Machine taper

A machine taper is a system for securing cutting tools or toolholders in

the spindle of a machine tool or power tool. A male member of conical
form (that is, with a taper) fits into the female socket, which has a
matching taper of equal angle.

Almost all machine tool spindles, and many power tool spindles, have a
taper as their primary method of attachment for tools. Even on many
drill presses, handheld drills, and lathes, which have chucks (such as a
drill chuck or collet chuck), the chuck is attached by a taper. On drills,
drill presses, and milling machines, the male member is the tool shank or Drill chucks mounted by Jacobs
toolholder shank, and the female socket is integral with the spindle. On tapers onto arbors with Morse tapers
lathes, the male may belong to the tool or to the spindle; spindle noses for the spindle.
may have male tapers, female tapers, or both.

Contents
Explanation
Use
Types
Brown & Sharpe
Jacobs
Spindle nose on a lathe headstock.
Jarno The small female taper is a Morse
Morse taper to take a lathe center or a tool
Sizes such as a twist drill. The large male
End types taper takes a lathe chuck, which is
retained by the large nut.
Dimensions
B Tapers
NMTB taper family
HSK taper
R8
See also
References
External links

Explanation
Machine tool operators must be able to install or remove tool bits quickly and easily. A lathe, for example, has a
rotating spindle in its headstock, to which one may want to mount a spur drive or work in a collet. Another
example is a drill press, to which an operator may want to mount a bit directly, or using a drill chuck.

Virtually all milling machines, from the oldest manual machines up to the most modern CNC machines, utilize
tooling that is piloted on a tapered surface.
The machine taper is a simple, low-cost, highly repeatable, and versatile tool mounting system. It provides
indexability, as tools can be quickly changed but are precisely located both concentrically and axially by the
taper. It also allows high power transmission across the interface, which is needed for milling.

Machine tapers can be grouped into self-holding and self-releasing classes. With self-holding tapers, the male
and female wedge together and bind to each other to the extent that the forces of drilling can be resisted without a
drawbar, and the tool will stay in the spindle when idle. It is driven out with a wedge when a tool change is
needed. Morse and Jacobs tapers are an example of the self-holding variety. With self-releasing tapers, the male
will not stick in the female without a drawbar holding it there. However, with good drawbar force, it is very
solidly immobile. NMTB/CAT, BT and HSK are examples of the self-releasing variety.

For light loads (such as encountered by a lathe tailstock or a drill press), tools with self-holding tapers are simply
slipped onto or into the spindle; the pressure of the spindle against the workpiece drives the tapered shank tightly
into the tapered hole. The friction across the entire surface area of the interface provides a large amount of torque
transmission, so that splines or keys are not required.

For use with heavy loads (such as encountered by a milling machine spindle), there is usually a key to prevent
rotation and/or a threaded section, which is engaged by a drawbar that engages either the threads or the head of a
pull stud that is screwed into them. The drawbar is then tightened, drawing the shank firmly into the spindle. The
draw-bar is important on milling machines as the transverse force component would otherwise cause the tool to
wobble out of the taper.

All machine tapers are sensitive to chips, nicks (dents), and dirt. They will not locate accurately, and the self-
holding variety will not hold reliably, if such problems interfere with the seating of the male into the female with
firm contact over the whole conical surface. Machinists are trained on keeping tapers clean and handling them in
ways that prevent them from being nicked by other tools. CNC tool-changing cycles usually include a
compressed-air blast while one toolholder is being swapped with the next. The air blast tends to blow away chips
that might otherwise end up interfering between the toolholder and spindle.

Use
Tools with a tapered shank are inserted into a matching tapered socket and pushed or twisted into place. They are
then retained by friction. In some cases, the friction fit needs to be made stronger, as with the use of a drawbar,
essentially a long bolt that holds the tool into the socket with more force than is possible by other means.

Caution needs to be exercised in the usual drilling machine or lathe situation, which provides no drawbar to pull
the taper into engagement, if a tool is used requiring a high torque but providing little axial resistance. An
example would be the use of a large diameter drill to slightly enlarge an existing hole. In this situation, there may
be considerable rotary loading. In contrast, the cutting action will require very little thrust or feed force. Thrust
helps to keep the taper seated and provides essential frictional coupling.

The tang is not engineered to withstand twisting forces which are sufficient to cause the taper to slip, and will
frequently break off in this situation. This will allow the tool to spin in the female taper, which is likely to damage
it. Morse taper reamers are available to alleviate minor damage.

Tapered shanks "stick" in a socket best when both the shank and the socket are clean. Shanks can be wiped
clean, but sockets, being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is
inserted, twisted, and removed.

Tapered shank tools are removed from a socket using different approaches, depending on the design of the
socket. In drill presses and similar tools, the tool is removed by inserting a wedge shaped block of metal called a
"drift" into a rectangular shaped cross hole through the socket and tapping it. As the cross section of the drift gets
larger when the drift is driven further in, the result is that the drift, bearing against the foremost edge of the tang,
pushes the tool out. In many lathe tailstocks, the tool is removed by fully withdrawing the quill into the tailstock,
which brings the tool up against the end of the leadscrew or an internal stud, separating the taper and releasing
the tool. Where the tool is retained by a drawbar, as in some mill spindles, the drawbar is partially unthreaded
with a wrench and then tapped with a hammer, which separates the taper, at which point the tool can be further
unthreaded and removed. Some mill spindles have a captive drawbar which ejects the tool when actively
unscrewed past the loose stage; these do not require tapping. For simple sockets with open access to the back
end, a drift punch is inserted axially from behind and the tool tapped out.

Types
There are many standard tapers, which differ based on the following:

the diameter at the small end of the truncated cone ("the minor diameter")
the diameter at the large end of the truncated cone ("the major diameter") and
the axial distance between the two ends of the truncated cone.

The standards are grouped into families that may include different sizes. The taper within a family may or may
not be consistent. The Jarno and NMTB tapers are consistent, but the Jacobs and Morse families vary.

There are adaptors available to allow the use of one type of taper tooling, e.g. Morse, on a machine with a
different taper, e.g. R8 or vice versa, and simpler adaptors consisting of an externally and internally tapered
sleeve to allow a small Morse tool to be used in a machine of larger bore.

One of the first uses of tapers was to mount drill bits directly to machine tools, such as in the tailstock of a lathe,
although later drill chucks were developed that held parallel shank drill bits.

Brown & Sharpe

Brown & Sharpe tapers, standardized by the company of the same name, are an alternative to the more-
commonly seen Morse taper. Like the Morse, these have a series of sizes, from 1 to 18, with 7, 9 and 11 being
the most common. Actual taper on these lies within a narrow range close to .500 inches per foot.
 Size Lg. Dia. Sm. Dia. Length Taper (in/ft) Taper (in/in)
1 0.2392 0.2000 0.94 0.5020 0.04183
2 0.2997 0.2500 1.19 0.5020 0.04183
3 0.3753 0.3125 1.50 0.5020 0.04183
4 0.4207 0.3500 1.69 0.5024 0.04187
5 0.5388 0.4500 2.13 0.5016 0.04180
6 0.5996 0.5000 2.38 0.5033 0.04194
7 0.7201 0.6000 2.88 0.5010 0.04175
8 0.8987 0.7500 3.56 0.5010 0.04175
9 1.0775 0.9001 4.25 0.5009 0.04174
10 1.2597 1.0447 5.00 0.5161 0.04301
11 1.4978 1.2500 5.94 0.5010 0.04175
12 1.7968 1.5001 7.13 0.4997 0.04164
13 2.0731 1.7501 7.75 0.5002 0.04168
14 2.3438 2.0000 8.25 0.5000 0.04167
15 2.6146 2.2500 8.75 0.5000 0.04167
16 2.8854 2.5000 9.25 0.5000 0.04167
17 3.1563 2.7500 9.75 0.5000 0.04167
18 3.4271 3.0000 10.25 0.5000 0.04167

Jacobs

The Jacobs Taper (abbreviated JT) is commonly used to secure drill press chucks to an arbor. The taper angles
are not consistent varying from 1.41° per side for #0 (and the obscure #21 ⁄2 ) to 2.33° per side for #2 (and #2
short).

There are also several sizes between #2 and #3: #2 short, #6 and #33.

Taper Small End Big End Length

#0 0.22844 in (5.8024 mm) 0.2500 in (6.3500 mm) 0.43750 in (11.113 mm)
#1 0.33341 in (8.4686 mm) 0.3840 in (9.7536 mm) 0.65625 in (16.669 mm)
#2 0.48764 in (12.386 mm) 0.5590 in (14.199 mm) 0.87500 in (22.225 mm)
#2 Short 0.48764 in (12.386 mm) 0.5488 in (13.940 mm) 0.75000 in (19.050 mm)

#21⁄2 0.625 in (15.875 mm) 0.677 in (17.196 mm) 1.055 in (26.797 mm)

#3 0.74610 in (18.951 mm) 0.8110 in (20.599 mm) 1.21875 in (30.956 mm)

#4 1.0372 in (26.345 mm) 1.1240 in (28.550 mm) 1.6563 in (42.070 mm)
#5 1.3161 in (33.429 mm) 1.4130 in (35.890 mm) 1.8750 in (47.625 mm)
#6 0.6241 in (15.852 mm) 0.6760 in (17.170 mm) 1.0000 in (25.400 mm)
#33 0.5605 in (14.237 mm) 0.6240 in (15.850 mm) 1.0000 in (25.400 mm)
Jarno

Jarno tapers use a greatly simplified scheme. The rate of taper is 1:20 on diameter, in other words 0.600" on
diameter per foot, .050" on diameter per inch. Tapers range from a Number 2 to a Number 20. The diameter of
the big end in inches is always the taper size divided by 8, the small end is always the taper size divided by 10
and the length is the taper size divided by 2. For example, a Jarno #7 measures 0.875" (7/8) across the big end.
The small end measures 0.700" (7/10) and the length is 3.5" (7/2).

The system was invented by Oscar J. Beale of Brown & Sharpe.

Jarno tapers
Taper/ Taper/ Angle from
Taper Large end Small end Length
ft in center/°
#2 0.2500 0.2000 1.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#3 0.3750 0.3000 1.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#4 0.5000 0.4000 2.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#5 0.6250 0.5000 2.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#6 0.7500 0.6000 3.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#7 0.8750 0.7000 3.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#8 1.0000 0.8000 4.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#9 1.1250 0.9000 4.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#10 1.2500 1.0000 5.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#11 1.3750 1.1000 5.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#12 1.5000 1.2000 6.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#13 1.6250 1.3000 6.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#14 1.7500 1.4000 7.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#15 1.8750 1.5000 7.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#16 2.0000 1.6000 8.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#17 2.1250 1.7000 8.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#18 2.2500 1.8000 9.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#19 2.3750 1.9000 9.50 .6000 .0500 1.4321
#20 2.5000 2.0000 10.00 .6000 .0500 1.4321

Morse

The Morse taper was developed by Stephen A. Morse, based in New Bedford Massachusetts, in the mid-
1860s.[1] Since then, it has evolved to encompass smaller and larger sizes and has been adopted as a standard by
numerous organizations, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO 296 and the
German Institute for Standardization (DIN) as DIN 228-1. It is one of the most widely used types, and is
particularly common on the shank of taper-shank twist drills and machine reamers, in the spindles of industrial
drill presses, and in the tailstocks of lathes. The taper angle of the Morse taper varies somewhat with size but is
typically 1.49 degrees (around 3 degrees included).

Some modular orthopedic total hip implants use a Morse taper to mate components together.[2] Similarly, some
dental implants use a Morse taper to connect components.[3]
Sizes

Morse tapers come in eight sizes identified by whole numbers

between 0 and 7, and one half-size (4 1/2 - very rarely found, and
not shown in the table). Often the designation is abbreviated as MT
followed by a digit, for example a Morse taper number 4 would be
MT4. The MT2 taper is the size most often found in drill presses up
to 1 ⁄2 " capacity. Stub (short) versions, the same taper angle but a
little over half the usual length, are occasionally encountered for the
whole number sizes from 1 through 5. There are standards for
these, which among other things are sometimes used in lathe head
Morse Taper#2 (MT2)
stocks to preserve a larger spindle through-hole.

End types

Morse tapers are of the self-holding variety, and can have three types of ends:

tang (illustrated) to facilitate removal with a drift

threaded to be held in place with a drawbar
flat (no tang or threaded section)

Self holding tapers rely on a heavy preponderance of axial load over radial load to transmit high torques.
Problems may arise using large drills in relation to the shank, if the pilot hole is too large. The threaded style is
essential for any sideloading, particularly milling. The only exception is that such unfavourable situations can be
simulated to remove a jammed shank. Permitting chatter will help release the grip. The acute (narrow) taper angle
can result in such jamming with heavy axial loads, or over long periods.

End-milling cutters with a Morse taper shank with a tang are occasionally seen: for security these must be used
with a C-collar or similar, fitting into the neck between cutter and shank, and pulling back against the large end
of the taper

The taper itself is roughly 5/8" per foot, but exact ratios and dimensions for the various sizes of tang type tapers
are given below.

Dimensions
 Morse Taper dimensions (mm)
Morse Taper B C D E
Taper A F G H J K
number (max) (max) (max) (max)
1° 29'
0 1:19.212 9.045 56.5 59.5 10.5 6 4 1 3 3.9
26"
1° 25'
1 1:20.047 12.065 62 65.5 13 8.7 5 1.2 3.5 5.2
43"
1° 25'
2 1:20.020 17.780 75 80 16 13.5 6 1.6 5 6.3
49"
1° 26'
3 1:19.922 23.825 94 99 20 18.5 7 2 5 7.9
16"
1° 29'
4 1:19.254 31.267 117.5 124 24 24.5 8 2.5 6.5 11.9
15"
1° 30'
5 1:19.002 44.399 149.5 156 29 35.7 10 3 6.5 15.9
26"
1° 29'
6 1:19.180 63.348 210 218 40 51 13 4 8 19
36"
1° 29'
7 1:19.231 83.058 285.75 294.1 34.9 - - 19.05 - 19
22"

B Tapers

B-series tapers are a DIN standard (DIN 238) typically used for fitting chucks on their arbors, like the older
Jacobs taper series. Each taper in the B-series is effectively the small or large end of a Morse taper:

B10 = small end of MT1 (D = 10.095 mm)

B12 = large end of MT1 (D = 12.065 mm)
B16 = small end of MT2 (D = 15.733 mm)
B18 = large end of MT2 (D = 17.780 mm)
B22 = small end of MT3 (D = 21.793 mm)
B24 = large end of MT3 (D = 23.825 mm)

The number after the B is the diameter (D) of the large end of the taper to the nearest mm, and 'about' 1mm larger
than the large end of the socket (~2mm in the case of B22 and B24) [4][5][6]

NMTB taper family

The National Machine Tool Builders Association (now called the

Association for Manufacturing Technology) defined a steep taper that is
commonly used on milling machines. The taper is variously referred to
as NMTB, NMT or NT. The taper is 3.500 inches per foot and is also
referred to as "7 in 24" or 7/24; the computed angle is 16.5943
degrees.[7] All NMTB tooling has this taper but the tooling comes in
different sizes: NMTB-10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 60. These
tapers were apparently also specified in ASA (now ANSI) B5.10-1943.

NMTB is a "self releasing" or "fast" taper. Unlike the more acute self Toolholder for milling machine with
CAT-40 taper.
holding tapers above, such tapers are not designed to transmit high
torque; high torques are carried by driving keys engaging slots on the
flange.[8][9] The purpose is to allow a quick and easy change between
different tools (either automatically or by hand) while ensuring the tool or toolholder will be tightly and rigidly
connected to the spindle, and accurately coaxial with it. The larger end adjacent to the tool makes for more
rigidity than is possible with Morse or R8 tapers fitted to comparable machines.

Patent 1794361 (filed 25 March 1927) describes milling machine spindle and tool shapes using a steep taper.[10]
The patent was assigned to Kearney & Trecker Corporation, Brown & Sharpe, and Cincinnati Milling Machine
Company. The patent wanted a taper that would freely release the tool and found that a taper of 3.5 in 12 had
that property.[11] The patent also used the keys and slots and a tail on the tool shank to prevent the tool shank
from falling out of a horizontal mill's spindle while the operator connected the drawbar.[11]

ANSI B5.18-1972 specifies some essential dimensions for milling machine spindles and tool shanks using taper
sizes 30, 40, 45, 50, 60.[12] The specifications describe the position of the driving key and flange and the thread
of the draw-in bolt that holds the shank in the spindle.

The tooling is referred to as Quick Change; National Machine Tool Builders' Association, 1927; NMTB;
American Standard Machine Taper, ANSI B5.18; DIN 2080 / IS 2340; ISO R 290-2583.[13] There are slight
variations in threads and flanges (JIS B 6339: MAS 403); and the European standards (e.g., ISO taper) use
metric draw threads.

The NMTB tool shanks had the 7 in 24 taper, but they also had a constant diameter tail (pilot) at the end of the
shank that was described in the 1927 patent. Subsequent design variations dropped the tail (making the shank
shorter) and put a V-groove in the flange that aided automated tool changing. Modern designs started using
power drawbars that gripped pull studs (also known as retention knobs) that were screwed into the tool shank
rather than screw-in drawbars. The power drawbar would grip the pull stud rather than screwing into the tool
shank.

The more modern toolholder designs became known as the Caterpillar "V-Flange", CAT, V-Flange, ANSI
B5.50, SK, ISO, International (INT), BT, ISO 7388-1, DIN 69871, NFE 62540. Once again, there are slight
variations in the tooling.[13] Although the basic taper dimensions are the same, there are differences are in the
flanges, draw-in thread sizes, and pull studs; the international versions use metric sizes.

HSK taper

HSK toolholders were developed in the early 1990s. HSK stands for
Hohlschaftkegel; German for "hollow shank tapers".

Steep tapers tend to loosen at high speed, as their solid shanks are stiffer
than the spindles they fit into, so under high centrifugal force, the
spindle expands more than the toolholder which changes the overall
length: That is, as the spindle 'expands' the toolholder tends to move
deeper into the spindle in the z-axis which can cause the production of
parts that are out-of-tolerance. HSK's hollow shank is deliberately thin
and flexible, so it expands more than the spindle and tightens when HSK A63 shank
rotating at high speed. Furthermore, the HSK holder is dual contact: It
engages with the spindle on both the taper and the top of the flange
which prevents axial movement when thermal growth and/or centrifugal force of the spindle occurs.

The flexibility is also used to provide accurate axial location. An HSK toolholder has both a tapered shank, and a
flange with a mating surface. The shank is short (about half as long as other machine tapers), with a shallow
taper (a ratio of 1:10), and slightly too large to allow the flange to seat fully in the socket. The thin walls, short
shank and shallow taper provide a large opening in the back of the tool. An expanding collet fits in there, and
mates with 30° chamfer inside the shank. As the drawbar retracts, it expands the collet and pulls the shank back
into the socket, compressing the shank until the flange seats against the front of the spindle. This provides a stiff,
repeatable connection because it utilizes the centrifugal force inside the
spindle. As centrifugal forces increase the expanding collet within the
HSK forces the walls of the toolholder shank to stay in contact with the
spindle wall.

The HSK design was developed as a nonproprietary standard. The

working group that produced the HSK standard consisted of
representatives from academia, the Association of German Tool
Manufacturing and a group of international companies and end users.
Drawing of HSK A63 shank
The results were the German DIN standards 69063 for the spindle and
69893 for the shank. The HSK working group did not adopt a specific
product design, but rather a set of standards that defined HSK
toolholders for different applications. The group defined a total of six
HSK shank forms, in 9 sizes.

Sizes are identified by the diameter of the shank’s flange in millimeters.

These diameters are taken from the R10′ series of preferred numbers,
from 25 to 160 mm.

Today, the shank forms are designated by the letters A through F and T. Animation of HSK toolholder
The main differences between the forms are the positions of the drive
slots, gripper-locating slots, coolant holes and the area of the flange.

A is the basic form. The B-form shank is a variant for high-torque applications, and has a flange one size larger
relative to its shaft diameter. (Thus, an A-40 shank will fit into a B-50 socket.)

Forms C and D are simplified variants of A and B for manual use, eliminating features to accommodate
automatic tool changers like a V-groove and associated orientation slots, and a recess for an RFID chip.

Forms E and F flanges and tapers are similar to forms A and B, but designed for very high speed machining
(20,000 rpm and up) of light materials by eliminating all asymmetric features to minimize imbalance and
vibration.

ASME B5.62 "Hollow Taper Tooling With Flange-Face Contact"[14] and ISO 12164-3:2014 "Dimensions of
shanks for stationary tools"[15] include an additional form T, which is bidirectionally compatible with form A,
but has a much tighter tolerance on the widths of the keys and keyways used for angular alignment. This permits
non-rotating lathe tooling to be held accurately.[16]

An HSK connection depends on a combination of axial clamping forces and taper-shank interference. All these
forces are generated and controlled by the mating components’ design parameters. The shank and spindle both
must have precisely mating tapers and faces that are square to the taper’s axis. There are several HSK clamping
methods. All use some mechanism to amplify the clamping action of equally spaced collet segments. When the
toolholder is clamped into the spindle, the drawbar force produces a firm metal-to-metal contact between the
shank and the ID of the clamping unit. An additional application of drawbar force positively locks the two
elements together into a joint with a high level of radial and axial rigidity. As the collet segments rotate, the
clamping mechanism gains centrifugal force. The HSK design actually harnesses centrifugal force to increase
joint strength. Centrifugal force also causes the thin walls of the shank to deflect radially at a faster rate than the
walls of the spindle. This contributes to a secure connection by guaranteeing strong contact between the shank
and the spindle. The automotive and aerospace industries are the largest users of HSK toolholders. Another
industry that is seeing increasing use is the mold and die industry.

R8
This taper was designed by Bridgeport Machines, Inc. for use in its
milling machines. R8 tapers are not self-holding, so they require a
drawbar extending up through the spindle to the top of the machine to
prevent loosening when lateral forces are encountered. They are also
keyed (see image) to prevent rotation during insertion and removal,
although it is the taper that transmits torque in use. The drawbar thread is
typically 7 ⁄16 ″–20 tpi (UNF). The angle of the cone is 16°51′ (16.85°)
with an OD of 1.25″ and a length of 15 ⁄16 ″.[17] (source, Bridgeport
Manufacturer) The diameter of the parallel locating portion is not a
"fractional inch" size like the other dimensions and is 0.949″ to 0.9495″.

Tools with an R8 taper are inserted directly into the machine's spindle.
R8 collets are typically used to hold tooling with round shanks, although
collets with R8 taper
any shape can be held if the collet has the corresponding shape cut in it.
The collets have a precision bore with axial compression slots for
holding cutting tools and are threaded for the drawbar. The R8 system is commonly used with collets ranging in
size from 1 ⁄8 ″ to 3 ⁄4 ″ in diameter or tool holders with the same or slightly larger diameters. The collets or tool
holders are placed directly into the spindle and the drawbar is tightened into the top of the collet or tool holder
from above the spindle. Other tools such as drill chucks, fly cutters, indexable insert cutters, etc. may have an R8
taper shank built into or added to the tool.

The R8 taper is commonly encountered on Bridgeport and similar turret mills from the USA, or on (very
common) copies of these mills from elsewhere. The popularity is due in large part to the success of Bridgeport
and other mills that were closely modeled after it and produced throughout much of the 20th century.

See also
Chuck
Collet

References
1. Morse Cutting Tools History (http://www.morsecuttingtools.com/cgi/CGPTABOUT?PAMENU=7_
1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150510225214/http://www.morsecuttingtools.com/cgi/
CGPTABOUT?PAMENU=7_1) 2015-05-10 at the Wayback Machine.
2. "The Morse taper junction in modular revision hip replacement--a biomechanical and retrieval
analysis". Biomed Tech (Berl). 45 (4): 105–9. Apr 2000. doi:10.1515/bmte.2000.45.4.105 (https://d
oi.org/10.1515%2Fbmte.2000.45.4.105). PMID 10829545 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1082
9545).
3. Shafie, Hamid R. (2014-07-09). Clinical and Laboratory Manual of Dental Implant Abutments (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=5b8BBAAAQBAJ). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118928530.
4. http://www.jacobschuck.com/MagentoShare/media/documents/jacobs-technical-information.pdf
5. http://www.arceurotrade.co.uk/projects/Info/Drill-Chuck-Taper-Dimensions.html
6. http://eshop.roehm.biz/media/attachment/file/d/c/dc0001765.pdf
7. The angle of the cone is 2 atan(7/48).
 8. Burlingame, Luther D. (December 1918), "Standards for Large Taper Shanks and Sockets" (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=HohNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1014&lpg=PA1014&source=bl&hl=en
&sa=X&f=false), Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 40 (12): 1014–1016,
"As shown in Table 1, the well-established tapers for shanks and sockets now in use vary from ½
in. to 1 in. or more per ft., the tendency being to use a somewhat steeper taper for the larger than
for the small sizes, perhaps because with small tapers, the liability to slip produced by the work is
not so great and the "bite" of the taper when forced into the socket is sufficient to secure effective
driving. In the larger sizes, tenons or tongues must be provided to aid in driving and in the still
larger sizes keys of some form are needed, as, unless the angle of taper is very slight, the tenons
are liable to be twisted off. When such auxiliary means of driving is provided the taper can be
made steeper, giving the advantage that the parts can be more easily separated."
9. Armitage et al. 1931, p. 3 stating, "The [tool shank] is now firmly coupled with the spindle, the
complementary tapered portions serving to insure accurate axial alignment while the
complementary keys and slots serve to drive the [tool shank] from the spindle in either direction of
rotation and the [drawbar] retains the [tool shank] firmly seated in such position."
10. US 1794361 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1794361),
Armitage, Joseph B.; Edward J. Kearney & Benjamin P. Graves et al., "Milling Machine Spindle
and Tool", issued 3 March 1931
11. Armitage et al. 1931, p. 2
12. Machinery's Handbook (22nd ed.), Industrial Press, 1987, pp. 1748–1752, ISBN 0-8311-1155-0
13. http://www.tools-n-gizmos.com/specs/Tapers.html
14. Hollow Taper Tooling With Flange-Face Contact, ASME B5.62 (https://www.asme.org/products/co
des-standards/b562m-2016-hollow-taper-tooling-flangeface), American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
15. ISO 12164-3:2014 (https://www.iso.org/standard/60399.html) "Hollow taper interface with flange
contact surface—Part 3: Dimensions of shanks for stationary tools"
16. "What is HSK-T?" (http://www.nttool.com/support/catalog/en_6_hsk_t.pdf) (PDF). NT Tool Co. 9
October 2014. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
17. Machine Tool Taper Dimensions: Bridgeport R8 & Deckel Int40 (http://www.oldengine.org/membe
rs/diesel/Tables/Clarkson3.htm)

Sources

Machine Tools -- Self-holding tapers for tool shanks (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalog

ue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=4224), ISO, 1991, ISO 296:1991

External links
Beautiful Iron Overview of Tapers (http://www.beautifuliron.com/mttaper.htm)
Quickly Identify your Morse Taper (https://web.archive.org/web/20060208104532/http://www.woo
dturners.org/tech_tips/morse_taper_sizes.htm)
http://www.tools-n-gizmos.com/specs/Tapers.html (description of several tool holders)
https://web.archive.org/web/20110316155700/http://www.timgoldstein.com/CAD_CAM/tapers.htm
(description of several tool holders)
http://www.dlindustrial.com/profiles/blogs/steep-tapers-fast-tapers-at3-and-what-it-means (blog
about holding/releasing tapers and tolerance; claims taper not keys and slots do the driving;
some errors)

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