University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE 213: Analog and Digital Electronics Circuits
Experiment 8
Roll #:2018-EE-317 Name: Hafiz Muhammad Sameer Jameel
Objective:
To study the frequency response of BJT common emitter amplifier, common collector
amplifier/emitter follower, and common base amplifier.

Part: 3 Frequency response of BJT common base amplifier

Components Required:
2N3904 BJT, 2×1KΩ, 2×10 KΩ, 470 Ω, resistors, and 4×10µF capacitors

Procedure:
1. Connect and simulate a common base amplifier configuration circuit and sketch/append
that circuit diagram below. Recommended values of components are provided above.
0

Vcc

12Vdc

Rc
1k
Cc
VL
R1
10u
10k
Q1
Cb
Csupply
CE Rs 10u
10u Vin Vs
Q2N3904
10u 50
R2 Vs CL RL
RE 20mVac 220PF 10k
1k 470 CIN 0Vdc
22PF

Figure 3: Common base Amplifier

2. Find the capacitances of input output probes, if any
Capacitance of input probe = 22PF
Capacitance of output probe = 220PF
Capacitance of scope = 10PF
3. Apply 20 mVPP, 1KHz from the signal generator, Find the mid band gain, input resistance,
output resistance of your amplifier circuit and Note down the values in Table 1.
4. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 1Hz to 5MHz and note down the gain of your
amplifier circuit in the following table and plot on the semi log graph. You can use
MATLAB or Excel to plot the gain as a function of frequency.
5. Calculate mid band gain, input impedance, output impedance, low cutoff frequency, and
high cutoff frequency of the given amplifier.
6. write down calculations and mention screenshots of simulated results in the space provided
below.

Frequency Gain Frequency Gain Frequency Gain

(Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
1 0.030063 300 9.0398 50 K 10.947
2 0.086314 400 9.7440 60 K 10.937
3 0.143034 500 10.151 70 K 10.926
4 0.198418 600 10.380 80 K 10.912
5 0.256029 700 10.528 90 K 10.897
6 0.310520 800 10.625 100 K 10.881
7 0.365312 900 10.994 200 K 10.622
8 0.417708 1000 10.744 300 K 10.235
9 0.470859 2K 10.913 400 K 9.7620
10 0.523354 3K 10.944 500 K 9.2095
20 1.0586 4K 10.956 600 K 8.6675
30 1.5752 5K 10.961 700 K 7.3209
40 2.0794 6K 10.964 800 K 7.6368
50 2.5982 7K 10.965 900 K 7.1675
60 3.0777 8K 10.966 1000 K 6.7376
70 3.5446 9K 10.967 2M 3.9592
80 3.9739 10 K 10.967 3M 2.7521
90 4.3903 20 K 10.966 4M 2.0731
100 4.7815 30 K 10.962 5M 1.6868
200 7.6545 40 K 10.955

Table 1
Simulated Circuit:

Vcc

12Vdc

Rc
1k
Cc
VL
R1
10u
C10
10k
Q1
Cb 4PF
Csupply
CE Rs 10u
10u Vin Vs
Q2N3904
C9
10u 50
18PF
R2 Vs CL RL
RE 20mVac 220PF 10k
1k 470 CIN 0Vdc
22PF

Bode-Plot of Common-Base Ampifiers:

 𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒′ ∥ 𝑅𝐸
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = (31.2604) ∥ 470
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 29.3108Ω
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝑐 ∥ 𝑟𝑜
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1𝑘 ∥ ∞
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1𝑘Ω
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐢𝐧
𝑟𝐿
𝐴𝑣 = ′
𝑟𝑒 + 𝑟𝑠
𝑅𝑐 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑟𝑒′ + 𝑟𝑠
1𝑘 ∥ 10𝑘
𝐴𝑣 =
31.2604 + 50
𝐴𝑣 = 11.18Ω
𝐋𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐂𝐔𝐓𝐎𝐅𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐘
𝐂𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐬:
𝑟𝜋
𝑅𝑖 = ∥ 𝑅𝐸
𝛽 +1
31.2604
𝑅𝑖 = ∥ 470
100 + 1
𝑅𝑖 = 29.029Ω
1
𝑓𝐿𝑆 =
2𝜋(𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝑠 )𝐶𝑠
1
𝑓𝐿𝑆 =
2𝜋(29.029 + 50)(10𝑢)
𝑓𝐿𝑆 = 201.3866𝐻𝑧
𝐂𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐜 :
1
𝑓𝐿𝐶 =
2𝜋(𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝐿 )𝐶𝐸
1
𝑓𝐿𝐶 =
2𝜋(1𝑘 + 10𝑘)(10𝑢)
𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 1.4468𝐻𝑧
𝐂𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐄 :

1
𝑓𝐿𝐸 =
2𝜋𝑅𝑒 𝐶𝐸
𝑅𝑒 = {(𝑅𝑠 ∥ 𝑅𝐸 )(1 + 𝛽) + 𝑟𝜋 } ∥ 𝑅𝐵
𝑅𝑒 = {50 ∥ 470)(101) + (3.125𝑘)} ∥ 909.09
𝑅𝑒 = 711.3898Ω

1
𝑓𝐿𝐸 =
2𝜋(711.3898)(10𝑢)
𝑓𝐿𝐸 = 22.3723𝐻𝑧
The Lower Cutoff Frequency is the maximum of 𝑓𝐿𝐶 , 𝑓𝐿𝐸 , 𝑓𝐿𝑆 .In this case it is equal
to 𝑓𝐿𝑆 = 201.386𝐻𝑧.
HIGHER CUTOFF FREQUENCY
𝑟𝜋
𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 𝑅𝑠 ∥ 𝑅𝐸 ∥
𝛽+1
3.125𝑘
𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 50 ∥ 470 ∥
100 + 1

𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 50 ∥ 470 ∥ 30.9405

𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 45.1923 ∥ 30.9405

 𝑅𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 18.36Ω
𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝑤𝑖 + 𝐶𝑏𝑐
𝐶𝑖 = 𝐶𝑤𝑖 + 𝐶𝜋
𝐶𝑖 = 22𝑃 + 18𝑃
𝐶𝑖 = 40𝑃𝐹
Higher Cutoff due to 𝑹𝑻𝒉𝒊 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒊 :
1
𝑓𝐻𝑖 =
2𝜋(18.36)(40𝑃𝐹)
𝑓𝐻𝑖 = 216.71𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑅𝑇𝐻𝑜 = 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑅𝑇𝐻𝑜 = 1𝑘 ∥ 10𝑘
𝑅𝑇𝐻𝑜 = 909.0909Ω
𝐶𝑜 = 𝐶𝑊𝑂 + 𝐶𝑐𝑒
𝐶𝑜 = 𝐶𝑊𝑂 + 𝐶𝜇
𝐶𝑜 = 220𝑃 + 4𝑃
𝐶𝑜 = 224𝑃𝐹
1
𝑓𝐻𝑂 =
2𝜋𝑅𝑇𝐻𝑜 𝐶𝑜
Higher Cutoff due to 𝑹𝑻𝑯𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒐 :

1
𝑓𝐻𝑂 =
2𝜋(909.0909)(224𝑃)
𝑓𝐻𝑂 = 781.564𝐾𝐻𝑧
 Frequency versus Gain(DB) Plot:

Frequency versus gain plot on semi log paper

40

-40
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHz 10MHz
DB(V(VL)/ V(Vs))
Frequency

Summarize your results in the table given below:

Results Mid-band Lower Cutoff Upper cutoff Input Output

Gain (Am) Frequency Frequency (FH) Resistance Resistance
(FL) Hz (RIN) (RL)
Hz Ω Ω
Calculated 11.17 201.386Hz 781k 29.31 1k

Simulated 10.94 204Hz 791k 28.32 1k

Table 2
Conclusion:
Compare the simulated and calculated results & explain the
reasons for difference:
There are so many reasons that simulated and calculated results are not matched. Some of the
primary reasons are given below.
• In Theoretical Calculations sometimes we make approximation to simplify our
calculations so that we can calculated values of different parameters easily without any
complications.

Example:
As we know that 𝐼𝐵 = (𝛽 + 1)𝐼𝑐 but often we approximate this result by 𝐼𝑐 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵 .
• Another reason is that there are some parasitic capacitances that are always present in the
circuit we often ignore that capacitances during simulations become another reason of
difference in theoretical and simulated result.
• Another important fact is that students are not very expert in using simulations software
they often make mistakes in settings of simulation and actually they did not how the
simulation software treat with different parameters of the circuit.
• Another important factor needs to mention is human error often simulation circuit
provides accurate results but most of the student are not capable of reading different
parameters of the circuit accurately.

Now when you have simulated and checked the frequency response of CB, CE
and CC amplifier, please comment on practical applications where the use of
each of these amplifier configurations is preferable?
CE - common emitter :
Most commonly used in general purpose amplifier designs. It provides
high gain and high input impedance. The drawbacks with this simple configuration are limited
bandwidth due to Miller effect of collector-base capacitance and limited load driving capability
due to high output impedance. CE is also used in digital (large signal) designs as switching stage.

CC - common collector :
Commonly used as unity gain buffer and sometimes called emitter
follower. It provides high input impedance, low output impedance and high bandwidth. Perfect
for driving heavy loads. The drawback is no gain; gain is close to but less than one. Therefore, it
is typically used in conjunction with an amplifier and not instead of an amplifier. CC is also used
as a voltage translation stage.
CB - common base:
Commonly used as a Cascode stage to isolate output voltage signal from
feeding back to input eliminating Miller effect from amplifier to increase bandwidth. It provide
low input impedance and close to unity current gain. It is not typically used as a standalone
amplifier due to low input impedance. CB is also used to increase output impedance of current
sources to increase gain.
What should be the gain of an amplifier at 20 kHz if the half power frequencies are fL = 20
Hz and fH = 15 kHz along with mid band gain = 60?
When we plot gain versus frequency curve we come to know that gain in DB at 20KHz is -4DB.
By using the following formula:
𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝒗 (𝒅𝑩)
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒐 𝟒
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒐
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝑽𝒊
The upper cutoff frequency of a CE amplifier is 22 kHz. The output at that frequency is 6.71 V
p-p. What is the output voltage at 220 kHz? Explain how you got this value?
As 220KHz is 10 times the Upper Cutoff frequency 22kHz as we know that gain in DB at cutoff
frequency is -3DB.So the gain in DB at 220KHz is -20DB.
As we know that:
𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝒗 (𝒅𝑩)
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝑨𝒗 (𝒅𝑩)
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒐𝟐 𝑨𝒗 (𝒅𝑩)
𝑨𝒗 = = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝑨𝒗 (𝒅𝑩)
𝑽𝒊 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
= 𝐴 (𝑑𝐵)
𝑽𝒐𝟐 𝑣
𝑽𝒊 𝟏𝟎 20
−𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
= −20
𝑽𝒐𝟐
𝟏𝟎 20
 𝑽𝒐𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟏𝟓
=
𝑽𝒐𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝟏
= 𝟏𝟎 ⋅ 𝟏𝟎−𝟎.𝟏𝟓
𝑽𝒐𝟐
𝑽𝒐𝟏
= 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒
𝑽𝒐𝟐
𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒
𝑽𝒐𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝑽𝒑𝒑
𝟔. 𝟕𝟏