes
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
0 1 1 2 5. All square matrices have multiplicative inverses. false
0 7 7 1 4 3 3
5. V 7 0, W 1 yes 6. X 1 2, Y 1 1 6. All square matrices have multiplicative identities. true
yes
7 0 6 6
Lesson 4-7
Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
2 3
4 3 11 11 4 4 0.125 0.125 4 5 1 2 0 1
7. G 1 2, H 1 4 yes
8. D
4 4, E 0.125 0.125 no 7. 4 3 3 5
8 4
8. 3 5 5 0
10 3 2
11 1
1
4
1 3 1 2 5 1
9. 4 7 7 3 10. 1 3 3 5
5 4 1 11 1 2
1 1 5 4 6
Find the inverse of each matrix, if it exists.
2 5
11. 3 12. 6 9 no inverse exists
Answers
1 17
3 2
0 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 1
A21
9. 4 0
8 4 0
10. 3 2
3 1 GEOMETRY For Exercises 13–16, use the figure at the right. y (6, 6)
13. Write the vertex matrix A for the rectangle.
1 4 5 2 (1.5, 3) (4, 4)
2 4 1 1
9 3 2 4 1 0 4 (1, 2)
11. 6 2 no inverse exists 12. 6 0 1.5 0 (5, 1)
24 6 2 14. Use matrix multiplication to find BA if B 0 1.5. (7.5, 1.5)
1.5 6 7.5 3 O x
(2, –1) (3, –1.5)
(Lesson 4-7)
3 6 1.5 1.5
1 3 1
1 1 3 6
13. 3 3 6 3 1 14. 1 2 no inverse exists 15. Graph the vertices of the transformed triangle on the previous graph.
Describe the transformation. dilation by a scale factor of 1.5
16. Make a conjecture about what transformation B1 describes on a coordinate plane.
1 1 1 1 1 4 5 1 2 5 2
15. 1 1 16. 1 2 dilation by a scale factor of
2 1 1 13 1 4 3
1 2
17. CODES Use the alphabet table below and the inverse of coding matrix C 2 1 to
decode this message:
0 7 1 0 7 10 8
17. 7 0
49 7 0
18. 5 4 no inverse exists 19 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 55 | 65 | 57 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 52 | 47 | 33 | 51 | 56 | 55.
CODE CHECK_YOUR_ANSWERS
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5 F 6 G 7
10 8 1 8 8 2 0 1 2 0
19. 10 8 20. 0 2 H 8 I 9 J 10 K 11 L 12 M 13 N 14
160 10 10 4 0 2
O 15 P 16 Q 17 R 18 S 19 T 20 U 21
V 22 W 23 X 24 Y 25 Z 26 – 0
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Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-7 Enrichment
Identity and Inverse Matrices
Pre-Activity How are inverse matrices used in cryptography? Permutation Matrices
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-7 at the top of page 195 in your textbook. A permutation matrix is a square matrix in which 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Refer to the code table given in the introduction to this lesson. Suppose that each row and each column has one entry that is 1. 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
All the other entries are 0. Find the inverse of a
P 0 1 P1 1 0
you receive a message coded by this system as follows: 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
permutation matrix interchanging the rows and
16 12 5 1 19 5 2 5 13 25 6 18 9 5 14 4. columns. For example, row 1 is interchanged with
column 1, row 2 is interchanged with column 2.
Decode the message. Please be my friend.
P is a 4 4 permutation matrix. P1 is the inverse of P.
Reading the Lesson Solve each problem.
1. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. 1. There is just one 2 2 permutation 2. Find the inverse of the matrix you wrote
Lesson 4-7
matrix that is not also an identity in Exercise 1. What do you notice?
a. Every element of an identity matrix is 1. false matrix. Write this matrix.
b. There is a 3 2 identity matrix. false 0 1 0 1 The two matrices
1 0 1 0 are the same.
c. Two matrices are inverses of each other if their product is the identity matrix. true
d. If M is a matrix, M1 represents the reciprocal of M. false 3. Show that the two matrices in Exercises 1 and 2 are inverses.
e. No 3 2 matrix has an inverse. true 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
Answers
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
f. Every square matrix has an inverse. false
A22
4. Write the inverse of this matrix.
g. If the two columns of a 2 2 matrix are identical, the matrix does not have an
inverse. true 0 0 1 0 1 0
B 1 0 0 B 1 0 0 1
2. Explain how to find the inverse of a 2 2 matrix. Do not use any special mathematical 0 1 0 1 0 0
symbols in your explanation.
5. Use B1 from problem 4. Verify that B and B1 are inverses.
Sample answer: First find the determinant of the matrix. If it is zero, then
(Lesson 4-7)
the matrix has no inverse. If the determinant is not zero, form a new 0 0 0 0 1 1 010010 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
matrix as follows. Interchange the top left and bottom right elements. 1 0 0 0 0 1 110000 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Change the signs but not the positions of the other two elements. 0 0 1 0 0 1 011000 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Multiply the resulting matrix by the reciprocal of the determinant of the
original matrix. The resulting matrix is the inverse of the original matrix. 6. Permutation matrices can be used to write and decipher codes. To see how
this is done, use the message matrix M and matrix B from problem 4. Find
matrix C so that C equals the product MB. Use the rules below.
Helping You Remember
0 times a letter 0 S H E H E S
3. One way to remember something is to explain it to another person. Suppose that you are 1 times a letter the same letter M S A W C A W S
studying with a classmate who is having trouble remembering how to find the inverse of 0 plus a letter the same letter H I M I M H
a 2 2 matrix. He remembers how to move elements and change signs in the matrix,
but thinks that he should multiply by the determinant of the original matrix. How can 7. Now find the product CB1. What do you notice?
you help him remember that he must multiply by the reciprocal of this determinant?
H E S 0 1 0 S H E
Sample answer: If the determinant of the matrix is 0, its reciprocal is A W S 0 0 1 S A W
undefined. This agrees with the fact that if the determinant of a matrix is I M H 1 0 0 H I M
0, the matrix does not have an inverse.
Multiplying M by B encodes the message. To decipher, multiply by B 1.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 209 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 210 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Study Guide and Intervention 4-8 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Write Matrix Equations A matrix equation for a system of equations consists of the Solve Systems of Equations Use inverse matrices to solve systems of equations
product of the coefficient and variable matrices on the left and the constant matrix on the written as matrix equations.
right of the equals sign.
If AX B, then X A1B, where A is the coefficient matrix,
Solving Matrix Equations
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
X is the variable matrix, and B is the constant matrix.
Example Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
a. 3x 7y 12 b. 2x y 3z 7
x 5y 8 x 3y 4z 15 Example Solve 5 2 x 6
7x 2y z 28 6 4 y 4 .
Determine the coefficient, variable, and
constant matrices. 2 1 3 x 7 5 2 x 6
In the matrix equation A 6 4, X y, and B 4.
1 3 4 y 15
3 7 x 12
1 5 y 8 7 2 1 z 28 Step 1 Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix.
1 1
A1 4 2 or 4 2.
20 12 6 5 8 6 5
Exercises
Step 2 Multiply each side of the matrix equation by the inverse matrix.
Write a matrix equation for each system of equations. 1 1 4 2 6
Multiply each side by A1.
4 2 5 2 x
8 6 5 6 4 y 8 6 5 4
1. 2x y 8 2. 4x 3y 18 3. 7x 2y 15
1 16
5x 3y 12 x 2y 12 3x y 10 Multiply matrices.
1 0 x
0 1 y 8 16
2 1 x 8
Answers
4 3 x 18 7 2 x 15
x 2 Simplify.
Lesson 4-8
5 3 y 12 1 2 y 12 3 1 y 10 y 2
A23
4. 4x 6y 20 5. 5x 2y 18 6. 3x y 24 The solution is (2, 2).
3x y 8 0 x 4y 25 3y 80 2x
4 6 x 20 5 2 x 18 3 1 x 24 Exercises
3 1 y 8 1 4 y 25 2 3 y 80
7. 2x y 7z 12 8. 5x y 7z 32 Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices.
5x y 3z 15 x 3y 2z 18 2 4 x 2 4 8 x 16 3 2 x 3
(Lesson 4-8)
x 2y 6z 25 2x 4y 3z 12 1. 3 1 y 18 2. 6 12 y 12 3. 5 4 y 7
2 1 7 x 12 5 1 7 x 32 (5, 3) no solution (13, 18)
5 1 3 y 15 1 3 2 y 18
1 2 6 z 25 2 4 3 z 12
2 3 x 4 3 6 x 15 1 2 x 3
4. 2 5 y 8 5. 5 9 y 6 6. 3 1 y 6
9. 4x 3y z 100 10. x 3y 7z 27
2x y 3z 64 2x y 5z 48 15
5x 3y 2z 8 4x 2y 3z 72 14 , 23 (57, 31) 79 , 7
4 3 1 x 100 1 3 7 x 27
2 1 3 y 64 2 1 5 y 48 7. 4x 2y 22 8. 2x y 2 9. 3x 4y 12
5 3 2 z 8 4 2 3 z 72 6x 4y 2 x 2y 46 5x 8y 8
11. 2x 3y 9z 108 12. z 45 3x 2y (3, 5) (10, 18) (32, 21)
x 5z 40 2y 2x 3y z 60
3x 5y 89 4z x 4y 2z 120
10. x 3y 5 11. 5x 4y 5 12. 3x 2y 5
2 3 9 x 108 3 2 1 x 45 2x 7y 8 9x 8y 0 x 4y 20
1 2 5 y 40 2 3 1 y 60 10 45
3 5 4 z 89 1 4 2 z 120 (59, 18) , (2, 5.5)
19 76
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 211 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 212 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Skills Practice 4-8 Practice (Average)
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Write a matrix equation for each system of equations. Write a matrix equation for each system of equations.
1. x y 5 2. 3a 8b 16 1. 3x 2y 9 2. 6x 2y 2
2x y 1 4a 3b 3 5x 3y 13 3x 3y 10
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1 1 x 5 3 8 a 16 3 2 x 9 6 2 x 2
2 1 y 1 4 3 b 3 5 3 y 13 3 3 y 10
3. 2a b 0 4. r 5s 10
3. m 3n 3 4. 2c 3d 6
3a 2b 2 2r 3s 7
4m 3n 6 3c 4d 7
2 1 a 0 1 5 r 10
1 3 m 3 2 3 c 6 3 2 b 2 2 3 s 7
4 3 n 6 3 4 d 7
5. 3x 2y 5z 3 6. 2m n 3p 5
5. r s 1 6. x y 5 x y 4z 2 5m 2n 2p 8
2r 3s 12 3x 2y 10 2x 2y 7z 5 3m 3n 5p 17
3 2 5 x 3 2 1 3 m 5
1 1 r 1 1 1 x 5 1 1 4 y 2 5 2 2 n 8
2 3 s 12 3 2 y 10 2 2 7 z 5 3 3 5 p 17
7. 6x y 2z 4 8. a b c 5
Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices.
3x 2y z 10 3a 2b c 0
Answers
xyz3 2a 3b 8
Lesson 4-8
2 1 g 0 2 3 x 7
7. 3 2 h 2 (2, 4) 8. 1 5 y 10 (5, 1)
6 1 2 x 4 1 1 1 a 5
A24
3 2 1 y 10 3 2 1 b 0
1 1 1 z 3 2 3 0 c 8 1 3 a 12 5 3 c 16
9. 3 4 b 11 (3, 5) 10. 6 4 d 34 (1, 7)
Solve each matrix equation or system of equations by using inverse matrices. 4 2 r 17 1 8 3 y 1 1 1
11. 7 4 s 26 4, 12. 12 6 z 1 ,
2 4 3
(Lesson 4-8)
1 3 w 7 4 3 x 6
9. 4 3 z 1 (2, 3) 10. 1 3 y 3 (3, 2) 13. 2x 3y 5 14. 8d 9f 13
3x 2y 1 (1, 1) 6d 5f 45 (5, 3)
15. 5m 9n 19 16. 4j 9k 8
5 8 a 1 7 3 m 15 1 2
11. 3 1 b 7 (3, 2) 12. 5 4 n 23 (3, 2) 2m n 20 (7, 6) 6j 12k 5 ,
2 3
17. AIRLINE TICKETS Last Monday at 7:30 A.M., an airline flew 89 passengers on a
3 12 c 25 1 5 6 m 15 5 commuter flight from Boston to New York. Some of the passengers paid $120 for their
13. 2 6 d 12 7, 14. 12 6 n 2 1,
3 3 tickets and the rest paid $230 for their tickets. The total cost of all of the tickets was
$14,200. How many passengers bought $120 tickets? How many bought $230 tickets?
57; 32
15. p 3q 6 16. x 3y 2
2p 3q 6 (0, 2) 4x 5y 1 (1, 1) 18. NUTRITION A single dose of a dietary supplement contains 0.2 gram of calcium and
0.2 gram of vitamin C. A single dose of a second dietary supplement contains 0.1 gram
of calcium and 0.4 gram of vitamin C. If a person wants to take 0.6 gram of calcium and
17. 2m 2n 8 18. 3a b 9 1.2 grams of vitamin C, how many doses of each supplement should she take?
6m 4n 18 (1, 3) 5a 2b 14 (4, 3) 2 doses of the first supplement and 2 doses of the second supplement
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 213 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 214 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
©
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Reading to Learn Mathematics 4-8 Enrichment
Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations
Pre-Activity How are inverse matrices used in population ecology? Properties of Matrices
Read the introduction to Lesson 4-8 at the top of page 202 in your textbook. Computing with matrices is different from computing with real numbers. Stated
Write a 2 2 matrix that summarizes the information given in the below are some properties of the real number system. Are these also true for
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
introduction about the food and territory requirements for the two species. matrices? In the problems on this page, you will investigate this question.
For all real numbers a and b, ab 0 if and only if a 0 or b 0.
140 500
120 400 Multiplication is commutative. For all real numbers a and b, ab ba.
Multiplication is associative. For all real numbers a, b, and c, a(bc) (ab)c.
Use the matrices A, B, and C for the problems. Write whether each
Reading the Lesson statement is true. Assume that a 2-by-2 matrix is the 0 matrix if and
only if all of its elements are zero.
1. a. Write a matrix equation for the following system of equations.
3 1 1 3 3 6
3x 5y 10 3 5 x 10 A 1 3 B 1 3 C 1 2
2x 4y 7 2 4 y 7
b. Explain how to use the matrix equation you wrote above to solve the system. Use as 1. AB 0 no 2. AC 0 no 3. BC 0 yes
few mathematical symbols in your explanation as you can. Do not actually solve the
system.
2 6 10 20 0 0
AB 2 6 AB 6 12 AB 0 0
Sample answer: Find the inverse of the 2 2 matrix of coefficients.
Answers
Lesson 4-8
Multiply this inverse by the 2 1 matrix of constants, with the 2 2
A25
matrix on the left. The product will be a 2 1 matrix. The number in
the first row will be the value of x, and the number in the second row
will be the value of y.
4. AB BA no 5. AC CA no 6. BC CB no
0 8 15 21 3 9
BA 0 8 CA 5 7 AB 1 3
2. Write a system of equations that corresponds to the following matrix equation.
(Lesson 4-8)
3 2 4 x 2 3x 2y 4z 2 So, AB BA. So, AC CA. So, BC CB.
2 1 0 y 6 2x y 6
0 5 6 z 4 5y 6z 4
7. A(BC) (AB)C yes 8. B(CA) (BC)A yes 9. B(AC) (BA)C yes
Both products equal Both products equal Both products equal
Helping You Remember
0 0 0 0 8 16
3. Some students have trouble remembering how to set up a matrix equation to solve a 0 0 . 0 0 . 8 16 .
system of linear equations. What is an easy way to remember the order in which to write
the three matrices that make up the equation?
Sample answer: Just remember “CVC” for “coefficients, variables,
constants.” The variable matrix is on the left side of the equals sign, just
as the variables are in the system of linear equations. The constant 10. Write a statement summarizing your findings about the properties of matrix
matrix is on the right side of the equals sign, just as the constants are in multiplication.
the system of linear equations. Based on these examples, matrix multiplication is associative, but not
commutative. Two matrices may have a product of zero even if neither of
the factors equals zero.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 215 Glencoe Algebra 2 © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 216 Glencoe Algebra 2
Glencoe Algebra 2
Answers
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Form 1 Form 2A
Page 217 Page 218 Page 219
1. C 13. A 1. D
2. A
14. C
15. A
2. C
B 3. D
C 16.
3.
4. A
4. D
17. D
5. C
5. C
6. B
6. A
18. A 7. C
7. C
8. B
8. A
19. C C
9.
9. B
10. B
10. B
20. B
11. D
11. B
B: c2 ab
12. A
12. A
(continued on the next page)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A26 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2A (continued) Form 2B
Page 220 Page 221 Page 222
13. D 1. C 13. B
14. B 14. C
15. A 15. C
2. D
16. C 3. A 16. D
4. D
17. C 17. A
5. B
6. A
18. B C 18. C
7.
8. A
19. C 19. A
9. D
Answers
10. D
20. A 20. B
11. B
B: 0 0
B:
12. C
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A27 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2C
Page 223 Page 224
1. Resident Non-Resident R(4, 2), S(0, 2),
11. T(6, 1), U(2, 1)
Weekday A.M. 20 25
Weekday P.M. 18 22
Weekend 40 40
12. 29
13. 174
2. (3, 4)
14. 50 units2
3.
8
4 8 7 3
3 8 5
15. (3.5, 2)
4. impossible 16. (1, 2, 5)
5. [18 12 22 48]
21 yes
7 17.
6. 35
18.
1
4 2
12 2 4
7.
8.
348 28 10
4 32 19.
12, 32
1 1 1 c 366
0 1 2 t
56 42 ; 56 42 ;
28 60 28 60
20. 1 0 1 v
0
186
9. true
A(1, 5),
10. B(5, 7), C(2, 2)
B:
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A28 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Form 2D
Page 225 Page 226
Bleachers Box
1. Seats R(3, 5); S(4, 5);
11. T(6, 4); U(1, 4)
Weekday 9 21
Weekend 12 26
Double-Header 27 27
12. 8
13. 128
2.
14. 41 units2
3.
3 3 10 12
11 3 4
15. (8, 1.5)
impossible
4.
16. (3, 0, 2)
5.
33
32 17. no
6. 33
7. 18.
1
1 2
2 3 4
1 8
57
14
30 33 12, 12
Answers
8.
19.
124
38 ; 124 38 ;
102 74 102 74 1 1 1 f 1085
true 0 1 1 t 15
9. 1 0 8 s 0
20.
A(2, 3), B(0, 7),
10. C(5, 3)
B: 2ac
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A29 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Form 3
Page 227 Page 228
1. Evening Matinee 12. 266
Fri 10 0
Sat 10 7
45
Sun 0 7 units2
13. 8
2. (2, 5)
14.
12, 5
3.32 3.12 (13, 9, 2)
3.
5.28
2.50
7.38
1.24
15.
0 1
2
5 3
4. 4 4
16. yes
13 5
12
2 4
22
11 6 1 2
5. 5 5 3 3
2 1
17. 5 5
1 5 1
2 2
24 4 0
6. 2 5 1
20 4 0 4
1 ; 2 1 ; true 18.
13, 12
7.
19. no solution
1 1 1 a 100
X(8, 0); Y(15, 5); 1 1 0 r 78.4
8. Z(7, 7) 20. 0 1 1 l 5.1
R(1, 4); S(8, 1);
9. T(4, 6)
10. 47.09
B:
9
11. 5
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A30 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Page 229, Open-Ended Assessment
Scoring Rubric
Score General Description Specific Criteria
4 Superior • Shows thorough understanding of the concepts of adding,
A correct solution that subtracting, and multiplying matrices; multiplying by a
is supported by well- scalar; transforming geometric figures using matrices;
developed, accurate evaluating determinants; solving systems of equations
explanations using Cramer’s Rule; identifying and finding inverse
matrices; and using inverse matrices to solve matrix
equations.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are correct.
• Written explanations are exemplary.
• Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems.
3 Satisfactory • Shows an understanding of the concepts of adding,
A generally correct solution, subtracting, and multiplying matrices; multiplying by a scalar;
but may contain minor flaws transforming geometric figures using matrices; evaluating
in reasoning or computation determinants; solving systems of equations using Cramer’s
Rule; identifying and finding inverse matrices; and using
inverse matrices to solve matrix equations.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are effective.
• Satisfies all requirements of problems.
2 Nearly Satisfactory • Shows an understanding of most of the concepts of
A partially correct adding, subtracting, and multiplying matrices; multiplying
interpretation and/or by a scalar; transforming geometric figures using matrices;
solution to the problem evaluating determinants; solving systems of equations
using Cramer’s Rule; identifying and finding inverse
matrices; and using inverse matrices to solve matrix
equations.
• May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Satisfies the requirements of most of the problems.
1 Nearly Unsatisfactory • Final computation is correct.
A correct solution with no • No written explanations or work is shown to substantiate
Answers
supporting evidence or the final computation.
explanation • Satisfies minimal requirements of some of the problems.
0 Unsatisfactory • Shows little or no understanding of most of the concepts of
An incorrect solution adding, subtracting, and multiplying matrices; multiplying
indicating no mathematical by a scalar; transforming geometric figures using matrices;
understanding of the evaluating determinants; solving systems of equations
concept or task, or no using Cramer’s Rule; identifying and finding inverse
solution is given matrices; and using inverse matrices to solve matrix
equations.
• Does not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are incorrect.
• Written explanations are unsatisfactory.
• Does not satisfy requirements of problems.
• No answer may be given.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A31 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Page 229, Open-Ended Assessment
Sample Answers
In addition to the scoring rubric found on page A31, the following sample answers
may be used as guidance in evaluating open-ended assessment items.
1. Student responses should include: 2e. Student matrices must be of the form
1a. A and B must have the same CV, which represents a 90
dimensions, so m j and n k. counterclockwise rotation of the original
triangle about the origin.
1b. Inner dimensions must be equal. Thus,
y1 y2 y3
n j for AB and k m for BA. CV x1 x2 x3
1c. The determinant of A exists only if A is
a square matrix, so m n. 2f. Students should indicate that I is the
identity matrix, so that IV V. This
1d. Matrix size for scalar multiplication is
means that the image and the preimage
irrelevant, so there are no restrictions
of the triangle are exactly the same in
on j and k.
all respects.
1e. Only square matrices (potentially) have
inverses, so m n if A has an inverse. 3a. Sample answer: Expansion using the
bottom (3rd) row would be easiest since
2a. Student matrices must be of the form the elements are 1, 0 and 1.
x x x
V 1 2 3 , where P1(x1, y1),
y1 y2 y3
3b. Student responses should indicate the
reason for choosing one method over the
P2(x2, y2), and P3(x3, y3) are the points, other.
no two in the same quadrant, which the
3c. Students should correctly apply the
student has chosen. All students should
chosen method to arrive at the solution
state that V is a 2 3 matrix.
a 5.
2b. Student matrices must be of the form
T V, which represents a translation of 4a. 3c 2v 85
the original triangle 3 units right and 4 2c v 50
units down. (Variables may vary); c: the cost of one
x 3 x2 3 x3 3
TV 1
y1 4 y2 4 y3 4 CD, v: the cost of one video
4b. Students should correctly apply
2c. Student matrices must be of the form Cramer’s Rule to determine that c 15
3V, which represents a dilation of the and v 20, meaning that the cost of one
original triangle which triples the CD is $15 and the cost of one video is
length of each side. $20.
3V
3x1 3x2 3x3
3y1 3y2 3y3 4c.
3 2
2 1
c
v
85
50
; Students should
2d. Student matrices must be of the form demonstrate the correct method of
RV, which represents a reflection of the solving the equation using inverse
original triangle over the y-axis. matrices, and again conclude that c 15
x1 x2 x3 and v 20.
RV
y1 y2 y3 4d. Student responses should indicate the
reason for choosing one method over the
other.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A32 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Vocabulary Test/Review Quiz (Lessons 4–1 and 4–2) Quiz (Lessons 4–5 and 4–6)
Page 230 Page 231 Page 232
1. Cramer’s Rule First Second
7
Exam Exam 1.
Trista 80 95
2. square matrix Javier 85 90
1. Yolanda 75 90
3. transformation 52
2.
4. matrix 2. (3, 1)
5. reflection 3. 24 units2
6. Expansion by
minors 3. 34
2 3
7. minor
4.
222 11 7 4. (1, 7)
31 31
8. isometry
5.
69 22 24 (2, 3, 1)
5.
9. vertex matrix
10. dilation
11. Sample answer:
An identity matrix Quiz (Lessons 4–3 and 4–4)
is a square matrix Page 231
in which the
elements on the
main diagonal are 1.
all ones and all the Quiz (Lessons 4–7 and 4–8)
other elements are Page 232
zeroes.
2.
13
20
32
26
12. Sample answer: 1. yes
A column matrix is
39 12 ; 9 48 ;
24 51 48 3
a matrix that has 3. not true
exactly one column.
2. no inverse exists
4. A(2, 4), D(1, 6) Answers
3.
11 4
3 a
b
15
13
2 3 4 20
x
3 0 1 y 2
4. 1 4 1 z 6
X(3, 2), Y(2, 3),
5. Z(5, 4) 5. (4, 5)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A33 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Mid-Chapter Test Cumulative Review
Page 233 Page 234
1. C 1. 5050
2. 5.9
2. A
4
3. 5
D all real numbers;
4. {R y y 4}
3. A
5. y
4. B
5. D O x
6. (1, 2)
6.
47 6 13 12
4 8 2 7. yes
12 20 48
7.
36 44 28
8 16 24
8. Sample answer:
a b c 37
ba4
8.
13
9 13 16
1 1
11
15 b c 29
9.
9. [17 48 27 30] 10. impossible
4
8 12 0 44
10. 16 7 36 8 24
11. 16 12 20
11. impossible
12. 1
13.
4 2
1
14 1 3
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A34 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 1 Assessment Answer Key
Standardized Test Practice
Page 235 Page 236
1. A B C D 11. 12.
1 0 0 0 1 / 6
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2. E F G H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
3. A B C D 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
13. 14.
1 5 5 4
/ / / /
. . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. E F G H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
5. A B C D
6. E F G H
7. A B C D 15. A B C D
8. E F G H
16. A B C D
9. A B C D
17. A B C D Answers
18. A B C D
10. E F G H
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A35 Glencoe Algebra 2
Chapter 4 Assessment Answer Key
Unit 1 Test
Page 237 Page 238
1. 19 15. (1, 3)
2. N, W, Z, Q, R
16. (2, 1)
3. 28
4. 3
5. g the number of
additional games to
b 6; 5
g9
be won; 0.75; 21b 42 546
20 17.
at least 6 games
y
x x 3 or x
12
12 (6, 10)
6.
8
(16, 5)
4 3 2 1 0 1
4 (6, 5)
7. all real numbers 18.
O 4 8 12 16 x
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
19. 16 bedroom sets,
8. 19 5 living room sets
4 13
y x
9. 5 5
10. y 2x 7
4 10
n 20.
157 1 9
16
18
Number Sold
16
14 21. 10
11. 12
10 D(5, 3); E(4, 8);
8
6 22. F(2, 1)
0 1 2 3 4 p
Price (dollars)
12. Sample answer using
(2, 16) and (3, 10):
23. 19
n 6p 28; 1
3 24. (2, 3)
13.
14. inconsistent
25. (3, 4)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A36 Glencoe Algebra 2
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