IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOST

CONVERTER USING PSO

BASED PID CONTROLLER FOR
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
APPLICATION

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN POWER
ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES
OF THE ANNA UNIVERSITY

PROJECT PHASE II

Submitted by
MEGALASRI S
1873209

2020

Under the Guidance of

Dr. R. RAJESWARI Ph.D.,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)
COIMBATORE - 641 013
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)
COIMBATORE - 641 013

PROJECT PHASE II

AU GUST 2020

This is to certify that this project work entitled

IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOST CONVERTER USING PSO BASED PID

CONTROLLER FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION

Is the bonafide record of project work done by

MEGALASRI S

1873209

Of M.E. (POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES) during the year 2019 - 2020

______________ ______________ ______________

Dr. R. RAJESWARI Ph.D., Dr. N. NARMADHAI Ph.D., Dr. E. LATHA MERCY Ph. D.,
Project Guide Programme Coordinator Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and deep

sense of gratitude to Dr. P. THAMARAI, M.E., Ph.D., Principal, Government
College of Technology, Coimbatore for the facilities made available for the
progress and completion of my thesis.

I am extremely thankful to Dr. E. LATHA MERCY, M.E., Ph.D.,

Professor and Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for
the permission and encouragement accorded to carry out this project work.

I would like to express my extreme gratitude and sincere thanks to my

Project Guide, Dr. R. RAJESWARI, M.E., Ph.D., Professor, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for her enthusiastic guidance and
invaluable help during the entire period of my project work.

I express my sincere gratitude to my Faculty Advisor and Project

Coordinator, Dr. R. RAJESWARI, M.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for her support and
motivation during the completion of the project work. I also thank my
Programme Coordinator, Dr. N. NARMADHAI, M.E., Ph.D., Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their cooperation
during my thesis work.

Above all, I thank the Almighty God for his gracious blessings for the
successful completion of my project.

Finally, I would like to dedicate the whole work to my parents for the
everlasting love and constant encouragement given by them during the
period, even being miles apart.
 SYNOPSIS
The role of solar power generating system has gained more attention due to its
simplicity, eco-friendly nature. Development of renewable energy resource in
addition with power semiconducting devices becomes more popular. Dc choppers
are preferred for incremental value of solar based appliances. Normally a boost
converter can create high voltage range. The performance and operation of
converter depend upon controller also. This paper reviews about solar powered
boost converter in accordance with PID controller and PSO based PID controller.The
converter is designed with low duty ratio. Depends upon the error signal and
feedback ratio the efficiency is determined. The result of the boost converter using
PID and PSO based PID controller are evaluated. Through Simulink model, a steady
state power flow at input port is maintained and the controller efficiency is justified.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SYNOPSIS

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION 1-9
1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 8

1.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 9

1.5 ORGANISATION OF THESIS 9

1.6 SUMMARY 9

2 BOOST CONVERTER WITH PID AND PSO BASED PID 10-17

CONTROLLER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION

2.1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 10

2.2 BOOST CONVERTER 11

2.3 CONTINUOSE MODE BOOST CONVERTER 13

2.4 OPEN LOOP OPERATION OF DC-DC 15

CONVERTER

i
 2.5 CLOSED LOOP OPERATION OF DC-DC 17

CONVERTER

3 PID AND PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER 19-29

3.1 PID CONTROLLER 19

3.2 PID CONTROL AUTO TUNE IN TERAS 20

3.3 PSO ALGORITHM 21

3.4 GENERAL PSO ALGORITHM 25

3.5 COMBINATION OF PSO WITH PID 28

CONTROL LOGIC

4 CLOSED LOOP OPERATION OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM 30-34

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BOOST CONVERTER 31

USING PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER

4.2 PARAMETER TABLE FOR BOOST 31

CONVERTER

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33

4.4 BOOST CONVERTER WITH PID CONTROLLER 33

4.5 BOOST CONVERTER WITH PSO BASED 34

PID CONTROLLER

5 CONCLUSION 37

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE 37

5.2 SOCIETAL IMPACT 37

REFERENCES 38-39

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

No. NO.

2.1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 11

2.2 CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY FOR BOOST CONVERTER 12

2.3 WAVEFORM OF BOOST CONVERTER UNDER CONTINUOS 13

CONDUCTION MODE

2.4 STEP UP CHOPPER CHARACTERISTICS KEEPING VO 15

CONSTANT

2.5 OPEN LOOP SYSTEM 16

2.6 CLOSED LOOP BLOCK DIAGRAM 18

3.1 PID CONTROLLER 19

3.2 CONCEPT OF CHANGING A PARTICLE POSITION IN PSO 26

3.3 PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER DESIGN 28

3.4 PSO TUNED PID CONTROLLER 29

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM 30

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BOOST CONVERTER USING PID 31

AND PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER

4.31 SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER USING PID 33

CONTROLLER

4.32 OUTPUT VOLTAGE FOR PID CONTROLLER 34

4.33 SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER USING PSO BASED 35

PID CONTROLLER

4.34 OUTPUT FOR PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER 35

4.35 DISPLAY FOR KP KI KD VALUES 36

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

4.1 CIRCUIT SPECIFICATION FOR BOOST CONVERTER 32

4.2 COMPARISON TABLE 32

iv
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DC DIRECT CURRENT

PID PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE

PWM PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

PV PHOTOVOLTAIC

PSO PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

DC-DC power converters are employed in a variety of applications, including

power supplies for personal computers, office equipment, spacecraft power systems,
laptop computers, and telecommunications equipment, as well as DC motor drives.
The input to a DC-DC converter is an unregulated dc voltage Vg. The converter
produces a regulated output voltage V, having a magnitude (and possibly polarity) that
differs from Vg.

For example, in a computer off-line power supply, the 120 V or 240 V ac utility
voltage is rectified, producing a dc voltage of approximately 170 V or 340 V,
respectively. A DC-DC converter then reduces the voltage to the regulated 5 V or 3.3
V required by the processor ICs.

High efficiency is invariably required, since cooling of inefficient power

converters is difficult and expensive. The ideal DC-DC converter exhibits 100%
efficiency; in practice, efficiencies of 70% to 95% are typically obtained. This is
achieved using switched-mode, or chopper, circuits whose elements dissipate
negligible power.

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) allows control and regulation of the total output
voltage. This approach is also employed in applications involving alternating current,
including high-efficiency DC- DC power converters (inverters and power amplifiers),
ac-ac power converters, and some AC-DC Power converters (low-harmonic rectifiers).

DC - DC converters in electronic circuits uses switching technology. Switched

mode DC-DC converter converts the DC voltage level by storing the input energy
temporarily and then releases that energy at different voltage output. The storage is
done either in magnetic field components like an inductor, transformers or electric field
components like capacitors. This conversion method can increase or decrease the
voltage level.

1
 Switching conversion is more power-efficient than linear voltage regulation,
which dissipates unwanted power as heat. The high efficiency of a switched-mode
Converter reduces the heat sinking needed and increases battery endurance of
portable equipment. Efficiency has increased due to the use of power FETs, which are
able to switch more efficiently with lower switching losses at higher frequencies than
power bipolar transistors and use less complex drive circuitry. Another improvement
in DC-DC converters is done by replacing the flywheel diode with synchronous
rectification using a power FET, whose ‘on resistance’ is much lower, which reduces
switching losses.

The efficiency of the converter has increased due to the use of power FETs, which
are able to switch more efficiently with lower switching losses at higher frequencies
than power bipolar transistors and use less complex drive circuitry. Another
improvement in DC-DC converters is done by replacing the flywheel diode with
synchronous rectification using a power FET, whose ‘on resistance’ is much lower,
which reduces switching losses.

Most DC-DC converters are designed to move unidirectional, from input to

output. But the switching regulator topologies can be designed to move bidirectional
by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active rectification. For example,
in regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied to the wheels while
driving, but supplied with the wheels when braking. Hence a bi-directional conversion
is useful.

A boost converter DC-DC is shown in Fig. 1.1. Only a switch is shown, for which
a device belonging to transistor family is generally used. Also, a diode is used in series
with the load. The load is of the same type as given earlier. The inductance of the load
is small. An inductance, L is assumed in series with the input supply. The position of
the switch and diode in this circuit may be noted, as compared to their position in the
buck converter.

2
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

The following literature review will briefly evaluate the various operating conditions
under several changes in control technique.

R. Arulmurugan et al (2012): proposed Open-loop transfer functions can be

used to create closed-loop models of pulse width-modulated (PWM) converters. The
closed-loop small-signal model can be used to design a controller for the switching
converter with well-known linear control theory. The dynamics of the power stage for
boost PWM dc-dc converter operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) are
studied. The transfer functions from output current to output voltage, from duty cycle
to output voltage including MOSFET delay, and from input voltage to output voltage
are derived. The derivations are performed using an averaged linear circuit small-
signal model of the boost converter for CCM. Experimental Bode plots and step
responses were used to test the accuracy of the derived transfer functions. The
theoretical and experimental responses were in excellent agreement, confirming the
validity of the derived transfer functions.

Farid Hamzeh Aghdamet.al (2016): described in photovoltaic (PV) generation

systems, dc-dc boost converters are responsible for maximum power point tracking
and voltage regulation. The intent of this paper is to determine the number of the
stages in an interleaved boost converter interfacing PV panels for achieving a reliable
and costly optimized structure. A comparative study has been done on different modes
of operation .including redundant operation or parallel operation in a two-stage
interleaved converter. The comparison indicates that working in simultaneous mode
would be more reliable. Contemplating this fact, reliability equation of a three-stage
interleaved converter is calculated for simultaneous mode of operation. Considering
dark hours of the day, a k-means clustering technique has been utilized in the reliability
calculations based on the output data of a PV generation system installed at the
campus. Besides, mean time to failure criterion is considered in the reliability analysis.
Simulation and experimental results are analyzed, considering the costs. The results
determine the optimum structure for interfacing the PV panels to the grid.

3
 Brad Bryant et.al (2007): presents the analysis of open-loop power-stage
dynamics relevant to current-mode control for a boost pulse width-modulated (PWM)
dc-dc converter operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM). The transfer
functions from input voltage to inductor current, from duty cycle to inductor current,
and from output current to inductor current are derived. The delay from the MOSFET
gate drive to the duty cycle is modeled using a first-order approximation. The
derivation are performed using an averaged linear small-signal circuit model of the
boost converter for CCM. The transfer functions can be used in modeling the complete
boost PWM converter when current-mode control is used. The theory was in excellent
agreement with the experimental results, enforcing the validity of the transfer functions
derived.

O. M. Toledo et.al (2010): Presented field of operation and planning of

electrical power systems, a new challenge is growing which includes with the increase
in the level of distributed generation from new energy sources, especially renewable
sources. The question of load redistribution for better energetic usage is of vital
importance since these new renewable energy sources are often intermittent.
Therefore, new systems must be proposed which ally energy storage with renewable
energy generators for reestablishment of grid reliability. This work presents a review
of energy storage and redistribution associated with photovoltaic energy, proposing a
distributed micro-generation complex connected to the electrical power grid using
energy storage systems, with an emphasis placed on the use of Na S batteries. These
systems aim to improve the load factor, considering supply side management, and the
offer of backup energy, in the case of demand side management.

M Sahoo et.al (2014): proposed a very high gain step up DC-DC converter is
proposed. Maximum voltage gain in conventional boost converter like, switched
inductor converter, switched capacitor converter, cascaded boost converter etc. are
limited due to extreme duty cycle (i.e. duty cycle near to unity). Operation at extreme
duty cycle leads to, serious reverse recovery problem at the switches, high conduction
losses, high electromagnetic interference etc.

Isolated converter such as fly-back converter, push-pull converter, forward converter,

bridge converters etc. overcomes the above issues, where basically a transformer or

4
coupled inductor is used to boost the voltage. But, inclusion of transformer or coupled
inductor introduces voltage spike at the main switch and power loss due to leakage
inductance. Recently, DC micro-grid gets major importance because of the significant
increase in DC loads and demand of high quality power. These DC loads require
different voltage levels based on their power ratings. Photo voltaic source (PV) is one
of the prime source of energy in DC micro-grid. A very high voltage gain converter is
necessary for DC micro-grid because of low PV source voltage. In this regard, here a
step up DC-DC converter is proposed, which possess a very high voltage gain
characteristic. Along with this, it provides the additional advantage of supplying power
to two different loads (i.e. one for high voltage level and another for low voltage level),
which makes it more suitable for DC micro-grid application. Steady state analysis and
PWM control of the proposed converter are described in this paper. Theoretical
verification of the proposed converter has been done by simulating it in MATLAB
Simulink.

R. Malathi et.al (2017): proposed EZSI is a good choice between PV and three
phase load since PV system can be easily split into two parts. This work proposes PV
based EZSI fed three phase induction motor with PI and PID controller closed loop
system. PI and PID controlled systems are designed and simulated using MATLAB.
The principles of operation and simulation results are discussed. The simulation
results of PI and PID controlled systems are compared interims of time domain
parameters and comparison table has been presented. The results indicate that the
response with PID is faster than that of PI controlled system.

V.P. Vinodet.al (2018): suggested the dependability and performance analysis

of a typical hybrid micro-grid compiled with Photovoltaic (PV) arrays and Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell (SOFC) is bestowed. The micro-grid system is designed to operate either in
an islanding/autonomous mode to attain the load demand. The Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FLC) based Voltage-frequency control (V/f) is applied to effectually control the micro-
grid voltage and frequency; the easy flow of power can be achieved from generation
to consumption. The voltage as well as the frequency of the proposed micro-grid is
consistent even if there is a sudden load or power fluctuation. A dc-dc converter is
used to connect the PV and the SOFC to the dc grid. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
helps to maintain the output voltage by enforcing the implementation of Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques by P & O algorithm. When the State of
5
Charge (SOC) falls to its minimal limit, the rated power can be attained by a backup
generator called SOFC. The propounded PV-SOFC hybrid micro-grid is critically
investigated to scrutinize its performance improvisation by extensive simulation
analysis. The system's improvement in power quality can be demonstrated with the
help of results presented. A relative analysis is carried out to study the proposed
system with conventional PID Controller is also presented.

Lopa mudra Mitra et.al (2014): described power converter is a critical

component of distributed generation system, particularly for renewable energy system
based distributed generators. This paper presents a PV based boost converter with
closed loop control by the use of PID controller. The PV module is modelled in
MATLAB-Simulink Environment and is directly fed to the boost converter and the duty
ratio control is obtained by means of PID controller. A state space average model of
the boost converter has been developed and by Ziegler Nichol's method the
parameters of PID Controller are obtained. All the simulation results are obtained using
MATLAB.

Pramit Biswas et.al (2014): presents particle swarm optimization (PSO) based
design of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for a twin rotor MIMO (multi-
input multi-output) system (TRMS). The objective of the paper is to tune the gains of
the PID controller automatically, by means of a global search method like PSO, so that
the transient tracking error will be minimum. The modeling of TRMS exploiting the
nonlinear characteristics and cross-coupling phenomena and proper designing of PID
control law for it, is being realized in simulation environment. The proposed design
methodology is utilized to explore different mode of operations of TRMS under
different reference trajectories. The results demonstrate that the proposed design of
PID controller is capable of tracking different reference trajectories in satisfactory
manner.

D. Nangru et.al (2013): presented a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

(MPSO) algorithm for optimizing the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller
parameters for stable process is presented. The proposed algorithm is to modify the
velocity and position formula of the conventional PSO technique in order to improve
computational efficiency and time complexity. The MPSO is a stochastic evolutionary
technique that is used to determine the optimal PID gains by employing the two

6
principle equations, the modified velocity updating and position updating equations to
move the positions of all particles in the population. To validate the control
performance of the proposed method an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system is
illustrated. Other stable process example is also considered. Simulation results verify
that the performance of MPSO-PID controllers is better than that of traditional PID and
PSO-PID controllers.

M.K. Kazimierczuk et.al (2002): suggested that parasitic resistances and

offset voltage sources of power switches are included in the averaged-circuit models
of an actual switching part of PWM transformer less converters which operate in a
continuous conduction mode. The actual switching part is divided into the ideal
switching part and it parasitic. It is shown that the ideal switching part can be modeled
by one of 24 equivalent averaged circuits, each consisting of a dependent current
source and a dependent voltage source. The parasitic are averaged using the principle
of energy conservation. The obtained nonlinear large-signal model of the actual
switching part can be placed into the buck, boost, and buck-boost topologies leading
to averaged-circuit models of power stages. Linearization of the model around a DC
operating point results in DC and small-signal models of the converters. Reflection
rules are established which can be used to simplify the circuit models. The proposed
method is illustrated by modeling the PWM boost converter.

S. Ben-Yaakov et.al (2002): Proposed a novel methodology for teaching the

subject of the dynamic response of switch mode DC-DC power conversion (SM)
systems was developed and tested in the class environment. The method applies
equivalent circuit models of the power stage and the duty-cycle generation circuitry to
describe the low frequency behavior of SM systems and to perform numerical and
symbolic analyses by general purpose computer packages. Continuous and
discontinuous conduction modes of classical PWM topologies, for both voltage and
current control methods are discussed.

Pooja Patel et.al (2007): presented small-signal transfer function from duty
cycle to inductor current is derived for the boost DC-DC converter operating in
continuous conduction mode (CCM). The transfer function is found for two cases, the
converter with a resistive load, and with a current sink load. The derivations are
performed using an averaged circuit small-signal model of the boost converter for

7
CCM. The transfer function can be used to model the current loop of boost PWM
converters with peak current-mode control (PCM).

V S Vishnu et.al (2017): presented a vast development in the field of power

electronics converter. The transfer functions from input voltage to inductor current,
from duty cycle to inductor current, and from output current to inductor current are
derived. The delay from the MOSFET gate drive to the duty cycle is modeled using a
first-order approximation. The derivations are performed using an averaged linear
small-signal circuit model of the boost converter for CCM. The transfer functions can
be used in modeling the complete boost PWM converter when current-mode control
is used. The theory was in excellent agreement with the experimental results,
enforcing the validity of the transfer functions derived.

Sanjeev Sharma et.al (2010): presented a systematic method is presented for

including parasitic resistances and offset voltage sources of power switches in
averaged dynamic large-signal, DC, and small-signal circuit models of pulse-width
modulated (PWM) converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). This
method is based on the principle of energy conservation. The approach takes into
account the inductor current ripple. For zero-ripple current, the method gives the same
results as the state-space averaging method. Reflection rules are introduced and used
to simplify the models. As an example, a modeling procedure for the PWM buck
converter is detailed.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The extension of low input voltage into desirable rated voltage is carried out in this
study via boost converter circuit topology. In addition with various conversion
topologies to estimate and determine which one has become acceptable one.

• To design and implement the closed loop operation of DC-DC Boost

converter with PID and PSO based PID controller for solar PV application.
• To evaluate the performance of the PSO based PID controller.

8
1.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

According to the review, the converter describes about PID and PSO based PID
controller. There are various circumstances involved within the conversion topology is
find out in the above survey. The output voltage is not sufficient in accordance with
source voltage availability and control topology. So the proposed method could be a
better solution. The switching topology also becomes less compatibility.

1.5 ORGANISATION OF THESIS

Chapter 1: This chapter deals with the overview of literature survey, objective, and
contribution of the present work also discussed in brief.

Chapter 2: It describes the photovoltaic array and analysis of converters design and
various topologies of boost converter.

Chapter 3: The control logics named PID, PSO, and PSO based PID controller has
been described in this chapter.

Chapter 4: This chapter describes about the results, simulations, and performance
comparison of PID and PSO based PID controller is evaluated.

Chapter 5: It concludes with simulation result and analysis about wide range of project
knowledge.

1.6 SUMMARY

In this chapter DC-DC converter needs and requirements have been analyzed in
literature survey various roles of power converter in different research work has been
observed. Through the problem identification, the controller performances and the
errors have been analyzed.

9
 CHAPTER 2

BOOST CONVERTER WITH PID AND PSO BASED PID

CONTROLLER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION

This chapter deal with photovoltaic cell in addition with boost converter to describe
the operation and functions. A detailed study of boost converter under continuous
conduction mode is being explained.

2.1 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION SYSTEM

A photovoltaic array (also called a solar array) consists of multiple photovoltaic

modules, casually referred to as solar panels, to convert solar radiation (sunlight) into
usable direct current (DC) electricity. A photovoltaic system for residential,
commercial, or industrial energy supply normally contains an array of photovoltaic (PV)
modules, one or more DC to alternating current (AC) power converters (also known
as inverters), a tracking system that supports the solar modules, electrical wiring and
interconnections and mounting for other components.

Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar

radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of
a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for
photovoltaic include mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon,
cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium sulfide. Due to the increased demand
for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays
has advanced considerably in recent years. Solar photovoltaic is a sustainable energy
source. By the end of 2011, a total of 71.1 GW had been installed. And by end of 2012,
the 100 GW installed capacity milestone was achieved. More than 100 countries use
solar PV. Installations may be ground- mounted (and sometimes integrated with
farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-
integrated photovoltaic or simply roof top).

10
 A small PV system is capable of providing enough AC electricity to power a
single Home or even an isolated device in the form of AC or DC electric. For example,
military and civilian Earth observation satellites, street lights, construction and traffic
signs, electric cars, solar-powered tents and electric aircraft may contain integrated
photovoltaic systems to provide a primary or auxiliary power source in the form of AC
or DC power, depending on the design and power demands. Such advantageous PV
array is shown in fig 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Solar photovoltaic system

2.2 BOOST CONVERTER

DC-DC converters are also known as Choppers. Here we will have a look at
the Step UP Chopper or Boost converter which increases the input DC voltage
to a specified DC output voltage. A typical Boost converter is shown below Fig
2.2.

11
 Figure 2.2 Circuit topology of boost converter

The input voltage source is connected to an inductor. The solid-state device

which operates as a switch is connected across the source. The second switch used
is a diode. The diode is connected to a capacitor, and the load and the two are
connected in parallel as shown in the figure above.
The inductor connected to input source leads to a constant input current, and
thus the Boost converter is seen as the constant current input source. And the load
can be seen as a constant voltage source.
The controlled switch is turned on and off by using Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM). PWM can be time-based or frequency based. Frequency-based modulation
has disadvantages like a wide range of frequencies to achieve the desired control of
the switch which in turn will give the desired output voltage.
Time-based Modulation is mostly used for DC-DC converters. It is simple to
construct and use. The frequency remains constant in this type of PWM modulation.
The Boost converter has two modes of operation. The first mode is when the switch is
on and conducting

12
Figure 2.3 Waveform of boost converter under continuous conduction mode

2.3 Continuous Mode Boost Converter Relationships

𝑽𝒅
Voltage Transfer Ratio: 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏−𝑫

𝑽𝒅.𝑫.𝑻𝒔
Inductor Peak to Peak Ripple Current: △ 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑳

𝑰𝒐
Input Current 𝑰𝒅 = 𝟏−𝑫

𝑰𝒐𝑬𝒔𝒓
Peak to Peak Output Voltage Ripple (approximation) = 𝟏−𝑫

Ripple Current Rating of the Output Capacitor Electrolytic capacitors have a maximum
ripple current rating and the output capacitor of the boost converter is exposed to high

13
ripple. The easiest way to determine the required ripple rating of the output capacitor
is to use the following relationships, which hold for any waveform:

𝑻𝒔
∫ 𝑰. 𝑰(𝒕). 𝒅𝒕
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ 𝟎
𝑻𝒔

𝑻𝒔
∫ 𝑰. 𝑰(𝒕). 𝒅𝒕
𝑰𝒅𝒄 = 𝟎
𝑻𝒔

𝑰𝒅𝒄 = √𝑰²𝒓𝒎𝒔 − 𝑰²𝒂𝒄

Use the general formula for RMS to calculate the RMS of the diode current waveform
and assume that the ac component of this goes into the capacitor while the dc
component flows into the load. Note if the inductor ripple is 20% or less then it can
safely be neglected when calculating the capacitor current. If we neglect inductor ripple
then the diode current components become:

(𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆)𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑰𝑳. √𝟏 − 𝑫

(𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆)𝒅𝒄 = 𝑰𝑳. (𝟏 − 𝑫)

(𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆)𝒂𝒄 = √(𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆)²𝒓𝒎𝒔 − (𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒆)²𝒅𝒄

Discontinuous Mode Boundary Just as in the Boost case the boundary condition for
discontinuous mode occurs when the average inductor current IL is half of the inductor
peak-to-peak ripple 'IL

Boundary occurs at

△ 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑑. 𝐷. 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜. 𝐷. (1 − 𝐷). 𝑇𝑠

𝐼𝐿 = = =
2 2𝐿 2𝐿

But, the output current

𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑑(1 − 𝐷) = 𝐼𝐿(1 − 𝐷)

So, at the boundary

𝑉𝑜. 𝐷. (1 − 𝐷)². 𝑇𝑠
𝐼𝑜 =
2𝐿

14
 Behavior of Boost Converter in discontinuous mode as in the buck converter
discontinuous mode operation results in a higher than expected output voltage for a
given duty cycle. Conversely the duty cycle must be reduced in order to maintain a
given input to output voltage ration when the converter goes into discontinuous mode

Figure 2.4 Step up chopper characteristics keeping VO constant

The following section explained that the designing of boost converter, In order to test
the accuracy of the parameter determination of system designed. The following
parameters are inductance, capacitor, and resistor shown in below.

Input voltage (Vin) = 36; output voltage (VO ) =80

Supply voltage ( VS)=36; output power( Po)=150

Switching time (TS )=2.941; Duty cycle( D)=25%

Average output current (Iob ) = 3.125

15
 Inductance (L ) = Ts×Vo×D×(1−D)2
2×Iob

2.941×480.25×(1−0.25)2
=
2×3.125

L = 3.17628µH
(Vo)2
Resistance ( R) =
Po

(48)2
= 150

R = 15.364Ω

Capacitance(c = (Ts)×D×Vo
∆Vo×R

(2.941)×(0.25)×48
=
0.1×15.36

C = 22.978µF

2.4 OPEN LOOP OPERATION OF DC-DC CONVERTER

Then an Open-loop system, also referred to as non-feedback system, is a type of

continuous control system in which the output has no influence or effect on the control
action of the input signal. In other words, in an open-loop control system the output is
neither measured nor “fed back” for comparison with the input. Therefore, an open-
loop system is expected to faithfully follow its input command or set point regardless
of the final result. Also, this system has no knowledge of the output condition so cannot
self-correct any errors it could make when the preset value drifts, even if this results
in large deviations from the Preset value.

16
 Another disadvantage of Open-loop systems is that they are poorly equipped to
handle disturbances or changes in the conditions which may reduce the desired task.
Open-loop control systems are often used with processes that require the sequencing
of events with the aid of “ON-OFF” signals.

For example a washing machine which requires the water to be switched “ON” and
then when full is switched “OFF” followed by the heater element being switched “ON”
to heat the water and then at a suitable temperature is switched “OFF. Figure 2.5
shows the open loop of the DC to DC converter without using of feedback.

Figure 2.5 Open loop systems

Another disadvantage of Open-loop systems is that they are poorly equipped to

handle disturbances or changes in the conditions which may reduce the desired task.
Open-loop control systems are often used with processes that require the sequencing
of events with the aid of “ON-OFF” signals.

2.5 CLOSED LOOP OPERATION OF DC-DC CONVERTER

It is an automatic control system modeling. Closed loop systems are much more
accurate than open loop systems as they do not get disturbed in the presence of non-
linearity. These systems possess noise reduction ability, as they are composed of a
feedback mechanism, so they clear out the errors between input and output signals,
and hence remain unaffected to the external noise sources.

The switching scheme used in this paper is PWM (pulse width modulation) switching
scheme. In this scheme the switch between supply and load is turned on/off at a very
fast so as to control the average value of voltage and current fed to the load. The

17
longer the switch is on as compared to the off periods, The term duty cycle expresses
the ratio of „on‟ time to the entire „period‟ of the time in percentage. It is generated by
comparing DC reference signal with a saw-tooth signal as a carrier wave. PWM
switching scheme thus offers an advantage of bearing low power loss in the switching
devices.

In this paper we study the detailed review of open loop and closed loop modeling
thereby proving closed loop boost regulators to be an efficient and durable design as
compared to other regulator designs. Simulation is done using MATLAB SIMULINK.
Where: block G represents the open-loop gains of the controller or system and is the
forward path, and block H represents the gain of the sensor, transducer or
measurement system in the feedback path.

Figure 2.6 Closed loop block diagram

The above figure 2.6 describes the closed loop block diagram closed-loop systems
are designed to automatically achieve and maintain the desired output condition by
comparing it with the actual condition. It does this by generating an error signal which
is the difference between the output and the reference input. In other words, a “closed-
loop system” is a fully automatic control system in which its control action being
dependent on the output in some way.

18
 CHAPTER 3
PID AND PSO BASED PID CONTROLLER
This chapter deals with the controller operations. A detailed study of controller logics
of PID controller and PSO based PID controller.

3.1 PID Controller

Output power equals to the sum of three coefficients: proportional, integral and
differential. The higher the proportion coefficient, the less the output power at the same
control error. The higher the integration coefficient, the slower the accumulated
integration coefficient. The higher the differentiation coefficient, the greater the
response of the system to the disturbance. The PID controller is used in inertial
systems with relatively low noise level of the measuring channel. The advantage of
PID is fast warm up time, accurate set point temperature control and fast reaction to
disturbances. Manual tuning PID is extremely complex, so it is recommended is to use
the auto tune function.

Figure 3.1 PID controller

Above figure 3.1 shows structure of PID controller. With the use of low cost simple
ON-OFF controller only two control states are possible, like fully ON or fully OFF. It is
used for limited control application where these two control states are enough for
control objective. However oscillating nature of this control limits its usage and hence
it is being replaced by PID controllers. PID controller maintains the output such that

19
there is zero error between process variable and set point/ desired output by closed
loop operations.

Feedback signal from the process plant is compared with a set point or reference
signal u (t) and corresponding error signal e(t) is fed to the PID algorithm. According
to the proportional, integral and derivative control calculations in algorithm, the
controller produces combined response or controlled output which is applied to plant
control devices. PID controller consists of three terms, namely proportional, integral
and derivative control. The combined operation of these three controllers gives control
strategy for process control. PID controller manipulates the process variables like
pressure, speed, temperature, flow, etc.

3.2 PID control auto tune in TERA's devices

The main thing that determines the quality of PID controller is its ability to achieve a
set point temperature accurately and fast. For this purpose all modern PID controllers
have auto tune function. Standard algorithms of auto-tuning PID does not exist, in
practice each manufacturer uses its own algorithm. Therefore, when a user purchases
the same device named PID controller from different manufacturers, more likely he
may receive different results of its application. The main advantages of auto-tuning
algorithm TERA's PID controllers are:

• auto tuning and control without overshoot (in standard PID controllers
overshoot can reach 50-70% of the set temperature which is not desirable or
even prohibited in some technologies)
• auto tune duration on the average 2 times shorter than that of other
manufacturers (extremely important characteristic for applications with
frequently changed properties of controllers)

Auto-tuning can be done at any stable state of the controlled system. Furthermore,
the greater the difference between the starting and set temperature, the more accurate
the coefficients of the PID controller. All PID coefficients are stored in nonvolatile
memory. Auto tune must be repeated if:

• actuator power has changed

20
 • physical properties of the controlled system (weight, capacity, heat transfer,
etc.) have changed.
• control system has been replaced by another non-identical
• significant changes in a set temperature.

3.3 PSO Algorithm

Particles Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary computation technique

originally developed by Kennedy and Eber hart (1995). The PSO is motivated from the
stimulation of social behavior instead of evolution of nature as in the other evolutionary
algorithms (genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, evolutionary strategies,
and genetic programming). PSO is sociologically inspired, since the algorithm is based
on sociological behavior associated with bird flocking. It is a population based
evolutionary algorithm. Similar to the other population based evolutionary algorithms,
PSO is initialized with a population of random solutions.

Particle swarm optimization is an The algorithm maintains a population of

particles, where each particle represents a potential solution to an optimization
problem Unlike the most of the evolutionary algorithms, each potential solution
(individual) in PSO is also associated with a randomized velocity, and the potential
solutions called particles, are then flown through the problem space. Let be the size
of the swarm, each particle i can be represented as an object with several
characteristics. A population of particles is initialized with random position Xi and
velocities V i objective function Fi is evaluated using the particles positional
coordinates as input values. Each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the problem
space, which are associated with the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so far. This
value is called p best. Another best value that is tracked by the global version of the
swarm is the overall best value, and its location obtained so far by any particle in the
population. This location is called g best. At each time step velocity of each particle
flying toward its g best and p best location is changed. Acceleration is weighted by
random terms, with separate random numbers being generated for acceleration
towards p best and g best location.

21
 At each time step position and velocities are adjusted and the function is
evaluated with new coordinates. When the particle discovers a pattern that is better
than any it has found previously, it stores the coordinates in the vector p best id. The
difference between the best point found by a particular agent and the individual’s
current positions is stochastically added to the current velocity causing the trajectory
to oscillate around the point. Further each particle is defined within the context of a
topological neighborhood comprising itself and some other particles in the population.
The stochastically weighted difference between the neighborhood’s best position g
best and the individual’s current position is also added to its velocity, adjusting it for
the next time step. These adjustments to the particle’s movement through the space
cause it to search around the two best positions.

• Particle (X): It is the candidate solution represented by a d dimensional vector,

where d is the number of optimized parameters. At time t, Xi (t) can be
described as Xi d (t)=[ Xi1 (t), Xi2(t)…….. Xi d(t)], where X’s are the optimized
parameters and Xi d(t) is the position of I TH particle with respect to the d TH
dimension; i.e. the value of the d TH optimized parameter in the I TH candidate
solution.
• Population X (t): It is a set of n particle at time t, i.e. X (t) =[X1 (t), X2(t) ….. X
n (t)].
• Swarm: It is an apparently disorganized population of moving particles that
tend to cluster together while each particle seems to be moving in a random
direction.
• Particle velocity V (t): It is the velocity of the moving particles represented by
dimensional vector. At time t, the ITH particle velocity V I (t) can be described
as V I (t) = [Vi 1 (t), Vi 2(t)…….. V I d (t)], where Vid is the velocity of I TH particle
with respect to the d TH dimension. The velocity update step is specified
separately for each dimension d 1…n, so that Vid denotes the d TH dimension
of the velocity vector associated with the I TH particle. The velocity update is
then given by equation.

22
 Where Vid (t) and X id (t) are the velocity and position of particle i, in d
dimensional space respectively. (t) best id p best position of individual i in d
dimensional space until generation t; (t) best d g is the best position of the group
in d dimension until generation t; w is the inertia weight factor controlling the
dynamics of flying; c1 cognitive parameter and c2 social parameter; rand1 and
rand2 are random variables in the range [01].

From the definition of the velocity in the equation it is clear that c2 regulates the
maximum step service in the direction of the global best particle, and c1 regularizes
the step size in the direction of the personal best position of the particle. The value of
Vid is clamped to the range [- vi max, vi max] to reduce the likewise that the particle
might leave the search space. The position of each particle is updated using the new
velocity vector for that particle, so that

• Inertia Weight (w): The inertia weight controls the exploration and exploitation
of the search space because it dynamically adjusts velocity. The inertia weight
is employed to control the effect of the previous velocities on the current
velocity. This makes compromise between a global and (wide ranging) and
local (nearby) exploration abilities of the swarm. A large inertia weight facilitates
global exploration (searching new areas) while a small one tend to facilitate
local exploration. A properly chosen inertia weight can provide balance between
the global and local exploration of the swarm, which leads to a better solution.
It is better to initially set the inertia weight to a large value in order to make
better global exploration of the search space and gradually decrease it to get
more refined solution. A linearly decreasing inertia weight changes the search
from global to local linearly. Many problems require the search algorithm to
have nonlinear search ability. By deriving some statistical features from the
obtained result, in each iteration will help to understand the PSO search and
calculate the proper inertia weight for next iteration. In this work the inertia
weight w will decrease when the number of generation increases. It decreases
linearly during the optimization run according to

23
Where w max is the maximum value of inertia weight and w min is the minimum value,
iteration is the current iteration and iteration max is the maximum number of iterations.

• Cognitive parameter (c1) and social parameter (c2): In the PSO algorithm
each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the problem space which are
associated with the best solution (fitness) it has achieved so far. The fitness
value is stored and called as particle best p best. Another best version tracked
by the global version of PSO is the overall best value and it is location obtained
so far by any particle in swarm (g best). PSO at each step consist of changing
the velocity of each particle (accelerating) towards its p best and g best
locations. The accelerating constant c1 and c2 represent the weighting of the
stochastic acceleration term that pulls each particle towards p best and g best
positions. Low values allow particles to roam far from target regions before
being tugged back, while high values result in abrupt movement towards target
regions. By, Trail and error it is found that acceleration constant c1 and c2 equal
to 2.0 gives good results but it is not a usual rule. This value gives fast global
convergence to the optimum solution for most of the problem. Increase in the
value did not have much effect in the convergence rate. Local minima are
avoided by small local neighborhood but faster convergence is obtained by
larger global neighborhood and in general global neighborhood is preferred. c1,
c2, are acceleration constants which change the velocity of a particle towards
(t) best id p and (t) best d g (generally somewhere between (t) best id p and (t)
best d .Thus adjustment of these constants changes the amount of tension in
the system.

• Personal best: The personal best position associated with the particle i is the
best position that the particle has visited (a previous value of Xi), yielding the
highest fitness value for that particle. For a minimization task, a position yielding
the smaller function value is regarded as having fitness. The symbol f(X) will be

24
 used to denote the objective function that is being minimized. The update
equation is

• Global best (g best): The g best offers a faster rate of convergence at

the expense of robustness. This g best maintains only a single best
solution called the global best particle, across the entire particle in the
swarm. This particle act like an attractor, pulling all the particles towards
it. Eventually all particles will converge to this position, so if it is not
updated regularly, the swarm may converge prematurely

3.4 GENERAL PSO ALGORITHM

PSO algorithm consists of the following steps:

Step 1: Initialization: Initialize a population of particles with random position and

velocities in d dimensional problem space. Confine the search space by specifying the
lower and upper limits of each decision variable. The populations of points are
initialized with the velocity and position set to fall into the pre-specified or allowed
range and satisfying the equality and inequality constraints.

• Evaluate the fitness of each particle in terms of dominance.

• Record the non-dominated solutions found so far and save them in
archive.
• Initialize the memory of each individual where the personal best position
is stored.
• Choose the global best position (t) best d g from the archive. Increase
the generation number.

Step 2: Velocity updating: At each iteration, the velocities of all particles are
updated according to the equation (4.1) which is:

25
 Where, Vid (t) and Xi d (t) are the velocity and position of particle i, in d dimensional
space respectively. (t) best id p best position of individual i in d dimensional space until
generation t; (t) best d g is the best position of the group in d dimension until generation
t; w is the inertia weight factor controlling the dynamics of flying; c1 and c2 are
accelerating constants; rand1 and rand2 are random variables in the range [0,1]. The
first part of the equation (4.1) is the momentum part of the particle. The inertia weight
w represents the degree of the momentum of the particles. The second part of the
equation (4.1) is the cognition part which represents the independent thinking of the
particle itself. The third part of equation (4.1) is the social part which represents the
collaboration among the particles. V max is an important parameter it determines the
resolution with which the regions around the current solutions are searched. If V max
is too high the PSO facilitates global search, and particles might fly pass good
solutions. If V max is too small the PSO facilitates local search and particles may not
explore sufficiently beyond locally good regions. They could be trapped at local minima
unable to move far enough to reach a better position in the problem space. V max is
often set at about 10-20% of the dynamic range of the variable on each dimension.
The population size selected is problem dependent. Population size of 20-50 is most
common. Under the multi –objective environment the number of non-dominated
solutions is directly linked to the population size. So a larger population is preferred

Figure 3.2 Concept of changing a particle position in PSO

26
 Step 3: Position updating: Between successive iterations, the position of all
particles are updated according to the equation which is

• Check all the imposed constraints to ensure the feasibility of all the potential
solutions. If any element of individual violates its inequality constraints then the
position of the individual is fixed to its maximum/minimum operating point as
shown in equation

• Update the archive which stores non dominated solution.

Step 4: Memory updating: Update particle best position (t) best id p and global
best position (t) best d g using equation.

Step 5: Termination criteria examination: The algorithm repeats Step 2 to Step

4 until a sufficient good fitness or a maximum number of iterations/epochs are
reached. Once terminated, the algorithm outputs the points of (t) best d g and f( (t)
best d g ) as its solution. Maximum velocity V max is limited to 10% of the dynamic
range of the variables on each dimension.

27
3.5 Combination of PSO with PID control logic

The controller design process is to find the optimal values for controller parameters
form the search space that minimizes the considered objective function. Figure 3.3
illustrates the basic block diagram of PSO algorithm-based PID controller tuning.
Initially, this procedure continues until the reaches or the final iteration number is
reached.

Figure 3.3 PSO based PID controller design

The above Figure 3.3 shows the block diagram of PSO tuned PID controller
with a pre filter setup. For this procedure, dimension of the search is three, and the
algorithm finds the best possible controller parameters along with filter time constant.
This setup provides better result for both the stable and unstable process models.

28
 Figure 3.4 PSO tuned PID controller

The above figure 3.4 shows the PSO tuned PID controller PSO-based controller
design procedure is developed with number of swarm step size = 20, and maximum
generation value of 200. Optimal tuning procedure is repeated 10 times independently,
and the best value among the trials is considered to stabilize the process.

29
 CHAPTER 4
CLOSED LOOP OPERATION OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM

This chapter deals with the operation of solar PV system. The below section 4.1
demonstrates the block diagram of boost converter using PID and PSO based PID
controller. The table 4.1 shows the circuit parameter specification of the boost
converter. The comparison table 4.3 visualizes the KP KI and KD VALUES also shows
the rise time, peak time, and settling time. The availability of control logic become
feasible and it is more convenient.

Fig 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM

In general, a PV system are classified into three categories; grid connected,

standalone, and hybrid system. The basic component of standalone PV system
comprises of a PV module, a charge controller, a storage battery, power conditioning
unit and a load. Also, photovoltaic technology, as a renewable energy source,
contributes to power systems through diversification of energy sources and security of
electricity supply. By the introduction of incentives for the energy produced by
renewable sources in all developed countries, photovoltaic systems have become very
affordable, and timely return of investment in photovoltaic systems has become short
and constantly decreasing.

30
4.1 Block diagram of Boost converter using PSO based PID controller
The below block diagram 4.1 represents the power flow in a circuit in association
with feedback loop. The continuous input voltage is driven to the boost converter; the
converter generates an output voltage and it is fed to the load.

Input BOOST
voltage CONVERTER LOAD

Switching pulse

Actual voltage

Error

PID CONTROLLER,
PSO BASED PID -
CONTROLLER +
Reference voltage

Figure 4.2 Block diagram of boost converter using PID and PSO based PID
controller

Before it enters the load terminal, the output voltage is feedback to the comparator.
It compares the signal from output and reference voltage to generate PWM signal
effectively.
4.2 parameter table for boost converter
The parameter determination system designed as boost converter. The table 4.1
gives the details about the circuit specification for the boost converter.

31
 TABLE 4.1 CIRCUIT SPECIFICATION FOR THE BOOST CONVERTER.

RESISTOR R=15.36 ohm

INDUCTOR L=3.176 micro henry
CAPACITOR C=22.978 micro farad
DUTY CYCLE D=25%
SWITCHING F=340KHZ
FREQUENCY
INPUT VOLTAGE 36
OUTPUT VOLTAGE 80

There are quantities of vital performance parameters which decides the output
characteristics of the boost converter. The parameters should be well understood
before designing an ideal DC-DC converter.

TABLE 4.2 COMPARISON TABLE

CONTROLLERS KP KI KD RISE PEAKTIME SETTLINGTIME

TIME sec sec
sec

PID 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.001 0.009 0.04

CONTROLLEER

PSO BASED 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.001 0.008 0.035

PID
CONTROLLER

The above table 4.8 visualizes different values for KP, KI, KD given to functioning
PID controller and PSO based PID controller.

32
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The performance of the boost converter with closed loop is simulated using MATLAB
and the results are discussed in this section. This chapter belongs to simulate PV
based boost converter with PID and PSO based PID control logic. The
MATLAB/SIMULINK diagram of DC-DC boost converter configuration is shown in fig
4.2 and fig 4.3. The simulation model and result verifies the controller efficiency and
estimate amount of power generated through conversion topology. The availability of
control logic become feasible and it is more convenient. The below section
demonstrates the circuit methodology.

4.4 Boost converter with PID controller

In Boost converter, the average output voltage V0 greater than the input voltage.
The simulation of boost converter using a power MOSFET as shown in Fig 4.3.The
circuit operation can be divided into two modes. Mode1 switch is turn ON at t=0. The
input current which rises flow through inductor capacitor and load resistor. Mode 2
begins switch turn off at t=1. The inductor current falls until the switch is turned ON
again in the next cycle.

Figure 4.3 Simulation of boost converter using PID controller

33
 The fig 4.4 describes the simulation of generalized boost converter with PID
control logic. At certain input voltage the converter perform well. The control logic
feedback the converter output voltage and depends upon the voltage rating, the
switching action has been changed. At low PWM range, the converter tries to achieve
rated output voltage.

Figure 4.4 Output voltage for PID controller

The fig 4.3 displays the output voltage of boost converter using PID controller.
Voltage tends to gradually rise from 0 and it tries to tries attain 80 V. But the voltage
become nearest to 80 volt. It could not reach 50 volt. The voltage becomes distorted
due to some internal losses. All electrical components have some internal losses such
as switching stress, ripple, harmonics, etc.

4.5 Boost converter with PSO based PID controller

The below fig 4.7 setup describes about PSO based PID controller. However
the circuit become same but the response upon input voltage may vary. These things
make differ from others. The rated input voltage is same as that of a converter built
with PID controller.

34
 Fig 4.5 Simulation of boost converter using PSO based PID controller
.

Figure 4.6 Output for PSO based PID controller

The Above waveform 4.6 visualizes efficiency of the converter with PSO based PID
controller. The voltage reaches a designing value and the error was minimized and
the voltage is maintained constant as 80 volt. Through this study the efficiency is
calculated.

35
 Fig 4.7 Display for KP KI KD values

The above fig 4.7 displays the KP KI and KD values. The above values are PSO
tuned and PID controller values. From this, dimension of a search is three and the
algorithm finds the best possible controller parameter values. This method provides
the best results for PSO based PID controller.

36
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Both controller efficiency and its availability are visualized. The experimental
analysis is performed with MATLAB. The performances of boost converter using PID
controller and PSO based PID controller are compared. The PID controller for this
application, tuned by PSO algorithm is found to be comparatively better than the other
method. By analyzing the performance of both the controllers and it can be determined
that the PSO based PID controller achieving the desired output voltage with minimized
error.
In addition to transient analysis Rise time, Peak time, Settling time, have been
implemented to show the efficiency of the controller. And the objective function is
deployed to measure the Performance of the controller. The Performance index for
various error criteria for the controller using PSO algorithm is proved to be less than
the controller tuned by a PID controller with Transient Performance specification
method. The result obtained from the simulation demonstrates that the PSO based
PID controller performs better than the PID controller.

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

Research and development is a continual and a relentless process. For any
research work already carried out, there is always a scope of improvement and lot
many avenues open up for carrying out further research work. The result of this work
gives rise to a number of possible directions to enhance the capability of the controller.
And also other soft computing based PID controller can be tried.

5.2 SOCIETAL IMPACT

At present, power shortage became a huge problem in many countries, due to
cumulative load demand which cannot be met by conventional energy power
Generation. These challenging situations lead researchers to focus on non-
conventional energy sources to extract Electric power. In order to extract the electric
power, DC to DC boost converter are adopted at the primary stage to increase the
efficiency of power conversion.

37
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PUBLICATION

[1] Rajeswari R, Megalasri S, : “Performance comparison of DC-DC converters with

PID controller for PV application”, International journal for modern trends in science
and technology, (under review).

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