Lecture 7

Orthogonal Arrays: How to Use?

Orthogonal Arrays: Overview
L36(211×312)
Full-Factorial OA's
2-level: L4(23), L8(27), L16(215), L32(231)
3-level: L9(34), L27(313)
4-level: L16(45)
5-level: L25(56)

Distributed Interactions OA's

2-level: L12(211)
3-level: L18(21×37), L36(23×313),
L36(211×312), L54(21×325)
4-level: L32(21×49)
5-level: L50(21×511)

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 2

Degrees of Freedom (DOF) A = 178
B = 171
C = 167
A B=7
B C=4
The DOF of a group of data is the number of
A + B + C = 516
independent pieces of information it provides. A + B 2C = 15
In L36(211×312), with 36 experiments, provides at most 36
independent pieces of information, e.g.,
There are 3 dof's in
The grand average counts 1 dof. this group of data.

Each two-level column takes 1 dof.

Each Three-level column takes 2 dof's. 1+ 11× (2 1) + 12 × (3 1) = 36

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 3

Confounding
Exp. 1 2 3
The effects of A, B
1 1 1 1 and the interaction
2 1 2 2 Exp. A B AxB AxB can be
3 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 evaluated
4 2 2 1
2 1 2 2 respectively.
3 2 1 2
4 2 2 1

Exp. A B C The effect of C is

Exp. 1 2 3 confounded with
1 1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 2 2 the interaction AxB.
2 -1 +1 +1 3 2 1 2
3 +1 -1 +1 4 2 2 1
4 +1 +1 -1

3 = 1× 2
1= 2 × 3
2 = 3 ×1

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 4

Resolution Interaction table for
L4(23), L8(27),
L16(215), and L32(231).
Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
Resolution V
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
A B C
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 L8(27)
AxB AxC BxC
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
Resolutiion IV
A B 　 C 　 　 D
L8(27) 　 　 AxB 　 AxC BxC 　
　 　 C×D 　 B×D A×D 　
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Resolutiion III
A B C D E F G
B×C A×C A×B A×E A×D A×G A×F
L8(27)
D×E D×F D×G B×F B×G B×D B×E
Linear graphs are so designed such F×G E×G E×F C×G C×F C×E C×D
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
that when you fill all "dots" with control
factors, you will achieve resolution IV.

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 5

L9(34), L27(313)

In general, interaction between an

N-level factor and an M-level factor Interaction table for
L9(34), L27(313).
needs (N-1)x(M-1) dof's.

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 6

Configuration of Control Factors

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 7

Distributed Interactions OA's

The column 1x2 is partially

orthogonal with each of 3th-11th
columns. The interaction, if
exists, would distribute among
3th-11th columns.

Real Real

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 8

 Distributed Interactions OA's

Name of orthogonal array L12(211) L18(21×37) L36(23×313) L36(211×312) L54(21×325) L32(21×49) L50(21×511)

Total DOF's 12 18 36 36 54 32 50
DOF's occupied by 1x11 1+2x7 3+2x13 11+2x12 1+2x25 1+3x9 1+4x11
columns = 11 = 15 = 29 = 35 = 51 = 28 = 45
DOF's for grand average 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Remaining DOF's 0 2 6 0 2 3 4

They are mix-level orthogonal arrays, except L12(211).

They are mainly used to evaluate factor effects; they can evaluate very few
interactions.
With these OA's, it is possible to achieve Resolution III+ by conducting
Resolution III experiments.

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 9

L18(211x37): The most widely used OA
　 A B C D E F G H B1 B2 B3
Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SN
A1 48.20 48.20 48.43
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44.0
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 47.4 A2 45.77 45.60 45.30
3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 53.2
4 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 46.9
5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 45.3 49.0
6 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 52.4 48.0
7 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 51.4
47.0
8 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 1 45.0
46.0
9 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 48.9
10 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 41.6 45.0
A1
11 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 42.4 44.0 A2
12 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 53.3 43.0
13 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 40.0 B1 B2 B3
14 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 55.3
15 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 41.5
16 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 48.4
17 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 46.3
18 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 41.2 The remaining 2 dof's can be used to
evaluate the interaction between the
factors occupying the first two columns.

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 10

Merge of Columns
L18(61×37)
L8(27) L8(41×24) 　 1' 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Exp. 1' 4 5 6 7 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 5 2 2 2 3 3 1 1
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 6 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 5 3 1 2 1 2 7 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 1 2 1 8 3 2 3 2 1 3 1
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 9 3 3 1 3 2 1 2
7 4 1 2 2 1
10 4 1 3 3 2 2 1
8 4 2 1 1 2
11 4 2 1 1 3 3 2
Level in Level in Level in 12 4 3 2 2 1 1 3
Column 1 Column 2 Column 1' 13 5 1 2 3 1 3 2
1 1 1 14 5 2 3 1 2 1 3
1 2 2 15 5 3 1 2 3 2 1
2 1 3 16 6 1 3 2 3 1 2
2 2 4 17 6 2 1 3 1 2 3
18 6 3 2 1 2 3 1

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 11

Decomposition of Columns

Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 Exp. 1a 1b 1c 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
4 1 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4
5 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 2 3 4
6 2 2 1 4 3 6 1 2 2 2 1 4 3
7 2 3 4 1 2 7 1 2 2 3 4 1 2
8 2 4 3 2 1 8 1 2 2 4 3 2 1
9 3 1 3 4 2 9 2 1 2 1 3 4 2
10 3 2 4 3 1 10 2 1 2 2 4 3 1
11 3 3 1 2 4 11 2 1 2 3 1 2 4
12 3 4 2 1 3 12 2 1 2 4 2 1 3
13 4 1 4 2 3 13 2 2 1 1 4 2 3
14 4 2 3 1 4 14 2 2 1 2 3 1 4
15 4 3 2 4 1 15 2 2 1 3 2 4 1
16 4 4 1 3 2 16 2 2 1 4 1 3 2

Lecture 7. Orthogonal Arrays: Fundamentals 12