National Institute of Technology

Karnataka, Surathkal

Acoustics Assignments

Faculty In charge:
Dr. Jeyaraj Pitchaimani,
Associate Professor,
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA ,
INDIA.

By: Harsha B Patil,

Mechanical Design,
M.Tech(Research), 2nd Sem,
Registration Number: 193028
Roll Number: 193MD002
 Acoustics
Assignment 1: Acoustic mode shapes of a Room

Introduction:

Room modes are caused by sound reflecting off of various room surfaces.

There are three types of modes in a room: axial, tangential, and oblique. Modal
activity occurs at frequencies which are directly related to the dimensions of
the room.

Axial modes are the strongest and many times, the only ones that are
considered. Tangential and oblique room modes have less impact per mode
but are also more prevalent. A combination of tangential and oblique modes
can cause just as many issues as axial modes can.

A room mode can cause both peaks and nulls (dips) in frequency response.
When two or more waves meet and are in phase with each other at a specific
frequency, you will have a peak in response. When they meet and are out of
phase with each other, they cancel and you end up with a dip or null in
response.

Dealing with acoustic modes is accomplished by absorbing one of the

boundaries to minimize the reflections off of it so there is nothing to combine
or cancel. While corners are not a complete solution, they do offer the
advantage of being at the end of 2 or even 3 of the room dimensions so there
is a lot of benefit in that area. Sometimes there are modal issues which require
acoustic treatment of the rear wall or even the ceiling over your head that
treating corners alone would not solve.

Calculating Room Modes

Use the formula below as a room mode calculator for all modes.

Room Mode Frequency Formula:

F = c/2 * [sqrt((l/lx)^2 + (m/ly)^2 + (n/lz)^2)]

F= Frequency(Hz)
c = speed of sound (343 m/s for Air)
sqrt = Square Root
lx= Length of Room(m)
ly = Width of Room(m)
lz = Height of Room(m)

l, m and n represent the mode we’re solving for in the room mode equation. If
you want to know the axial mode for the room length, l=1, m=0, n=0. If you
want to know the 2nd axial mode, l=2, m=0, n=0.

To find a tangential mode, use 1 in 2 of the variables from the room mode
calculator. So, if you want the first tangential of the length and width, l=1,
m=1, n=0.

Generally, as you go higher into the multiples (harmonics) of the modes, they
become slightly less intense, but also occur at more places in the room.
Modal Frequency for Various Values of (l,m,n) and room dimensions (lx,ly,lz):

Frequency(Hz)
Room Dimensions(lx,ly,lz)
Modal Number
(1,1,1) (2,1,1)
(0,0,0) 0 0
(1,0,0) 171.5 85.75
(2,0,0) 343 171.5
(1,1,0) 242.5376 191.7428
(1,1,1) 297.0467 257.25
(1,2,1) 420.0875 392.9559
(2,2,2) 594.0934 514.5
(2,2,1) 514.5 420.0875
(1,1,2) 420.0875 392.9559
(4,3,2) 923.5558 707.1126
Mode Shapes and Modal Frequencies are as follows:

For Square Cubical Room:(lx,ly,lz)=(1,1,1)

Modal
Mode Shape Frequency(Hz)
Number(l,m,n)

(0,0,0) 0

(1,0,0) 171.5

(2,0,0) 343

(1,1,0) 242.5376
(1,1,1) 297.0467

(1,2,1) 420.0875

(2,2,2) 594.0934

(2,2,1) 514.5

(1,1,2) 420.0875

(4,3,2) 923.5558
 For Rectangular Room:(lx,ly,lz)=(2,1,1)
Modal
Mode Shape Frequency(Hz)
Number(l,m,n)

(0,0,0) 0

(1,0,0) 85.75

(2,0,0) 171.5

(1,1,0) 191.7428

(1,1,1) 257.25
(1,2,1) 392.9559

(2,2,2) 514.5

(2,2,1) 420.0875

(1,1,2) 392.9559

(4,3,2) 707.1126
 Matlab Code Assignment 1:
clc
clear
%Room Acoustics
c=343; %for air
lx = input('input the value of lx: ');
ly = input('input the value of ly: ');
lz = input('input the value of lz: ');
l = input('input the value for l: ');
m = input('input the value of m: ');
n = input('input the value of n: ');
[x,y,z] = meshgrid(0:0.01:lx,0:0.01:ly,0:0.01:lz);
p = cos(l*pi*x/lx).*cos(m*pi*y/ly).*cos(n*pi*z/lz);
K2 = (l*pi)/(lx);
K3 = (m*pi)/(ly);
K4 = (n*pi)/(lz);
K1 = sqrt((K2)^2 + (K3)^2 + (K4)^2);
W = (K1)*c; %in rad/s
frequency=W/(2*pi) %in Hz
xslice = 0:lx;
yslice = 0:ly;
zslice = 0:lz;
slice(x,y,z,p,xslice,yslice,zslice)

Assignment 2: Monopole and Dipole Directivity Pattern

In the following the directivity pattern of sound intensity is studied as a

function of frequency and distance from source.

Monopole: The Acoustic intensity for monopole is given by:

The description of each term is explained in the code.

The following problem is formulated in the code and the values are used
accordingly:

Q) The surface of a monopole source is sinusoidally pulsating at 500 Hz that

gives a sound pressure level of 100 dB at 5 m from the source and the
circumference of the source is same as the wavelength at this frequency.
Assume nominal density of air as 1.2 kg/m3 and speed of sound as 340 m/s.
What is the size of the monopole source and its volume velocity and sound
power, root mean square (rms) velocity of the sphere’s surface and the particle
velocity at a distance of 10 m from the source?(worked example 7.1 from
Manik, Dhanesh N - Vibro-acoustics_ fundamentals and applications (2017))
Effect of Frequency:

 Sound pressure is directly proportional to frequency of excitation.

 When frequency is changed from 500Hz to 1000Hz, the input pressure is
also doubled from 2Pa to 4Pa.
 At same distance from sound source, from the plots is can be
concluded that, increase in frequency will increase the magnitude of
sound intensity. And the locus is a Circle for Monopole source.
 [Hence there is direct relation between frequency and Sound Intensity]
Effect of Distance from source:

 According to inverse square law, sound pressure is inversely

proportional to the square of distance from its source.(OR) as distance
doubles, the sound pressure level decreases by 6dB.
 According as r changes from 5m to 10m, acoustic pressure decreases
from 2Pa to 0.5Pa.
 At same frequency from source @500Hz, from the plots is can be
concluded that, increase in distance, causes decrease in the magnitude
of sound intensity. And the locus is a Circle for Monopole source.
 [Hence there is inverse relation between distance and Acoustic
Intensity]
Dipole: The Acoustic intensity for Dipole is given by:

The description of each term is explained in the code.

The following problem is formulated in the code and the values are used
accordingly:

Q) A monopole sound source of source strength 0.08 m3/s (rms) and radius 30
mm (or a = 0.03 m) radiates at 1000 Hz in air. A dipole source was created by
placing a similar monopole at a distance of 10 mm from it, and the two sources
were tuned to radiate 180° out of phase with each other. Estimate the sound
power radiated by the resulting dipole and that radiated by each of the
individual monopoles. Assume impedance of air as 400 rayl and velocity of
sound in air as 340 m/s. (worked example 7.2 from Manik, Dhanesh N - Vibro-
acoustics_ fundamentals and applications (2017))
The center distance between the monopoles is calculated as 2d = 0.010 + 2 ×
0.03 = 0.07 m

Effect of Frequency:

 From the plots, it can be concluded that, Acoustic intensity is directly

related to frequency.
 Increase in frequency of source from 800Hz to 1000Hz increased the
magnitude of Acoustic Intensity.
Effect of Distance from Source:

 From the plots, it can be concluded that, Acoustic intensity is inversely

related to frequency.
 Increase in distance from 10m to 15m decreased the magnitude of
Acoustic Intensity.
Matlab Code:
clear all
clc
%monopole:
%All values are input in SI
%a=radius of monopole
%Rho0=nominal density of acoustic medium(1.2 for air)
%c0=speed of sound in medium(340 for air)
%Lp= sound pressure level(dB) at some distance r from source
%pref=referance pressure=20*e-6(Pa)
%prms=rms value of dynamic pressure(Pa)
%Qrms=Volume velocity of monopole(m^3/s)
%k0=wave number
%r=distance from the centre of monopole
%I(r)= Sound intensity(watt/m^2)
%f=frequency of pulse

f=input('Frequency of monopole(Hz) pulse f: ') %500Hz

c0=input('Speed of sound(m/s) in medium c0: ') %340

k0=(2*pi*f)/c0

Lp=input('sound pressure level(dB) at some distance r from source Lp: ')

%100dB
pref=input('Referance pressure pref in Pa: ') %20e-6 for air
prms=pref*sqrt(10^(Lp/10))

a=input('Radius of monopole(m) a: ') %0.1m

r=input('distance from monopole(m) r: ')
Rho0=input('nominal density of acoustic medium: ') %1.2 for air
Qrms=((4*pi*prms*r)/(k0*Rho0*c0))*sqrt((1+(k0*a)^2))
I(1)=((Qrms^2)*(k0^2)*Rho0*c0)/(16*pi*pi*r*r*(1+k0*k0*a*a))
I(1)=I(1)*1000 %(milliWatt/m^2)

%To polar plot:

Theta=[0:1:360].*pi/180;
In1= ones(1,length(Theta)) * I(1)
figure(1)
p=Polar(Theta,In1([1],:),{'r-'},[0 4 8 12])

clear all
clc
%Dipole
f=input('Frequency of monopole(Hz) pulse f: ') %500Hz
c0=input('Speed of sound(m/s) in medium c0: ') %340
k0=(2*pi*f)/c0
Rho0=input('nominal density of acoustic medium: ') %1.2 for air
r=input('distance from centre of dipoles r: ')

Theta=[0:1:360].*pi/180;
Q=input('Sound Strength of Dipoles: ') %m^3/s
D=input('Distance between monopoles: ') %D<<r
d=D/2
I=(Rho0*c0*Q*Q*(k0^4)*cos(Theta).*cos(Theta))/(8*pi*pi*r*r)
p=Polar(Theta,I,{'b--'},[0 15 30 45])