F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE
ENGINEERING
REVIEW CENTER
FINAL COACHING
NOV. 2009 (STRUCTURAL)
CRACK CONTROL
Nov. 2009. A reinforced concrete beam 320mm x 800mm is
reinforced with two layers of 3-28mm diameter tension
reinforcement and 10mm diameter stirrups. The beam is to
carry a maximum service moment of 210 kN.m. Concrete
cover = 40mm
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of fs, the
stress in tension reinforcement at service load. Assume the
beam is under-reinforced and internal moment arm is 86% of
the effective depth. Ans. 93.1 MPa
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of A in
𝑚𝑚2 . Ans. 9600
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of z in
kN/m. Ans. 7915
CODE: Gergely and Lutz
5.10.6 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement in Beams and One Way Slabs
5.10.6.1 This section prescribes rules for distribution of flexural reinforcement to control flexural cracking
in beams and one way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction).
5.10.6.2 Distribution of flexural reinforcement in two-way slabs shall be as required by Sec. 5.13.4
5.10.6.3 Flexural tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within maximum flexural rension zones
of a member cross section as required in Sec. 5.10.6.4.
5.10.6.4 When design yield strength fy for tension reinforcement exceeds 275 MPa, cross sections of
maximum positive and negative moment shall be so proportioned that the quantity given by
𝑧 = 𝑓𝑠 3 𝑑𝑐 𝐴
does not exceed 30,000 kN/m for interior exposure and 20,000 kN/m for exterior exposure. Calculated
stress in reinforcement at service load 𝑓𝑠 (MPa) shall be computed as the moment divided by the product
of steel area and internal moment arm. In lieu of such computations, it is permitted to take 𝑓𝑠 as 60
percent of specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 .
5.10.6.5 Provisions of section 5.10.6.4 are not sufficient for structures subject to very aggressive
exposure or designed to be watertight. For such structures, special investigations and precautions are
required.
Where:
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement
and having the same centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the number of bars or
wires, in 𝑚𝑚2 . When the flexural reinforcement consists of different bar or wire sizes
the number of bars or wires shall be computed as the total area of reinforcement
divided by the area of the largest bar or wire used.
𝑑𝑐 = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar
or wire located closest thereto, mm
𝑓𝑠 = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads.
STRUCTURAL
CRACK CONTROL
410.7 DISTRIBUTION OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS AND
ONE-WAY SLABS
410.7.4 The spacing s of reinforcement closest to a surface in tension
shall not exceed that given by
95,000
𝑠= − 2.5𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑠
but not greater than (75,000/𝑓𝑠 )
Calculated stress in reinforcement 𝑓𝑠 shall be computed as the
unfactored moment divided by the product of steel area and internal
moment arm. It shall be permitted to take 𝑓𝑠 as 60 percent of specified
yield strength 𝑓𝑦 .
CRACK CONTROL
PROBLEM: Determine the maximum spacing of 12mm diameter bars on a 150mm thick
slab to control cracks. Concrete cover to surface of the bar is 25 mm. Use 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solution:
95,000
𝑠= − 2.5 25 = 319.03 𝑚𝑚
0.60 415
But not greater than
75,000
𝑠= = 301.20 𝑚𝑚
0.60 415
Thus,
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 301.20 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚𝑚
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Situation 1: Refer to the Fig. SAM 18. 029 and FIGURE RC-4. Beam DEF is supported by spandrel
beams at the exterior edges and by a column at E. The torsional resistance of beams ADG and CFI
are not sufficient to restrain beam DEF at D and at F.
Given: For all beams, b x h = 300 mm x 450 mm
For all columns, section = 400 mm x 400 mm
L1 = 8 m L2 = 7 m S = 2.5m
Dead Load, wu = 6.0 kPa (all weights included), Live Load, wu = 4.6 kPa
1. Which of the following gives the critical negative moment (kN-m) for beam DEF?
a. 68.9 c. 60.2 b. 42.4 d. 38.8
2. Which of the following gives the critical positive moment (Kn-m) for beam DEF?
a. 44.3 c. 49.3 b. 38.8 d. 56.4
3. Determine the critical shear force (KN) for the beam DEF.
a. 43.6 c. 40.5 b. 46.6 d. 48.8
ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENT METHOD
POSITIVE MOMENT:
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained …………… ………….wuln2/11
Discontinuous end integral with support………….. wuln2/14
Interior spans …………………………………………………… wuln2/16
NEGATIVE MOMENT
At exterior face of first interior support
Two spans………………………………………………………….. wuln2/9
More than two spans………………………………………… wuln2/10
at other faces of interior supports…………….………. wuln2/11
at face of all supports for slabs with spans not exceeding 3 meters, and beams where ratio of sum of column
stiffness to beam stiffness exceed eight at each end of the span……………………………………................. wnln2/12
at interior face of exterior support for members built integrally with supports:
where support is a spandrel beam………. Wuln2/24
where support is a column………………..…. wuln2/16
SHEAR
at face of first interior support ………………………….. 1.15 wuln/2
at face of all other supports…………………………………………wuln/2
1. Total uniformly distributed load, 𝑤𝑢 = 6.0(2.5) + 4.6(2.5) = 26.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (however, if we use
this, none of the choices will be the answer)
By troubleshooting the problem, we found out that the units are kN/m instead of kPa. Thus,
𝑤𝑢 = 6.0 + 4.6 = 10.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Critical negative moment at DEF is at E.
0.40 0.30
Clear span 1, 𝑙𝑛 1 = 8.0 − − = 7.65𝑚
2 2
0.40 0.30
Clear span 2, 𝑙𝑛 2 = 7.0 − −
= 6.65𝑚
2 2
1 1
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 = 10.6 7.65 2
9 9
𝑀𝐸 = 68.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 "𝑎" 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔)
Note: Clear span for negative moment is the average of adjacent spans:
7.65 + 6.65
𝑙𝑛 = = 7.15 𝑚
2
1 1
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 = 10.6 7.15 2
9 9

𝑴𝑬 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎 (𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑪)

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Situation 2: A 450 mm x 450 mm x 18 m long precast concrete pile is to be lifted from the
casting bed.
4. The pile is lifted horizontally at two points. At what equal distance (m) from the ends
should be held so that the resulting bending stress is the least possible?
a. 2.25 c. 3.73
b. 2.57 d. 3.10

5. at what equal distance (m) from the ends should the pile be lifted horizontally ac that the
resulting shear stress is smallest.
a. 4.5 c. 2.1
b. 26 d. 3.0

6. The pile is lifted horizontally at 1.8 m from each end. Find the maximum moment due to
its weight. unit weight of concrete is 24 KN/m3.
a. 196.8 c. 126.0
b. 118.1 d. 175.0
Solution:
4. x = 0.207L = 3.726 m

5. x = 0.25L = 4.50 m

6. Max moment is at midspan:

Uniformly distributed self-weight = 24(0.45)(0.45) = 4.86 kN/m

𝑤𝐿 4.86 18
𝑅= = = 43.74 𝑘𝑁
2 2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 43.74 9 − 1.80 − 4.86 9 4.5 = 118.10 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
A circular column 500 mm in diameter is supported by a 2m x 3.5m x 0.60m thick
rectangular footing. The column will support the following loads: D = 450 kN, L = 350 kN.
Steel covering = 100 mm.
Use Load Combination: U = 1.4D +1.7L
Material Properties: fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 276 Mpa

1. Determine the band width.

2. Determine the number of 16-mm diameter bars within the center band.
415.4 FOOTINGS SUPPORTING CIRCULAR OR REGULAR POLYGON-SHAPED
COLUMNS OR PEDESTALS
For location of critical sections for moment, shear and development of
reinforcement in footings, it shall be permitted to treat circular or regular polygon-
shaped concrete columns or pedestals as square members with the same area.

415.5.4.2 For reinforcement in short direction, a portion of the total

reinforcement given by Equation (415-1) shall be distributed uniformly over a
band width (centered on centerline of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
short side of footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short direction shall
be distributed uniformly outside center band width of footing.
FOOTINGS
Situation 7: A 1.8m square footing supports a steel column. The column is
W10x45 with bf=205mm and d=260mm. The footing has an effective
depth of 320mm. The base plate is 305mm x 400mm and is made of A36
steel with Fy=248 MPa. In analyzing the base plate and the footing, the
column may be assumed rectangular with dimensions 0.8bf x 0.95d.
fy=275MPa and f’c=21MPa.

18. Determine the ultimate wide beam shear strength of the footing in kN.
19. Determine the ultimate punching shear strength of the footing in kN.
20. Determine the required total number of 20mm diameter bars.
415.5 MOMENT IN FOOTINGS
415.5.1 External moment on any section of a footing shall be determined by
passing a vertical plane through the footing and computing the moment of the
forces acting over the entire area of footing on one side of that vertical plane.
415.5.2 Maximum factored moment for an isolated footing shall be computed
as prescribed in Section 415.4.1 at critical sections located as follows:
1. At face of column, pedestal, or wall, for footings supporting a
concrete column, pedestal, or wall;
2. Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings supporting a
masonry wall;
3. Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base plate, for
footings supporting a column with steel base plate.
WALL FOOTING
A 250 mm thick concrete wall is to be centrally located on a footing.
➀ How much is the required least resisting moment so that there will
be no tensile stress in the footing if the loads on the footing are as
follows. Total vertical load = 432 KN Overturning moment = 288
KN.m Footing width = 4 m.
➁ Find the smallest footing width that will prevent uplift. Total
vertical load = 360 KN Resisting moment = 756 KN.m Overturning
moment = 252 KN.m
➂ Which of the following gives the resulting maximum soil pressure
in MPa if the load on the footing are as follows. Total vertical load =
250 KN Resisting moment = 470 KN.m Overturning moment = 245
KN.m Footing width = 3.0 m.
A 300 mm thick concrete wall is to be centrally located on a footing. The allowable soil bearing
pressure is 192 kPa.
1. The footing is to be designed for a moment of 160 kN.m and a total vertical load of 320 kN. What
would be the minimum footing width to prevent uplift?
a. 3.0 b. 2.25 c. 1.9 d. 1.5

2. Given: Total vertical load, P = 540 kN, Resisting Moment =1,080 kN.m
The footing width is 4m. How much is the allowable overturning moment (kN.m) such that there will be
no tensile stress in the footing?
a. 360 b. 540 c. 720 d. 1,080

3. Given: Resisting Moment = 945 kN.m Overturning Moment = 315 kN.m

Total Vertical Load = 450 kN.m Footing width = 4.2 m

Which of the following gives the maximum soil pressure?

a. 214 b. 161 c. 107 d. 321
SHEAR ON A SPIRAL COLUMN
A column 800 mm. in diameter is reinforced with 12 – 25 mmø bars and
12 mm diameter spirals spaced at 72 mm on centers. Use ø = 0.75 fc’ =
30 MPa fy = 413 MPa for main bars, fyt = 275 MPa for spirals. Allowable
shear stress fv = 0.90 MPa.

➀ What is the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete?

➁ What is the nominal shear strength provided by the shear
reinforcement?
➂ Find the shear stress in the column if Vu = 800 kN
CODE
411.4.3 Circular members. For circular members, the area used to
compute Vc shall be taken as the product of the diameter and effective
depth of the concrete section. It shall be permitted to take the effective
depth as 0.8 times the diameter of the concrete section.

411.6.6.3 When circular ties, hoops, or spirals are used as shear

reinforcement, Vs shall be computed using equation (411-15) where d
shall be taken as the effective depth defined in Section 411.4.3. Av shall
be taken as two times the area of the bar in a circular tie, hoop, or spiral
at a spacing s, and fyh is the specified yield strength of circular tie, hoop
or spiral reinforcement.
A W shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The girder is on
a simple span of 6m. Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical
load of 80 kN and a lateral load of 8 kN at the midspan applied at the
top flange of the girder. A standard rail weighing 67 kg/m will be used.
Assume that the top flange is not laterally braced between end supports.
𝑆𝑥 = 1280 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3 𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 = 361 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3 𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 238 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1. Determine the bending stress along x – axis.
2. Determine the bending stress along y – axis.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual bending stress to allowable bending
stress.
STRUCTURAL (Middle East Past Board)
From the given bracket shown which consists
of two plates riveted to the column by 4 –
22mm diameter rivets which is subjected to
an eccentric load of 150 kN.
1. Which of the following gives the shearing
stress due to axial load alone.
2. Which of the following gives the shearing
stress due to moment alone.
3. Which of the following gives the maximum
shearing stress.
COLUMN WITH DROP PANEL
Figure shows a tied column supporting a flat
slab, dimensions in mm:
Given:
bxh = 600x800
Ast = 12-28 mm
Concrete = 27.5 MPa
Steel = 415 MPa
Cover = 70 mm
K = 1.0
Flexural Rigidity, EI = 640,000 kN.m^2
Assume all bars will yield.
According to NSCP 2010 CI 410.13.1, Compression members shall be designed for the
factored axial load, Pu, and the moment amplified for the effects of member curvature,
Mc, as follows:
𝑀𝑐 = 𝛿𝑀2
Where:
 Pi  EI
Cm 2
 ns   1.00
 Pu  Pc 
1 
 kLu 
2
 0.75Pc 

For members without transverse loads between supports:

Cm  0.60  0.40  1   0.40

M
 M2 
For members with transverse loads between supports: Cm = 1.0
1. Which of the following gives the location of the plastic centroid with respect to
column edge parallel to strong axis?
a. 400 mm b. 500 mm c. 300 mm d. 250 mm
2. Calculate the critical buckling load Pc.
a. 971,403 Kn b. 947,213 kN c. 986,321 kN d. 946,571 kN
3. Calculate the nominal axial strength of the column.
a. 17, 192 kN b. 11,291 kN c. 19,192 kN d. 12,191 kN
4. If the column is subjected to a factored axial load of Pu = 1200 kN and a
factored moment on top and bottom of Mu = 200 kN.m and Mu = 160 kN.m
respectively causing a single curvature about the strong axis, determine the
magnified moment to be used in the design.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
A reinforced concrete column carries a dead axial load of 600 kN and a
live axial load of 800 kN. f’c = 28 Mpa and fy = 400 MPa.
1. Determine the final factored load applied on the column.
a. 2630 kN b. 2180 kN c. 2200 kN d. 2340 kN
2. Using the super position method, determine the smallest dimension of
the column section if the steel ratio is 2%.
a. 300x300 b. 360x360 c. 380x380 d. 400x400
3. Determine the number of 20 mm bars.
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10
ONE WAY SLABS
From the floor plan of a
proposed five storey
concrete building, has a
span of 6m center to
center along the long
direction and 2.80 m
center to center along the
short direction. It carries
the following loads.
D = 4.80 kPa (wt. of slab)
L = 2.90 kPa
U = 1.40D + 1.70L
1. Determine the positive moment at the span bounded by BEFC.
a. 6.70 kN.m b. 5.20 kN.m c. 7.32 kN.m d. 4.60 kN.m
2. Determine the spacing of 10 mm diameter bars required for negative
moment at the interior beam support BE.
a. 150 mm b. 200 mm c. 180 mm d. 300 mm
3. Determine the maximum spacing of the 10 mm bars as prescribed by
the code.
a. 150 mm b. 200 mm c. 450 mm d. 300 mm

4. Determine the no. of 10 mm diameter temperature bars.

Problem: Simply supported with overhang. Compute the
effective moment of inertia.

3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
Where:
𝑓𝑟 ∙ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡
And for normal weight, 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓′𝑐
The design base shear of a three storey building is 450 kN. Building
width is 10 m.

1. Determine the shear force at the roof level, if the natural

vibration of the building T = 0.6 s
2. If T = 0.90 s, determine the lateral force at the roof level.
3. After analysis, the shear force at each level are as follows:
Roof level = 180 kN, 2nd Level = 156 kN, 1st Level = 114 kN
How much is the overturning moment at the base?
Tributary Area – the area assumed to load a given member
Influence Area – In contrast to the tributary approach, the influence area recognizes that the total
load experienced by a structural member maybe influenced by loads applied outside the tributary
area of the member.
NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
The influence area is four times the tributary area for a column.
Two time the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab.

Reduction of Floor Live Loads

NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
The unit live load may be reduced in accordance with the equation shown on any member, including
flat slabs, having an influence area of 40 𝑚2 or more.
1
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 0.25 + 4.57
𝐴𝑖
Note: The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load for members receiving load
from one level only, nor less that 40 percent of the unit live load for other members.
The continuous floor beam ABCD is shown in the figure. It has a 100 mm
slab thickness and the beams b x h is 300 mm x 500 mm. Column
section is 0.30 m x 0.3 m.
Live load = 3.6 KPa L = 8 m S = 2.8 m
Super imposed Dead load = 2.6 KPa
Concrete weights = 24 KN/m3

Use live load reduction as specified by the code. No live load reduction is
required for slabs.
Compute the positive moment for beam EF using reduced live loads.
Compute the negative moment at the face of support E using reduced live loads.
Compute the negative moment at F using reduced live loads.
Nov. 2018 CE BOARD. Situation 5: A three story building has interior columns spaced
8 m apart in two perpendicular directions.
Given design loads:
Roof DL = 5.0 kPa
Floor DL (Typical each floor) = 7.0 kPa
Roof LL = 0
3rd floor LL = 2.4 kPa
4th floor LL = 6.0 kPa
In accordance with NSCP provisions, reduced design floor live load, L = Lo (0.25 +
4.57/ 𝐴𝑖 )
Where:
Lo = Unreduced live load
Ai = Influence arear = 4 x tributary area for a column based on the tributary area for a
column based on the tributary area of interior column,
13. What is the total axial load (KN) of a column at the second floor
level due to service LL?
a. 82.3 c. 164.5
b. 76.8 d. 153.6

14. What is the total axial load (KN) on a column at the ground floor level
due to service LL?
a. 268.8 c. 288.3
b. 537.6 d. 466.3

15. What is the total dead load (KN) on a column at the ground floor
level?
a. 1864 c. 932
b. 1682 d. 1216
Situation 9: The unsupported heights of a spiral column bent in single curvature of
600 mm and braced against sideway is 2.8 m. it has a diameter of 600 m. column
ends are pinned.
Given: Axial Loads at service condition
P dl = 3000 KN LL = 1800 KN Eq = 420 KN
Strength reduction factor for spiral columns in compression 0.75
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.4 E
25. Which of the following gives the slenderness ratio of the column?
a. 4.7 c. 18.7 b. 9.3 d. 15.6
26. How many 32 mm bars are needed to provide a steel ratio of 2.5 percent?
a. 12 c. 18 b. 15 d. 9
27. Calculate the number of 25 mm diameter bars required for the ultimate axial
load.
a. 7 c. 6 b. 8 d. 9
Situation 16: A simply supported girder spans 10 m. It carries the following service loads at
midspan:
Total Dead Load, D = 82 KN Live Load, L = 77 KN
Given:
Properties of the Girder:
Area, A = 19,226 mm2
Depth, d =540mm
Flange width, bf = 312 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 20 mm
Web thickness, tw = 12mm
Elastic section modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 106mm3
Plastic section modulus, Zx = 4.14 x 106mm3
Rt= 83 mm
Steel yield stress, Fy = 344 mm
Cb = 1.0
Factored Load, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
46. The compression flange of the girder is supported only at midspan.
Which of the following gives the allowable flexural stress, Fb (MPa)?
a. 206 c. 227
b. 188 d. 144

47. How much is the flexural stress (MPa) at service loads?

a. 165 c. 149
b. 107 d. 119

48. what is the maximum flexural stress (MPa) at ultimate load?

a. 119 c. 107
b. 149 d. 165
 200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝐿1 = ; 𝐿2 =
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦 ∙ 𝑑
𝐴𝑓
RCD
The reinforced concrete column shown is reinforced with 10-
28mm diameter bars with fy=415 Mpa. The ties are 12mm in
diameter with 𝑓𝑦ℎ = 278 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete strength fc’ = 28
Mpa. Clear concrete cover is 40 mm. The provisions of NSCP
on seismic design is given in Figure NSCP-21.
1. What is the required spacing of lateral reinforcement for a
factored shear load of 𝑉𝑢𝑦 = 450 𝑘𝑁 if the nominal concrete
shear strength is 0.88 Mpa.
2. What is the required spacing of confining hoop
reinforcement in accordance with the code for seismic
design for shear parallel to short direction.
3. What is the required spacing of confining hoop
reinforcement in accordance with the code for seismic
design for shear parallel to long direction.
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
5.21.4.4 Transverse Reinforcement
5.21.4.4.1 Transverse reinforcement as specified below shall be provided unless a large
amount is required by Sec.5.21.7
1) The volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement, ρs , shall not be less than
that indicated by:
ρs = 0.12f ′ c/fyh
And shall not be less than
Ag fc′
ρs = 0.45 −1
Ac fy
2) The total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not be less
than that given by:
shc f ′ c Ag
Ash = 0.3 − 1 → 21 − 3
fyh Ach
shc f ′ c
Ash = 0.09
fyh
5.21.4.4.2 Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distance not exceeding (a) one quarter of the
minimum member dimension, (b) six times the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement, and (c) as
defined by Eq 21-5
350 − hx
sx = 100 +
3
Where:
Ach = cross − sectional area of a structural member measured out − to −
out of transverse reinforcement, mm2
𝐴𝑠ℎ = total cross sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing s and
perpendicular to ℎ𝑐
ℎ𝑐 = cross sectional dimension of column core measured center-center of confining reinforcement
ℎ𝑥 =maximum horizontal spacing of hoops or crosstie legs on all faces of the column.
SHEAR

The reinforced concrete column shown is

reinforced with 10-28mm diameter bars with
fy=415 Mpa. The ties are 12mm in diameter with
𝑓𝑦ℎ = 278 𝑀𝑃𝑎 spaced at 100 mm. Concrete
strength fc’ = 28 Mpa. Clear concrete cover is 40
mm.
1. Determine the nominal shear strength of the
column for shear parallel to short direction.
2. Determine the nominal shear strength of the
column for shear parallel to long direction.
SETTLEMENT OF PILE FOUNDATION