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Korean Journal of Military Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 932~940, October 2011

Academic Thesis Energy Sector

Computer simulation of large scale gap test

Study on the Computational Simulation of Large Scale Gap Test

Jinsung Lee* Jungsoo Park* Young Shin Lee**

Jin-Sung Lee Jung-Su Park Young-Shin Lee

Abstract

This study describes computational simulation results in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space concerning large
scale gap test(LSGT) by using commercial hydrocode such as AUTODYN and LS-DYNA to analyze the detonation
phenomenons of high explosives. To consider the possibilities of LSGT simulation, we used Lee-Tarver reaction
rate model of PBX-9404 and Comp-B which were implemented AUTODYN's material library.
Also we have tried the diverse numerical schemes such as Lagrangian, Eulerian and ALE (Arbitary Lagrangian)
Eulerian), SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) in LSGT simulations. After LSGT simulations, we compared the
simulation results with published results to verify the LSGT simulations.
According to the LSGT simulations, we have concluded as follows. In 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space,
Lagrangian solver provided the most reliable results based on analysis time and accuracy. When using two
hydrocodes in 2-dimensional space, the simulation results are almost same except one explosive model.
We have verified the modeling method and simulation results of the LSGT by using the commenrcial hydrocode
in this study.

Keywords: AUTODYN Hydrocode, LS-DYNA Hydrocode, LSGT, Explosives, Simulation, M&S

1. Introduction Scale-up ball for the purpose of mass production of development

Safety and vulnerability assessment tests with definition studies
The development of gunpowder has been completed since the concept was established.
It is done. Safety of explosives after being applied to weapon systems
It has to go through several steps until it is successfully applied to the gas system. Heat, impact, debris and bullet impact to ensure
Should go The first step is to create a small scale To measure the sensitivity of the developmental explosives to various stimuli.
It can be called development, and the development of laboratory composition is completed.
This is a very important process in the development of gunpowder.
The sensitivity measurement of the developed powder can be roughly divided into two types.
The first is to choose whether or not the development composition is appropriate.
†July 8th, 2011~September 16th, 2011
* Defense Science Research Institute (ADD) Laboratory sensitivity measurement.
** Chungnam National University It is a provisional evaluation of gender, safety and vulnerability evaluation.
Responsible author: Lee Young-shin ([email protected]) In this paper, high explosives are being conducted only by experiment.

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Computer simulation of large scale gap test

Related tools to computerize vulnerability research on Fig. As in 1, primer, pressure source (Donor), attenuator, test
[1,2]
LSGT (Large Scale Gap Test) to secure semi-technology To It is a medicine and evidence plate.
The research was carried out by selecting it as a task to analyze vulnerability.
Explosives and explosives of gunpowder in the computational analysis of gunpowder
The interaction between the explosion wave and the surrounding medium is very complex,
No theoretical interpretation is possible. Therefore, this phenomenon
Numerical analysis by hydrodynamics code
This is a general trend.
LSGT Commercial hydrocodes that can be interpreted
There are AUTODYN, LS-DYNA, etc.

Each has its pros and cons, so it is best to analyze it

Applying software to analysis is an important task
can do.
To examine the characteristics of the applied hydrocode
[6]
First AUTODYN Develop a 2D basic model by utilizing
[7]
And then LS-DYNA 2D LSGT
Models were also developed. For a two-dimensional model, Lagrangian Fig. 1. LSGT structure
When applying the (Lagrange) solver, a complete analysis

Possible, but Euler, ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian) 쇽 The pressure source will generate sufficient pressure for the test substance.
Eulerian), SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) solver As a high explosive drug that can be used, density, size and ingredient content are constant.
In the application of, only limited analysis results were obtained. follow Use one pentolite gunpowder. Attenuator 쇽 at pressure source
In this study, LS-DYNA's two-dimensional Lagrangian sole It functions to effectively reduce the generated pressure.
In the LSGT analysis model using the burr, PMMA (Poly Methyl Methacrylate) is used.

Same material properties and Lee-Tarver reaction rate equation The trial version judges the reaction state of the test substance after the test.
Compare the analysis results by applying the Dell coefficients as it is. For use, mild steel with a thickness of 9.5 mm is used.

It was. It is installed at a distance of 1.59 mm (1/16 in) from the receptor.

We also developed a 3D LSGT model using LS-DYNA. This space affects the 50% attenuator thickness selection.
Did. Various users of LS-DYNA during development The results are interpreted by preventing the evidence from being torn.
The law has been verified and the developed 3D LSGT It is known that there is an advantage to facilitate.
The model has the same Lee-Tarver reaction rate as the 2D model.
Applicability of Lee-Tarver model for the application of equation model I. LSGT standard test method
Two-dimensional model of analysis results for four types of proven gunpowder LSGT has a 50% chance of an explosive reaction to the test powder.

Compared with. I am an experiment to find the attenuator thickness.

It indicates that the chemical is sensitive to 쇽. In advance

If you don't know what level of sensitivity, the first experiment

2. LSGT Conducted without an attenuator and no positive reaction occurred

Repeat the same experiment to confirm reproducibility. Training class
end. LSGT device structure Attenuation thickness of 12.7 mm (50 cards)
LSGT is a test to measure the sensitivity of gunpowder and propellants. ), and then a positive reaction occurs
When an explosive reaction occurs with a 50% probability Up to twice the thickness of the attenuator and increase it
Order. Attenuation at the time of negative reaction after negative reaction
It is represented by the thickness of the attenuator (Gap). This is converted to pressure
Dispersible and the minimum amount to detonate the test substance. In the thickness and positive test,

쇽It becomes pressure. The main components of the standardized LSGT are The median value of is used as the thickness of the attenuator.

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Jinsung Lee, Jungsoo Park, and Youngshin Lee

The attenuator thickness of positive and negative responses by card Serving Larry. Therefore, in this study, thermodynamics/
Repeat until a piece of 0.254 mm is reached. JWL phase using chemical equilibrium code Cheetah code

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Equation of State (EOS) and CJ characteristic values

All. LSGT Computer Simulation It was calculated and used theoretically. [5] .
In LSGT's computational simulation studies, the sensitivity to the literature is unknown.
For applied gunpowder, most of the Lee-Tarver model variables
The method in the LSGT standard test for the substance to be rejected Introduced from AUTODYN's Materials Library

Application. A small number of start attenuator thickness Some variables could not be used as they are. As an example
The positive part produced by rounding off the seat is positive In AUTODYN, the coefficient of the unreacted JWL state equation w

The expected attenuator thickness was selected. For example, literature In LS-DYNA, r3/Cvr is input separately.
60 if the teeth represent a 50% attenuator thickness of 65 mm Therefore, it was obtained and used in the related reference [4]. In addition
Start at mm and increase to 70 mm if positive. The name of the variable represented by each hydrocode is the month.
If the next analysis result is negative, Therefore, the variable names of AUTODYN and LS-DYNA are defined together.
The sensitivity is interpreted for the average value of 65 mm. Was used.
Next to 65 mm, depending on the positive/negative response, 67.5/62.5 mm The other components, PMMA, mild steel,
The thickness of the attenuator is automatically selected. If it would be 67.5 mm Refer to the material library of AUTODYN and LS-DYNA
In the case of the following attenuator thickness, depending on the positive/negative
Anreaction
analysis input file was created. Table 1 shows PMMA
It is automatically selected from 68.75/66.25 mm. Selected at this time State equations and physical properties of Table 2, Table 2 states of mild steel
According to the analysis result of the thickness of the attenuator, 2 to 3 decimal places
Equations and physical properties.
The median value was selected as the attenuator thickness. Here, the state equation applied to PMMA and mild steel is impact
The shock state is based on the Shock Hugonoit.
The Mie-Gruneisen state equation for describing copper was used. [8] .

3. Analysis model
Table 1. PMMA state equation and property values
The reaction rate equation used in the gunpowder is the Lee-Tarver model PMMA
Materials
Is a model called Ignition & Growth model.
Reference density(g/cm 3 ) 1.186
It consists of three terms as follows.
EOS Shock

Gruneisen coefficient 0.97

,x p p
Bulk sound speed(cm/㎲) 0.2598
(One)
Parameter S1(cm/㎲) 1.516

Where F is the gasification rate of the solid powder (Burn Fraction) Strength Von Mise
is ignition, G 1 is growth, G 2 is growth completion Shear Modulus (Mbar) 0.0115
It means the three-step process defined by the constant of (Completion).
Yield Stress(Mbar) 6e-4
At this time, μ is compression, p is pressure,
b, a, x, c, d, y, e, g, z are the equations in the above process.
Table 2. EOS and physical properties of Steel
It is a constant. The reaction rate explosion above is local
It is based on the assumption that it will ignite and grow as a hot spot. Materials STEEL 4340

Gasification rate is 0 when there is no reaction, complete reaction Reference density(g/cm 3 ) 7.83
1 when it occurs. EOS Shock
Mill of pentolite gunpowder used by LSGT as a pressure source
Gruneisen coefficient 1.67
3
Turning 1.56 g/cm And for an accurate interpretation of this
Bulk sound speed(cm/㎲) 0.461
It is essential to use the characteristic value at the density.
Parameter S1(cm/㎲) 1.73
1.70/g/cm 3 in AUTODYN About Gunpowder Model Live

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Computer simulation of large scale gap test

4. Two-dimensional LSGT model analysis The pressure in the gunpowder is tested by the PMMA attenuator.
In order to know the process to be transferred to Fig. Works like 2(b)
end. modelling The gauge was attached in the right position. Especially the starting point of the attenuator
And attach the gauge to the exact location of the starting point of the test powder
Pressure from pentolite gunpowder to attenuator
And the pressure applied to the test powder was analyzed.

I. Analysis result
The analysis result of the 2D LSGT using hydrocode is
It is shown in Table 3. Using AUTODYN library

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Although there are many gunpowder models that have been analyzed,
In many cases, it is often different or the interpretation is not performed.
Therefore, these results are excluded from this paper, and interpretation can be performed.
We summarized four types of models that were good.
(a)

Table 3. LSGT 2D computational analysis results

Results

Density AUTO LS-

Explosives DYN DYNA
(g/cc)
gap gap
(mm) (mm)
ref. 2 1.67 55.626

ref. 2 1.70 50.800

ref. 2 1.70 51.054

Comp- ref. 4 1.712 44.58

B LAG(0.1)* 51.875 51.875
COMP.B
1.717
JJ1 LAG (0.05) 53.125 54.375

COMP.B LAG(0.1) 53.125 51.875

1.630
(b) JJ2 LAG (0.05) 54.375 54.375

Fig. 2.Lagrangian sole of LD-DYNA(a) and AUTODYN(b) ref. 4 1.841 57.61

LSGT 2D model using burr ref. 4 1.825 56.46

ref. 4 1.755 61.21

Fig. 2 shows the two-dimensional analysis. Use LSGT model like 2
ref. 4 1.400 63.07
Female studies were conducted. Lagrangian grids are like objects
PBX ref. 4 1.230 64.16
Since this is moving, the interface of the elements coincides well,
9404 ref. 4 0.920 68.43
It can express the shape to be deformed, so it is mainly deformed of solid
Used for interpretation. However, the deformation of the object is very high. PBX9404 LAG(0.1) 66.875 64.375
1.842
If the cow's distortion becomes severe or breakage occurs, calculation is impossible. JJ3 LAG (0.05) 70.025 68.125
It has the disadvantage of being possible. Modification to compensate for this
PBX9404 LAG(0.1) 65.625 56.875
If the strain is above a certain level (normally 200%), the factor 1.842
JJ5 LAG (0.05) 68.125 59.375
Assuming that it has been destroyed
Failure strain eroding technique was used. Also pentolite *Lagrange model cell size(cm)

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Analysis results using LS-DYNA's 2D LSGT model The pressure of CJ increases due to the explosion of the state.
2D LSGT results using AUTODYN and PBX 9404-JJ5 Is showing. Here, in the case of a positive reaction, gasification
It was confirmed that all the results of the analysis were similar except for gunpowder.
The rate increases from 0 to 1.
Lagrangian developed in this study
The validity of the 2D LSGT model was confirmed.
Based on LSGT 2D analysis result using AUTODYN

The smaller the size of the cotton element, the longer the length of the PMMA 50% gap
Increased. This is the calculation of Lee-Tarver reaction rate equation.
In the process, it is possible to make a more detailed judgment of the reaction rate.
Therefore, it seems that the length of the attenuator has increased.

72

70
AUTODYN-LAG(0.1)
AUTODYN-LAG (0.05)
68
LS-DYNA-LAG(0.1)
LS-DYNA-LAG(0.05)
(a) Donor ignition (b) PMMA shock transmission
66

64
)
m
62

60
GAP(m
58

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56

54

52

50

Comp-B(JJ1) Comp-B(JJ2) PBX9404(JJ3) PBX9404(JJ5)

EXPLOSIVES

Fig. 3. 50% PMMA attenuator for element size by gunpowder (c) Test powder ignition (d) Test drug shock growth
thickness And radio waves

Fig. 4. Example of 2D LSGT analysis process of PBX9404-JJ3

In this study, we analyzed the effect of the element size (Positive reaction)
The results are divided into 0.1 cm and 0.05 cm for comparative analysis.
Did. As a result, Fig. The element size is as in 3
In the case of 0.05 cm, 50 to 2 to 3 mm larger than 0.1 cm.
% PMMA attenuator length.

It showed consistent results regardless.

1) Positive explosion
Positive reactions have occurred when the explosives have ignited and exploded.
Fig. 3 shows the pressure change over time.
4 and Fig. Looking at 5, it started from the detonator.

You can see the delivery process of 쇽. Fig. 5. Time-pressure distribution diagram under explosive positive reaction conditions
As the pentolite gunpowder ignites, the pressure generated creates PMMA.

Pass through. While passing through the PMMA, the shock pressure is reduced. 2) Explosive negative reaction
The Pentolite gunpowder-generated waste passes through the PMMA.
Critical pressure of gunpowder when reduced shock pressure is delivered to gunpowder
If it is above the value, the igniter will ignite and then react with it to normal. Pressure decreases and the reduced shock pressure reaches the gunpowder.

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Computer simulation of large scale gap test

If the state is below the gunpowder critical pressure, the gunpowder will not ignite.5. 3D LSGT model analysis
Even if it is ignited or ignited, the reaction does not grow and is normal
A case in which an explosion cannot be reached is called a negative reaction. end. modelling
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows the progress of the negative reaction Fig. 8 is a 3D developed using Lagrangian solver

Giving. Fig. 7 to the explosion of early pentolite gunpowder LSGT model. Model has calculation time and model creation time

The resulting pressure decreases past the PMMA and the gunpowder In order to improve the efficiency of the analysis by shortening the axis,
The pressure rises partially after reaching, but develops into a reactive field In the sieve model, only a quarter of the parts were created and the remainder was omitted.
It shows a phenomenon in which pressure is weakened due to disappearance. The paper section was bordered.
Giving. There are two types of element sizes with sides of 0.1 and 0.2 cm.
Was generated and analyzed. However, the model is filled with gunpowder.
The transmitted steel tube and the evidence board have secondary problems in the explosion analysis.
Therefore, to shorten the calculation time,
Calculate by reducing the number of elements by making it larger without making the same
Was performed.

(a) Donor ignition (b) PMMA shock transmission

(a) (b)
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Fig. 8. LSGT with Lagrangian (a) and SPH (b) solvers

3D Models
(c) Test powder explosion (d) Test powder shock extinction

Fig. 6. Example of 2D LSGT analysis process of PBX9404-JJ3 SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)

(Negative reaction) Elements are not used in numerical methods called mechanics.
However, the movement of particles is done using the Lagrangian coordinate system.
All. In the solid problem, a large strain occurs and fracture occurs.
Is interpreted by the Lagrangian method using elements
To perform, use the erosion function or element
It needs to be regenerated, but in SPH it is made up of particles only.
Therefore, it has the advantage of not requiring additional functions.
have. Therefore, large deformations and penetrations such as high-speed collision
It has been applied to many problems that occur.
SPH algorithm applied to LS-DYNA is applied
Lee-Tarver reaction rate model is used in the 2D model

It cannot be done. Therefore, the 3D model is

Fig. 7. Time-pressure distribution diagram under explosive negative reaction conditions

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It was applied together. Table 4. LSGT analysis result comparison

The composition of the 3D SPH model is the initial Lagrangian model.
Results
From the component parts to the same procedure. follow Density
gunpowder Solver Ref. 4
The node configured according to the element size is the SPH (g/cc) 3D model
gap
gap(mm)
Become Here, both the SPH model and the Lagrangian model (mm)

The difference is that each particle in one part depends on the part volume. COMP.B Ref. 4* 1.712 44.58 -
The density value should be divided. Therefore, LAG (0.2) 49.375
COMP.B
The path to PMMA to determine positive or negative 1.717
(JJ1) LAG(0.1) 53.75
You have to change this to create a large number of models
In the LSGT model, pay particular attention to these parts. COMP.B LAG (0.2) 48.125
1.630
The model was generated. (JJ2) LAG(0.1) 53.75
The model is shown in Fig. As shown in 8(b), the correlation between each particle
PBX9404 Ref. 4 1.841 57.61 -
Because it does not change by part, contact between parts

There is no need to configure it, just the mouth at the interface PBX9404 LAG (0.2) 61.875
1.842
Only the boundary condition for the ruler is needed. (JJ3) LAG(0.1) 66.25

PBX9404 LAG (0.2) 54.375

I. Analysis result 1.842
(JJ5) LAG(0.1) 58.75
Table 4 shows the LSGT 3D model of the Lagrangian solver.

Analysis results were synthesized, and two-dimensional analysis in LS-DYNA *: Element size of Lagrangian solver (cm)
Results were compared and analyzed. Looking at Table 3, LS-DYNA
Three-dimensional analysis and two-dimensional analysis using the Grandian model
You can see that the results are similar. LS-DYNA
In, there is an effect on the spatial dimension, but relatively constant
Stable results were present within the range. Element
The results by size are shown in Fig. Element size shown in 9
0.1 cm than 0.2 cm is the thickness of the attenuator.
It was found to be about 4 ∼ 5 mm, and these results
Is related to the accuracy of the solution regardless of the difference between the 2D and 3D.
(a) Donor ignition (b) PMMA shock transmission
It was confirmed that it was a constant trend.

80

70

60

PBX9404 JJ3
)
m 50 PBX9404 JJ5

Comp.B JJ1 Comp.B JJ2

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ap (m
G 40

30
MMA
P (c) Test powder ignition (d) Test drug shock growth
20 And radio waves
Element Size (0.1 cm)
10 Element Size (0.2 cm) Fig. 10. Example of 3D LSGT analysis process of Comp.B-JJ2

0
(Positive reaction)
0 One 2 3 4 5

Fig. 9. 50% PMMA attenuator for element size by gunpowder SPH model is constructed by applying PBX-9404 gunpowder

thickness Did. Solution to 3D SPH model for LS-DYNA

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After confirming the possibility of analysis, proceed with model construction. It shows the pressure change. Fig. 11 is positive,
However, the interpretation of this was not correct. Present The pentolite gunpowder is detonated, and the resulting ash passes through PMMA.

In 3D, the 3D SPH model is normally analyzed. While gradually decreasing. As 쇽 was delivered to the test powder,
I could confirm the results that I could not When 쇽(pressure) exceeds a certain level, the test powder is ignited.
For one reason, in the process of solving the Lee-Tarver model, Uh, an explosion occurs and the pressure increases
It is judged as an error in the program. And gasification rate is 1. But delivered to test powder
When the prescribed pressure (pressure) becomes below a certain level, Fig. Like 13
There is a negative reaction, the ignition does not occur and the pressure
It disappears and the gasification rate becomes zero.

Fig. 11. Time-pressure distribution diagram under explosive positive reaction conditions
(Comp.B-JJ2)

Fig. 13. Time-pressure distribution diagram under explosive negative reaction conditions
(Comp.B-JJ2)

6. Conclusion

This paper analyzes the susceptibility vulnerability of high explosives.

(a) Donor ignition (b) PMMA shock transmission To use LS-DYNA and AUTODYN hydrocode
2D and 3D computational mothers for the Large Scale Gap test

The research conducted with the goal of developing a private model is as follows.
Came to a conclusion.
As an explosive target, Lee-Tarver reaction rate
Two types of Comp-B and PBX9404, each of which have been tested for availability
Was selected and used. 2-dimensional solution
Lagrangian, Euler and ALE solvers for seats
Using all the solvers available in the hydrocord together
(c) Test powder explosion (d) Test powder 쇽 Extinction Attempts to develop a 2D LSGT computational model, but lag

Fig. 12. Example of 3D LSGT analysis process of Comp.B-JJ2 No stable results were obtained except for the Langian model.
(Negative reaction) All. Hydro in the analysis using the Lagrange model
Results between codes are all except PBX9404-JJ5 gunpowder.
Fig. Fig. 10 13 is 3 for COMP.B-JJ2 gunpowder It was confirmed that similar analysis results were shown, from which
This is an example of dimensional analysis results. Fig. 10 to 12 are sheep The validity of the Lagrangian 2-dimensional LSGT model was confirmed.
It shows the interpretation process for sex reaction and negative reaction. LS-DYNA Hydrocode solver used in 3D model

High, Fig. 11 to 13 is for the time according to the explosion conditions Lagrangian, Lag in the interpretation of computational models as SPH

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Jinsung Lee, Jungsoo Park, and Youngshin Lee

Langian model performed normal analysis and SPH model Unclassified Data and Supplementary Information for

Dell was unable to perform the interpretation due to a program error. Interpretation of Results, NOLTR 74-40, 8 March

Confirmed. 2D lag for 3D computer simulation model 1974.

Obtain the analysis results of a 3D model similar to the Langian model. [3] BM Dobratz, PC Crawford, LLNL Explosives
Models when comparing the thickness of the reference gun powder attenuator Handbook, Properties of Chemical Explosives and

The validity of the analysis was confirmed. Explosive Simulants, 31 Jan. 1985.
[4] PC Souers, LC Haselman, Jr., Detonation
Equation of State at LLNL, 1993.

References [5] LE Fried, WM Howard, and PC Sources,

CHEETAH User's Manual, Lawrence Livermore
[1] I. Jaffe, AR Clairmont, Jr., and D. Price, Large National Lab., Livermore, CA, Sept. 1998.
Scale Shock Sensitivity Test. Compilation of NOL [6] AUTODYN Version 5 User's Manual.
Data for Propellant and Explosives, NOLTR 61-4, 15 [7] LS-DYNA Version 970 User's Manual.
May 1961 and NOLTR 65-77, Nov. 1965. [8] WJ Carter, SP Marsh, JN Fritz, and RG
[2] Donna Price, AR Clairmont, Jr., JO Erkman, McQueen, The Equation of State of Selected
The NOL Large Scale Gap Test Ⅲ Compilation of Materials, LA-DC-9990, Los Alamos Laboratort, 1968.

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