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Orthogonal Arrays: How To Construct?

The document discusses how to construct orthogonal arrays (OAs) for experimental design. It provides 3 main methods: 1) Traditional method for constructing a 2-level OA using symbols like -1 and +1. 2) More general method using 0 and 1 that works for higher level cases. 3) Most systematic method using level combination and column combination matrices to calculate the OA. Examples are given to construct several small OAs like L4 and L8.

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ThaiHuynhNgoc
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© © All Rights Reserved
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25 views

Orthogonal Arrays: How To Construct?

The document discusses how to construct orthogonal arrays (OAs) for experimental design. It provides 3 main methods: 1) Traditional method for constructing a 2-level OA using symbols like -1 and +1. 2) More general method using 0 and 1 that works for higher level cases. 3) Most systematic method using level combination and column combination matrices to calculate the OA. Examples are given to construct several small OAs like L4 and L8.

Uploaded by

ThaiHuynhNgoc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 9

Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct?


Equivalence of OAs
Symbols of Levels

Exp. A B A×B Exp. 1 2 3


1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
2 -1 +1 +1 2 1 2 2
3 +1 -1 +1 3 2 1 2
4 +1 +1 -1 4 2 2 1

L8(27): Thre
ee Pop
pula
ar Fo
orm
ms
L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 6 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 7 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 8 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 8 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 2


Equivalence of OAs
Order of Levels in a Column

L4(23)
L4 a b c L4 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 1

L4(23)
L4 a b c L4 1 2 3
1 -1 -1 +1 1 -1 -1 -1
2 -1 +1 -1 2 -1 +1 +1
3 +1 -1 -1 3 +1 -1 +1
4 +1 +1 +1 4 +1 +1 -1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 3


Equivalence of OAs
Order of Rows

L8(27)
L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L8 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7'
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
　 2 4 6 7 5 3 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 4


Equivalence of OAs
Order of Columns

L8(27)
L8 a b c d e f g L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
5 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
　 a b -d c -f -e g

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 5


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L4: A Tranditional Method

Co
onstru
uctio 2 3)
on of L4(2
　 a b 　 L4 a b c L4 1 2 3
1 -1 -1 　 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
2 -1 1 　 2 -1 1 1 2 1 2 2
3 1 -1 　 3 1 -1 1 3 2 1 2
4 1 1 　 4 1 1 -1 4 2 2 1

c = a×b

Also a = b × c , b = c × a
The two levels must be (-1, +1).
This method does not apply to 3-level cases.

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 6


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L4: A More General Method

Co
onstru
uctio 2 3)
on of L4(2
　 a b 　 L4 a b c L4 1 2 3
1 0 0 　 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2 0 1 　 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 2
3 1 0 　 3 1 0 1 3 2 1 2
4 1 1 　 4 1 1 0 4 2 2 1

c = MOD(a + b, L)

Also a = MOD(b + c, 2) , b = MOD(c + a, 2)


This method applies to higher level cases.
The levels must be written in (0, 1), (0, 1, 2), etc.

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 7


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L4: A More Systematic Method

Cons ction of L4(23)


struc
B 1 2 3
a 1 0 1
b 0 1 1

A a b C 1 2 3 L4 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 2
3 1 0 3 1 0 1 3 2 1 2
4 1 1 4 1 1 0 4 2 2 1

C = MOD(MMULT(A, B), L)

A: level combination matrix


B: column combination matrix

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 8


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L8(27)

Con
nstru on of L8(27)
uctio
B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
b 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
c 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

A a b c C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 L8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
4 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
5 1 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 6 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
7 1 1 0 7 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
8 1 1 1 8 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 9


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L16(215)

A a b c d
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0
4 0 0 1 1
5 0 1 0 0
6 0 1 0 1 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
7 0 1 1 0 a 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
8 0 1 1 1 b 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
c 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
9 1 0 0 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 1 0 0 1
11 1 0 1 0
12 1 0 1 1
13 1 1 0 0
14 1 1 0 1
15 1 1 1 0
16 1 1 1 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 10


Full-Factorial Two-Level OAs
L32(231)

B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
a 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
b 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
c 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 11


Full-Factorial Three-Level OAs
L9(34)

B 1 2 3 4
a 1 0 1 2
b 0 1 1 1

A a b C 1 2 3 4 L9 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
3 0 2 3 0 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 3
4 1 0 4 1 0 1 2 4 2 1 2 3
5 1 1 5 1 1 2 0 5 2 2 3 1
6 1 2 6 1 2 0 1 6 2 3 1 2
7 2 0 7 2 0 2 1 7 3 1 3 2 c = MOD(a + b, 3)
8 2 1 8 2 1 0 2 8 3 2 1 3
9 2 2 9 2 2 1 0 9 3 3 2 1 d = MOD(2a + b, 3)

Note: MOD(a + 2b, 3) = MOD(2a + b, 3)


MOD(2a + 2b, 3) = MOD(a + b, 3)
Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 12
Full-Factorial Three-Level OAs
L27(313)

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 13


Mix-Level OAs
Difference Matrix

3-L
Level 3x3
3 Diffferen
nce Matrix
x (Le
eft)
　 1 2 3 　 2-1 3-1 3-2
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1
3 0 2 1 3 2 1 2

3-Le
evel 6x6
6 Diifferrenc
ce Matrrix (L
Leftt)
　 1 2 3 4 5 6 　 2-1 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 0
3 0 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 2 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 0 1
4 0 2 2 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 2
5 0 1 2 0 2 1 5 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 2
6 0 2 1 2 0 1 6 2 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 14


Mix-Level OAs
L18(21x37)

　 1 2 3 4 5 6 　 1 2 3 4 5 6 　 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 0 0 1 1 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 2 2
5 0 0 1 1 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 2 0 0
6 0 0 1 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 0 0 1 1
7 0 1 0 2 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 2 1 2
8 0 1 0 2 1 2 + 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8 1 2 1 0 2 0
9 0 1 0 2 1 2 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 0 2 1 0 1
10 0 2 2 1 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 2 2 1 1 0
11 0 2 2 1 1 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 0 0 2 2 1
12 0 2 2 1 1 0 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 2 1 1 0 0 2
13 0 1 2 0 2 1 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 1 2 0 2 1
14 0 1 2 0 2 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 2 0 1 0 2
15 0 1 2 0 2 1 15 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 0 1 2 1 0
16 0 2 1 2 0 1 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 2 1 2 0 1
17 0 2 1 2 0 1 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 1 0 2 0 1 2
18 0 2 1 2 0 1 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 2 1 0 1 2 0

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 15


1' 2' 3'
Mix-Level OAs 0
1
0
0
0
1
L18(21x37) 2
3
0
1
2
0
4 1 1
5 1 2

　 1' 1 2 3 4 5 6 　 2' 3' 1 2 3 4 5 6 　 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 4 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3
5 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 5 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1
6 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 6 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 6 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
7 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 7 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 7 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
8 2 1 2 1 0 2 0 8 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 0 8 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 1
9 2 2 0 2 1 0 1 9 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 1 9 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2
10 3 0 2 2 1 1 0 10 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 10 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
11 3 1 0 0 2 2 1 11 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 11 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2
12 3 2 1 1 0 0 2 12 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 12 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3
13 4 0 1 2 0 2 1 13 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 1 13 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 2
14 4 1 2 0 1 0 2 14 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 14 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3
15 4 2 0 1 2 1 0 15 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 15 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1
16 5 0 2 1 2 0 1 16 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 16 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2
17 5 1 0 2 0 1 2 17 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 2 17 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3
18 5 2 1 0 1 2 0 18 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 0 18 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 16


Nearly Orthogonal Arrays
A12(21×35), A18(21×38), A24(21×311), and A36(23×316)
　 　 B C D E F 　 　 B 　 　 　 　 　 　 K
Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Exp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
3 1 2 1 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
4 1 2 3 1 3 2
4 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 2
5 1 3 3 2 2 1
5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 2
6 1 3 2 3 1 2
7 2 3 2 1 3 1 6 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2
8 2 3 1 2 1 3 7 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 3
9 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 1 3
10 2 2 3 3 1 1 9 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 3
11 2 1 3 1 2 3 10 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 3
12 2 1 1 3 3 2 11 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 3
12 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 3
13 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 1
14 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1
15 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 1
16 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 2
17 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 2
18 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 2

Lecture 9. Orthogonal Arrays: How to Construct? 17

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