Chapter 5  Masses of these form hard,

TISSUES AND THE PRIMARY GROWTH OF STEMS impenetrable surfaces

 Protects seed inside
- Living sclerenchyma cells – involved in storing starch or
- Angiosperms – largest division in the plant kingdom
calcium oxalate crystals
 Divisions:
- Nutrients enter the cell through plasmodesmata
o Dicots/broadleaf plants  Pits – emerges when wall deposition continues and
o Monocots
plasmodesmata is left uncovered
- Two fundamental types of plant bodies:
 Primary plant body – herbaceous
EXTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF CELLS
 Secondary plant body – woody
Stem Organization
- Nodes – where leaves are attached
BASIC TYPES OF CELLS AND TISSUES
- Internodes – regions between nodes
Parenchyma - Leaf Axil – stem area just above the point where the leaf
- Cells: have primary walls that remain thin
attaches
- Tissue: mass of parenchyma cells - Axillary bud – within the leaf axil
- Most common type of cell and tissue
 Miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and
 Constitutes all soft parts of the plant
several young leaves
- Active metabolically and usually remain alive once they
 Vegetative Bud
mature
 Floral Bud
- Types of Parenchyma Cells: - Bud Scales – small, corky, waxy bud covering that protect
 Chlorenchyma – involved in photosynthesis
the delicate organs inside
o Chloroplasts are abundant - Terminal bud – extreme tip of each stem
o Thin walls allow light and CO2 to pass through
the chloroplasts
Phyllotaxy
 Permit pigments in the protoplasm to - Arrangement of leaves on the stem
be seen - Kinds:
 Glandular Cells – secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage,  Alternate – one leaf per node
resins and oils.  Opposite – two leaves per node
o Contain a few chloroplasts but have elevated  Whorled – three or more leaves per node
amts of diotyosomes and ER - Orientation of leaves at one node wrt those at neighboring
o Must transport large quantities of sugar and nodes:
minerals into themselves, transform them  Distichous – leaves are arranged in only two rows
metabolically, then transport the product out o Alternate/opposite
 Transfer Cells – mediate short-distance transport of  Decussate – leaves are arranged in four rows
materials o Opposite
o increase surface area  Spiral – each leaf is located slightly to the side of the
o capable of large-scale molecular pumping ones immediately above and below it
o Alternate/opposite/whorled
Collenchyma
- unevenly thick (most often thick in the corners) Modified
- exhibits plasticity – ability to be deformed by pressure and to - Tendrils – modified leaves or lateral branches capable of
retain the new shape even if the pressure of tension ceases twining around small objects
- present in elongating shoot tips  Provide support and attachments in some climbing
 layer just under the epidermis/bands located next to vines
vascular bundles - Stolons – long and thin internodes; leaves do not expand
 makes tips stronger and more resistant to breaking  Also called runners
- can be stretched - Bulbs – short shoots that have thick, fleshy leaves
- in stems: tendency for parenchyma to expand is - Corms – vertical, thick stems that have thin, papery leaves
counterbalanced by the resistance of the collenchyma, and - Rhizomes – fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to
the stem becomes rigid. spread underground
- Tubers – horizontal like rhizomes but they only grow for a
Sclerenchyma short period
o o
- both 1 and a thick 2 wall that is almost always lignified  Stores nutrients
- exhibits elasticity – can be deformed, but they snap back to
their original size and shape when pressure or tension is ** Storage shoots are subterranean
released - Quiescence – means by wc perrenial plants of harsh
- develop mainly in mature organs that have stopped growing climates survive the stress of winter cold and summer heat
- strong enough to prevent the protoplast from expanding
- Types of Sclerenchyma Cells: INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONS OF STEMS
 Conducting – transport water (xylem) Arrangement of Primary Tissues
 Mechanical
o Fibers – long and flexible Epiderms
 Often found in areas where strength - Outer layer of parenchyma cells
and elasticity are impt - Regulate the interchange of material between the plant and
o Sclereids – short and more or less its surroundings
isodiametric (cuboidal) - For protection
 Brittle and inflexible - Cutin – encrustment on outer walls
 Fatty substance that makes wall impermeable to H2O
  Forms a layer called the cuticle  Angiosperms
- Wax – can also be present outside  Companion cells – provide nuclear
 Makes it difficult and unrewarding for an insect to chew control
on the stem  Aid sugars into and out of the
- Stoma – permit CO2 to enter the plant sieve tube members
- Trichomes – hairs. Outgrowths of the epidermis
 Protection Vascular Bundles
- Located just interior to the cortex
Cortex - Dicots: arranged in one ring surrounding the pith, a region of
- Interior to the epidermis parenchyma similar to the cortex
- Composed of photosynthetic parenchyma and sometimes - Monocots: distributed as a complex system throughout the
collenchyma inner part of the stem
- In fleshy stems: cortex parenchyma is aerenchyma – an  Between bundles: parenchyma
open tissue with large intercellular spaces  “scattered”
- Collateral – each contains both xylem and phloem strands
Vascular Tissues running parallel to each other
Two types of Vascular Tissues: - Primary Xylem – VB xylem
- Xylem – conducts H2O and minerals - Primary Phloem – VB phloem
 Tracheary Elements: - Inner tracheary elements are smaller than the outer ones
o Tracheids
 Obtain H2O from tracheids below them STEM GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION
 Must occur in groups - Shoot Apical Meristem – region where stems grow longer
 Pit-pair – aligned set of pits by creating new cells at their tips
 Pit membrane – set of primary walls  Lower cells = young stem
and middle lamella between them - Subapical Meristem – region below the apical meristem
 found in all plants with vascular tissues  Certain cells stop dividing and start elongating and
and almost all nonangiosperms differentiating into the first tracheary elements
o Vessel Elements  Protoxylem – first xylem to appear

o
Individual cells that produce 1 and 2
o o cells around them continue to grow and
walls before they die expand, then they differentiate, making them
 Perforation – provide pathway with larger
little friction  Metaxylem – largest tracheary
 Must be aligned elements
o
 2 perforations per element any type of 2 wall is feasible
o
 Vessel – stack of vessel elements o Have annular or helical 2 walls
 must absorb H2O from other  Protophloem – exterior cells that matured
cells and pass it on o Outer part of vascular bundle
 side walls have pits for o Extremely short-lived
 found in angiosperms  Never become well differentiated
 Types of Tracheary Elements: o Metaphloem – cells closes to the metaxylem
For wet soil:  Smaller because cell division is
o occurring in some cells
o Annular thickening – small amt of 2 wall st
 high H2O movement, weak  Trichomes: 1 stage – youngest internodes (closest to
o
o Helical thickening - 2 wall exists as one or the AM)
o
two helices interior to the 1 wall  Cuticle: thin – AM, thick – subapical region
For dry soil:  Pith: cells enlarge somewhat, intercellular spaces
o
o Scalariform thickening - 2 wall covers most expand but remain small, and cell walls continue to be
o
of the inner surface of 1 wall and is fairly thin and unmodified
extensive  Cortex: plastids develop into chloroplasts
o
o Reticulate thickening - 2 wall is deposited in  Components:
the shape of a net o Protoderm – epidermal cells that are still
o Circular bordered pits – most derived and meristematic and in the early stages of
strongest differentiation

o
Virtually all the 1 wall is covered by o Provascular tissues – young xylem and
o
the 2 wall phloem
 More force req’d to move H2O o Ground meristem – young pith and cortex
- Phloem – distributes sugar and minerals
 Must remain alive in order to conduct -> parenchyma
 Sieve pores – enlarged plasmodesmata
 Sieve areas – groups of sieve pores clustered together
 Sieve elements:
o Sieve cells – elongated, spindle shaped, and
has sieve areas all over
 Nonangiosperm vascular plants
 Albuminous cells – nuclear control
o Sieve tube members – stacked end to end
with their large sieve areas alive
 Forms sieve tube