Term Paper Report

Types of Sewerage Systems

Course Code: CEN 333

Course Title: Environmental Engineering II

Submitted by

(Group – 05)

Md. Shahadat Hossain Amzad Hossain Arman Md. Rakibul Hasan

CEN 01606334 CEN 01606336 CEN 01606337

Tridib Ronjon Paul Md. Jahidul Islam

CEN 01606340 CEN 01606343

Submitted to

Mrs. Tasnuva Farnaz

Sr. Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Port City International University, PCIU, Bangladesh

Date of Submission
7th August, 2020
 Abstract

Rapid growth of urbanization and unplanned development along with city’s

changed landscapes cause urban drainage problems and it tough to maintain its
capacity. Lack of basic sanitation systems threatens environmental and human
health in urban communities. The study of this paper is to analysis sewerage
system in perspective of civil engineering.
Introduction

Sewerage system is the network that conveys domestic, industrial and surface
runoff using sewer. It ends at the entry of sewage treatment plant or at the point of
discharge into the environment. Where a main sewerage system has not been
provided, sewage may be collected from homes by pipes into septic tanks or pits,
Where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or
disposal. Urban sewerage systems is considered as an essential tool to human being
as it contributes to prevent the floods and provides a better way to discharge the
surface runoff. Now-a-days floods events are more frequent and devastating as the
rate of urban growth is so rapid than urban sewerage systems. Flooding is directly
linked with heavier storms is more likely to be increased with climate change.
Moreover, climate also contributes in increasing precipitation, rising temperature
and sea levels resulting multiplying the effects of the events. Therefore
understanding the relation between sewage systems and climate change on storm
water runoff is particularly essential for modeling appropriate sewerage systems to
reduce cost and environmentally compatible.

Scope of the study

The primary goal of this study is to analysis the performance of various sewerage
systems in an urban area.

Types and advantages-disadvantages of sewerage systems

Generally sewerage systems are three types according to principle of collection:-

1. Separate sewerage system

2. Combined sewerage system
3. Partially Separated sewerage system

Principles of transport -

1. Pressure
2. Vacuum
3. Gravity
Separate Sewerage System

Fig: Separate Sewerage System

In this system, two separate sets of sewer are installed, one for collection and
conveyance of sanitary sewage and other for storm water. Sanitary sewer systems
may also collect wet weather flow via illicit connections from house drains or
storm sewers, as well as through defects in the pipes and manholes. As storm water
is carried separately, it is not harmful in nature and normally disposed to natural
water source (like river, sea etc.) without any treatment. Whereas, the sanitary
sewage is taken to treatment plant separately and after requires treatment it is
disposed of into surface water courses.

Advantages

Since, the sanitary sewage and storm water flows in a separate pipes, the quantity
of sewage to be treated and the size of sewer is less. Also, No nuisance smells from
the sewer. As the sewers are smaller in section, they can be easily ventilated.
During disposal if the sewage is to be pumped, the separate system is cheaper;
Rain water can be discharge in to streams without any treatment so that, No risk of
sewage overflow and low health risk.

Disadvantages

The construction costs can be higher because two separated networks are
necessary, they provides a high level of hygiene and comfort .In a properly
constructed separated system the sewage is transported in a closed system directly
to the treatment plant and cannot overflow into the environment. Since the sewers
are smaller size, it is difficult to clean them. They are likely to get chocked.
Maintenance cost of sewer is also high. Generally self-cleaning velocity is not
available due to small quantity of sewage therefore, flushing is required at various
point. Sometimes in our storm run-off get polluted with mix up some oils and
heavy metals or chemical that come off pavement which is toxic to river eco-
system. Also, unplanned plumbing causes environmental issues in an area.

Combined Sewerage System

Fig: Combined sewerage system

It is a large network that conveys domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and

surface runoff in the same pipe to a centralized treatment facility. It is mostly
found in urban areas which do not require on-site pre-treatment or storage of the
wastewater. It transports all their wastewater to a WWTP where it is treated and
discharged to a water body.

Advantages
Due to both domestic sewage and storm water are carried in a single sewer, so
construction cost is less. The strength of domestic sewage is reduced because of
dilution of storm water. The sewers are of large size, and therefore the chances of
their chocking are rare. No nuisance from smells, mosquitoes or flies. It is easy to
clean them. In town with Narrow Street, this system is preferred.

Disadvantages

In storm season sewer may overflow and the sewer may damage causing serious
health risks. The combine sewer gets silted and becomes foul in dry days. Load on
treatment plant is more because storm water is also carried there. The storm water
gets polluted unnecessarily. The system becomes uneconomical when pumping is
needed. Because of large size of sewer, their handling and transportation is
difficult.

Partially Combined Sewerage System

 Fig: Partially Combined sewerage system

In this system is comprises between separate and combined system taking the
advantages of both systems where the sewage and storm water of building are
carried by one set of sewers while the storm water carried by other system of
sewers usually open drains. The sewage and rain water carried by the sewers is
usually delivered to a sewage treatment plant, and the storm water carried by the
open drains is delivered to a natural stream or river for disposal.

Advantages

This system combines the advantages of both separate system and combined
system. The sewers to be provided are of reasonable size and hence their cleaning
is not very difficult. The storm water eliminates the chances of their choking.
Moreover, the sewers are completely cleaned during rainy season.

Disadvantages

The problem of drainage of storm water from houses is simplified. The storm
water admitted in sewers may increase the load on pumping and treatment units.
During dry weather when there is no rain water, the velocity of flow will be low.
Thus self-cleansing velocity mayn’t be achieved. On the other hand, during heavy
rainfall during monsoon period there is considerable variation in the quantity of
sewerage flow. Due to low economy and limited funds available, difficulties in the
operation and maintenance of the system due to inadequate supervision of less
qualified staff. Local Bodies in charge of the work usually don’t pay much
attention to keeping trained and skilled staff.

Discussion

Discharge of raw sewage into surface water course is an ongoing problem,

threatening our health, tarnishing our image, and diminishing residents’ enjoyment
of clean waters. Local officials must take a long-term approach, including the use
of capital planning and asset management tools. Maintaining such a farsighted,
deliberate and persistent response can be a challenge, especially for municipalities
struggling with fiscal stress. However, the cost of inaction is also large, as
evidenced by increasing beach closures, harmful algal blooms, and fish
consumption Limits and countless other related impacts on human and
environmental health. There are several factors which govern the choice of the
appropriate sewerage system. Furthermore, sufficient data regarding the factors
should be collected, studied and analyze to arrive the final decision of adopting one
system or the other.

Reference:

[1] FOCUS, What is Sewerage system & Disposal of Sewage”, 2015 [online]
[2] Er. Ramprasad Kumawat, “sewerage system & Types”, 2018
[3] Mayank Oza, “Sewerage systems”, 2017
[4] Ravi Kumar, “Types of sewerage systems | Sewage | Waste Management”
[online]
[5] Combined Sewer Overflows: Guidance for Monitoring and Modeling,”
EPA, January 1999,
www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/sewer_0.pdf.