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REVIEWER attempting to understand

reality and respond to what
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
has been happening again and
- again questions of curiosity,
including the question of the
IT IS ESSENTIALS TO UNDERSTAND THE self.
SELF - The different interrelation in
 Among the many things that we which a subject or its parts
were first taught is to are mentally viewed on the
articulate and write our self can be best seen and
names. understood by revisiting its
prime movers and identify the
 Our parents painstakingly
most important opinion or idea
thought about our names.
 Our names represent who we THE PRE SOCRATICS
are.
 Greek thinkers headed
 Names are used to designate Socrates’s while others
(label) us in the world. existed around Socrates’s time
 Our names signify us, shows preoccupied themselves with
who we are. the question of the primary
 Death cannot even stop this substratum/primary substance,
bond between the person, names arché that explains the
are inscribed even into one’s multiplicity/very large number
gravestone. of things in the world.
 Gaining sense of self  Substratum is plain ingredient
awareness – good understanding that supports qualities of
of your values and your material reality.
strengths.  These men like Thales,
 Self-awareness is the Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and
foundation for change, for Empedocles were few who were
growth and for all of the concerned with explaining what
personal development we strive the world is really made up
to accomplish. of, why the world is so, and
 We can’t work on self- what explains the changes that
improvement goals until we they observed around them.
have self-awareness.   Tired of simply allowing to
 Self-awareness is the fairy-tale accounts propounded
foundation upon which we build by poet-theologians like Homer
a life of health and and Hesiod, these men
happiness.  endeavored to finally locate
- explanation about the nature
POINTS OF VIEWS OF VARIOUS of change, the seeming
PHILOSOPHERS permanence despite change, and
the unity of the world amidst
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY its diversity.
- Along with the question of the
primary substance that defines SOCRATES
the very large number of - After a series of thinkers
things in the world, the from all across the ancient
inquiry of the self has Greek world who were disturbed
preoccupied the earliest by the same issue, a man came
thinkers in the history of out to question something
philosophy: the Greeks. else.
- The Greeks were the ones who - He was more concerned with
seriously questioned myths and another subject, the problem
moved away from them in of the self.
 - He was the first Philosopher emotions should be kept at
who ever engaged in an orderly bay, and the appetitive soul
questioning about the self. in charge of base desires like
- This has been his lifelong eating, drinking, sleeping,
mission, the true task of the and having sex are controlled
philosopher is to know as well.
oneself. - When the ideal state is
- Socrates took it upon himself attained, then the human
to serve as a pest that person’s soul becomes just and
disturbed Athenian men from virtuous.
their rest and shook them off
ST. AUGUSTINE
in order to reach the truth
and wisdom. - His view of the human person
- He thought that the worst that reflects the entire spirit of
can happen to anyone: to live the medieval world when it
but die inside. comes to man.
- For him, every man is composed - He followed the ancient view
of body and soul. of Plato and infusing it with
- Every human person is the newfound doctrine of
dualistic – composed of 2 Christianity.
important aspects of his - He agreed that man is of a
personhood. bifurcated (split) nature.
- For him, all individuals have - An aspect of man dwells in the
an imperfect, impermanent world and is imperfect and
aspect to him, and the body, continuously desires to be
while maintaining that there with the Divine and the other
is also a soul that is perfect is capable of reaching
and permanent. immortality.
- The body is bound to die on
PLATO
earth and the soul is to
- He claimed in his discussions expect living eternally in a
that Socrates affirmed that kingdom of spiritual bliss in
the unexamined life is not communion with God.
worth living. - The body can only prosper in
- He is Socrates’s student. the imperfect, physical
- He mostly took off from his reality that is the world,
master (left Socrates) and whereas the soul can also stay
supported the idea that man is after death in an eternal
a dual nature of body and kingdom with the all-
soul. transcendent/superior God.
- He added that there are three - The goal of every human person
components of the soul: the is to attain this communion
rational soul, the spirited and bliss with the Divine by
soul, and the appetitive soul. living his life on earth in
- In his magnum opus, “The virtue.
Republic” (Plato, 2000), he
THOMAS AQUINAS
emphasizes that justice in the
human person can only be - The most well-known 13th
attained if the three parts of century scholar and determined
the soul are working of the medieval (primitive)
harmoniously with one another. philosophy added something to
- The rational soul forged by this Christian view.
reason and intellect has to - Adapting some ideas from
govern the affairs of the Aristotle, he said that
human person, the spirited indeed, man is composed of 2
part which is in charge of parts: matter and form.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - Matter, or hyle in Greek, - His famous cogito ergo sum, “I
refers to the “common stuff think, therefore I am”.
that makes up everything in - The fact that one thinks
the universe”. should lead one to conclude
- Man’s body is part of this without a trace of doubt that
matter. he exists.
- Form or morphe in Greek refers - The self then for Descartes is
to the “essence of a substance also a combination of 2
or thing”. distinct entities, the cogito,
- It is what makes it what it the thing that thinks, which
is. is the mind, and the extenza
- In case of the human person, or extension of the mind,
the body of the human person which is the body.
is something that he shares - In his view, the body is
even with animals. nothing else but a machine
- The cells in man’s body are that is attached to the mind.
more or less akin to the cells - The human person has it (body)
of any other living, organic but it is not what makes man a
being in the world. man.
- What makes a human person a - It is the mind that makes a
human person is his soul, his man a man.
essence. - It has been said. But what is
- Just like Aristotle, the soul a thinking thing? It is a
is what animates the body; it thing that doubts, understands
is what makes us humans. (conceives), affirms, denies,
wills, refuses: that imagines
RENE DESCARTES
also and perceives”
- Father of modern Philosophy, (Descartes, 2008).
considered the human person as
DAVID HUME
having a body and a mind.
- In his famous essay, “The - Scottish philosopher.
Meditations of First - Has a very unique way of
Philosophy”, he claims that looking at man.
there is so much that we - Believes that one can know
should doubt. only what comes from the
- He says that since much of senses and experiences.
what we think and believe are - Argues that the self is
not dependable, they may turn nothing like what his
out to be false. ancestors thought of it.
- One should only believe that - The self is not an entity over
since which can pass the test and beyond the physical body.
of doubt (Descartes, 2008). - One can rightly see here the
- If something is so clear and empiricism that runs through
well-spoken as not to be even his veins.
doubted, then that is the only - Empiricism is the school of
time when one should actually thought that adopts the idea
buy a suggestion. that knowledge can only be
- He thought that the only thing possible if it is sense and
that one cannot doubt is the experienced.
existence of the self, for - Men can only attain knowledge
even if one doubts oneself, by experiencing.
that only proves that there is - The self is nothing else but a
a doubting self, a thing that bundle of impressions.
thinks therefore, that cannot - If one tries to examine his
be doubted. experiences, he finds that
they can all be categorized

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 into two: impressions and - More precisely, the soul is
ideas. the “first activity” of a
- They form the core of our living body.
thoughts – impressions and - This is a potential for
ideas. actual, or ‘second activity’.
- Impressions therefore are - “The axe has an edge for
vivid because they are cutting. Humans have bodies
products of our direct for rational activity” and the
experience with the world. potential for sensible
- Ideas, are copies of activity prove the principle
impressions. They are not so of a human soul.
lively and vivid as our - He used his concept of the
impressions. soul in many of his works; the
- Men simply want to believe De Anima (On the Soul)
that there is a unified, provides a good place to start
coherent self, a soul or mind to gain more understanding of
just like what the previous his views.
philosophers thought. - He also believed that there
- In reality, what one thinks is were four sections of the
unified self is simply a soul: calculative and
combination of all experiences scientific parts on the
with a particular person. rational side used for making
decisions, and the
ARISTOTLE
desiderative and vegetative
- Following Plato, defined the parts on the irrational side
soul as the core essence of a responsible for identifying
living being. our needs.
- But he undeniably diverged
IMMANUEL KANT
from Plato in his view of what
a human being most truly - Thinking of the “self” as mere
basically is. combination of impressions was
- He did not consider the soul problematic for him.
as some kind of separate, - He recognizes Hume’s account
ghostly occupant of the body. that everything starts with
- He insisted that the human perception and sensation of
being is a combination of body impressions.
and soul and that the soul - He thinks that the things men
cannot be separated from the perceive (observe) around them
body. are not just randomly
- As the soul, in Aristotle’s (accidentally) infused
view, is an activity of the (filled) into the human person
body, it cannot be immortal. without an organizing
- His philosophy of self was principle (belief/source) that
constructed in terms of regulates (controls) the
hylomorphism in which the soul relationship of all these
of human being is the form or impressions.
structure of the human body. - For him, there is necessarily
- Human beings are able to a mind that organizes the
perform their characteristic impressions that men get from
activities of life, including the external world.
growth, nutrition, - He calls this the apparatuses
reproduction, perception, of the mind.
imagination, desire and - Along with the different
thinking. apparatuses of the mind goes
the “self”.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - Without the self, one cannot - In the modern philosophy of
organize the different mind, this concept of personal
impressions that one gets in a identity is sometime referred
relation to his own existence. to as the diachronic problem
- He suggests that it is an of personal identity.
actively engaged intelligence - The synchronic problem is
in man that synthesizes all grounded in the question of
knowledge and experience. what features or traits
- The self is not just what characterize a given person at
gives one his personality. one time.
- The self is the seat of - There are several general
knowledge acquisition for all theories of this identity
human persons. problem.
- He was one of the philosophers
JOHN LOCKE
who were against the Cartesian
- Speaks of personal identity theory that soul accounts for
and survival of consciousness personal identity.
after death. - He posits an “empty” mind, a
- A criterion of personal tabula rasa, which is shaped
identity through time is by experience, and sensations
given. and reflections being the two
- Such criterion specifies the sources of all our ideas.
necessary and sufficient - He creates a third term
conditions for the survival of between the soul and the body.
persons. - His thoughts may certainly be
- He holds that personal meditated by those who,
identity is a matter of following a scientist
psychological continuity ideology, would identify too
(connection). quickly the brain with
- He considered personal consciousness.
identity (self) to be founded - The brain, as the body and as
on consciousness (example, any substance, may change,
memory), and not on the while consciousness remains
substance of either the soul the same.
or body. - Personal identity is not the
- The issue of personal identity brain, but in consciousness.
has always been of concern for
SIGMUND FREUD
many philosophers.
- Questions are raised as to - He was fortunate that his name
what does being the person did not become tied to
that you are, from one day to cocaine.
the next, necessarily consist - In his search of a potion to
of. lessen pain or enhance
- Personal identity theory is performance, he believe that
the philosophical he had discovered a drug that
confrontation (conflict) with had all sorts of wonderful
the ultimate questions of our properties.
own existence, such as who we - After learning of the drug’s
are, and is there a life after successful use in heart
death? disease, nervous exhaustion,
- This sort of analysis of addiction to alchohol and
personal identity provides a morphine, and several other
set of necessary and psychological and
sufficient conditions for the physiological problems, he
identity of the person over decided to try the drug on
time. himself.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
- The drug has pleasant aroma judge conscious activity; it
and an unusual effect on the acts unconsciously.
lips and mouth.
- The drug has therapeutic GILBERT RYLE
effect on his serious - Solves the mind-body dichotomy
depression – in a letter to (opposition) that has been
his fiancée whom he did not running for a long time in the
seen in a year. history of thought by
- He even told his fiancée that blatantly (deliberately)
he will give her small amount denying the concept of an
of the drug to help her gain internal, non-physical self.
weight. - For him, what truly matters is
- His name has become associated the behavior that a person
with psychoanalysis, the most manifests in his day-to-day
famous of all personality life.
theories. - Suggests that the “self” is
- His theory is so interesting not an entity one can locate
because: and analyze but simply the
convenient name that people
1. the twin cornerstones of use to refer to all the
psychoanalysis, sex and behaviors that people make.
aggression, are two subjects
of continuing popularity.
MERLEAU-PONTY
2. the followers of
psychoanalysis romanticized - Phenomenologist who asserts
Freud as nearly as a that the mind-body bifurcation
mythological hero. (division) that has been going
on for a long time is a futile
3. his a brilliant command of endeavor and an invalid
language enabled him to problem.
present his theories in a - He says that the mind and body
stimulating and exciting are so intertwined that they
manner. cannot be separated from one
 His view of human nature: another.
- One cannot find any experience
Human beings are biological that is not an embodied (in
organisms whose master motives the flesh) experience.
are the satisfaction of bodily - All experience is embodied.
needs. - One’s body is his opening
toward his existence to the
Religion and civilization world. Because of these
developed either because of bodies, men are in the world.
the fear of the unknown or for - He dismisses the Cartesian
protection against inborn Dualism that has spelled so
aggressive tendencies. much devastation in the
history of man.
The mind is made up of id, - For him, the Cartesian problem
ego, superego. is nothing else but plain
misunderstanding.
The superego is the moral arm - The living body, his thoughts,
of the personality. emotions, and experiences are
all one.
As conscience, the superego -
acts to restrict, prohibit or FROGENOUS ZONES

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - Parts of the body that are only under exceptional
primarily receptive and conditions or with specified
increase sexual arousal when persons.
touched in a sexual manner. - Post marital coitus ( coitus
- Commonly known erogenous zones by separated. divorced or
are the mouth, breast, widowed persons) is almost
genitals, and anus. always ignored
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR SEXUAL PROBLEMS
- Any activity solitary, between - -May be classified as
two persons or in a group physiological & psychological,
that includes sexual arousal. 1. Physiological Problems
o only a small no. of
TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
people suffer from
- SOLITARY BEHAVIOR diseases that are due to
o Self-stimulations that abnormal development of
leads to sexual arousal the genitalia or that
and generally, sexual part of the
climax. neurophysiology
o Generally beginning at or controlling sexual
before puberty, is very response.
common among young males. o Common Physiologic
o Frequent among the Conditions that can
unmarried; there are more disturb sexual response
males who perform acts of are vaginal infections,
self gratification than prostatitis, and senile
females. changes of the vagina.
- SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR
o is the greatest amount
of sociosexual behavior 2. Psychological Problems
that occurs only one male o comprise by far the
and one female. largest category. Usually
o Petting differs from caused by socially
hugging, kissing and induced inhibitions,
generalized cares of the maladaptive attitudes,
clothed body to practice ignorance and sexual
involving stimulation of myths held by society.
the genitals. It may be o Common Psychological
done as expression of Conditions are:
affection and a source of Premature Emission of
pleasure. Semen, Erectile
Impotence, Vaginismus
COITUS
Ejaculatory Impotence
- is the insertion of the male
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
reproductive structure into
the female reproductive organ. I. Excitement Phase
- In modern Western Society caused by increase in pulse
Premarital coitus more likely and blood pressure;
to be tolerated but not increased skin temperature,
encouraged if the individuals flushing, and swelling of
intend marriage. all distensible body parts,
- Marital coitus is considered more rapid breathing and a
as an obligation. general increase in muscle
- Extramarital coitus involving tension.
wives is generally condemned II. Sexual Climax
and if permitted is allowed

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 it is marked by a feeling pregnancy, and offers
of abrupt, intense effective prevention of
pleasure, a rapid increase transmission of sexually
in pulse rate and blood transmitted infections as
pressure, and spasms of the well. 
pelvic muscles causing - Calendar methods
contractions of the female o A woman makes an estimate
reproductive organ and of the days she is
ejaculation by the male. fertile based on past
III. Plateau Phase menstrual cycle length.
is generally of brief She does this with the
duration. If stimulation is expectation that the
continued, orgasm usually length of her current
occurs. cycle, and thus the time
IV. Resolution Phase of her fertile phase,
refers to the return to a will not vary greatly
normal or subnormal from previous menstrual
physiologic state. Males cycles.
return to a normal even if - Basal Body Temperature Method
stimulation continues, but o Due to the actions of
continued stimulation can progesterone on the
produce additional orgasms hypothalamus, a woman’s
in females. Females are body temperature rises
capable of repeated orgasms slightly after she
without the intervening ovulates and remains
“rest period” required by elevated until the end of
males. the cycle, until
The production of estrogen may menstruation. 
continue after menopause but the - Cervical Mucus Method
ovaries finally stop functioning as o It is based on the
endocrine organs changes in cervical
✗ Signs and Symptoms secretions due to the
• The vagina becomes dry that effects of circulating
causes intercourse to become levels of estrogen and
painful progesterone, as
• Irritability and mood changes described above. It
(depression in some) relies on daily self-
examination for the
• Intense vasodilation of the
detection of the quantity
skin’s blood vessels, which
and evaluation of the
causes uncomfortable sweat-
quality of cervical
drenching
secretions
• Slowly rising blood
- Sympto-Thermal Method
cholesterol levels
o It combines several
“Some physicians prescribe low-dose
techniques to predict
estrogen-progestin preparations to
ovulation. It includes
help women through this usually
monitoring and charting
difficult period and to prevent
cervical mucus and
skeletal and cardiovascular
position and temperature
complications”
changes on a daily basis
and may include other
NATURAL METHODS:
signs of ovulation, such
- Abstinence
as breast tenderness,
o Refraining from
back pain, abdominal pain
penetrative sex provides
or "heaviness," or light
100% protection from
intermenstrual bleeding.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - flexible plastic tube
Withdrawal or Coitus worn inside the vagina.
interruptus It has inner and outer
o It has been used for rings (Figure 8.2). A
centuries, following the soft ring at the closed
discovery that end of the tube covers
ejaculation into the the cervix during
vagina leads to intercourse and holds it
pregnancy; this method inside the vagina
prevents pregnancy by o A male condom is a
preventing contact covering made to fit over
between the sperm and the a man’s erect penis. It
egg. can also be called a
rubber, sheath or skin,
ARTIFICIAL METHODS
and is known by many
- Diaphragm different brand names. It
o is a method of birth works by providing a
control used by women. It barrier between partners
is a soft, thin, dome- during sexual
shaped rubber cup with a intercourse, so that
flexible rim. Spermicidal bodily fluids, such as
jelly is placed inside semen and blood, are not
the dome. shared. 
- CHEMICAL BARRIERS - BIRTH CONTROL PATCH
o are sperm-killing o is placed directly on the
substances, available as skin, with the
foams, creams, gels, hormones built into the
films or suppositories, sticky side of the patch.
which are often used in Each week for the first
female contraception in three weeks a new
conjunction with patch is placed on the
mechanical barriers and hip, buttocks, or upper
other devices. arm.
- VAGINAL RING
MATERIAL SELF
o is a flexible ring that
is inserted into the WILLIAM JAMES
vagina for three weeks,
removed for one week, and  Harvard psychologist in the
then replaced with a late nineteenth century.
new ring.  Wrote the book of “The
- CERVICAL CAP Principles of Psychology “ in
o A cervical cap is a 1890.
method of birth control.
It is a small device made a. The self can be examines
of soft latex rubber that through its different
fits over your cervix. components.
- INTERNAL URETHRAL DEVICE 1. Its constituents
o  is a small plastic
device containing copper 2. The feeling and
or hormones and is emotions they
inserted into the uterus arouse-self-feelings
by a medical 3. The actions to which
professional. they prompt-self-
- CONDOMS seeking and self-
o A female condom is a preservation.
thin, loose-fitting and

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
  The constituents of self are  Our genetic makeup influences
composed of the way how we treat
ourselves.
a. The material self
 While others no not accept
b. The social self
their innate sexual
c. The spiritual self characteristics and tend to
change their sexual organs
d. The pure ego
through medications and
Material Self Investment Diagram surgery.

- BODY
o The innermost part of our
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
material self. We are
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
investing in our body.
The more we attached to - Infections are the most common
this commodity the more problems associated with the
we cannot live without it reproductive system in Adults.
because we value them. - Vaginal Infections are more
- CLOTHES common in young women and
o Clothing is an essential elderly women and in those
part of the material whose resistance to disease is
self. It is a form of low. The usual infections
self-expression, we include those caused by
choose and wear clothes Escherichia coli which spread
that reflect our self. through digestive tract;
- IMMEDIATE FAMILY
MALE INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
o Our parents and siblings
hold another great - SIGNS &SYMPTOMS
important part of our o Painful, difficult and/or
self, what they do or frequent urinating.
become affects us. When o Blood in the urine.
one family member dies, o Groin pain, rectal pain,
part of our self dies abdominal pain and/or low
too. We place huge back pain.
investment in our o Fever and chills.
immediate family when we o Malaise and body aches.
see them as the nearest o Urethral discharge.
replica of our self. o Painful ejaculation or
- HOME sexual dysfunction.
o It is the earliest nest
of our selfhood. Our URETHRITIS
experiences inside the - SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
home were recorded and o Burning on urination.
marked on particular o Frequent urination with
parts and things in our only small amounts of
home. It is in home where urine passed on each
we can directly connect occasion.
our self. o Anal or oral infections.
THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF o Urgent need to urinate.
o Bloody discharge from the
 Sex chromosomes of humans penis.
define the sex(female or o Blood in the urine.
male), and their secondary o Yellowish discharge from
sexual characteristics. the urethra.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 o Itching or irritation RELIGION
around the opening of the
- Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011)
penis.
works on the definition of
EPIDIDYMITIS religion
- “as a set of cultural beliefs
- SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
and practices” that usually
o Symptoms of Urethritis
includes some or all basic
o low-grade fever.
characteristics.
o chills.
1. A belief in
o pain in the pelvic area.
anthromorphic
o pressure in the
supernatural being,
testicles.
(spirits and gods)
o pain and tenderness in
2. A focus on the sacred
the testicles.
supernatural, where
o redness and warmth in the
sacred refers to a
scrotum.
feeling of reverence and
SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE awe
3. The presence lf
- CHLAMYDIA supernatural power or
o In 2016, 1,598,354 cases energy (found on physical
of Chlamydia infection beings or objects).
were reported to the 4. The performance of
(CDC) as the most common ritual activities to
condition in US communicate to
o This case count supernatural beings
corresponds to a rate of (manipulation or/to
497.3 per 100,000 control events).
population, an increase 5. The articulation of
of 4.7% with the rate in worldview and moral codes
2015 through narratives and
o 9.2% of 15-19 y.o and other means
8.0% of 20-24 y.o were 6. Provide the creation
positive to Chlamydia and maintenance of social
- GONORRHEA bonds and mechanism of
- SYPHILIS social control within a
- CHANCROID community.
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS RITUAL

LESSON 3: SUPERNATURALS  It is the performance of

ceremonial acts prescribed by
SPIRITUAL SELF
a tradition or sacred law
- is one of the four (Britannica 2017).
constituents of the ‘self’  Ritual is a specific,
according to William James. observable mode of behavior
- It is the most intimate, inner exhibited by all know
subjective part of self societies.
because of the satisfaction  There are three fundamental
experienced when thinking of characteristics of rituals
one’s ability to argue and according to Penner
discriminate, of one’s moral (Britannica 2017)
sensibility and conscience, 1. a feeling or emotion
and of unconquerable will of respect, awe,
(James 1890) is purer than all fascination, or dread in
other sentiments of relation to the sacred
satisfaction. (Green 1997)

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 2. dependance upon a o Sangha Day (November)
belief system that is
CHRISTIANITY
usually expressed in the
language of myth - BELIEFS
3. is symbolic in o Christians believe in
relation to its reference Trinitarian God
SOME WORLD RELIGIOUS BELIEF & o - One God three personas:
PRACTICES God the Father (Creator),
- There are different religions God the Son (Savior), and
with different beliefs and God the Holy Spirit
practices. Some of the major (Sustainer)
world religions are Buddhism, o - Eternal life after
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam death will be achieved
and Judaism. theough faith in Jesus
Christ.
BUDDHISM
o - The Holy Bible is a
- BELIEFS selection of books, which
o believes that life is not is divided into two, the
a bed of roses. Old Testament and New
o Instead, there are Testament
suffering, pain and - CUSTOMS & PRACTICES
frustrations. 1. Sacrament of Baptism -
o When people suffer, they symbolizes the birth in
want to experience the Christian World.
goodness of life and 2. Sacrament of Communion
avoid disappointments - is an act of
this habit is known remembrance of Jesus
reactive cycle. Christ’s sacrificial
o Reactive Cycle of wanting love.
and hating, like and - MAJOR CHRISTIANS CELEBRATIONS
dislike, and craving and 1. Christmas -
aversion. commemorates the birth of
- CUSTOMS & PRACTICES Jesus Christ
o There are two types of 2. Resurrection Sunday
meditation practices: - resurrection of Jesus
o Samatha - mindfulness of Christ from death
breathing and development HINDUISM
of loving kindness - BELIEFS
o (Metta Bhavana) o believe that existence iS
o Vipassana - developing a cycle of birth, death
insight to reality and rebirth, governed by
- Acquiring wisdom is by Karma
studying Buddha’s teaching, o Karma is a concept where
the Dharma Wheel. the reincarnated life
- Buddhists can achieve a deeper will depend on how the
understanding of life. past life was spent
- MAJOR BUDDHIST CELEBRATIONS: o Vedas sacred scriptures
of Hindus
o Parinirvana Day
o Mahabhrata and Ramayana
(February)
two important texts of
o Buddha Day [Wesak] (May) the Hindus.
- CUSTOMS & PRACTICES
o Dharma Day (July) 1. Diwali - Festival of
o Padmasambhava Day Lights
(October) 2. Navrati - Festival of
Nine Nights, which

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 celebrate the triumph o The Torah is the guide of
of good over evil. Jewish living
- CUSTOM & PRACTICES
ISLAM
- Five major festivals observed
- BELIEFS by the Jews;
o Muslims believe in Allah, 1. Rosh Hashanah - New Year
who is their One God. 2. Yom Kippur - Day of
o They believe in the unity Atonement
and universality of God. 3. Pesach - Passover
o Islam means “willing 4. Savout - Pentecost
aubmission to God.” 5. Sukkot – Tabernacles
o - Muslims believed that FINDING AND CREATING MEANING OF
Mohammed is the last and LIFE
final prophet sent by - The Psychiatrist
God. - Dr. Viktor E. Frankl
o The Holy Book of Islam is - was born on March 26, 1905 in
called the Quran Vienna, Austria.
- CUSTOMS & PRACTICES - A survivor of holocaust, Dr.
Five pillars of Islam, which Frankl published a book about
are the foundation of life: logotheraphy.
1. Shahadah - statement - Father of Logotheraphy
of faith: “There is no
LOGOTHERAPHY
God but the one true God
and Mohammed is his - The main belief of the
messenger.” logotheraphy is that “mans
2. Salat - the prayer primary motivational force is
that is practiced five search for meaning”.
times a day, - Aids individuals to find
3. Zakat - the monetary personal meaning of life.
offering for the benefit - The Franklian Psychology has
of the poor. the basic concepts.
4. Hajj - the yearly - These are the following;
pilgrimage to Mecca. • Life has meaning under all
5. Sawm - the fasting. circumstances
MAJOR FESTIVALS IN ISLAM • Main motivation for living
1. Eidul-Fitr - is our will to find meaning in
celebration at the end of life
Ramadan • Freedom to find meaning
2. Eidul-Adha - LOGOTHERAPHY ASSUMPTIONS
celebrates within the - All psychotherapies make
completion of the philosophical assumptions
Pilgrimage, the Hajj about the human persons that
JUDAISM cannot be proved with
- BELIEFS certainty.
o The Jews believed in the 1. The human being is an
God Abraham, the same God entity consisting of
the liberaed the Hebrew body, mind, and spirit.
slaves from Egypt to
Canaan, the Promised Land 2. Life has meaning under
through the leadership of all circumstances, even
Moses and later, Joshua the most miserable.
o The Jews belived in the
coming of Messiah, the 3. People have a will to
Savior meaning.
o Torah of the Law the
sacred scriptures of Jews

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 4. People have freedom (the most important Confucianism
under all circumstances Virtue)
to activate the will to
PRACTICE AND RITUALS
find meaning.
- They believe that
5. Life has a demand participation in rituals
quality to which people serves uniting people, and
must respond if decisions strengthening the community.
are to be meaningful. - They symbolizes four important
times in ones life These are:
6. The individual is o Birth
unique. o Reaching Maturity
FRANKL’S SOURCE OF MEANING o Marriage
1. Purposeful work o Death
2. Courage in the face of
difficulty MARRIAGE
3. Love - There are six separate things
THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN that happen during the
THOUGHTS marriage rituals, these
includes:
CONFUCIANISM o Proposal
o Engagement
- Confucius (551 B.C. to 479
o Dowry
B.C.)
o Procession
- Known as Kong Qui or K’ung Fu-
o Marriage
Tzu
o Morning After
- A Chinese philosopher,
Teacher, and Political Figure. THE GOLDEN RULE
- Became the official imperial
philosophy - Confucius social philosophy
- In China which was extremely was based primarily on the
influential principle of “ren” or “loving
- During the Han, Tang and Song others” while exercising self-
Dynasties. discipline.
- He believed that ren could be
THE MAIN BELIEFS IN CONFUCIANISM put into action using the
Golden Rule, “WHAT YOU DO NOT
 There are six main groups of
WISH TO YOURSELF, DO NOT DO TO
beliefs in Confucianism, these
OTHERS.”
includes:
ON EDUCATION
o Yi - Righteousness
- Confucius philosophy of
o Xin – Honesty and
Education focused on the Six
Trustworthiness
Arts such as;
o Chung – Loyalty to the State o Archery
o Calligraphy
o Li – includes ritual, o Computation
property, etiquette o Music
o Hsiao – love within the o Chariot-driving
family, love of parents for o Ritual
their children, and love of ON POLITICS
children for their parents.
- Confucius political beliefs
o Jen – benevolence, humanness were likewise based on the
towards one another concept of self-discipline.

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - He believe that a leader - The self is seen as an
needed to exercise self- illusion, born out of
discipline in order to remain ignorance, to trying to hold
humble and treat his followers and control things, or human-
with compassion. centered needs; thus, the self
- Leaders could motivate their is also the source of all
subjects to follow the law by these sufferings (Ho 1995)
teaching them virtue and the - The self, with all its
unifying force of ritual connections and selfish ideas,
propriety. is taken not just out of the
center of the picture, but
TEACHING OF CONFUCIUS
from the whole picture
- Focus largely on the respect entirely.
of one’s parents, elders and
BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS
ancestors.
- Humans can never stops - THE CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUAL:
learning because knowledge is o Fortune
infinite, meaning we will o Social position
always learn, never stopping. o Family
- Provide rules for thinking and Body
living that focus on love for o Mind
humanity, worship of - 5 Aggregates or Constituents
ancestors, respect for elders, of human existence
self-discipline and conformity o Rupa- corporeality or
to rituals. physical forms
o Vedana- feelings or
TAOISM
sensation
- Taoism (Daoism) – is a o Sanna- ideations
religious or philosophical o Sankhara- mental
tradition of Chinese origin formations or
which emphasizes living in dispositions
harmony with Tao. o Vinnana-consciousness
- Tao – or Dao is a Chinese word - THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
signifying way, path route, o Human life has a lot of
road or sometimes loosely suffering
doctrine. o The cause of suffering is
- Self is not just an extension greed
of the family or community; it o There is an end to
is the part of universe. suffering
- The ideal self is o To end suffering follow
selflessness. It is not the middle path
forgetting about the self, it
EASTERN VS. WESTERN
is living a balanced life with
society and nature, be open  The Western culture is what we
and accepting to change, could call an individualistic
forgetting all the prejudices culture since their focus on
and egocentric ideas and thing the person, westerners may
and about equality as well as seems to have loose
complementary among humans as association.
well as other being.
- Taoism rejects the hierarchy  Competition is the name of the
and strictness brought by game and they are more likely
Confucianism. straightforward in their
communication.
BUDDHISM
ACHIEVEMENTS
- BUDDHA – SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - Western values achievement of - If there is something new,
an individual example for that they are not satisfied if not
is Americans highlight their to have because they want to
personal achievement unlike miss the model.
the Asian who keeps a low - Western not necessarily want
profile because they think to have it.
it’s an act of boastfulness.
PHILOSOPHY
FAMILY
- Eastern
- In Western, at the age of 18 The Divine is apart from
and individual is obligated to material and exist separately
be separated from his/her from it.
family and find a new job or - Western
house, on the other side Asian The Divine is a part of
are still depends on their creation and found everywhere.
family.
SUMMARY
TIME
- Western philosophy is mainly
- In Western, at the age of 18 used in Western parts of the
and individual is obligated to world, such as in the European
be separated from his/her countries, while the Eastern
family and find a new job or Philosophy is prevalent in
house, on the other side Asian Asian countries.
are still depends on their - Western philosophy deals with
family. Individualism while Eastern
Philosophy is related to
RELIGION
Collectivism.
- Asian are known to be - Both philosophies center on
religious and value norms and virtues.
ethics of an certain religion, - Eastern philosophy takes more
Western may have religions but of a spiritual approach while
not obedient to the practice Western philosophy is more
to it. hands on.

HAVING AN APPROACH LESSON 4: SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

(BEING FILIPINO)
- Westerners would most likely
call their boss or parents on FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS
their first name.
- Tourists who have visited the
- Asians have a respectful terms
Philippines can never forget
in approaching.
the big and bright smiles that
LIFESTYLE greeted them, the colorful and
loud jeepneys, the common
- Asian find eating with family Filipino phrases such as
is happiness while Western is “Mabuhay!” and “Salamat!” and
individualistic. habits sucha as “po” and “opo”
RELATIONSHIP to the elders, leaving shoes
or slippers at the front door
- Asians are more like friendly before entering a house, and
and approachable and obligated the importunate asking of
in connecting to their loved “Kumain ka na ba?” meaning
ones, while Western people are “Have you eaten yet?”.
individualistic.
NEW THINGS THE FILIPINO HOSPITALITY

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 - A Filipino trait that is known - Filipino term for
everywhere is the Filipino’s procrastination. Derived form
brand of hospitality. a longer Filipino phrase
called “Mamaya Na” mean
RESPECT FOR ELDERS
dawdling things, which could
- Filipinos greet their elders have been done at an earlier
by kissing their hand while time.
sayong “Mano po!” and
NINGAS KUGON
constantly using “po” and
“opo” in conversations - Refers to attitude pf eagerly
startings but quickly losing
CHEERFUL PERSONALITY
eagerness soon after
- Filipinos have a habit of experiencing difficulty.
smiling and laughing a lot.
PRIDE
They smile when they are
happy, or sometimes even when - Keeping a good relationship
they are sad or angry. with family and loved ones.
CLOSE FAMILY TIES CRAB MENTALITY
- Filipinos maintain a tight - Just like crabs in a
relationship with their container, they pull each
families regardless if the other down and ruin each
children are old enough and other’s reputation rather than
already have the families of bringing them up, resulting to
their own. no progress.
SELF-SACRIFICE FILIPINO TIME
- Can be seen as an extension of - Arrving late commitments,
the Filipino Hospitality. dinner, or parties especially
Filipinos go out of their way if they are meeting someone
to extend help to their close to them. They tend not
friends, families, and loved to observe punctuality.
ones.
FILIPINO MARKERS
BAYANIHAN
1. Proverbs or Salawikain -
- Is the spirit of communal are sayings that convey
unity and cooperation of lessons and reflections on
Filipinos. It is also giving Filipino practices, beliefs
without expecting something in and traditions.
return.
2. Superstitions - Some of
“BAHALA NA” ATTITUDE these maybe influenced by
beliefs from other cultures.
- - The Filipino version of the
but Filipinos have retold
famous line “Hakuna
these superstitions according
Matata”Meaning leaving
to their own ecperiences which
everything into God’s Hands.
is more interesting.
COLONIAL MENTALITY
3. Myths and Legends - These
- - Regarded as the lack lf stories are aimed to explain
patriotism and the attitude the origin of things, at the
where Filipinos favor foreign same time, teach a valuable
products more than their own. lesson.

MAÑANA HABIT 4. Heroes and Icons - Serves

as a reminder of true
patriotism and nationalism as

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 they have sacrificed their  nature and strategies
lives for the sake pf their
country’s freedom and 3. STRATEGY VARIABLE
progress.  strategies and skills
Example: Manny Pacquiao & Lea EXCERCISING METACOGNITION SKILLS
Salonga
1. KNOWING YOUR LIMITS
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO
 honest and accurate
1. Be an active Filipino evaluation
Citizen
 scopes and limitation
2. Study the Philippine
History 2. MODIFYING YOUR APPROACH

3. Support local products  recognition

4. Speak the Filipino language  summary or code
5. Do not spread fake news and 3. SKIMMING
be democratic in engaging with
dissent  browsing

LEARNING TO BE A BETTER LEARNER  keywords, phrases, or

sentences
“YOU”
 key terms
- HOMO SAPIENS
o “Wise Man”  content of a reading
o Think about thinking material
- CONTEXT OF LEARNING 4. REHEARSING
o How you process
information  personal interpretation
o How you utilize or summary
techniques
 insert opinions
METACOGNITION
 key concepts are well
- “thinking about thinking” understood
- Awareness
5. SELF-TEST
- Emotional State and Motivation
ASPECTS OF METACOGNITION  comprehension test

- SELF-APPRAISAL  also focuses on how you

o personal reflection learned
- SELF-MANAGEMENT OTHER STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP
o mental process
• Asking question about your
ELEMENTS OF METACOGNITION methods
- METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Self-reflection
o about how you think
- METAGONITION REGULATION • Having a mentor
o adjustment of thinking
process • Thinking out loud

METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE VARIABLE • Welcoming errors

1. PERSONAL VARIABLE 4 TYPES OF COGNITIVE LEARNERS

 strength and weaknesses • “TACIT” LEARNERS

2. TASK VARIABLE  unaware

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk
 • “AWARE” LEARNERS
 does not plan on using
strategies
• “STRATEGIC” LEARNERS
 strategize and plan

• “REFLECTIVE” LEARNERS
 reflect on their
thinking
GOAL OF METACOGNITION
- is for student to be a self-
regulated learner.
OTHER TIPS IN STUDYING
• Make an outline

• Break down the task

• Integrate variation
 schedule
 learning experience

• Incubate your ideas

 write your ideas
 do not look at it for a
week
 go back to your draft
 review what you have
written
• Revise, summarize, and take
down notes
• Engage what you have learned
-

“Sometimes I feel like giving up, then I remember I have lots of

motherfuckers to prove wrong” - sksksksk