®

LOCUTOUR
MULTIMEDIA
COGNITIVE REHABILITATION

Attention and Memory: Volume II

Developing Functional Memory
and Attention Skills

Marna Scarry-Larkin, M.A., CCC/SLP

and
Elizabeth Price, M.A., CCC/SLP
 Attention and Memory: Vol. II
Developing Functional Memory and Attention Skills

The intention of Attention and Memory: Volume II: Developing Functional

Memory and Attention Skills is to provide both auditory and visual exercises
to improve functional skills. This computer-assisted treatment program pro-
vides you with the data collection tools to identify, monitor and explicitly evalu-
ate outcomes related to specific functional skills. The first three games could
be classified as “decontextualized” activities in that they are specific skill driven.
The subsequent three games apply these skills to functional attention and
memory tasks. Having both types of activities woven into an overall treatment
plan allows for specific instruction on areas of weakness and immediate prac-
tice with generalization tasks encountered in everyday life.

We have experience with individuals who have significantly improved their

linguistic skills, yet struggle with memory. Lengthening the amount of time
that a head injured person can hold on to information eventually leads to more
relevant conversations, greater independence and improved quality of life.
Progress through the computer-assisted protocol provides systematic in-
tervention that addresses: executive functions, memory strategies, verbal
mediation, visual-perceptual discrimination, reading comprehension and
functional application of memory strategies to daily activities. Teaching
working-memory strategies may thus provide a more efficient treatment ap-
proach than working piecemeal on several language goals (Montgomery, 2002).

As clinicians we have experience with clients who perseverate because they

are unable to remember whether they have previously asked a question. We
know that paying attention in the first place is the key to getting information
into the memory stores. We also know that head injured individuals are slower
at shifting attention during conversation and have difficulty with divided at-
tention and auditory distraction. It has been demonstrated that working memory
plays a crucial role in inhibiting distractions and controlling selective atten-
tion (Fockert et al., 2001). Baddeley’s model of working memory postulates
that damage to the central executive, that coordinates a group of temporary
storage systems, would most likely significantly limit a person’s ability to
process information and cope with everyday life (Baddeley, 1984).

The programs on this CD progress from simple sustained attention tasks to

alternating and divided attention tasks with options for response delays and
auditory distractors. The first four programs: Change, Zydeco, 7 ± 2, and Scan-
ning were designed for skill building. The last three: And one more thing...,
Functional Memory, and Dominoes were designed to apply the skills in a lin-
guistic or functional task. The Über tasks are designed to measure ability to
return to the target task after a distraction. Some of these tasks access pro-
scriptive memory, which is the ability to say to yourself, “In five minutes I
need to...” Other Über tasks access retrospective memory. “You told me to
remember these three words.” The remainder of the tasks are interfering tasks
designed to work on divided attention skills. They focus on working memory

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 as in, “I have to answer the question in front of me and then return to the task
I was doing before I was asked the question.” Some of the Über tasks are
introduced at the beginning of the treatment progression, but many more tasks
are available and can be individualized for personal information and applica-
tion to the client’s world and specific memory needs.
How to Begin There are two primary ways to play A&M II. The first is to allow the computer
to automatically move you through the levels beginning with the first game,
Change. When your prescribed time is up for a given game, you will no longer
see a Play button. In order to continue, you must go to the Finished button,
select and click on View Results, look at your performance and evaluate your
most recent efforts. Keep in mind that feedback on your performance affects
your overall success, but do not let minor setbacks discourage you. To con-
tinue you must now select and click on Continue Session. This indicates to the
computer that you are ready for the next portion of the lesson. Do not spend
too much time between games because the program is designed to progress
through many levels in a 50 minute session.
If you do not want to play the computer-assisted game, then you may click on
the Finished button to return to the main menu. Choose one of the seven games
from the menu, select the Finished button from that game screen, and click
Clinician’s Page. This brings you to the clinician’s choices. You do not have
to be a clinician to use this page. These choices are available for extra practice
in specific areas. You must be aware however, that progress in a select level
will never ever advance your computer-assisted level. When you return to the
computer-assisted game it will go back to your last saved level. For example,
if you are at Triangles and circles for the Change game and you want to return
to Numbers 1 and 2 for additional practice, you will not be sent back to Num-
bers when you quit out of the clinician mode. You will be returned to where
you left off at the last computer-assisted session. The same goes for jumping
ahead and practicing the hardest levels. You may want to sample the harder
levels, but it is recommended that you work through all the levels as this will
train the different areas of attention that the program is designed to address
(focused, sustained, alternating, and divided).

Overview of the seven games and the Über Tasks

Change In the Change program you see one stimulus at a time and decide whether you
should respond to the stimulus or inhibit a response and wait. If you are sup-
posed to respond, the computer measures how long it takes you to register that
stimulus, make a decision, and carry out the decision. These are measured as
“% correct” (accuracy) and “response time.” If you make a wrong decision
and click on a target when you are supposed to ignore the target, you have
made an error of commission. This is reported as “% incorrect.” If you are
supposed to hit a target and you don’t, it slips by you, this is an error of omis-
sion. It is recorded as “% missed.” If you whack at the mouse when you are
supposed to be waiting, these are impulsive errors that are recorded as “extra
hits.” The goal is to be accurate and fast with no impulsive (extra hit) errors.
We require accuracy, consistency, and speed. We define accuracy as 85-100%
correct responses. Consistency means responding at this percent accuracy for
four minutes at a stretch. The goal for speed of information processing is a
reaction time below .6 seconds. For most individuals, the stimuli themselves
are not challenging until the auditory confusions are presented (2/moon; b/3).
The challenge lies in increasing the rate of stimulus presentation, increasing

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 the delay between stimuli (hard for the impulsive types), and increasing the
variability between stimulus presentation times. (Inconsistent display times
require more vigilance because you can’t anticipate when the stimuli is going
to appear.) If you have a problem with impulsivity, play the game with the
recall delay option to practice waiting a few seconds before responding to a
stimulus.

You begin your treatment program by practicing both Visual Change and Au-
ditory Change. We expect that it will take four minutes a day for each, i.e.
eight minutes a day to play Change. By day 35 you will probably be finished
with Change and will be spending the eight minutes on And one more thing...,
Functional Memory, or Dominoes.

Zydeco Zydeco is played three ways each session for about four minutes each: Audi-
tory/Visual (sequential tones and colors); Auditory (High/Low) for pitch dis-
crimination; and Functional (word sequences). The important features of Au-
ditory/Visual Zydeco are the span (length) of information to remember and the
speed that the stimuli are presented.
Auditory/Visual Zydeco
In the first level one sound is presented and you make your responses in a field
of two bars. Success at this level moves you from one sound to three sounds
with two bars to show the pattern. You then move to 3-5 sounds in the span
and show the sequence using four bars. The sounds are .5 second long and
there is one second between the sounds. The harder level increases the span
(5-7) to up to seven and you show the sequence using six bars. The length of
the sound and the interval between sounds stay the same.
After you succeed at the longer interval, the game repeats with a shorter inter-
val between sounds. You hear different types of sounds in place of the simple
pure tones presented in earlier levels. When you can remember a sequence of
seven rapidly presented sounds with 100% accuracy on 4/6 trials, then you are
finished with Auditory/Visual Zydeco.
Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco
The goal of Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco is to perceive the number and se-
quence of rapidly presented pure tones. Treble and bass clef symbols represent
higher pitched and lower pitched sounds, respectively. After listening care-
fully to the auditory pattern, indicate whether you hear a high or a low sound
by clicking on the appropriate clef symbol or by using the up or down arrow.
The sounds are initially presented for .5 second with an interval between sounds
of one second. The span increases from 1-7 tones. When you are consistently
accurate at .5 presentation, the presentation length shortens to .3 and the inter-
val between stimuli shortens to .5. You work from a span of 1-7 again. Consis-
tent accuracy is 100% for 4/6 trials with a span of seven. At the most difficult
level the stimulus presentation length is .15 and the interval between stimuli is
.3 second.

Functional Zydeco
Functional Zydeco prepares you to play And one more thing... and 7 ± 2. You
are required to hear and remember real items found in a category (i.e. animals,
colors, etc.). As the computer presents the sequence you rehearse it one item at
a time, and you have the interval time to process the next item in the sequence.
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 A fast interval of .3 second is commensurate with running speech.

The stimuli are presented in normal speech with a one second interval be-
tween words. The response option is to click on the words (a word bank is on
the screen) in the order of presentation. The words pop onto the bars in the
order that you click on them. To erase a word, click on the word in the bar and
it returns to the word bank. The span increases one word at a time until it
reaches six words. The speed of stimulus presentation increases until there is
only a .5 second interval between words.
When you are accurate and consistent at the .5 interval, you are asked to hold
on to the information for a few seconds before you are allowed to respond.
(This is similar to having to remember a telephone number while you hunt for
a pen.) The recall delay feature kicks in, and you are required to wait five
seconds before making your response. The easier to harder feature is active,
meaning that when the computer first presents the delay, you only have to
remember one target for five seconds. Eventually, you will remember six tar-
gets for 20 seconds before responding. Because we know that life is not pre-
dictable, you also have to practice delaying your response for an indetermi-
nate amount of time. You are asked to wait for zero to 20 seconds. You won’t
know ahead of time, so you have to be flexible. If you don’t think this is chal-
lenging enough, go to the Clinician’s Page and select another variable for
recall delay. Challenging choices include 30 and 40 seconds, variable from
zero to 20.
When you begin your treatment you play all three types of Zydeco: Auditory/
Visual; Auditory (High/Low); Functional. Each one takes about four minutes.
As you complete each level the time you would have spent playing Zydeco is
transferred to And one more thing..., Functional Memory, or Dominoes.

7±2 7 ± 2 is a complicated program. We expect that you will play 7 ± 2 on the first
day of therapy and on the last day. Research indicates that the average adult
can recall seven-plus-or-minus-two digits forward for a range of 5-9 digits.
This phenomenon is termed the “magical number seven, plus or minus two”
(Miller, 1956). The range of “normal” for recall of digits reversed is 3-7. Eighty-
three percent of 20-year-olds can recall 6 forward, and eighty-eight percent
recall 4 reversed. Sixty-eight percent of 60-year-olds recall 6 forward, and
seventy-seven percent recall 4 backward. While we seem to have a finite ca-
pacity, there are strategies to bypass the capacity limits. The most common of
these is chunking. We suggest that you develop digit recall to the highest single
digit string that you can, then learn to chunk groups of digits together. Long
phone numbers and social security numbers are chunked this way. There is
then essentially no limit to the number of items you can learn to remember in
a span. Head injured individuals usually struggle to remember 4-5 units for-
ward and 2-3 units reversed. In order to function more effectively in today’s
information loaded world, it is reasonable to force yourself to recall seven
digits forward and five in reverse. If you are good at this task, push yourself to
nine forward and seven in reverse.

The game is designed to allow you to practice up to 15 with or without chunk-

ing strategies. We did not put chunking strategies into the computer-assisted
treatment plan because we think chunking is a different task altogether. The
act of chunking several items together makes a longer span into a shorter,

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easier to remember unit. This process has value in and of itself and is included
as an option on the clinician’s page.

Digit span backward measures attention, concentration and working memory.

You must receive the information, hold it, do something with it, and then show
that you have manipulated the information. Digits reversed is sensitive to brain
injury. Individuals with learning disabilities may also have difficulty with digit
span forward and reversed. Approximately half of the neurotypical adults un-
der the age of 55 can recall 5 digits reversed. Approximately 30% of 89-year-
olds can recall 5 digits reversed (Wechsler, 1997). Typical seven-year-old chil-
dren can recall 5 digits forward and 3 reversed. At 10 years most can recall 6
digits forward and 4 reversed. By the age of 14 the memory span forward is
consistent with that of the adult performance, with most children being able to
remember 7 forward and 4 reversed. By age 18 the full range will include 7+/
-2 forward and 5+/-2 reversed. However, formal testing and evaluation is the
best way to determine the range of normal for a particular age group. These
estimates are provided for a general guideline based upon current standard-
ized tests (Wechsler, 1997 and Webster, 1998).

In addition to digits, we chose letters, colors, shapes, Greek letters, and simple
designs that are duplicated or rotated in order to make them visually distinct.
The visual presentation of 7 ± 2 includes all stimuli types, a span range of 1-7
and four different presentation types (presented one at a time and the stimuli
stay up on the screen until the whole span is visible; presented one at a time
but only one number is visible at a time; presented one at a time in the center
of the screen and you must mentally sequence them left to right; presented one
at a time in the center of the screen - you sequence them, reverse them, then
demonstrate that you have manipulated the information).

You move gradually through the stimulus types and presentation types. The
length of the span is determined by your accuracy. The greater the accuracy,
the longer the span. When you make two consecutive errors your span will be
shortened. If you are having a really bad day, you may be excused from the
session early and moved to another task. Otherwise, expect to spend 10 min-
utes playing 7± 2.

The Auditory presentation of 7± 2 has fewer levels than the Visual presenta-
tion. You complete only numbers, letters, colors and shapes for Auditory 7± 2.
This is because simple designs cannot be reliably labeled, and Greek letters
are unfamiliar to most people for auditory presentation.

We want you to move through the levels as quickly as possible if they are not
at your “challenge” level. We think a challenge ought to work your brain but
not let you practice incorrectly. Therefore, you may initially get a span of one
correct and move to two then three, but when you hit a span of four we want to
be sure it is not just a fluke that you were able to get it correct. We ask you to
do the span correctly for four trials before you move to the next level of diffi-
culty. We ask for 100% accuracy for four consecutive trials. For a greater chal-
lenge and to improve your digit span memory to better than average levels, go
into the Clinician’s Page to practice both an increased span (up to 15) and
chunking.

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Scanning Scanning starts as a simple cancellation task and rapidly moves to a “whack a
mole” cancellation task where the goal is to hit as many correct targets as you
can in the time allotted. The screens reset, so the faster you whack the more
targets you get to hit.

You advance from colors to letters/numbers when you successfully find lots of
targets in a moving field and/or when the target changes. We want to know
that you can find lots of targets when the field is complex and moving (scroll-
ing) and/or when the target changes from one stimulus to another, and that you
have endurance (10 minutes). So, 5 minutes of the 10 have to be consecutive
in one treatment session. The 10 minutes advance rule (moving to the next
level) can be a combination of playing the change option of Scanning, the
scrolling option, and/or the scrolling option + the change option in a session.
The results are reported in this way: “You found x% of targets in y minutes, n
seconds of play with the stimuli z (colors) in a field of f (2->50) with the
presentation type p.” When you are successful at “whack a mole” we change
the goal slowly. When you move to Find letters/numbers you still zip through
the easy fields if you can, and the number of things to whack at will vary from
greater to smaller the longer you are on the level. In other words, when you
start Letters/numbers, regular (the level with no changing or scrolling) 35
(the number of objects in the field) you whack at 10 targets. The targets gradu-
ally get harder to find, and we don’t tell you how many you have to find. The
screen resets when you find the correct number. Eventually you are only look-
ing for three targets, the field is Many, and the change and scrolling functions
are on.

You advance to Find and remember letters or numbers when you have played
10 minutes etc. like the rule on colors but with only three targets.

Find and remember letters or numbers starts out on an easy level with one
item to find in a field of two. You get a prompt in the text box to “Hit the I’m
Ready button to continue.” (Now we will tell you how many to find!) At harder
levels (35 Objects, Many Objects) you practice remembering 3 letters or num-
bers. The keyboard is active at this point. You won’t be able to use the mouse
or touchscreen like on “whack a mole” because the screen disappears when
you click I’m Ready.

The program has now switched over from a cancellation task in a gradually
more complex field to a visual memory task in a complex field. Now we care
about how fast you find and enter the answers into the computer. The length of
time on task is no longer important, but accuracy and speed are what we mea-
sure. The results page will state: “You found 94.1% of targets with the stimuli
Find and remember letters or numbers in a field of 35 with the presentation
type Scrolling (Targets move across field) and an average response time of
0.68 second.

You will be allowed to advance levels when the time needed to find the targets
improves. We expect that on level 35 time to find targets should be < 15 sec-
onds and on Many it should be <20 seconds. You need 86% accuracy at <15
seconds on 13/15 consecutive attempts.

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And one more thing... The purpose of And one more thing... is to teach verbal rehearsal strategies for
improving functional working memory and to decrease the occurrence of er-
rors such as repetitions (perseverative errors), additions (intrusion or recogni-
tion errors) and omissions (signaling a memory problem). You listen to a list
of common related or unrelated items while the list is continually updated.
Initially the items will only be added to the list, but as the difficulty increases,
items will be added and deleted. This is imitative of making an ongoing gro-
cery or to-do list. The third element will include the first two (addition, dele-
tion) in a conversational context format. The samples are similar to note tak-
ing in class or a back and forth discussion of items to include on a list, with a
conversational tone. The strategies to practice are note taking, verbal rehears-
ing, paraphrasing, chunking information units, visualizing for comprehension,
organizing and dual coding for storage and processing. There is a “tape re-
corder” available on each page in order to practice these strategies. This will
allow you to listen to the target, process the information and tape your re-
sponse. The message can then be played as many times as necessary in order
to practice the expressive written task of note taking. Eventually the goal is to
either learn to effectively use a tape recorder for a cognitive aid and/or to
increase the speed at which auditory information can be transcribed to paper
or computer.

Functional Memory Independent practice with improving working memory stores may improve
functional working memory, however some children and adults may have a
more difficult time generalizing the strategies without direct practice. There-
fore, we have included activities that encourage the dual processing tasks of
memory and comprehension at the sentence and paragraph levels. There are
multiple choice tasks as well as open-ended tasks. This allows the clinician
flexibility in planning treatment sessions and provides an opportunity for re-
ceptive and expressive language treatment. The multiple choice format ac-
cesses recognition memory. Paragraph comprehension requires you to access
both long term crystallized knowledge and the new information presented in
the paragraph in order to answer the factual questions. Demonstration of com-
prehension requires information to be held in working memory, stored in long
term memory, and then retrieved from long term memory storage. In addition
to accessing knowledge, the questions for each paragraph require complex
thinking skills. There is always a main idea question and there is at least one of
the following: drawing conclusions, inferring, or predicting.

To retrieve and recall information many cognitive processes are activated. One
must be able to initiate the desire to remember the information, sustain atten-
tion on the information to be retrieved and then switch to new pieces of infor-
mation if the information retrieved is not relevant. One must be able to recog-
nize relevant from irrelevant information and not get stuck and perseverate on
irrelevant facts. Then a mental rehearsal of the retrieved information is re-
quired and verbal skills are employed to sequence the message, organize the
important elements in a hierarchy of importance then apply it to the question
that was originally asked. The reading comprehension paragraphs from Func-
tional Paragraphs and the ability to locate relevant facts in the Functional
Scanning tasks require the client to generalize the specific attention and memory

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 skills developed in the previous specific skill development tasks.

Dominoes The Dominoes game provides a fun way to work on all five types of visual
attention--focused, sustained, selective, alternating, and divided--and on func-
tional memory. All of the games on the CD require focused and sustained
attention. In Dominoes you must use selective attention when deciding what
tiles you’ll need to use to match existing tiles. Alternating attention comes into
play as more and more tiles are placed on the game board. You move your eyes
back and forth from the board to your own tiles to compare and evaluate which
tiles will match and which won’t. Finally, when the interfering Über Tasks
occur, your attention is divided between completing the Über Task and the
Dominoes game. The option of putting math facts on the tiles allows the clini-
cian to work on functional memory.
Über Tasks Über (oober) is a German word meaning “over”. We have an image of the
Über Tasks as umbrella-like tasks. They cover all of the games instead of be-
ing part of one particular game. We define Über as a series of tasks that will
interrupt the therapy session in order to “distract” you from the task you were
working on. You have to hold the task in working memory, shift attention to
another task, shift attention back to the original task, and retrieve the informa-
tion you are holding in working memory. In the initial stages of treatment the
Übers occur between activities. For example, after signing in you are asked to
remember three things and are told that you will be asked to repeat those three
things approximately five and 20 minutes later. After you finish with five min-
utes of “Change” the computer will pause what you are doing and ask you to
enter in the three things to remember. This is an Inter-Task Über.

The Inter-Task Übers come anytime during your treatment session and you
will probably be asked to remember something for longer than a few seconds.
The difference between Inter- and Intra-Tasks is the length of time you will be
required to hold on to the information.

Intra-Task Übers will interrupt you, but after answering the question you may
go back to the task and you won’t have to put anything into long term or
proscriptive memory. Examples of Intra-Tasks are: Who is in the room (per-
sonal open ended); Was the first president Lincoln or Washington? (closed
multiple choice); You noticed a spot on your collar, what should you do? (open-
ended complex). See appendix for the list of suggestions for Übers. You may
create your own personalized Übers. See User’s Lists to individualize the
Inter- and Intra-Tasks. Examples of Inter-Task Übers are:
Example 1: Three things to remember (In five minutes I will ask you to say
these three words: rose, hamburger, sweater.)
Example 2: Telephone (Write down a telephone message.)
Example 3: Taco Shop (Pay attention to when your order is ready.)
Example 4: Proscriptive memory (In a few minutes, you’ll need to remember
to _____.)

The Über-Tasks will increase in frequency the longer you have been in treat-
ment. You may practice the Über-Tasks by themselves the way you might com-
plete workbook tasks. Access Über-Tasks for workbook type practice through
the Über Workbook..

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Other Clinical
Applications Exploratory research indicates that cognitive training in non-linguistic skills
positively affects both L1 and L2 in bilingual aphasia (Kohnert, 2004). Evi-
dence exists to demonstrate a link between verbal working memory and Spe-
cific Language Impairment (Montgomery, 2002). It appears that problems that
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) children have in non-word repetition tasks
are not related to encoding and analyzing word structure, but due to problems
in divided attention (Marton and Schwartz, 2003). A number of researchers,
including Susan Weismer, have looked at the limitations in working memory
capacity in children with SLI. Findings from a study using a dual-processing
task suggest that children with SLI have difficulty holding on to multiple pieces
of linguistic information simultaneously. Weismer and her colleagues hypoth-
esize that this difficulty is due to restrictions in working memory capacity
(Weismer, 1999).

A&M II is suggested for children and adults with: attention deficit disorder;
frontal lobe syndrome; executive function disorders; Specific Language Im-
pairment; Autism; Traumatic Brain Injury; Aphasia; Phonological Processing
Disorder; Auditory Processing Disorder; problems with concentration, orga-
nization, and self-regulation; language comprehension disorder; deficits in
memory storage and retrieval of information; verbal working memory disor-
der; grammatical/syntax disorder; sequential memory disorder; problems with
sustained auditory and visual attention; bilingual individuals with aphasia and/
or individuals with neurocognitive impairments such as schizophrenia and bi-
polar disorder.

Executive function disorders and disorders of working memory affect an

individual’s ability to self-regulate behavior and use meta-cognitive strategies
to adequately function in academic, social, and work-related situations. Em-
pirical evidence indicates that treatment that strengthens the underlying cog-
nitive processes generalizes to non-trained language-based tasks (Kohnert and
Windsor, 2004).

Components of Attention Addressed in Each Game

Focused Sustained Selective Alternating Divided

Change X X X (Distractors on) X X (Übers on)
Zydeco X X X (Distractors on) X (Übers on)
7 +/- 2 X X X (Distractors on) X (Übers on)
Scanning X X X X X (Übers on)
And one more thing… X X X X X (Übers on)
Functional Memory X X X X X
Dominoes X X X (Distractors on) X X (Übers on)
Über Workbook X X X X X

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Notes to the Clinician
A&M II addresses the deficits of executive function disorders and disorders of
working memory that affect an individual’s ability to self-regulate behavior
and use functional strategies. Executive functions include: inhibiting actions,
restraining and delaying responses, attending selectively, setting goals, plan-
ning and organizing, as well as maintaining and shifting set (Singer and Bashir,
1999). Self-regulation refers to a set of behaviors that are used flexibly to
guide, monitor, and direct the success of one’s performance. They are also
used to manage and direct interactions within the learning environment in
order to ensure success (Singer and Bashir, 1999).

The computer-assisted treatment plan will take approximately 50 hours. The

clinician does not have to supervise all 50 hours. The program advances in
difficulty as the client achieves accuracy, consistency and speed at each level.
Be sure to Sign In for each session so that the computer can keep
track of each client’s place in the treatment plan. The sign-in screen is
the first screen of the CD. These automatic levels can be bypassed by playing
from the Clinician’s Pages and developing an individualized protocol.
Establish a
Treatment Plan: Explain to clients, in age appropriate terms, their individual strengths and weak-
nesses. Explain the purpose of each program and why they are working on this
program. It is critical that the child or adult knows which program they are
working on and why. Fill out an individualized treatment plan with the client.
Establish the goals, estimate the expected time to achieve the goals, and evaluate
the performance. You may use the sample goal sheet included in the Adobe
Acrobat (.pdf) files on the CD.
Each lesson has been organized to focus on specific functions. The lessons
should take approximately 50 minutes each. This gives the therapist flexibility
with planning the treatment session. If attention is the primary goal, a one
hour therapy session may primarily utilize the computer-assisted instruction.
It is also expected that the client will work at home on the computer-assisted
treatment plan. If the therapy session is 20-30 minutes, the lesson will be di-
vided into multiple sessions and the starting and stopping points will be re-
called when the client returns and signs in. If this is a learning lab, you could
have several children completing individual lessons on the computer and al-
ternate students for one to one work. If this is a community college lab, you
could have student assistants giving one to one help as needed as you rotate
among the students working on the lessons.
Computer-assisted and Clinician-guided Protocols:
There are three ways to use the program: computer-assisted, clinician-guided,
and a combination of both. The default is the computer-assisted treatment pro-
tocol. This protocol was designed for the “average” individual with executive
function disorder. Since we know that no one is average, there will be times
when you will need to access the Clinician’s Pages to individualize the client’s
program. The Clinician’s Pages allow you to target a particular area or dimen-
sion (e.g. recall of information after delay). For instance, you may be working
on 7 ± 2 and discover that while your client can recall the 7 numbers immedi-
ately, he cannot recall the information with a delay of 10 seconds in noise.

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 You switch over to the Clinician’s Page for 7 ± 2, you add the option
“Response Delay” and “Distractors- on” and practice 20 presentations of 7
spans. When you return to the game using the End Clinician Mode button, you
will be playing under your “sign in” name and will return to the level at which
you left the game. You are not going “backwards.” You are targeting a particu-
lar area of weakness, strengthening the weakness, and then moving through
the protocol as designed.

Advanced Concentration
and Problem Solving It is possible that some individuals may rapidly move through the “average”
protocol and will need a specialized “advanced concentration” protocol. Go to
the Clinician’s Page from the Finished button on any game screen to access
these options.

Change The more difficult levels are 9 and 10 in which the client must determine
whether multiple stimuli are the same or different. Make the task even more
challenging by choosing Target Visible from the Clinician’s Page and select-
ing Variable. The Recall Delay feature requires that the client hold the correct
answer in memory and wait to respond. This helps decrease impulsivity and
improve memory.

Zydeco The difficulty level can be changed by increasing the initial number of stimuli,
setting the Recall Delay, allowing for an inconsistent interval between stimuli
presentations, and adding distracting noises.

7±2 An increased span is the most obvious change that can be made for increasing
the difficulty of this task (Go to the Clinician’s Page and click on Span). The
spans range from 1-15. Some individuals have more difficulty with one type
of stimuli over another. It is likely that the “nonverbal” figures and designs are
more difficult to remember than the more linguistically recalled numbers, col-
ors, shapes, and letters. Another way to increase the complexity of this task is
to require a delay between seeing the stimuli and making the response. This is
controlled in the Recall Delay option. The Interval between stimuli can be
shortened to .5 second and this requires a more rapid encoding of the informa-
tion.

Scanning In order to make scanning more difficult the options Recall Delay, Stimuli
scroll across screen (on the Clinician’s Page) and Distractors (on the game
page under Options) can be turned on. The Find and remember level is also
difficult because the numbers or letters must be located, held in memory then
typed in after a delay. Increase the length of the delay in order to increase the
ability to hold on to the information even with time and other interfering fac-
tors, such as noise.

And one more thing... The difficulty levels for this game are twofold: the amount of information that
you are required to hold on to and the amount of extraneous information that
you are exposed to and need to ignore.

Functional Memory The most difficult level of this program is the paragraph level, which includes
problem-solving and life issues paragraphs. The problem-solving paragraphs
are text only and each is followed by four comprehension questions. There is

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 always a main idea question, there are two factual questions, and there is one
of the following: drawing a conclusion, inferring, or predicting. The life is-
sues paragraphs are text plus audio, so the client can listen to the story and
follow along. Each of these paragraphs is followed by four multiple choice
questions. There is an option to hide the text of the paragraphs so the client
cannot look back for the answers.

Dominoes To work their clients’ retrieval memory, clinicians will want to choose levels
6, 7, 8, and 9--the math facts of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and divi-
sion. The client must know the answers to the problems to match the tiles. For
teenagers and adults who learned the math facts as a young child, this activity
accesses long term crystallized knowledge and is a great task for functional
memory work.

Über Tasks Different combinations of programs plus Über Tasks will be challenging for
different clients, depending upon the nature of their deficits. Someone with an
Attention Deficit Disorder will find it very difficult to play And one more
thing... when items are being both added and deleted, and Über Tasks that
require the client to remember a number of items are interrupting the task. A
client with memory storage and/or retrieval problems will find it very chal-
lenging to play 7 ± 2 while even the simplest Über Task, such as stopping to
name all of the people in the room, is interfering. Clinicians will be able to
tailor a challenging task for their high level patients using combinations of
programs plus Über Tasks.

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Objectives
Change Training; Filled red and black squares; Numbers 1 and 2;
Triangles and circles; Letters x and o; Outlined red and black squares; 2 and
moon; b and 3; Simple designs; 2 stimuli-same/different; 4 stimuli-same/dif-
ferent
Objective The client will sustain and alternate attention to discriminate between two
alternating targets. The client will also inhibit impulsive responses. Stimuli
can be presented auditorily or visually.
Zydeco Auditory/Visual Zydeco; Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco; Functional Zydeco
Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to discriminate be-
tween target sounds in sequence.
7 ±2 Forward-whole span; Forward-sequentially; Forward-centered; Reversed
Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to recall a
span of symbols in order, to improve sequential visual and auditory process-
ing.
Scanning Filled or empty shapes; Colors; Letters or numbers; Memory for letters or
numbers
Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to visually scan the
screen and select salient information (targets) in a gradually increasing field
of complexity (2->50). When the target changes, the client will hold in memory
the new target and select it while inhibiting the response to select the previous
target.
And one more thing...
Training-Demonstration of note taking skills;
Activity 1-Single word dictation;
Activity 2-Note taking in conversation;
Activity 3-Note taking and revision in conversation
Objective The client will attend to auditory-linguistic information, hold the necessary
information in working memory and demonstrate the functional strategies of
typing or dictating information. The span of linguistic information will in-
crease from one item to several items within and between categories with ad-
dition and deletion of salient items.
Functional Memory Scanning; Sentences; Paragraphs
Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to process,
remember, and use information presented at the single word, phrase, sentence,
and paragraph levels.
Dominoes Dots 1-10; Numbers 1-10; Colors; Simple Shapes; Greek Letters; Addition;
Subtraction; Multiplication; Division
Objective The client will choose the target from a field of 1-5 tiles, select the tile, select
the rotation if indicated, rotate the tile, then align matching tiles on the Domino
grid.
Über Tasks Intra-Tasks; Inter-Tasks; User’s Lists
Objective The client will follow the directions for completing each Über (oober) Task
and will then return to and complete the primary task.

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Bibliography
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Evidence-Based Practice
in Communication Disorders: An Introduction. [Technical report, 2004].

Angle, D. and Buxton, J. Community Living Skills Workbook for the Head
Injured Adult. Aspen Publishers, Inc. Gaithersburg, MD, 1991.

Baddeley, A. Memory Theory and Memory Therapy. In Barbara Wilson and

Nick Moffat (Eds.), Clinical Management of Memory Problems (pp. 5-27).
Aspen Publishers, Inc. Rockville, MD, 1984.

Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Rith, C. D., & Lavie, N. The Role of Working Memory
in Visual Selective Attention. Science, Vol. 291, 1803-1806, 2001.

Guilmete, T. J. Pocket Guide to Brain Injury, Cognitive, and Neurobehavioral

Rehabilitation. Singular Publishing Group, Inc. San Diego, 1997.

Kohnert, K. Cognitive and Cognate Treatments for Bilingual Aphasia: A Case

Study. Brain and Language, Vol. 91, Issue 3, 294-302, Dec. 2004

Kohnert, K., and Windsor, J. In Search of Common Ground-Part II:

Nonlinguistic Processing by Diverse Learners. Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, Vol. 47, 891-903, 2004.

Marton, K. and Schwartz, R. Working Memory Capacity and Language Pro-

cesses in Children with Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, Vol. 46, 1138-1153, Oct. 2003.

Miller, G. A. The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on
Our Capacity for Processing Information. The Psychological Review, Vol. 63,
81-97, 1956.

Montgomery, J. W. Understanding the Language Difficulties of Children With

Specific Language Impairments: Does Verbal Working Memory Matter?
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, Vol. 11, 77-91, Feb. 2002.

Singer, B.D. and Bashir, A. S. What Are Executive Functions and Self-Regula-
tion and What Do They Have to Do With Language-Learning Disorders? Lan-
guage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, Vol. 30, 265-273, July 1999.

Wechsler, D. WAIS III Administration and Scoring Manual (pp. 212-213). Psy-
chological Corporation, 1997.

Weismer, S. E. Capacity Limitations in Working Memory: The Impact on Lexi-

cal and Morphological Learning by Children with Language Impairment. In
Ronald B. Gillam (Ed.), Memory and Language Impairment in Children and
Adults (pp. 47-63). Aspen Publishers, Inc. Gaithersburg, MD, 1998.

Weismer, S. E., Evans, J., and Hesketh, L. J. An Examination of Verbal Work-

ing Memory Capacity in Children With Specific Language Impairment. Jour-
nal of Speech, Language, and Hearing research, Vol. 42, 1249-1260, Oct. 1999.

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Website References
Alcohol and drug use: www.health.org/govpubs/ms611/

Falls: www.ifess.org/Services/Consumer_Ed/stroke_TBI.htm

Phone solicitors: www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/ncpw/telephone_solicitation.htm

Insight into disability: www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s707779.htm

Fire safety: www.pritzkerlaw.com/wrongful_death/fire_safety.htm

Nutrition: www.nutrition.gov

Stress management: success.orst.edu/study/wellness.cfm

Savings: aolpf5.marketwatch.com/news/story.asp
www.AmericanSavingsEducationCouncil.com

Investments: www.set.or.th/en/isc/education/rewards/rewards

Budgeting: money.cnn.com/pf/101/lessons/21

Receipts: www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectID
www.blueravenbusiness.com/bookkeepingtips.htm

Interview skills: www.bc.edu/bc_org/svp/carct/interviewduring.html

Swearing at work: www.mckennan.org/hubs/for%20employers/hot_tips.html

Sexual harassment: www.jhllp.com/DiscrimQ&A.htm

www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-sex.html

Getting to work on time: www.clarian.org/portal/patients

Changing family roles: www.tbi.org/library/html/changing_roles_of_family.html

www.state.sc.us/ddsn/pubs/hinjury/sec1.htm

Communication: www.heatherhill.org/braininjury.html

Exercise: www.mssm.edu/tbinet/alt/pubs/report2.html

Music: www.musictherapy.org

Art: home.ican.net/~phansen/pages/WHATat.html

Internet use: www.virtualcs.com

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 Change
Training; Filled red and black squares; Numbers 1 and 2;
Triangles and circles; Letters x and o; Outlined red and
black squares; 2 and moon; b and 3; Simple designs;
2 stimuli-same/different; 4 stimuli-same/different

Objective The client will sustain and alternate attention to discriminate between two
alternating targets. The client will also inhibit impulsive responses to non-
targets. Stimuli can be presented auditorily or visually.

How to Play A target stimulus is identified in the bottom right corner. This is the initial
target. The client hits the spacebar or clicks the mouse each time the stimulus
is presented in the center of the screen. When the word “change” appears the
client must shift to a new target and ignore the previous target. Accuracy and
reaction time are measured. The speed of target presentation increases until
the client responds accurately at .5 second. At the training level, the word
“hit” appears at the bottom of the screen whenever the client is supposed to
respond to the stimulus.

Response Options Keyboard: Press the spacebar when the stimulus is displayed.
Mouse: Click on the screen when the stimulus is displayed.

Options [Clinician’s page]

Feedback - When this option is On, the computer will remind your client of
the current target as soon as a mistake is made. Turn this option Off if you
want to do a pre- or post-test.
Time per Trial - Choose the length of time you want each trial to run (1, 2, or
5 minutes).
Recall Delay - Make the task more difficult by asking your client to wait be-
fore responding to the stimulus. Recall Delay can be set at 5 or 20 seconds.
Target Visible - Choose the amount of time the stimuli stay on the screen (5 to
15 seconds).
[Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).

Game Results Level, Stimulus Presentation, Display Rate (seconds), Recall Delay (seconds),
Letter Options, Presentation Fade, Distractors, Average Response Time, %
Correct, % Incorrect, % Missed, Extra Hits, Prompts Needed, Total time in
game

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 Rationale The ability to recall a target, change to a new target and inhibit the previous
target calls upon executive function skills including working memory, impulse
control and mental flexibility.
“Change is Bad” was the facetious title of this program. The inspiration comes
from the human tendency to prefer consistency and sameness. Subsequent to
head injury or neurological injury, change can become frustrating, anxiety pro-
ducing and nearly impossible to deal with. The term perseveration refers to
the unintentional repetition of an activity or word after it is no longer appro-
priate. The cause is an inability to shift attention. The Change program re-
quires the establishment of a mental set, then a shift to a different target. The
rapid shifting of attention and need to hold on to the ever changing target taxes
the executive functions and the working memory. About halfway through the
treatment program the mantra itself changes to, “Change is Acceptable” then
“Change is Inevitable” and, finally, “Change is Good”.

Alternative The Clinician’s Page allows customization of the game to focus on problem
areas. Easier targets such as black/red may not be a problem for some indi-
viduals but auditory confusions introduced in b/3 and 2/moon may be more
challenging. You need to exit from the computer-assisted program to practice
different levels. To access the Clinician’s Page click on Finished on any of the
game screens.

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 Zydeco
Auditory/Visual Zydeco; Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco;
Functional Zydeco
Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to remember tones or
related words presented in sequence.

How to Play The client clicks on the I’m Ready button and hears one note. The word “Wait”
appears on the screen while the note is played. The words “Respond Now”
appear on the screen when it is time for the client to respond. The client then
clicks on the same colored bar that lit up when the note was played. That
stimulus and response complete a cycle at the one note level. The visual prompt,
I’m Ready, appears again. More notes are added until the client makes two
errors. The treatment level is then adjusted to the level just before the one in
which the client made errors. If the time has run out for this game, though, the
client will be sent to the Results page.

Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco requires discrimination between only two sounds.

The interval between sound presentation gets shorter and shorter until eventu-
ally the client is processing the difference between the sounds at the .3 second
level.

Functional Zydeco presents common words for memory and sequencing. These
words are presented one at a time until the client accurately recalls a sequence
of six words. The words in Functional Zydeco are within-category words. To
place a word in a bar, click on the word in the word bank. A good self-monitor-
ing strategy for this level is to use the Say Again button to proof your work
before using the Check Answer button. That way you get to see and hear your
answer so that you can see if you need to change something. To change a word
you already have in a box, click on the word.

Response Options Auditory/Visual Zydeco

Keyboard: Press the spacebar to hear the stimulus.
Mouse: Click on the I’m Ready button to hear the stimulus. Click on the
colored bars to respond.
Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco
Keyboard: Use the up and down arrows to respond.
Mouse: Click on the treble (high) clef or the bass (low) clef to respond.
Functional Zydeco
Keyboard: Press the spacebar to hear the stimulus. Select a number 1-6 corre-
sponding to the word. Words will automatically be placed left to right in se-
quence in the colored boxes. Use the delete key to remove words from the
boxes.
Mouse: Click once on the word. Words will automatically be placed left to
right in sequence in the colored boxes. Click on a word to remove it from a
box.

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 Options [Clinician’s page]
Recall Delay - Make the task more difficult by asking your client to wait be-
fore responding to the stimulus. Recall Delay can be set at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, or
40 seconds, or make the delay Variable (1-20 seconds).
Interval (.3-5 seconds) - Set the amount of time between stimulus presenta-
tions. Choices range from .3 second to 5 seconds.
Time to Play - Set the amount of time to play this game. Choices range from 2
minutes to 30 minutes.
[Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).

Game Results Trial, Stimulus Presentation, # of Bars, Interval (seconds), Recall Delay
(seconds), Distractors, Sequences Mastered, Highest Sequence, Final
Sequence, Elapsed Time (seconds), # of Sequences Played

Tempo Interval range: 1-.3 seconds, with the option to choose up to 5 seconds

Rationale The Zydeco task requires auditory discrimination of tones, auditory and visual
memory, and auditory and visual sequencing to imitate the pattern. Auditory
vigilance, the ability to sustain auditory attention over time, is practiced as the
sequences continue and increase in difficulty.

Auditory processing is a temporal skill, i.e., time-based. Echoic memory is the

ability to hold on to the auditory stimulus. Zydeco presents non-speech sounds
as well as speech sounds for auditory discrimination, memory and sequencing
practice. Auditory memory of small units is required in order to be successful
with recall of longer, meaningful sentence level units. The purpose of the se-
quences, then, is to increase the auditory memory span and keep intrusion
errors from occurring.

Alternative The Clinician’s Page allows the clinician to customize the game to focus on
problem areas. Exit from the computer-assisted program to practice necessary
levels. To do this, access the Clinician’s Page by clicking on Finished on any
of the game screens.

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 7±2
Forward-display whole span; Forward-sequentially;
Forward-centered; Reversed
Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to recall a
span of symbols in sequence, to improve sequential visual and auditory pro-
cessing.
How to Play The client clicks on the I’m Ready button to begin. The computer presents the
stimuli, the client holds the target(s) in memory, then selects a response from
the bank that appears on the screen. When the client clicks on a stimulus in the
bank, it appears on the line above. When the response is complete, the client
clicks Check Answer for immediate feedback on response accuracy. If the cli-
ent accidentally clicks on the wrong stimulus, the stimulus can be removed
from the line by clicking on it or hitting the delete key. After several correct
responses the span increases. When the client makes two errors on a level, the
computer automatically reduces the span by one on the next trial. Visual com-
plexity of the target increases the level of difficulty. Not all levels are included
in the computer-assisted program. See below for alternative play options.
Response Options Keyboard: When the stimuli are numbers, type them in to respond.
Mouse: Click on the target item in the bank on the lower half of the screen to
respond.
Options [Clinician’s page]
Feedback - When this option is On, the client will be able to check her answer
by clicking on the Check Answer button. Turn the feedback Off if you want to
do a pre- or post-test.
Chunking - Turn this option On if you would like the computer to present the
stimuli in groups with pauses in between.
Span - Choose the number of items in the span (from 1-15 items).
Bank Size - Manipulate the bank size to include foil items. This adds an ele-
ment of distraction and interference to the task. There are some limitations to
this option. For example, there cannot be 10 extra numbers because there are
only 10 numbers total.
Correctable - Decide whether you want your client to be able to make correc-
tions (Yes) or not (No).
Recall Delay - Make the task more difficult by asking your client to wait be-
fore responding to the stimulus. Set the delay time to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
seconds, or make the time unpredictable by selecting Variable.
Interval - Set the amount of time between stimulus presentations to 1, 3, 5, 10,
or 20 seconds).
[Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).
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Game Results Percent Correct, Span, Elapsed Time, Stimulus Type, Presentation Type, Bank
Size, Recall Delay (seconds), Time Visible (chosen as Interval from the
Clinician’s Page), Show Scoring, Correctable, Fade Stimulus, Distractors (if
turned on), Mastered, Total Time in Game

Rationale 7 ± 2 is designed to improve sequential auditory and visual processing. Our

experience indicates that individuals over the age of seven are at a disadvan-
tage if they are not able to process seven digits, even though the “norm” is 5-
9 digits. When using this activity to improve short term memory, we suggest
that the digits be recalled individually, i.e., 8, 3, 4, 5, etc. Chunking is recom-
mended only after the client has successfully recalled nine digits individually.
The reasoning is that a nine-digit number broken into three chunks is not stretch-
ing the memory capacity as much as remembering it as a nine-digit number.
Strategies to improve memory past the nine-digit mark include chunking, vi-
sualizing the numbers or re-auditorizing the information and hearing yourself
say the numbers.
Recall of the span backward utilizes concentration and working memory. Non
head injured individuals typically have only one or two units difference be-
tween forward and backward memory.

Alternative The Clinician’s Page allows repeated practice at all skill levels and complexi-
ties. Exit the computer-assisted program to practice a desired level more ex-
tensively. Some individuals may only be successful with the digit span or let-
ter span levels. Because each stimulus type has a visual, auditory, linguistic,
and familiarity component, choosing the targets that are most troublesome for
a client is an individualized process. The core program progresses through
numbers 0-9, letters A-Z, colors (10), simple shapes (10), Greek letters (28),
simple designs (29), and a mix of all. Presentation is first visual then auditory,
and the method of presentation changes from an entire visual chunk to single
units that must be visualized and conceptualized as a chunk. The final level
reverses the targets. Each target can be played at any level of complexity from
the Clinician’s Page. This allows focus on visual-perceptual skill develop-
ment, memory span, or stimuli presentation practice (i.e. sequentially, cen-
tered, etc.).

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 Scanning
Filled or empty shapes; Colors; Letters or numbers;
Remember letters or numbers

Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to visually scan the
screen and select salient information (targets) in a gradually increasing field
of complexity (2->50). When the target changes, the client will remember the
new target and select it while inhibiting the response to select the previous
target.

How to Play The target stimulus is identified near the bottom of the screen at the start of
each trial. The client remembers what the target is and selects as many of the
targets as possible in the time allotted. (Time to Play default is 2 minutes or 50
responses). The stimuli include: filled/empty shapes; nine colors; letters and
numbers. The field complexity (2- >50 objects on the screen) and the scrolling
field are the significant variables in the difficulty of the program. When the
client correctly clicks on a stimulus, the stimulus is highlighted in green. If the
client clicks again on an already highlighted stimulus, the response is counted
as an error. NOTE: when the screen is scrolling, the client must click slowly
and deliberately on each object in order for the computer to register the click
and provide feedback.

Response Options Keyboard: Type the letter or number on the keyboard (colors and shapes do
not have a keyboard response option).
Mouse: Click on the target.

Options [Clinician’s page]

Feedback - When this option is On, the computer will remind your client of
the current target as soon as a mistake is made. Turn this option Off if you
want to do a pre- or post-test.
Stimuli Display - Choose to Erase the stimuli once they have been clicked on,
or choose to keep them on the screen by selecting Keep Up. Erasing the items
causes the field to become less and less distracting by reducing the number of
items on the screen.
Recall Delay - Make the task more difficult by asking your client to wait be-
fore responding to the stimulus. Set the delay time to 5 or 20 seconds.
Time to Play - Set the amount of time to play this game. Choices range from 2
minutes to 30 minutes.
[Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).

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Game Results Percent Correct, Elapsed Time, Stimulus Type, # in Field, Presentation Type,
Distractors (if turned on), Correct Stimuli Visibility, Recall Delay (seconds),
Total Time Played (measures the total time the client was in the program as
opposed to the amount of time the client was actually playing)

Rationale The client will improve strategies for visual scanning and memory for mul-
tiple stimuli in fields of 2 to >50. Unsystematic strategies for scanning are an
indication of poor organizational skills. Observe the initial scanning pattern,
then teach a systematic process. Typically, a left to right, top to bottom scan-
ning pattern is preferable. Some individuals prefer a columnar approach. Hap-
hazard spotting is not considered to be efficient. Visual field cuts, neglect and
inattention present as errors of omission (failure to cancel targets). The client
may need to learn to turn their head to compensate for hemianopsia or visual
neglect. Errors of commission (cancellation of foils) record as extra hits. Effi-
ciency is measured by improved accuracy and speed of task completion.

Alternative The Clinician’s Page allows the clinician to customize the game to focus on
problem areas. Exit from the computer-assisted program to practice necessary
levels. To access the Clinician’s Page click on Finished on any of the game
screens.

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 And one more thing...
Training-Demonstration of note taking skills;
Activity 1-Single word dictation;
Activity 2-Note taking in conversation;
Activity 3-Note taking and revision in conversation

Objective The client will attend to auditory-linguistic information, hold the necessary
information in working memory and demonstrate the functional strategies of
typing or dictating information. The span of linguistic information will in-
crease from one item to several items within and between categories with ad-
dition and deletion of salient items.

How to Play The client listens to each stimulus, remembers the word(s), utilizes the record-
ing option to dictate the stimuli then types the stimuli onto the notepad. The
client and/or clinician individually or jointly evaluate(s) the correctness of the
entry by choosing the Check Answer button. The client’s responses on the
Response Pad are compared to the Answer Pad and the clinician or the client
scores the responses as: Correct, Incorrect, Omitted, or Repeated (item en-
tered more than once). Here, the clinician can determine the level of correct-
ness to be achieved. For example, if the student types in “bulgar wheat” in-
stead of “bulgur wheat” the clinician can score it as correct or incorrect de-
pending on whether correct spelling is required. After the appropriate button
(C, I, O, and/or R) has been clicked for each item on the Response Pad, the
correct button has been clicked to indicate whether the client or clinician en-
tered the responses, and the number of extra items the client entered on the
pad as been typed into its box, the client clicks on Score Answer to move to the
next task.

Response Options Keyboard: Type in the response

Apple A (Control A on Windows) to check your answer
Mouse: Click on the radio buttons to indicate: Correct (C), Incorrect (I), Omit-
ted (O), Repeated (R)
Client-entered responses
Clinician-entered responses (client dictated)
# of extra items added to the list
Recording Option: Stop (Square), Play (Triangle), Record (Circle)

Options [Clinician’s page]

Prompts - When this option is chosen the computer will write the spoken tar-
get words on the line and demonstrate the scratch out when appropriate.
Items per Task - Choose the number of items your client will have to remem-
ber (from 1-10).
Recall Delay - Make the task more difficult by asking your client to wait be-
fore responding to the stimulus. Set the delay time to 5 or 20 seconds.

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 [Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).

Game Results Level Played, # Stimuli, Client/Clinician Typed Responses, Response Accu-
racy,
# Intrusive Answers, Playing Time, Total Time in Game

Rationale Improving digit and word span can increase immediate memory. Applying
those strategies that helped to increase the memory span to language-based
activities will assist with developing functional memory strategies. These strat-
egies can then be used to recall grocery lists and to-do lists, to improve note-
taking in the classroom/boardroom, and to participate more effectively in ev-
eryday conversations.
Establishing the habits of taking notes and reviewing the accuracy of the notes
can be achieved through focused practice.

Alternative Utilizing the Clinician’s Page, the tasks can be individualized for type of stimuli,
number of items in the task, and recall delay.

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 Functional Memory
Scanning; Sentences; Paragraphs

Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to process,
remember, and use information presented at the single word, phrase, sentence,
and paragraph levels.
How to Play This program presents the client with a variety of tasks that require the pro-
cessing of increasingly long and complex pieces of information. Some tasks
require the client to read or listen to information presented on the left side of
the screen and answer questions that appear on the right side. The clinician
can choose to hide or show the text of auditorily presented information by
clicking on the Hide/Show button (sunflower icon) near the bottom left of the
screen. The client can hear the information again by clicking on the Listen
Again button (sound waves icon). The Record button can be used when your
client needs additional auditory information, such as his own oral reading of
an advertisement. Other tasks require the client to read and/or listen to a word
list, then complete a sentence with one of the words from the list, in a multiple
choice format. Intervening tasks called Über tasks interrupt the client’s work,
simulating real life. When these interrupting tasks appear, the client simply
follows the instructions to complete the Über task, then returns to the primary
task. Answers to interrupting questions can be verbal or written; this will vary.
The answers will not be entered into the computer. The purpose of the inter-
vening tasks is to teach the client to return to a task after being interrupted.
Response Options Keyboard: Not activated for this program (except the spacebar).
Mouse: Click on radio buttons or text boxes to complete tasks
Options [Game page]
Help - Read an overview of the Attention and Memory: Volume II CD, in-
structions for each game, or an explanation of the Über Tasks.
Volume - Set the volume for the game you are in.
Distractors - Choose to have distractors play during the game (On) or not
(Off).
Locked - Keep your client from exiting the game before he is finished. If you
have chosen to have the Locked option on, you can turn it off any time by
typing Apple U (Option U on Windows).
Game Results Trials Completed, Level Played, Time of Play, Number Correct, Number In-
correct, Total Time in Game
Rationale Functional Memory has an auditory and visual focus for each of the three
difficulty levels, Scanning; Sentences; Paragraphs. The activities in Functional
Memory require multiple processing skills in attention, memory and compre-
hension at the word, sentence and paragraph levels. It requires auditory dis-
crimination of speech, auditory vigilance, auditory memory, auditory compre-
hension, visual discrimination, and reading comprehension.
Alternative Utilizing the Clinician’s Page, the tasks can be individualized for type and
complexity of stimuli.

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 Dominoes
Dots 1-10; Numbers 1-10; Colors; Simple Shapes;
Greek Letters; Addition; Subtraction; Multiplication;
Division

Objective The client will choose the target from a field of 1-5 tiles, select the tile, select
the rotation if indicated, rotate the tile, then align matching tiles on the Domino
grid.
How to Play Game Setup
Choose the Options from the Options menu: Help, Volume, Show Grid, On
Correct, Auditory Stimulus, Timer, # of Starting Tiles, Distractors
Choose the content from the Content Bar:
1. Dots (1-10, tiles matched by number of dots on tiles)
2. Numbers (1-10, tiles matched by numeral)
3. Colors (10 colors, tiles matched by color)
4. Simple Shapes (10 common shapes, tiles matched by shape on tiles)
5. Greek Letters -( 28 letters, tiles matched by letter on tiles)
6. Addition (Sums to 12 ; Addends match to the sum, i.e. 1+1 matches
to the tile with the number 2.)
7. Subtraction (Differences to 12; Minuend-subtrahend match the
difference, i.e. 2-1 matches to the tile with number 1.)
8. Multiplication (Products to 144 ; Multiplicand · multiplicand
matches the product; 4·4 matches to the tile with number
16.)
9. Division (Quotients range 1-12; Dividend ÷ divisor match the
quotient, i.e., 8÷2 matches to the tile with number 4.)
Choose the number of players from the box in the upper left corner of the
screen. The “C” stands for 1 player vs. computer. Enter clients’ names by high-
lighting Player 1, Player 2, etc. and typing the name in the highlighted space.
Game Play
The goal is to be the first player to place all of your tiles onto the game board.
Begin the game by clicking on one of your tiles. Place one tile per turn
within the time limit specified in the Options menu.
At least one edge must touch another tile that has already been placed. Each
tile contains two sections. When a tile is placed on the board, each section
must match or must follow the matching rules as described above.
If none of the tiles can be placed on the game board the player may draw more
tiles by clicking on the Draw Tile button or pass to the next player by clicking
on the Pass to Next Player button.
Game Controls Draw Tile Draw more tiles by clicking the Draw Tile button (shows cardbacks
on two tiles).

Pass to Next Player End a turn without placing a tile by clicking the Pass to
Next Player button (the three right facing arrows).

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 Move After drawing a new tile or rotating a tile, move it by clicking on the
Move button (the hand). This will require pre-planning and is an excellent
divided and shifting attention task.

Rotate Pieces may need to be rotated before being placed on the board. Rotate
pieces by clicking the Rotate button (the arrows in a circle) to switch into
Rotate Mode. Each time a tile is clicked it will rotate one quarter turn in a
clockwise direction. The shortcut is to hold down the shift key and click on the
mouse. Be sure to click the Move button before trying to place the rotated tile.

Options HELP - Find instructions for the Dominoes game. Also gain access to an over-
view of the Attention and Memory II CD and the help screens for all of the
programs included on the CD.

Volume - Set the volume for the game.

Show Grid - Choose whether the game board grid is Visible or Hidden

On Correct - Specify if the game should Continue or Pause once a tile is

correctly placed. When in Pause mode, the game waits for a mouse click be-
fore passing to the next player’s turn.

Auditory Stimulus - Set whether the “click” heard when laying a tile down is
audible (Voice ) or not (No Voice).

Timer - Set the amount of time to recognize and place a tile. Choose 30, 60, 90
or Unlimited seconds. The Unlimited option reduces time pressure anxiety and
the time settings can be used to encourage more rapid decision making.

# Starting Tiles - Set the number of tiles to begin play. Options are 1, 3, or 5
tiles. The default is 5.

Distractors - Decide whether or not you want distracting noise in the back-
ground while you are playing the game.

Game Results Content on the dominoes, Distractors on/off, #Players, Score for each player,
#Correct, #Incorrect, %Correct, Total # of moves for each player

Rationale Dominoes was included on the CD to provide both an entertaining reward

game and a way to apply the attention and memory skills learned in earlier
programs on the CD to a functional task (choose the math facts in levels 6-9.

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 Über Tasks
Intra-Tasks; Inter-Tasks; User’s Lists

Objective The client will follow the directions for completing each Über (oober) Task
and will then return to and complete the primary task.

How to Use If you are using the computer-assisted treatment protocol, the Über Tasks are
pre-programmed, so you don’t have to worry about choosing the types of Übers
or times of presentation. If you would like to have more control over the types
of Übers presented and how often they appear, click on Yes, I’d like to pick my
own Übers today when you are asked if you would like to include Übers in
your session. The next screen to appear allows you to choose Intra-Task Übers,
Inter-Task Übers, or User’s Lists (personalized Übers), stimulus categories,
the order of presentation (sequential or random), whether or not the items will
repeat, the number of items, and the timing of the tasks (every .5 minute through
every 25 minutes, or choose Random timing). As mentioned previously (page
10), the difference between Intra- and Inter-Tasks is the length of time you
will be required to hold on to the information.

All three Über Task pages have word list boxes near the top and bottom of the
screen. Once you click on the category or categories of Übers that you want to
use, the stimuli for that category appear in the box on the top (the word bank).
Double-click on each desired stimulus or click on the stimulus and then the
Add Stimulus button. The chosen stimuli then appear in the lower box (the
current set). Stimuli can be selected one at a time, a group can be highlighted
and moved down, or the entire list can be added to the current set by clicking
on the Add All button. It is also possible to remove individual stimuli or entire
lists using the Remove Stimulus and Remove All buttons. On the User’s Lists
page, type in the personalized Über you want to use, click on the Add Stimulus
button, then record the phrase using the VCR-like buttons under the text box
you typed in.

Now that the Übers for this session have been selected, save the set for a
specific client using the Save As button. When the Save As button is clicked, a
text box appears asking for a name for the set. If you make changes to this set,
the changes can be saved by clicking on the Save Set button. Now select a set
for another client by removing the stimuli from the lower box, choosing an-
other list of stimuli, adding them to the current set, and saving them as the
name of the second client. The new set will automatically become the current
set, and the games will play with the words in the current set. To change the
current set, click on the Load Set button to see a list of all saved sets. Click on
the name of the desired set, then click Load. Loading a set allows you to leave
that set, use another set, and come back. It also saves any individualized stimuli,
written or verbal, that you have entered for that particular client. Delete sets
by clicking on the Delete Set button.

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Response Options
Verbal
Written (on separate sheet of paper, sticky notes, or calendar)

Options Intra-Task Übers, Inter-Task Übers, User’s Lists (personalized Übers)

Results Achieving accuracy on the Übers is not the primary goal of using them. They
are meant to interrupt a task so that the client has to shift attention from one
task to the other and back. Clinicians may choose to keep data on % correct
and incorrect because it may provide useful information about other areas the
client needs to work on. You may practice the Über-Tasks by themselves in the
same way you might complete workbook tasks. Access Über-Tasks for work-
book type practice by choosing Über Workbook from the main menu.

Rationale The Über-Tasks were designed to simulate real-life situations in which you
have to hold a task in working memory, shift attention to another task, shift
attention back to the original task, and retrieve the information you are hold-
ing in working memory. The various tasks tap into recent memory, factual
current memory, remote memory, and proscriptive memory, as well as general
fund of knowledge.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Change
Levels Level 1. Training;
Level 2. Filled red and black squares;
Level 3: Numbers 1 and 2;
Level 4: Triangles and circles;
Level 5: Letters x and o;
Level 6: Outlined red and black squares;
Level 7: 2 and moon;
Level 8: b and 3;
Level 9: Simple designs;
Level 10: 2 stimuli-same/different;
Level 11: 4 stimuli-same/different

Objective The client will sustain and alternate attention to discriminate between two
alternating targets. The client will also inhibit impulsive responses to non-
targets. Stimuli can be presented auditorily or visually.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve auditory or visual attention and active working memory for 8 min-
utes during a repetitive, low interest activity that requires alternating between
targets and ignoring non-targets. Functional applications include being able
to pay attention while waiting for your number to be called, noticing when an
incorrect price rings up on the cash register or noticing that the teacher has
called out a new page number for the class to turn to. Additionally, it strength-
ens the ability to return to a task after being interrupted and asked to perform
a second task.

Short Term Objective:

Sustain attention with a high accuracy rate (>86%) for 5 minutes while alter-
nating attention between targets when a visual or auditory prompt (“change”)
is inconsistently presented, and alternate between prompts remembering the
current target (holding mental set).

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Understand and follow a one-step oral direction.
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.

Algebra and Functions

1.0 Students sort and classify objects:
1.1 Identify, sort, and classify objects by attribute and identify objects that do
not belong to a particular group (e.g., all these balls are green, those are red).

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Zydeco

Levels Auditory/Visual Zydeco;

Auditory (High/Low) Zydeco;
Functional Zydeco

Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to remember tones or
related words presented in sequence.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve auditory and visual attention and associative memory for 15 minutes
during an activity that requires sound discrimination, auditory memory, audi-
tory sequencing and replication of the pattern for a gradually increasing span.
Functional applications include being able to recall a grocery list that has had
items added to it throughout the day or distinguish one phone ring from an-
other.

Short Term Objective Recall five to seven sounds or words with 86% accuracy.

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
7±2
Levels Level 1. Numbers;
Level 2. Letters;
Level 3: Colors;
Level 4: Simple Shapes;
Level 5: Greek Letters;
Level 6: Simple designs;
Level 7: Mix all;
Presentation type: Forward; display whole span;
Presentation type: Forward-sequentially;
Presentation type: Forward-centered;
Presentation type: Reversed

Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to recall a
span of symbols in sequence, to improve sequential visual and auditory pro-
cessing.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve attention for 10 minutes during a repetitive, low interest activity that
requires retrieval of new visual and/or auditory information. This task affords
the opportunity to repeat elements before repeating sentences. It also gives the
opportunity to correct errors of omission or insertion when given immediate
auditory feedback. Visual feedback at the end of the trial concerning correct or
incorrect responses provides an opportunity to compare discrepancies and
monitor attention to improve or maintain attention. Functional applications
include remembering a phone number long enough to find a pen to write it
down, remembering your lottery numbers to determine if you are a winner,
concentrating and holding on to information while you manipulate the data, as
in carrying or borrowing numbers when adding or subtracting.

Short Term Objective

Recall five to seven stimuli forward and three to five stimuli backward with
86% accuracy.

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Scaning
Levels Filled or empty shapes;
Colors; Letters or numbers;
Remember letters or numbers

Objective The client will maintain attention and vigilance in order to visually scan the
screen and select salient information (targets) in a gradually increasing field
of complexity (2->50). When the target changes, the client will hold in memory
the new target and select it while inhibiting the response to select the previous
target.
Long Term Goal/Functional Goal
Improve attention for 8 minutes during a repetitive, low interest activity that
requires alternating between targets and ignoring non-targets. Functional ap-
plications include recognizing important from unimportant visual and audi-
tory information, controlling impulsive responses, and learning to respond to
important information in a reasonable amount of time. When a person has
quick, accurate, consistent responses to target stimuli the skill can be general-
ized to classroom activities such as raising a hand before speaking, waiting to
get out of a seat, holding back a verbal retort, or standing patiently in line.

Short Term Objective Sustain attention with a high accuracy rate (>86%) for 8 minutes while
alternating attention between targets when a visual or auditory prompt
(“change”) is inconsistently presented and alternate between prompts
remembering the current target (holding mental set).

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Understand and follow a one-step oral direction.
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.

Algebra and Functions

1.0 Students sort and classify objects:
1.1 Identify, sort, and classify objects by attribute and identify objects that do
not belong to a particular group (e.g., all these balls are green, those are red).

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
And one more thing...

Levels Training-Demonstration of note taking skills;

Activity 1-Single word dictation;
Activity 2-Note taking in conversation;
Activity 3-Note taking and revision in conversation

Objective The client will attend to auditory-linguistic information, hold the necessary
information in working memory and demonstrate the functional strategies of
typing or dictating information. The span of linguistic information will in-
crease from one item to several items within and between categories with ad-
dition and deletion of salient items.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve auditory attention and simultaneous memory for 5-40 minutes during
a novel activity that requires listening carefully for important information,
ignoring unimportant information and writing down notes in order to recall
the information later. This task reinforces the concept that words are meaning-
ful and they connect ideas to events, actions, things, and ideas. In doing so
they relate events to personal experiences. This task provides an opportunity
to hear and practice re-telling simple and complex auditory messages like gro-
cery lists or phone messages. It also provides an opportunity to practice glean-
ing the main ideas from class lectures. Another skill targeted by this task is the
ability to change mental set; to revise information and to remember that new
information.

Short Term Objective

Sustain attention for linguistically complex and relevant information, recog-
nize salient information, and indicate important elements through written or
oral language means for self-correction and self-monitoring of the communi-
cated message.

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Functional Memory
Levels Scanning
Sentences
Paragraphs

Objective The client will attend to the information presented and utilize auditory and/or
visual memory to process, remember, and use information presented at the
single word, phrase, sentence, and paragraph levels.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve dual processing tasks of memory and comprehension for sentence
and paragraph level material. This task requires reading or listening to the
stimuli, processing the language concepts as a whole while recalling specific
details, then demonstrating comprehension by responding to multiple choice
or open-ended questions. The higher level comprehension skills of getting the
main idea, inferring, predicting outcome, concluding consequences and evalu-
ating the relevance of the material allow practice opportunities for improving
reading comprehension and oral or written expressive language skills.

Short Term Objective Sustain attention and comprehend sentence/paragraph level oral/written
material in order to respond through verbal/written means to the
following: main idea, conclusion, inference, and/or prediction.

California State Standard

(General, not grade specific)
Comprehension
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.
2.2 Ask questions and support answers by connecting prior knowledge with literal
information found in, and inferred from, the text.
2.3 Demonstrate comprehension by identifying answers in the text.
2.4 Recall major points in the text and make and modify predictions about forth-
coming information.
2.5 Distinguish the main idea and supporting details in expository text.
2.6 Extract appropriate and significant information from the text, including prob-
lems and solutions.
2.7 Follow simple multiple-step written instructions (e.g., how to assemble a prod-
uct or play a board game).

1.0 Listening and Speaking Strategies

Students deliver focused, coherent presentations that convey ideas clearly and
relate to the background and interests of the audience. They evaluate the con-
tent of oral communication.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Functional Memory, Continued

Comprehension and Analysis of Grade-Level-Appropriate Text

2.2 Use appropriate strategies when reading for different purposes (e.g., full
comprehension, location of information, personal enjoyment).
2..3 Make and confirm predictions about text by using prior knowledge and
ideas presented in the text itself, including illustrations, titles, topic sentences,
important words, and foreshadowing clues.
2.4 Evaluate new information and hypotheses by testing them against known
information and ideas.
2.5 Compare and contrast information on the same topic after reading several
passages or articles.
2.6 Distinguish between cause and effect and between fact and opinion in ex-
pository text.
2.7 Follow multiple-step instructions in a basic technical manual (e.g., how to
use computer commands or video games).

Listening and Speaking Strategies

1.0 Students listen critically and respond appropriately to oral communica-
tion. Theyspeak in a manner that guides the listener to understand important
ideas by using proper phrasing, pitch, and modulation.

Comprehension
1.1 Ask thoughtful questions and respond to relevant questions with appropri-
ate elaboration in oral settings.
1.2 Summarize major ideas and supporting evidence presented in spoken mes-
sages and formal presentations.
1.3 Identify how language usages (e.g., sayings, expressions) reflect regions
and cultures.
1.4 Give precise directions and instructions.
Organization and Delivery of Oral Communication
1.5 Present effective introductions and conclusions that guide and inform the
listener’s understanding of important ideas and evidence.
1.6 Use traditional structures for conveying information (e.g., cause and ef-
fect, similarity and difference, and posing and answering a question).
1.7 Emphasize points in ways that help the listener or viewer to follow impor-
tant ideas and concepts.
1.8 Use details, examples, anecdotes, or experiences to explain or clarify in-
formation.
1.9 Use volume, pitch, phrasing, pace, modulation, and gestures appropriately
to enhance meaning.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Dominoes

Levels Dots 1-10, Numbers 1-10, Colors, Simple Shapes, Greek letters, Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Objective The client will choose the target from a field of 1-5 tiles, select the tile, select
the rotation if indicated, rotate the tile, then align matching tiles on the Domino
grid.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve associative and factual memory retrieval skills for counting, shapes,
addition, subtraction and multiplication. Functional applications include learn-
ing to carry out a complex task with several steps (see Objective above), de-
creasing impulsivity by waiting for the computer to take its turn, improving
the ability to divide attention between two competing tasks, and improving
mental math calculation for everyday use.

Short Term Objective Sustain attention and utilize working memory to encode object or numeric
information and demonstrate accurate retrieval of information by using a vi-
sual matching task.
Auditory, visual and planning strategies will be employed for efficient accu-
rate retrieval.

California State Standard (General, not grade specific)

Algebra and Functions
1.0 Students sort and classify objects:
1.1 Identify, sort, and classify objects by attribute and identify objects that do
not belong to a particular group (e.g., all these balls are green, those are red).
2.0 Students estimate, calculate, and solve problems involving addition and
subtraction of two- and three-digit numbers.
2.1 Understand and use the inverse relationship between addition and subtrac-
tion (e.g., an opposite number sentence for 8 + 6 = 14 is 14- 6 = 8) to solve
problems and check solutions.
2.2 Find the sum or difference of two whole numbers up to three digits long.
2.3 Use mental arithmetic to find the sum or difference of two two-digit num-
bers.
3.0 Students model and solve simple problems involving multiplication and
division.
3.1 Use repeated addition, arrays, and counting by multiples to do multiplica-
tion.
3.2 Use repeated subtraction, equal sharing, and forming equal groups with
remainders to do division.
3.3 Know the multiplication tables of 2s, 5s, and 10s (to times 10) and commit
them to memory.
2.0 Students calculate and solve problems involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.

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 Attention and Memory: Volume II
Quick Reference: Goal Selection
Über Tasks
Levels Scanning;
Sentences;
Paragraphs

Objective The client will attend and utilize auditory and/or visual memory to process,
remember, and use information presented at the single word, phrase, sentence,
and paragraph levels.

Long Term Goal/Functional Goal

Improve associative and factual memory retrieval skills for information that
has been stored in both long term memory and short term memory. This task
requires episodic memory (events learned or experienced), procedural memory
(steps for a motor sequence), automatic memory (facts you don’t have to think
about), associative memory (information stored together), factual memory
(dates, facts, general knowledge), interpretive memory (inferences and con-
clusions), recognition memory (have seen info. before), categorical memory
(classified groups), and/or sequential memory (in order). Functional applica-
tions include being able to tell about events that happened yesterday or 20
years ago, remembering how to bake a cake, recalling the date of the landing
on the moon, remembering your personal information, and knowing what se-
quence is necessary for going to the grocery store.

Short Term Objective Sustain attention and utilize working memory to encode and retrieve auditory/
visual information and demonstrate retrieval of information through writing
and speaking.

California State Standard

Comprehension
1.1 Listen attentively.
1.4 Stay on the topic when speaking.
2.2 Ask questions and support answers by connecting prior knowledge with
literal information found in, and inferred from, the text.
2.3 Demonstrate comprehension by identifying answers in the text.
2.4 Recall major points in the text and make and modify predictions about
forthcoming information.

Listening and Speaking Strategies

1.0 Students deliver focused, coherent presentations that convey ideas clearly
and relate to the background and interests of the audience. They evaluate the
content of oral communication.

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 Read Me First!
Windows® Installation
Windows 98/ME and Windows 2000/XP®
Put the CD in the computer. Double-click on "My Computer". A window will open with several
drives displayed. Double-click on the CD drive. Double-click on "SETUP". Follow the instructions.

When the installation program is finished you will have installed a pointer to the CD onto your hard
disk. To run the programs on the CD you will need to click on the “Start” button. Then click on
“Programs”, then the “LocuTour” Shortcut folder, then “A&M II”. You may also start the game by
clicking on the “A&M II” shortcut on the desktop.
The program will run on some versions of Windows NT, but sound recording is not available.
Macintosh® Installation
Put the CD in the computer. Open the CD and double-click the game icon to begin.
You can also put the game on your hard drive. Drag the game folder to your desktop or a folder on
your hard disk.

A detailed manual is included on the CD in Adobe Acrobat® format. Charts for tracking are located
in the “Progress Charts” folder on the CD. If you have Acrobat installed, double clicking on the
manual or chart will open it. If you do not have Acrobat installed, a copy of the installer is included
on the CD.
Macintosh® System Requirements
The Macintosh version requires an Apple Macintosh with a Power
PC chip (G3 recommended), 32-64 megabytes of available RAM,
System 7 or OS8/9, a CD-ROM drive, and color monitor. You can
play the games from the CD or drag the icons to a folder on the Hard
Disk.

Windows® System Requirements

The Windows version requires Windows 98/ME or Windows 2000/
XP, a Pentium chip (P3 recommended), 32-64 megabytes of available
RAM, a CD-ROM drive, a multimedia sound card and video card,
and a color monitor.

Complete Manual
A manual that provides a rationale for each game and alternatives
for therapy is included on this CD. It is located in the Manuals folder
and is formatted in Adobe Acrobat® format. If you do not already
have Acrobat installed, a copy is included on the CD.

LocuTour Multimedia, Inc. End-User License Agreement

This agreement allows you to:
(a) Use the LocuTour software on a single computer at any one time.
(b) Print copies of the complete manual from the CD and distribute
those copies: (i) for use by personnel employed by you; (ii) for use by
your therapy clients; (iii) for use by other third parties, provided the
copies are distributed free of direct or indirect charges.

©1994-2004 John Scarry and Marna Scarry-Larkin

All Rights Reserved

For information on other products and a free demo CD, check out our
web site at www.LocuTour.com or e-mail us at [email protected].

Attention and Memory: Volume II

Stock Number: N13-3