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Multivector - Alternator

Electrical machines

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Jevan Calaque
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1K views

Multivector - Alternator

Electrical machines

Uploaded by

Jevan Calaque
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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AC Machines Part 1 AC Generators (ALTERNATORS) “THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower F. Cayco corner Earnshaw Sts. Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. 7317423 AC MACHINES Parti AC GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) GENERAL TYPES OF ALTERNATOR 1. Synchronous generator — its speed is called synchronous speed and it is used in almost all types of application. 2. Induction generator (Arynchronous geacrator) — itis en induction motor which is rum as a generator with a speed above the synchronous speed. Its power factor is leading and usually connected in paralel with a synehronous generator in order to supply lighting and powcr loads. 3._ Indactoraltereator—i prcrtsvolngselghesfoqmace (500 Hz 1 1.00017). isso supply power to induction furnaces in order to heat and melt alloys and ‘Two Possible Constructions of an AKernator 1, Stationary field and a revolving armature ‘Stator ~as field Rotor —es armature 2. Stationary armature and a revolving field ‘Stator — as armature Rotor —as field ‘Note: The latter (2%) rangement is more preferable. PRIME MOVERS FOR ALTERNATORS A. Forlarge AC geverators: Boren AC peers L turbine Internal combustion engine Frequency of Generated Vottage rae ‘120 where: > frequency, HZ or ops Poeeofpole = synchronous speed, rpm Generated Voltage in an Alternator Baan £ s10* volts where: Ene tverage generated volings, vols N—no. of cums in coil {flux pee pol, linespote or muxell/pole t—time for flux to change by @, seconds . ei MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER or enon? volts (if is in webers/pole) En SIN 6x10" vos ——P 1 For sinusoidal fux-deasity disbution, effective votnge is EW ill Ene EB=444(N@x10* volts ———"» 2 Fora 34 alternator, By= 44410, 6x 10% vols ——_» 3 Ey - generated voltage per phase 1Ny-no, of tars per phase Note: Equations |, 2, and 3 are used for ahernstors having concentric armature windings and full pitch ARMATURE WINDINGS FOR ALTERNATORS ‘Alternator windings are very similar to the de lep winding. Colls in. sc armatures are joined together by ‘merely connecting the proper coil ends In the correct sequence. ‘Two(2) General Arrangements of Coils Employed: 1. Halfcoiled (single layer) — one coil side/slat. 2. Whole-coited (double layer) —rwo coll skdes/stot Note: The whote-coiled winding is the more usual of the two arrangements ‘Coll Piteh ~ the distance between the two sides of acoil. itis usually express as a percent of full pitch. Coil pics Coil sides ~ 8 coll having a distance betwoen its two sides exactly equal to 180 electrical degrees. — Note: Fora full-ptch coll, generated vohages in both coll sides are exactly tn phase A. Fulhpiteh & MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER 4 coll having a distance between its two tides les then 180 electrical degrees, "Note: For fractional pitch coll, generated voliges inthe two(2) coil sides LJ | Bees ‘span of the coi! in electrical degrees For afull-ptch coil, Kp = t (uaty) For a fractional-pitch coll, Kp< 1 Distribution Factor - the factor | ‘by which the gencrated voltage E must be multiplied because the cuils are distributed in several slots: under the poles instead of being concentrated in: ‘single slots under the poles. _ diana eee "Mgr istrBtion fsctor, dota ‘0. of slots per pole per phase ‘= no, of electrical degrees per slot For concentric winding, Ky = 1 (unity) For distribured winding, Ky< 1 Corrected Voltage of am Alterastor y= 444 Ky KEN, ox 107 volts ALTERNATOR SCHEMATIC WIRING DIAGRAM : FE DC source (Exciter) Top DC held winding : & MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 1. For WYE connected armature windings: te wavy; kwh 2. For DELTA connected armature windings: ves Per Phase Equivalent Cireuit Diagram: (Wye ar Delta Connected) = generated or open clrcult or no-load vottage per phase x= porn rob cea ered law's oe Ry = Ri effective or ac resistance of the armature per phase X,~ synchronous reactance per phase X_ ~ armature leakage resctance per phase p= field current ‘Ver voltage drop across the fleld Alternator Voltage Regaistion VR = Ye=Ve x 109 Va. « seva~ 25M sg ‘Factors affecting the drop of fist of the alternator terminal votinge: 1. magnitude of the fond . 2 ‘sctual over-all power factor of the combined loads Effect of various types of load om the alternator: ‘termelmal voltage: |. Resistive loads (ic. incandescent tamps, heating devices) or londs with unity power factor, ~ 8% to 20% drop in termina! voltage below its no-load velue 2. Inductive Loads (Le. induetion motors electrical welders, uorsoent lighting) or loads with lagging power factor. + 25% to $0% drop in terminal voltage below the no-load value, 3. Capocitive loads (i.e, capecitor devices or special types of synchronous motot) or loads with leading power factor. ~ tend to raise or increase the terminal vohsge of the alternator above the no-load value, ‘Taree (3) factors responsible forthe change in voltage of an alternator: 1. fesistance drop inthe armature cireuit LR.) 2 change in flax or srmature-reaction effect (1.X,) 3. armature reactance drop (IX) Alternator Phasor (Vector) Diagrams: '. Forunity power factor & For leading power factor nl From the phasor diagrams: 1, Incomplex form, Ey=V,+ 12, 2. In magnit = NV, CoO TRI FY OE TK, made, By Wr og iv (8- power factor angle of the lond © - for legging power factor © - for leading power factor Three (3) tests necessary to perform in order to obtain data forthe calculation of the regulation of an a slernatoe: 1. Armature de resistance test 2. Open-tircuit test or no-losd test 3. Short-circuit test ‘The Armature DC Resistance Test With the dc Geld winding open, measure the de resistance between each pair of terminals, The average of the three sets of resistance values is called Ry. Open de field wide. DC Source =~ RButRothy , = Ver Re BAAR Ge RoR) \ tharos For Wye-connected armature windings, Ry, = For Delta-connected armature windings, Ry, = 28 ‘To get the equivalent effective or ac resistance of the armature, use a factor of 1.25 to 1.75. Say, Ryor Rem 125 Ry ‘The Open-Cireuit Test or No-load Test With the anmature-winding ci DC Source ige Mover : AC voltmeter (Open circuit olage per phase, Bae Si . ae MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER ‘The Short-Cireuit Test ‘The altematar is driven at synchronous speed. Starting with a very low direct fleld current, progressively increase its value as tbe ne amumetersincresse thcir deflections to rated current and above. ®) Shorted armature DC Souree ‘windings veg shor cet caret pase, = ALY Aa Aa Syechrooous impedance per phase, 2, = f= 2. For wye-comnected snmature windings Es .vA5 at “ee 3 Fordela-conmected mse windicgs Zefa BS ‘Synchronous reactance per phase, X, = V(Z "= (Ra) ALTERNATOR EFFICIENCY: um = — Pex 100 np, §100 = 57 Total losses ‘Alternator losses inclade: |. Rotational Josses Friction and windage 'b. Brush frictlom a the field collector rings (often neglected ; quite smal}) Ventilation to cool the machine (if necessary) , Hysteresis and eddy currents in the stator 2, Electrical losses a Field winding b. Armature winding ‘c. Brush contacts (aften neglected: quite sreall) Losses in the exciter used for field excitation |. Stray-load loss (negligible for smal! alternators) : a MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS IN PARALLEL Requisites for connzcting alteraators in parallel L. Their voltages must be the same. 2. Their wave forms (frequencies) rust be the same. 3. Their phase sequences must be the same. {fany ofthe above requisites is not met, there willbe cross eureat between the alt=untor windings thru the coraraon bus bars, With the crass-current, the altemator cannot be synchronized, Alternator Under Fantts 1, Thaee phase (34) fault atthe altemator terminals (either wye or delta connected alternstor) ‘Note: Hon 3 fant, the fon sre syoumecical (balanced), Ten hona GD [fakernator resistance is neglected, then - 190. Baym tame OR) "2 Phase to phase fault at the altemator terminals (wye connected alternator) {in phase to phase Cat, the fauk curren are asymmetrical (unbalanced). One fault curent is zero. The ‘other two fault currents will Bave a magnitude of 106 ie : BT Eyraes Coe 7ox, I WP allematorresistnce is neglected 3. _ Line to ground or phase 1o ground fault (wye connected slternator) Ina line to ground fauh, the fault currents are asymmetrical (unbalanced). Two fault currents are rero. ‘The remaining ane will have 2 magnitude of 31+ aerator resistance and neutral wire impedance are — Shonen Te wa eK agua, 4. Double line to ground fault (wye connected alternator) Ina double line to ground fauh, the fault currents are asymmetrical (unbalanced), One fnult current is zero, ‘The other two fault carreots will have n ningnitude of 100 Ynetl —— ee! 6X ES yg, * three phase fit line current Nines rated line current of the alternator Tomi Fated phase current of the altemstor ‘YeZ

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