Chapter

Frequency Reconfigurable UWB

Antenna Design for Wireless
Applications
Ritesh Kumar Saraswat and Mithilesh Kumar

Abstract

A frequency band reconfigurable antenna is designed and experimentally

analyzed. Proposed design achieve UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz), two dual band and two
narrow band switching states by implementation of PIN diodes inside the slotted
ground. Antenna covers the various wireless standards WLAN, WiMAX, WiFi and
UWB with return loss S11 < −10 dB. Proposed antenna is also operating at 9.2 GHz
to include the airborne radar applications. Simulated and experimental results are
compared and found to be in good agreement.

Keywords: cognitive radio (CR), frequency-band reconfigurable,

RF switch p-i-n diode, ultra wideband (UWB) antenna, WLAN

1. Introduction

Present scenario of wireless communication system required compact and

multiple band antenna design. Since many systems are operating at multiple
frequency range, requiring dual and triple band antenna for various applications
such as WLAN, WiMAX, RFID, satellite communication, etc. Presently, many
printed monopole antenna are proposed. Serve for wireless applications to cover the
wireless standards for Wireless local area network (WLAN: 2.4–2.48, 5.15–5.35, and
5.75–5.825 GHz) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX:
3.4–3.69 GHz) are two among the available wireless standards which allow intercon-
nections of devices for communication. To achieve multi-functionality, various
parameters of antenna such as polarization characteristics, resonant frequency,
patterns and impedance bandwidth etc., are reconfigured as per requirements [1].
Presently wireless communication systems are adopting the concept of cogni-
tive radio system where using a sensing antenna performing the monitoring of the
spectrum, and can be reconfigured to operate over a desired frequency band. This
system is required a frequency band reconfigurable antenna as a sensing element
[2]. Most of frequency band reconfigurable antennas providing the band switching
between narrowband modes [3–5].
Antenna obtained the quad-band switching by implementation of microelectro-
mechanical systems (MEMS) switch [3]. Another frequency band reconfigurable
patch antenna is proposed that operate in four different modes with the help
of switching elements [4]. Recently, many microstip patch antenna have been
designed that indicate the switching facility in narrowband as well as wideband
modes [6–11]. In [6], a Vivaldi antenna is designed that provide the wideband and

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

narrowband mode switching facility. A frequency band reconfigurable antenna

with four photoconductive switches is proposed that operating with switching
between the three narrowband modes and UWB mode [7]. In [9], antenna has
been proposed with narrowband and wideband functionality with reconfigu-
rability characteristics is achieved with the implementation of p-i-n and varactor
diodes. Tunable EBG structure are analyzed with active switching devices FET and
obtained the transmission characteristics of the structure [12, 13]. Many techniques
such as defective ground [14], etching slots [15, 16], metamaterial loading [17–23],
dielectric resonator [24], fractal geometry [25, 26], etc., are applied to accomplish
multiband reconfigurable operation to cover various wireless applications.
In this chapter, firstly design the octagonal shape patch antenna and imple-
menting the inverted L shaped switchable slotted ground yielded switchable
resonant modes such as, two narrowband modes (5.05–5.89 and 8.76–9.80 GHz),
two dual band modes (2.21–2.52 GHz and 5.07–5.89 GHz and 2.18–2.52 GHz and
8.78–9.71 GHz) and UWB mode (2.87–16.56 GHz) for wireless applications. As per
requirement to design antenna to frequency band reconfigurability introducing the
five switching elements p-i-n diodes placed inside the slotted ground. The proposed
design is compact in size as compared to antennas are discussed in published
literature [6–11]. The simulation work of antenna is done by using CST Microwave
Studio (CST MWS) software [27] and measurement is performed with the help of
VNA (vector network analyzer-E5071C (300 KHz–20 GHz) ENA series Agilent
Technologies). The fabrication of proposed structure is executed by using of PCB
prototype machine (Caddo-71).
Following sections focused on the antenna designing with parametric study and
switchable modes analysis with results in simulated as well as measurement modes.

2. Ultra wideband (UWB) antenna design

In this section initially octagonal shape monopole antenna size of 40 × 40 × 0.40 mm3

is designed, as represented in configuration “a” of Figure 1. The proposed design is con-
structed on 0.40 mm thick Roger RT 5880 substrate with the relative permittivity 2.2, fed
with 50 ohm microstrip feed line. Octagonal shape radiating element has the dimensions
ab = ef = 10 mm, bc = ha = 5.14 mm, cd = gh = 6.0 mm and de = fg = 5.14 mm attached
with feedline of dimensions 22 × 1.25 × 0.01 mm3. On back side of antenna, ground plane

Figure 1.
Configuration of the UWB antenna: (a) front view of structure and (b) back view of structure.

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Frequency Reconfigurable UWB Antenna Design for Wireless Applications
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exist with length of 21.1 mm, width of 40 mm and thickness of 0.01 mm. Figure 1 shows
the configuration of the proposed antenna with a top view and bottom view.
The operational performance of the antenna is analyzed with variations in its
parameters such as ground slot dimensions (length l1 and width W1) are known as
the parametric study of the proposed design. This study is carried out by variations
in slot length l1 and width W1 while keeping other parameters constant. Slot length
l1 and width W1 is varied from 0 to 7 mm and 0.6 to 1.4 mm respectively, as depicted
in Figure 2. It is observed that, as variation are done in the value of l1 and W1, the
reflection coefficient (S11) is changes and the respective frequency band is also
changes accordingly. The optimized impedance matching for UWB band character-
istics is achieved at length l1 = 6.1 mm and width W1 = 1 mm.

Figure 2.
Simulated reflection coefficient S11 of the proposed antenna for different values of l1 and W1.

Figure 3.
Simulated and measured reflection coefficient S11 of the proposed UWB antenna.

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

From Figure 2, it is indicated that at lower frequencies (2–4 GHz) that the

impedance matching is improved when the slot dimensions are reduced (either by
reducing l1 or W1). At higher frequencies (above 5 GHz), the impedance matching
is enhanced when the slot dimensions are increased. The input reflection coef-
ficient S11 (below −10 dB) of UWB antenna is achieved at the optimized value of
l1 = 6.1 mm and W1 = 1 mm. The impedance bandwidth of 141% (2.87–16.56 GHz)
under simulation and 140% (2.85–15.85 GHz) in measurement is obtained as
shown in Figure 3.

3. Narrowband and dual band antenna design

The UWB monopole antenna can be reconfigured to others frequency bands

by using an inverted L and rectangular shaped slotted structure placed on the
ground plane, as shown in Figure 4. This inverted L-shaped slot in ground plane
generating an additional current path due to the perturbation of the current
flow in antenna structure that leads to the filter characteristics, responsible
to suppress the frequencies outside the desired frequency band. These ground
slots are generating the stop bands in the UWB frequency range [9]. Figure 5
represents the different filter structures of the proposed design by variation in
the inverted L-shaped slot.
Figure 6 represents the input reflection coefficient S11 (below −10 dB) of the
antenna for different filter structures. Structure I and II are creating the dual bands
whereas structure III and IV are responsible for obtaining the single bands only.
Moreover, the bandwidth of each filtering structure in Figure 6, is controllable
with changing the length l2 and width W2 of parallel vertical arms (in Figure 4).
By the variations of these arms dimensions impedance bandwidth changes accord-
ingly, as shown in Figure 7. While increasing the slot length l2 and width W2,

Figure 4.
Slotted structure on ground plane.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86035

Figure 5.
Filter structures placed on the ground plane.

Figure 6.
Simulated reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna for filter structures in Figure 5.

the bandwidth of antenna decreases from 30 to 12% in structure III. The desired

resonant band with the input reflection coefficient S11 (below −10 dB) is achieved at
the optimized value l2 = 2.5 mm and W2 = 1 mm respectively.

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

Figure 7.
Simulated reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna for different values of l2 and W2 in structure-III.

4. Frequency reconfigurable antenna design

In this section analyzed the reconfiguration of UWB mode of proposed design

to another narrowband and dual band modes. This reconfiguration is done by
implementation of filter structures on the ground plane by placing of five switch-
ing elements p-i-n diodes inside it, as indicated in Figure 8. The switches D1–D5 are
positioned in such a way to obtain the required structures I–IV for desired fre-
quency bands. If diode D1 is on and remaining are off, we will get a filter structure
like structure-I for dual band.
For biasing of p-i-n diodes, apply the dc voltage across the p-i-n diodes with the
help of metal strips dimension of 2 × 0.6 mm2, as indicated in Figure 8. As shown in
Figure 8, blocking capacitor of 100 pF is also connected with diode, to provide the
isolation between the dc and the RF signal. A beam lead p-i-n diodes (ALPHA-6355)
are placed inside the ground slot, where 0.7 V dc is required for biasing of diode.
During ON state (forward bias) of diode, it exhibit resistance of 2.6 ohm while in
case of OFF state (reverse bias) it represents 0.081 pF [28].
Figure 9 shows the electrical equivalent circuit of the diode for both states (ON/
OFF state). For On state, it represents a series combination of fixed inductor (Ls)
and a current-controlled resistor (Rs), whereas for OFF state, it indicates a shunt
combination of intrinsic-layer capacitance (Cp) and the resistance (Rs) in series
with fixed inductance (Ls). The intrinsic-layer capacitance (Cp) is a combination of
the stray capacitance Cs and the junction’s capacitance Cj.
As per Table 1, narrow bands, dual bands and UWB band are obtained by
changing the states of diodes and compare the frequency bands and 10-dB band-
width in simulation and measurement mode. The proposed antenna is initially
simulated with the help of simulation software CST Microwave Studio (MWS) [27]
and thereafter, fabricated on FR4 substrate with optimized values. Figure 10 shows
the fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna.
A setup is used for frequency band reconfigurable structure to observe the mea-
sured reflection coefficient (S11) with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA)
and radiation characteristics by using anechoic chamber, shown in Figure 11.

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Frequency Reconfigurable UWB Antenna Design for Wireless Applications
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Figure 8.
Switchable filter structure on the ground plane (unit: millimeters).

Figure 9.
Equivalent circuit for p-i-n diode: (a) ON-state ( forward bias) and (b) OFF-state (reverse bias).

The simulated and measured reflection coefficients S11 for all five states are
shown in Figure 12. Comparison of simulated S11 with measured ones is indicated
as a good agreement between them. From Table 1, for narrowband states I achieve
the bandwidth of 16% (5.05–5.89 GHz) and 14% (5.01–5.79 GHz) in simulation and
measurement mode respectively. For state II (narrowband), obtained bandwidth
of 11% (8.76–9.80 GHz) and 10% (8.68–9.69 GHz) in simulation and measurement

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

Diode D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Frequency bands (in 10-dB bandwidth (%) Characteristics

GHz)

States Simulated Measured Simulated Measured

I ON OFF OFF ON OFF 5.05–5.91 5.01–5.79 16 14 Narrow band

II OFF ON OFF OFF ON 8.76–9.80 8.68–9.69 11 10 Narrow band

III ON OFF OFF OFF OFF 2.21–2.52 2.20–2.50 13 and 15 12 and 15 Dual band
and and
5.07–5.89 5.05–5.90

IV OFF ON OFF OFF OFF 2.18–2.52 2.19–2.50 14 and 10 13 and 9 Dual band
and and
8.78–9.71 8.70–9.60

V ON ON ON ON ON 2.87–16.56 2.85–15.85 141 140 UWB

Table 1.
Details of combinations of p-i-n diodes with simulated and measured frequency band and bandwidth in each states.

Figure 10.
Images of the fabricated antenna: (a) top view and (b) bottom view.

mode respectively. For next state III, antenna resonant in dual band mode and
achieve impedance bandwidth of 13% (2.21–2.52 GHz) and 15% (5.07–5.89 GHz)
under simulation and 12% (2.20–2.50 GHz) and 15% (5.05–5.90 GHz) during
measurement. For State IV, antenna identifies the operating bandwidth of 14%
(2.18–2.52 GHz) and 10% (8.78–9.71 GHz) and 13% (2.19–2.50 GHz) and 9% (8.70–
9.60 GHz) during simulation and measurement mode respectively. For V state of
UWB mode, antenna indicates the operating bandwidth of 141% (2.87–16.87 GHz)
and 140% (2.97–16.80 GHz) under simulation and measurement mode respectively.
The resonant bands are achieved by switching states of diodes can serve sev-
eral wireless applications such as WLAN, WiMAX, WiFi and UWB. As per IEEE
standards the WLAN is identify for 802.11b/g/n (2.4–2.48 GHz), 802.11a/h/j/n
(5.2 GHz) and ISM band (2.4–2.5 GHz). Wireless standards WiMAX, WiFi and
UWB are identify for frequency bands of 2.3–2.4 and 5.15–5.85 GHz, 2.40–2.48

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Figure 11.
Images of measurement setup for proposed antenna.

Figure 12.
Simulated and measured reflection coefficient S11 of the proposed antenna for states I-V (from (a)-(e) as per Table 1).

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

Figure 13.
Surface current distribution of the proposed antenna for different frequencies.

and 5.15–5.85 GHz and 3.1–10.6 GHz respectively. Proposed design also covers the
airborne radar applications works at 9.2 GHz.
From Figure 12(e), the resonance is identified at the frequency of 3.0, 5.0, 7.0
and 9.6 GHz. As per the observation of Figure 13, it is found that the first reso-
nance is controlled by the inverted L shaped slot dimensions since the maximum
surface current is present across it. Second resonance 5.0 GHz is obtained due to the
octagonal shape of radiating element and the feedline attached to the patch. Third
resonance at 7.0 GHz is obtained due to the rectangular slot created on the ground
plane. The two rectangular slits dimensions of l2 and W2 are responsible to generate
tank circuit causes the fourth resonance at 9.5 GHz. The surface current distribution
is observed at theses resonance frequencies as shown in Figure 13.
From Figure 14, the 3D-gain of the antenna is observed at different resonant
frequencies, where the maximum radiation is identify at the various values of angles
(theta and phi). It is noticed that at higher frequency, the directivity is improved so that
the gain is increased. Figure 15 represents the measured antenna gain in single band,
dual band and UWB modes for various switching states. It is analyzed that at lower
frequency range gain is reduced whereas at higher frequencies (above 6 GHz) gain is
improved as compared to reference gain level of 4 dB. It is also observed that antenna
exhibit the acceptable gain in narrowband and dual-band modes. Figure 15(b) shows
the average gain of 3.9 dB is achieved for UWB mode of the proposed antenna.
Figure 16(a) indicates the variation of the simulated radiation efficiency from
96.9 to 79.5% and from 97.2 to 70.3% for switching states I and II respectively, for the
proposed antenna. The variation of the simulated radiation efficiency from 95.5 to
73.3% and from 94.0 to 78.1% is observed for state III and IV respectively. Figure 16(b)
shows the simulated radiation efficiency variation from 98.9 to 85.8% for UWB

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Figure 14.
Simulated gain (dB) of the proposed antenna for different frequencies.

Figure 15.
Measured gain of the proposed antenna for different switching states: (a) single-band and dual-band modes
and (b) UWB.

mode. It is noticed that the radiation efficiency is stay above the 70% in all the
narrow band, dual band and UWB band. Another observation is that at higher
frequency range the simulated radiation efficiency is decreases.

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

Figure 16.
Simulated radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna for different switching states: (a) single-band and
dual-band modes and (b) UWB.

Figure 17.
Simulated and measured AR (axial ratio) (along θ = 78° and Ф = −89°) of the proposed antenna.

The axial ratio (AR) measurement of the proposed antenna is done inside an
anechoic chamber by using antenna measurement system with VNA. To obtain
maximum ARBW (axial ratio bandwidth), the antenna measurement system is
aligned along the directions of θ = 78° and Ф = −89°, where AR is stay below the
3 dB reference level. The simulated ARBW of 38% is achieved for frequency range
from 4.65 to 6.85 GHz as shown in Figure 17. The measured ARBW is slightly less
than the simulated one at the center frequency 5.65 GHz.

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Patterns are analyzed at operating frequencies 2.4, 5.4, 7.5, and 10 GHz for E and
H plane (principal plane). From Figure 18, there is dumb bell shape and quasi-
omnidirectional like radiation patterns in H-Plane and E-Plane respectively, which
represents that the proposed design is a good candidate for wireless communica-
tion. There is a good agreement seen between the measured and simulated radia-
tion patterns for E and H plane with the slight difference caused due to assembly

Figure 18.
Measured and simulated E and H plane radiation patterns.

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Ref. Year Antenna size Bandwidth (in %) Gain (in dBi) Radiation efficiency (in %) No. of Covered wireless standards Frequency Band
(in mm3) operating Reconfigurability
modes (in Achieved
GHz)

Ref [17] 2013 49 × 49 × 6 2.63/3.28/6.44 4.93/2.85/5.12 89.9/91.8/97.6 3 GPS/WLAN/WiMAX No

(1.52/2.44/3.57)

Ref [20] 2013 52.6 × 30 × 1 47.27/38.88 −0.56/−0.62 89.2/98.1 2 GPS/WLAN (1.5/2.4) No

Ref [21] 2014 40 × 40 × 1.6 34.48/18.28/19.96 3.97/4.04/3.25 — 3 (WLAN/WiMAX (2.4/3.5/5.8) No

Ref [22] 2015 56 × 44 × 0.8 5.56/5.86/19.34/13.69 1.3/2.3/3.5/4.4 76.8/80.1/96.6/85.5 4 GPS/WLAN/WiMAX No

UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

(1.5/2.4/3.5/5.4)

Ref [14] 2015 55 × 50 × 1.9 25.3/16.95/12.32 5.71/6.16/6.48 79/86.6/88.7 3 (WLAN/WiMAX (2.4/3.5/5.8) No

Ref [23] 2016 48 × 48 × 1.6 20.73/15.02/31.96 1.64/2.07/4.06 66.2/77.15/87.6 3 GPS/WLAN (1.9/2.4/5) No

Ref [15] 2017 40 × 40 × 1.6 1.9/14/5 −4.5/3.75/5.3 10/91/87 3 (GPS/WLAN/WiMAX (1.5/3.5/ 5.4) No

Ref [24] 2017 50 × 50 × 1.6 2/12/18.2 6.35/5.57/3.9 82.1/84.9/90.9 3 (WLAN/ X Band) (4.8/5.8/9.2) No

Ref [25] 2018 40 × 40 × 1.6 11.49/3.37/8.61 1.78/3.5/4.4 75.62/72/73 3 (WLAN/ WiMAX Band) (2.4/3.5/ No
5.5)

Ref [26] 2018 30 × 24.8 × 1.6 3.5/5.01/13.2/5.77 1.35/1/1.07/1.75 — 4 (WiMAX/X Band) No

(3.1/5.52/7.31/9.72)

Proposed 40 × 40 × 0.40 13/15/16/141/16/11 2.1/3.3/3.5/3.9/2.2/4.2 96.7/92.7/94.2/74.4/95.8/91.2 6 WLAN/WiMAX/WiFi/UWB/ Yes

antenna ISM Band/Radar Application Band
(2.4/5.2/5.8/3.1–10.6/2.45/9.2)

Table 2.
Comparison of propose designed with those in the state-of-art literature.
Frequency Reconfigurable UWB Antenna Design for Wireless Applications
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misalignments. A consistent omnidirectional radiation is observed in the E plane

and a nearly bi-directional pattern is observed along the H plane for all the operat-
ing frequencies.
Both the measured and simulated E and H plane radiation patterns are appear
reasonably stable with respect to resonant frequency. It is also observed that there is
pinch-off along the end fire directions (θ = ±90°) at lower frequencies for H-plane
pattern. The E-plane pattern shows the unidirectional nature at higher frequen-
cies because at these frequencies the back lobes (along θ = 180°) are considerably
decreases. Table 2 shows the comparison of the proposed antenna characteristics,
like as antenna size, impedance bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency and operating
modes, with reported multiband antennas for wireless standard.

5. Conclusion

A frequency band reconfigurable antenna suitable for WLAN (2.4/5.2 GHz).

ISM band (2.4–2.5 GHz), WiMAX (2.3–2.4 and 5.15–5.85 GHz), WiFi (2.40–2.48
and 5.15–5.85 GHz) and UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) wireless standards are presented in
this chapter. Proposed design also covers the airborne radar applications works at
9.2 GHz. The radiating element of octagonal shape and switchable slotted ground
is implemented to achieve the frequency band reconfigurability between wireless
standards. The switching between the narrowband, dual band and UWB modes
is obtain by using five p-i-n diodes placed inside the inverted L shaped ground
slot. The proposed design is provides the facility of easily integration with cogni-
tive radio and multi radio wireless terminal devices. Proposed design achieve
the bandwidth of 16% (5.05–5.89 GHz) and 14% (5.01–5.79 GHz) in simulation
and measurement mode respectively for narrowband states I. Next it obtained
bandwidth of 11% (8.76–9.80 GHz) and 10% (8.68–9.69 GHz) in simulation and
measurement mode respectively for narrowband states II. Antenna resonant in
dual band mode and achieve impedance bandwidth of 13% (2.21–2.52 GHz) and
15% (5.07–5.89 GHz) under simulation and 12% (2.20–2.50 GHz) and 15% (5.05–
5.90 GHz) during measurement for next state III. For next state IV, antenna identi-
fies the operating bandwidth of 14% (2.18–2.52 GHz) and 10% (8.78–9.71 GHz) and
13% (2.19–2.50 GHz) and 9% (8.70–9.60 GHz) during simulation and measurement
mode respectively. For UWB mode of V state, antenna indicate the operating
bandwidth of 141% (2.87–16.87 GHz) and 140% (2.97–16.80 GHz) under simula-
tion and measurement mode respectively. The average gain of 3.9 dB is achieved
for UWB mode of the proposed antenna. The radiation efficiency is stay above the
70% in all the narrow band, dual band and UWB band. Radiation characteristics
of the proposed antenna are achieved with good impedance matching at these
resonant frequencies. The radiation pattern, gain and efficiency are consistent over
all the operating bands making the proposed antenna a good choice for wireless
applications.

Conflict of interest

The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest regarding the

publication of this paper.

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UWB Technology - Circuits and Systems

Author details

Ritesh Kumar Saraswat1* and Mithilesh Kumar2

1 M.L.V. Govt. Textile and Engineering College, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India

2 Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan, India

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

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Frequency Reconfigurable UWB Antenna Design for Wireless Applications
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86035

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